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Lloret F, Kitzberger T. Historical and event-based bioclimatic suitability predicts regional forest vulnerability to compound effects of severe drought and bark beetle infestation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:1952-1964. [PMID: 29316042 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to climate change, and particularly to climate extreme events, is expected to vary across species ranges. Thus, we need tools to standardize the variability in regional climatic legacy and extreme climate across populations and species. Extreme climate events (e.g., droughts) can erode populations close to the limits of species' climatic tolerance. Populations in climatic-core locations may also become vulnerable because they have developed a greater demand for resources (i.e., water) that cannot be enough satisfied during the periods of scarcity. These mechanisms can become exacerbated in tree populations when combined with antagonistic biotic interactions, such as insect infestation. We used climatic suitability indices derived from Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to standardize the climatic conditions experienced across Pinus edulis populations in southwestern North America, during a historical period (1972-2000) and during an extreme event (2001-2007), when the compound effect of hot drought and bark beetle infestation caused widespread die-off and mortality. Pinus edulis climatic suitability diminished dramatically during the die-off period, with remarkable variation between years. P. edulis die-off occurred mainly not just in sites that experienced lower climatic suitability during the drought but also where climatic suitability was higher during the historical period. The combined effect of historically high climatic suitability and a marked decrease in the climatic suitability during the drought best explained the range-wide mortality. Lagged effects of climatic suitability loss in previous years and co-occurrence of Juniperus monosperma also explained P. edulis die-off in particular years. Overall, the study shows that past climatic legacy, likely determining acclimation, together with competitive interactions plays a major role in responses to extreme drought. It also provides a new approach to standardize the magnitude of climatic variability across populations using SDMs, improving our capacity to predict population's or species' vulnerability to climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lloret
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
- Univ Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Argentina
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102
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Ahmad HB, Lens F, Capdeville G, Burlett R, Lamarque LJ, Delzon S. Intraspecific variation in embolism resistance and stem anatomy across four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) accessions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:59-72. [PMID: 29057474 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced xylem embolism is a key process closely related to plant mortality during extreme drought events. However, this process has been poorly investigated in crop species to date, despite the observed decline of crop productivity under extreme drought conditions. Interspecific variation in hydraulic traits has frequently been reported, but less is known about intraspecific variation in crops. We assessed the intraspecific variability of embolism resistance in four sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) accessions grown in well-watered conditions. Vulnerability to embolism was determined by the in situ flow-centrifuge method (cavitron), and possible trade-offs between xylem safety, xylem efficiency and growth were assessed. The relationship between stem anatomy and hydraulic traits was also investigated. Mean P50 was -3 MPa, but significant variation was observed between accessions, with values ranging between -2.67 and -3.22 MPa. Embolism resistance was negatively related to growth and positively related to xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity. There is, therefore, a trade-off between hydraulic safety and growth but not between hydraulic safety and efficiency. Finally, we found that a few anatomical traits, such as vessel density and the area of the vessel lumen relative to that of the secondary xylem, were related to embolism resistance, whereas stem tissue lignification was not. Further investigations are now required to investigate the link between the observed variability of embolism resistance and yield, to facilitate the identification of breeding strategies to improve yields in an increasingly arid world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz B Ahmad
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Cestas, France
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Régis Burlett
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, Cestas, France
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103
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Fernández-Pérez L, Villar-Salvador P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Toca A, Zavala MA. Distribution of pines in the Iberian Peninsula agrees with species differences in foliage frost tolerance, not with vulnerability to freezing-induced xylem embolism. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:507-516. [PMID: 29325114 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drought and frosts are major determinants of plant functioning and distribution. Both stresses can cause xylem embolism and foliage damage. The objective of this study was to analyse if the distribution of six common pine species along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients in Europe is related to their interspecific differences in frost tolerance and to the physiological mechanisms underlying species-specific frost tolerance. We also evaluate if frost tolerance depends on plant water status. We studied survival to a range of freezing temperatures in 2-year-old plants and assessed the percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) due xylem embolism formation and foliage damage determined by needle electrolyte leakage (EL) after a single frost cycle to -15 °C and over a range of predawn water potential (ψpd) values. Species experiencing cold winters in their range (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus sylvestris L. and Pinus uncinata Raymond ex A. DC.) had the highest frost survival rates and lowest needle EL and soluble sugar (SS) concentration. In contrast, the pines inhabiting mild or cool winter locations (especially Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L. and, to a lesser extent, Pinus pinaster Ait.) had the lowest frost survival and highest needle EL and SS values. Freezing-induced PLC was very low and differences among species were not related to frost damage. Reduction in ψpd decreased leaf frost damage in P. pinea and P. sylvestris, increased it in P. uncinata and had a neutral effect on the rest of the species. This study demonstrates that freezing temperatures are a major environmental driver for pine distribution and suggests that interspecific differences in leaf frost sensitivity rather than vulnerability to freezing-induced embolism or SS explain pine juvenile frost survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernández-Pérez
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Villar-Salvador
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus UAB, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrei Toca
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departmento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Apdo 20, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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104
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Changes in tree resistance, recovery and resilience across three successive extreme droughts in the northeast Iberian Peninsula. Oecologia 2018; 187:343-354. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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105
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Bär A, Nardini A, Mayr S. Post-fire effects in xylem hydraulics of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1484-1493. [PMID: 29193122 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on post-fire tree mortality suggest a role for heat-induced alterations of the hydraulic system. We analyzed heat effects on xylem hydraulics both in the laboratory and at a forest site hit by fire. Stem vulnerability to drought-induced embolism and hydraulic conductivity were measured in Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. Control branches were compared with samples experimentally exposed to 90°C or damaged by a natural forest fire. In addition, xylem anatomical changes were examined microscopically. Experimental heating caused structural changes in the xylem and increased vulnerability in all species. The largest shifts in vulnerability thresholds (1.3 MPa) were observed in P. sylvestris. F. sylvatica also showed heat-induced reductions (49%) in hydraulic conductivity. At the field site, increased vulnerability was observed in damaged branches of P. sylvestris and F. sylvatica, and the xylem of F. sylvatica was 39% less conductive in damaged than in undamaged branches. These results provide evidence for heat-induced impairment of tree hydraulics after fire. The effects recorded at the forest fire site corresponded to those obtained in laboratory experiments, and revealed pronounced hydraulic risks in P. sylvestris and F. sylvatica. Knowledge of species-specific hydraulic impairments induced by fire and heat is a prerequisite for accurate estimation of post-fire mortality risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bär
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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106
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Stojnic S, Suchocka M, Benito-Garzón M, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Bolte A, Cocozza C, Cvjetkovic B, de Luis M, Martinez-Vilalta J, Ræbild A, Tognetti R, Delzon S. Variation in xylem vulnerability to embolism in European beech from geographically marginal populations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:173-185. [PMID: 29182720 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and heatwaves in Europe, leading to effects on forest growth and major forest dieback events due to hydraulic failure caused by xylem embolism. Inter-specific variability in embolism resistance has been studied in detail, but little is known about intra-specific variability, particularly in marginal populations. We evaluated 15 European beech populations, mostly from geographically marginal sites of the species distribution range, focusing particularly on populations from the dry southern margin. We found small, but significant differences in resistance to embolism between populations, with xylem pressures causing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity ranging from -2.84 to -3.55 MPa. Significant phenotypic clines of increasing embolism resistance with increasing temperature and aridity were observed: the southernmost beech populations growing in a warmer drier climate and with lower habitat suitability have higher resistance to embolism than those from Northern Europe growing more favourable conditions. Previous studies have shown that there is little or no difference in embolism resistance between core populations, but our findings show that marginal populations have developed ways of protecting their xylem based on either evolution or plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stojnic
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, 21000 Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - M Suchocka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Landscape University Department, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - H Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - C Cocozza
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - B Cvjetkovic
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry, Stepe Stepanovica 75A, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M de Luis
- Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio-IUCA, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Vilalta
- CREAF-Université Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Ræbild
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - R Tognetti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, Pesche, and The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - S Delzon
- BIOGECO INRA, University Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
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107
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Hudson PJ, Limousin JM, Krofcheck DJ, Boutz AL, Pangle RE, Gehres N, McDowell NG, Pockman WT. Impacts of long-term precipitation manipulation on hydraulic architecture and xylem anatomy of piñon and juniper in Southwest USA. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:421-435. [PMID: 29215745 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic architecture imposes a fundamental control on water transport, underpinning plant productivity, and survival. The extent to which hydraulic architecture of mature trees acclimates to chronic drought is poorly understood, limiting accuracy in predictions of forest responses to future droughts. We measured seasonal shoot hydraulic performance for multiple years to assess xylem acclimation in mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) after 3+ years of precipitation manipulation. Our treatments consisted of water addition (+20% ambient precipitation), partial precipitation-exclusion (-45% ambient precipitation), and exclusion-structure control. Supplemental watering elevated leaf water potential, sapwood-area specific hydraulic conductivity, and leaf-area specific hydraulic conductivity relative to precipitation exclusion. Shifts in allocation of leaf area to sapwood area enhanced differences between irrigated and droughted KL in piñon but not juniper. Piñon and juniper achieved similar KL under ambient conditions, but juniper matched or outperformed piñon in all physiological measurements under both increased and decreased precipitation treatments. Embolism vulnerability and xylem anatomy were unaffected by treatments in either species. Absence of significant acclimation combined with inferior performance for both hydraulic transport and safety suggests piñon has greater risk of local extirpation if aridity increases as predicted in the southwestern USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - J M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - D J Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - A L Boutz
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - R E Pangle
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N Gehres
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - N G McDowell
- Earth Systems Analysis and Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - W T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
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108
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Sebastian‐Azcona J, Hacke UG, Hamann A. Adaptations of white spruce to climate: strong intraspecific differences in cold hardiness linked to survival. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1758-1768. [PMID: 29435250 PMCID: PMC5792524 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding local adaptation of tree populations to climate allows the development of assisted migration guidelines as a tool for forest managers to address climate change. Here, we study the relationship among climate, a wide range of physiological traits, and field performance of selected white spruce provenances originating from throughout the species range. Tree height, survival, cold hardiness, hydraulic, and wood anatomical traits were measured in a 32-year-old common garden trial, located in the center of the species range. Provenance performance included all combinations of high versus low survival and growth, with the most prevalent population differentiation for adaptive traits observed in cold hardiness. Cold hardiness showed a strong association with survival and was associated with cold winter temperatures at the site of seed origin. Tree height was mostly explained by the length of the growing season at the origin of the seed source. Although population differentiation was generally weak in wood anatomical and hydraulic traits, within-population variation was substantial in some traits, and a boundary analysis revealed that efficient water transport was associated with vulnerable xylem and low wood density, indicating that an optimal combination of high water transport efficiency and high cavitation resistance is not possible. Our results suggest that assisted migration prescriptions may be advantageous under warming climate, but pronounced trade-offs between survival and cold hardiness require a careful consideration of the distances of these transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Andreas Hamann
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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109
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Tomasella M, Beikircher B, Häberle KH, Hesse B, Kallenbach C, Matyssek R, Mayr S. Acclimation of branch and leaf hydraulics in adult Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in a forest through-fall exclusion experiment. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:198-211. [PMID: 29177459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing water availability due to climate change poses the question of whether and to what extent tree species are able to hydraulically acclimate and how hydraulic traits of stems and leaves are coordinated under drought. In a through-fall exclusion experiment, hydraulic acclimation was analyzed in a mixed forest stand of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. In drought-stressed (TE, through-fall exclusion over 2 years) and control (CO) trees, hydraulic vulnerability was studied in branches as well as in leaves (F. sylvatica) and end-twigs (P. abies, entirely formed during the drought period) sampled at the same height in sun-exposed portions of the tree crown. In addition, relevant xylem anatomical traits and leaf pressure-volume relations were analyzed. The TE trees reached pre-dawn water potentials down to -1.6 MPa. In both species, water potentials at 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity were ~0.4 MPa more negative in TE than in CO branches. Foliage hydraulic vulnerability (expressed as water potential at 50% loss of leaf/end-twig hydraulic conductance) and water potential at turgor loss point were also, respectively, 0.4 and 0.5 MPa lower in TE trees. Minor differences were observed in conduit mean hydraulic diameter and cell wall reinforcement. Our findings indicate significant and fast hydraulic acclimation under relatively mild drought in both tree species. Acclimation was well coordinated between branches and foliage, which might be essential for survival and productivity of mature trees under future drought periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tomasella
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hesse
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Kallenbach
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Chair for Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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110
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Guérin M, Martin‐Benito D, von Arx G, Andreu‐Hayles L, Griffin KL, Hamdan R, McDowell NG, Muscarella R, Pockman W, Gentine P. Interannual variations in needle and sapwood traits of Pinus edulis branches under an experimental drought. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1655-1672. [PMID: 29435241 PMCID: PMC5792598 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the southwestern USA, recent large-scale die-offs of conifers raise the question of their resilience and mortality under droughts. To date, little is known about the interannual structural response to droughts. We hypothesized that piñon pines (Pinus edulis) respond to drought by reducing the drop of leaf water potential in branches from year to year through needle morphological adjustments. We tested our hypothesis using a 7-year experiment in central New Mexico with three watering treatments (irrigated, normal, and rain exclusion). We analyzed how variation in "evaporative structure" (needle length, stomatal diameter, stomatal density, stomatal conductance) responded to watering treatment and interannual climate variability. We further analyzed annual functional adjustments by comparing yearly addition of needle area (LA) with yearly addition of sapwood area (SA) and distance to tip (d), defining the yearly ratios SA:LA and SA:LA/d. Needle length (l) increased with increasing winter and monsoon water supply, and showed more interannual variability when the soil was drier. Stomatal density increased with dryness, while stomatal diameter was reduced. As a result, anatomical maximal stomatal conductance was relatively invariant across treatments. SA:LA and SA:LA/d showed significant differences across treatments and contrary to our expectation were lower with reduced water input. Within average precipitation ranges, the response of these ratios to soil moisture was similar across treatments. However, when extreme soil drought was combined with high VPD, needle length, SA:LA and SA:LA/d became highly nonlinear, emphasizing the existence of a response threshold of combined high VPD and dry soil conditions. In new branch tissues, the response of annual functional ratios to water stress was immediate (same year) and does not attempt to reduce the drop of water potential. We suggest that unfavorable evaporative structural response to drought is compensated by dynamic stomatal control to maximize photosynthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceau Guérin
- Department of Earth and Environmental EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Dario Martin‐Benito
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Forest Research Center (INIA‐CIFOR)MadridSpain
- Tree‐ring LaboratoryLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate ImpactsInstitute for Environmental SciencesGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Laia Andreu‐Hayles
- Tree‐ring LaboratoryLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Kevin L. Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | | | - Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Robert Muscarella
- Ecoinformatics & BiodiversityDepartment of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - William Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental EngineeringEarth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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111
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Sellin A, Alber M, Kupper P. Increasing air humidity influences hydraulic efficiency but not functional vulnerability of xylem in hybrid aspen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 219:28-36. [PMID: 28985513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict greater increases in the frequency than in the amount of precipitation and a consequent rise in atmospheric humidity at high latitudes by the end of the century. We investigated the responses of hydraulic and relevant anatomical traits of xylem to elevated relative humidity of air on a 1-yr-old coppice of hybrid aspen (Populus×wettsteinii) growing in the experimental stand at the Free Air Humidity Manipulation site in Eastern Estonia. The hydraulic conductivity of stems was measured with a high pressure flow meter; artificial cavitation in the stem segments was induced by the air injection method. Specific conductivity of xylem decreased from 4.42 in the control to 3.94kgm-1s-1MPa-1 in the humidification treatment, while the trend was well correlated with increasing wood density. Humidified trees exhibited smaller leaf area at the same xylem cross-sectional area, resulting in 34% higher average Huber values compared to the control. Control and humidity-treated trees differed by neither native embolism level nor susceptibility to dehydration-induced cavitation. Increasing atmospheric humidity reduces the hydraulic efficiency of hybrid aspen trees expressed on a xylem area basis and causes substantial changes in resource allocation between photosynthetic and water transport tissues. This climate trend does not influence stem vulnerability to cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Meeli Alber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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112
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Martín-Gómez P, Aguilera M, Pemán J, Gil-Pelegrín E, Ferrio JP. Contrasting ecophysiological strategies related to drought: the case of a mixed stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and a submediterranean oak (Quercus subpyrenaica). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1478-1492. [PMID: 29040771 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Submediterranean forests are considered an ecotone between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian ecosystems, and are very sensitive to global change. A decline of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and a related expansion of oak species (Quercus spp.) have been reported in the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees. Although this has been associated with increasing drought stress, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and suitable monitoring protocols are lacking. The aim of this study is to bring insight into the physiological mechanisms anticipating selective decline of the pines, with particular focus on carbon and water relations. For this purpose, we performed a sampling campaign covering two growing seasons in a mixed stand of P. sylvestris and Quercus subpyrenaica E.H del Villar. We sampled seasonally twig xylem and soil for water isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H), leaves for carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and stems to quantify non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration, and measured water potential and leaf gas exchange. The first summer drought was severe for both species, reaching low predawn water potential (-2.2 MPa), very low stomatal conductance (12 ± 1.0 mmol m-2 s-1) and near-zero or even negative net photosynthesis, particularly in P. sylvestris (-0.6 ± 0.34 μmol m-2 s-1 in oaks, -1.3 ± 0.16 μmol m-2 s-1 in pines). Hence, the tighter stomatal control and more isohydric strategy of P. sylvestris resulted in larger limitations on carbon assimilation, and this was also reflected in carbon storage, showing twofold larger total NSC concentration in oaks than in pines (7.8 ± 2.4% and 4.0 ± 1.3%, respectively). We observed a faster recovery of predawn water potential after summer drought in Q. subpyrenaica than in P. sylvestris (-0.8 MPa and -1.1 MPa, respectively). As supported by the isotopic data, this was probably associated with a deeper and more reliable water supply in Q. subpyrenaica. In line with these short-term observations, we found a more pronounced negative effect of steadily increasing drought stress on long-term growth in pines compared with oaks. All these observations confer evidence of early warning of P. sylvestris decline and indicate the adaptive advantage of Q. subpyrenaica in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martín-Gómez
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jesús Pemán
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, CITA de Aragón, Av. Montañana, 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences-AGROTECNIO, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
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113
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Olano JM, González-Muñoz N, Arzac A, Rozas V, von Arx G, Delzon S, García-Cervigón AI. Sex determines xylem anatomy in a dioecious conifer: hydraulic consequences in a drier world. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1493-1502. [PMID: 28575521 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased drought frequency and severity may reshape tree species distribution in arid environments. Dioecious tree species may be more sensitive to climate warming if sex-related vulnerability to drought occurs, since lower performance of one sex may drive differential stress tolerance, sex-related mortality rates and biased sex ratios. We explored the effect of sex and environment on branch hydraulic (hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to embolism) and trunk anatomical traits in both sexes of the dioecious conifer Juniperus thurifera L. at two sites with contrasting water availability. Additionally, we tested for a trade-off between hydraulic safety (vulnerability to embolism) and efficiency (hydraulic conductivity). Vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic conductivity were unaffected by sex or site at branch level. In contrast, sex played a significant role in xylem anatomy. We found a trade-off between hydraulic safety and efficiency, with larger conductivities related to higher vulnerabilities to embolism. At the anatomical level, females' trunk showed xylem anatomical traits related to greater hydraulic efficiency (higher theoretical hydraulic conductivity) over safety (thinner tracheid walls, lower Mork's Index), whereas males' trunk anatomy followed a more conservative strategy, especially in the drier site. Reconciling the discrepancy between branch hydraulic function and trunk xylem anatomy would require a thorough and integrated understanding of the tree structure-function relationship at the whole-plant level. Nevertheless, lower construction costs and higher efficiency in females' xylem anatomy at trunk level might explain the previously observed higher growth rates in mesic habitats. However, prioritizing efficiency over safety in trunk construction might make females more sensitive to drought, endangering the species' persistence in a drier world.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olano
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Arzac
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vicente Rozas
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, iuFOR-Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Duques de Soria, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 66 Blvd Carl Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Ana I García-Cervigón
- CASEM - Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales,Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
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114
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Zhu SD, Chen YJ, Fu PL, Cao KF. Different hydraulic traits of woody plants from tropical forests with contrasting soil water availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1469-1477. [PMID: 28985366 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In southwestern China, tropical karst forests (KF) and non-karst rain forests (NKF) have different species composition and forest structure owing to contrasting soil water availability, but with a few species that occur in both forests. Plant hydraulic traits are important for understanding the species' distribution patterns in these two forest types, but related studies are rare. In this study, we investigated hydraulic conductivity, vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation and wood anatomy of 23 abundant and typical woody species from a KF and a neighboring NKF, as well as two Bauhinia liana species common to both forests. We found that the KF species tended to have higher sapwood density, smaller vessel diameter, lower specific hydraulic conductivity (ks) and leaf to sapwood area ratio, and were more resistant to cavitation than NKF species. Across the 23 species distinctly occurring in either KF or NKF, there was a significant tradeoff between hydraulic efficiency and safety, which might be an underlying mechanism for distributions of these species across the two forests. Interestingly, by possessing rather large and long vessels, the two Bauhinia liana species had extremely high ks but were also high resistance to cavitation (escaping hydraulic tradeoff). This might be partially due to their distinctly dimorphic vessels, but contribute to their wide occurrence in both forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Dan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Pei-Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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115
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Matías L, Linares JC, Sánchez-Miranda Á, Jump AS. Contrasting growth forecasts across the geographical range of Scots pine due to altitudinal and latitudinal differences in climatic sensitivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4106-4116. [PMID: 28100041 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing changes in global climate are altering ecological conditions for many species. The consequences of such changes are typically most evident at the edge of a species' geographical distribution, where differences in growth or population dynamics may result in range expansions or contractions. Understanding population responses to different climatic drivers along wide latitudinal and altitudinal gradients is necessary in order to gain a better understanding of plant responses to ongoing increases in global temperature and drought severity. We selected Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a model species to explore growth responses to climatic variability (seasonal temperature and precipitation) over the last century through dendrochronological methods. We developed linear models based on age, climate and previous growth to forecast growth trends up to year 2100 using climatic predictions. Populations were located at the treeline across a latitudinal gradient covering the northern, central and southernmost populations and across an altitudinal gradient at the southern edge of the distribution (treeline, medium and lower elevations). Radial growth was maximal at medium altitude and treeline of the southernmost populations. Temperature was the main factor controlling growth variability along the gradients, although the timing and strength of climatic variables affecting growth shifted with latitude and altitude. Predictive models forecast a general increase in Scots pine growth at treeline across the latitudinal distribution, with southern populations increasing growth up to year 2050, when it stabilizes. The highest responsiveness appeared at central latitude, and moderate growth increase is projected at the northern limit. Contrastingly, the model forecasted growth declines at lowland-southern populations, suggesting an upslope range displacement over the coming decades. Our results give insight into the geographical responses of tree species to climate change and demonstrate the importance of incorporating biogeographical variability into predictive models for an accurate prediction of species dynamics as climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Matías
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41080, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan C Linares
- Department of Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km 1, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ángela Sánchez-Miranda
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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116
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Galiano L, Timofeeva G, Saurer M, Siegwolf R, Martínez-Vilalta J, Hommel R, Gessler A. The fate of recently fixed carbon after drought release: towards unravelling C storage regulation in Tilia platyphyllos and Pinus sylvestris. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1711-1724. [PMID: 28432768 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon reserves are important for maintaining tree function during and after stress. Increasing tree mortality driven by drought globally has renewed the interest in how plants regulate allocation of recently fixed C to reserve formation. Three-year-old seedlings of two species (Tilia platyphyllos and Pinus sylvestris) were exposed to two intensities of experimental drought during ~10 weeks, and 13 C pulse labelling was subsequently applied with rewetting. Tracking the 13 C label across different organs and C compounds (soluble sugars, starch, myo-inositol, lipids and cellulose), together with the monitoring of gas exchange and C mass balances over time, allowed for the identification of variations in C allocation priorities and tree C balances that are associated with drought effects and subsequent drought release. The results demonstrate that soluble sugars accumulated in P. sylvestris under drought conditions independently of growth trends; thus, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) formation cannot be simply considered a passive overflow process in this species. Once drought ceased, C allocation to storage was still prioritized at the expense of growth, which suggested the presence of 'drought memory effects', possibly to ensure future growth and survival. On the contrary, NSC and growth dynamics in T. platyphyllos were consistent with a passive (overflow) view of NSC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Galiano
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79098, Germany
| | - Galina Timofeeva
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Siegwolf
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Spain
| | - Robert Hommel
- Eberswalde University of Sustainable Development, Schicklerstraße 5, 16225, Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland
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117
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Fernández-de-Uña L, Rossi S, Aranda I, Fonti P, González-González BD, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Xylem and Leaf Functional Adjustments to Drought in Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica at Their Elevational Boundary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28744292 PMCID: PMC5504171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climatic scenarios for the Mediterranean region forecast increasing frequency and intensity of drought events. Consequently, a reduction in Pinus sylvestris L. distribution range is projected within the region, with this species being outcompeted at lower elevations by more drought-tolerant taxa such as Quercus pyrenaica Willd. The functional response of these species to the projected shifts in water availability will partially determine their performance and, thus, their competitive success under these changing climatic conditions. We studied how the cambial and leaf phenology and xylem anatomy of these two species responded to a 3-year rainfall exclusion experiment set at their elevational boundary in Central Spain. Additionally, P. sylvestris leaf gas exchange, water potential and carbon isotope content response to the treatment were measured. Likewise, we assessed inter-annual variability in the studied functional traits under control and rainfall exclusion conditions. Prolonged exposure to drier conditions did not affect the onset of xylogenesis in either of the studied species, whereas xylem formation ceased 1-3 weeks earlier in P. sylvestris. The rainfall exclusion had, however, no effect on leaf phenology on either species, which suggests that cambial phenology is more sensitive to drought than leaf phenology. P. sylvestris formed fewer, but larger tracheids under dry conditions and reduced the proportion of latewood in the tree ring. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica did not suffer earlywood hydraulic diameter changes under rainfall exclusion, but experienced a cumulative reduction in latewood width, which could ultimately challenge its hydraulic performance. The phenological and anatomical response of the studied species to drought is consistent with a shift in resource allocation under drought stress from xylem to other sinks. Additionally, the tighter stomatal control and higher intrinsic water use efficiency observed in drought-stressed P. sylvestris may eventually limit carbon uptake in this species. Our results suggest that both species are potentially vulnerable to the forecasted increase in drought stress, although P. sylvestris might experience a higher risk of drought-induced decline at its low elevational limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Cañellas
- Department of Silviculture and Management of Forest Systems, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
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118
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Sánchez-Salguero R, Camarero JJ, Gutiérrez E, González Rouco F, Gazol A, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Andreu-Hayles L, Linares JC, Seftigen K. Assessing forest vulnerability to climate warming using a process-based model of tree growth: bad prospects for rear-edges. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2705-2719. [PMID: 27782362 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth models can be used to assess forest vulnerability to climate warming. If global warming amplifies water deficit in drought-prone areas, tree populations located at the driest and southernmost distribution limits (rear-edges) should be particularly threatened. Here, we address these statements by analyzing and projecting growth responses to climate of three major tree species (silver fir, Abies alba; Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris; and mountain pine, Pinus uncinata) in mountainous areas of NE Spain. This region is subjected to Mediterranean continental conditions, it encompasses wide climatic, topographic and environmental gradients, and, more importantly, it includes rear-edges of the continuous distributions of these tree species. We used tree-ring width data from a network of 110 forests in combination with the process-based Vaganov-Shashkin-Lite growth model and climate-growth analyses to forecast changes in tree growth during the 21st century. Climatic projections were based on four ensembles CO2 emission scenarios. Warm and dry conditions during the growing season constrain silver fir and Scots pine growth, particularly at the species rear-edge. By contrast, growth of high-elevation mountain pine forests is enhanced by climate warming. The emission scenario (RCP 8.5) corresponding to the most pronounced warming (+1.4 to 4.8 °C) forecasted mean growth reductions of -10.7% and -16.4% in silver fir and Scots pine, respectively, after 2050. This indicates that rising temperatures could amplify drought stress and thus constrain the growth of silver fir and Scots pine rear-edge populations growing at xeric sites. Contrastingly, mountain pine growth is expected to increase by +12.5% due to a longer and warmer growing season. The projections of growth reduction in silver fir and Scots pine portend dieback and a contraction of their species distribution areas through potential local extinctions of the most vulnerable driest rear-edge stands. Our modeling approach provides accessible tools to evaluate forest vulnerability to warmer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sánchez-Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Emilia Gutiérrez
- Department d' Ecologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fidel González Rouco
- Departamento de Astrofísica y CC. de la Atmósfera, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Laia Andreu-Hayles
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
- Institut Català de Ciències del Clima (IC3), 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Kristina Seftigen
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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119
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Bourne AE, Creek D, Peters JMR, Ellsworth DS, Choat B. Species climate range influences hydraulic and stomatal traits in Eucalyptus species. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:123-133. [PMID: 28369162 PMCID: PMC5737682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant hydraulic traits influence the capacity of species to grow and survive in water-limited environments, but their comparative study at a common site has been limited. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether selective pressures on species originating in drought-prone environments constrain hydraulic traits among related species grown under common conditions. METHODS Leaf tissue water relations, xylem anatomy, stomatal behaviour and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were measured on six Eucalyptus species growing in a common garden to determine whether these traits were related to current species climate range and to understand linkages between the traits. KEY RESULTS Hydraulically weighted xylem vessel diameter, leaf turgor loss point, the water potential at stomatal closure and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism were significantly ( P < 0·05) correlated with climate parameters from the species range. There was a co-ordination between stem and leaf parameters with the water potential at turgor loss, 12 % loss of conductivity and the point of stomatal closure significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS The correlation of hydraulic, stomatal and anatomical traits with climate variables from the species' original ranges suggests that these traits are genetically constrained. The conservative nature of xylem traits in Eucalyptus trees has important implications for the limits of species responses to changing environmental conditions and thus for species survival and distribution into the future, and yields new information for physiological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Bourne
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Danielle Creek
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. R. Peters
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - David S. Ellsworth
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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120
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Bontemps A, Davi H, Lefèvre F, Rozenberg P, Oddou-Muratorio S. How do functional traits syndromes covary with growth and reproductive performance in a water-stressed population ofFagus sylvatica? OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Bontemps
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - François Lefèvre
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- INRA, UR0588 AGPF Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières; Orleans France
| | - Sylvie Oddou-Muratorio
- INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc; FR-84914 Avignon Cedex 9 France
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121
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Ratola N, Jiménez-Guerrero P. Modelling benzo[a]pyrene in air and vegetation for different land uses and assessment of increased health risk in the Iberian Peninsula. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11901-11910. [PMID: 26374547 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of the modelling system WRF + CHIMERE implemented with high spatial and temporal resolution over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) to represent the levels of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in air and vegetation was tested in areas where different land uses are observed. Biomonitoring data available on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pine needles from the IP were used to estimate the atmospheric concentrations of BaP and, at the same time, fuelled the comparison of the vegetation representations given by the model. A total of 70 sites were sampled, including urban, industrial, rural and remote locations, which revealed different performances of the method for air and vegetation concentrations of BaP. The validation of this chemistry transport model (CTM) was complemented with the data available from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) air sampling network. This, in association with a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) method, allowed the estimation of the increased risk of lung cancer due to exposure to BaPs in the IP for three target values set by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Ratola
- Physics of the Earth, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Edificio CIOyN, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- LEPABE-DEQ, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
- Physics of the Earth, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Edificio CIOyN, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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122
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Martínez-Sancho E, Dorado-Liñán I, Hacke UG, Seidel H, Menzel A. Contrasting Hydraulic Architectures of Scots Pine and Sessile Oak at Their Southernmost Distribution Limits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:598. [PMID: 28473841 PMCID: PMC5397420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many temperate European tree species have their southernmost distribution limits in the Mediterranean Basin. The projected climatic conditions, particularly an increase in dryness, might induce an altitudinal and latitudinal retreat at their southernmost distribution limit. Therefore, characterizing the morphological and physiological variability of temperate tree species under dry conditions is essential to understand species' responses to expected climate change. In this study, we compared branch-level hydraulic traits of four Scots pine and four sessile oak natural stands located at the western and central Mediterranean Basin to assess their adjustment to water limiting conditions. Hydraulic traits such as xylem- and leaf-specific maximum hydraulic conductivity (KS-MAX and KL-MAX), leaf-to-xylem area ratio (AL:AX) and functional xylem fraction (FX) were measured in July 2015 during a long and exceptionally dry summer. Additionally, xylem-specific native hydraulic conductivity (KS-N) and native percentage of loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) were measured for Scots pine. Interspecific differences in these hydraulic traits as well as intraspecific variability between sites were assessed. The influence of annual, summer and growing season site climatic aridity (P/PET) on intraspecific variability was investigated. Sessile oak displayed higher values of KS-MAX, KL-MAX, AL:AX but a smaller percentage of FX than Scots pines. Scots pine did not vary in any of the measured hydraulic traits across the sites, and PLC values were low for all sites, even during one of the warmest summers in the region. In contrast, sessile oak showed significant differences in KS-MAX, KL-MAX, and FX across sites, which were significantly related to site aridity. The striking similarity in the hydraulic traits across Scots pine sites suggests that no adjustment in hydraulic architecture was needed, likely as a consequence of a drought-avoidance strategy. In contrast, sessile oak displayed adjustments in the hydraulic architecture along an aridity gradient, pointing to a drought-tolerance strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Departamento de Silvicultura y Gestión de los Sistemas Forestales, Centro de Investigación Forestal–Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Uwe G. Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, EdmontonAB, Canada
| | - Hannes Seidel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
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Zadworny M, McCormack ML, Żytkowiak R, Karolewski P, Mucha J, Oleksyn J. Patterns of structural and defense investments in fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across a strong temperature and latitudinal gradient in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1218-1231. [PMID: 27670838 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant functional traits may be altered as plants adapt to various environmental constraints. Cold, low fertility growing conditions are often associated with root adjustments to increase acquisition of limiting nutrient resources, but they may also result in construction of roots with reduced uptake potential but higher tissue persistence. It is ultimately unclear whether plants produce fine roots of different structure in response to decreasing temperatures and whether these changes represent a trade-off between root function or potential root persistence. We assessed patterns of root construction based on various root morphological, biochemical and defense traits including root diameter, specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD), C:N ratio, phenolic compounds, and number of phellem layers across up to 10 root orders in diverse populations of Scots pine along a 2000-km climatic gradient in Europe. Our results showed that different root traits are related to mean annual temperature (MAT) and expressed a pattern of higher root diameter and lower SRL and RTD in northern sites with lower MAT. Among absorptive roots, we observed a gradual decline in chemical defenses (phenolic compounds) with decreasing MAT. In contrast, decreasing MAT resulted in an increase of structural protection (number of phellem layers) in transport fine roots. This indicated that absorptive roots with high capacity for nutrient uptake, and transport roots with low uptake capacity, were characterized by distinct and contrasting trade-offs. Our observations suggest that diminishing structural and chemical investments into the more distal, absorptive roots in colder climates is consistent with building roots of higher absorptive capacity. At the same time, roots that play a more prominent role in transport of nutrients and water within the root system saw an increase in structural investment, which can increase persistence and reduce long-term costs associated with their frequent replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Piotr Karolewski
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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124
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Gazol A, Camarero JJ, Anderegg WRL, Vicente-Serrano SM. Impacts of droughts on the growth resilience of Northern Hemisphere forests. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY 2017; 26:166-176. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/geb.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - J. J. Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
| | - W. R. L. Anderegg
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - S. M. Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE-CSIC); Zaragoza Spain
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125
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Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Mencuccini M, Delzon S, Badel E. Direct observation and modelling of embolism spread between xylem conduits: a case study in Scots pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2774-2785. [PMID: 27739597 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylem embolism is one of the main processes involved in drought-related plant mortality. Although its consequences for plant physiology are already well described, embolism formation and spread are poorly evaluated and modelled, especially for tracheid-based species. The aim of this study was to assess the embolism formation and spread in Pinus sylvestris as a case study using X-ray microtomography and hydraulics methods. We also evaluated the potential effects of cavitation fatigue on vulnerability to embolism and the micro-morphology of the bordered pits using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to test for possible links between xylem anatomy and embolism spread. Finally, a novel model was developed to simulate the spread of embolism in a 2D anisotropic cellular structure. Results showed a large variability in the formation and spread of embolism within a ring despite no differences being observed in intertracheid pit membrane anatomical traits. Simulations from the model showed a highly anisotropic tracheid-to-tracheid embolism spreading pattern, which confirms the major role of tracheid-to-tracheid air seeding to explain how embolism spreads in Scots pine. The results also showed that prior embolism removal from the samples reduced the resistance to embolism of the xylem and could result in overestimates of vulnerability to embolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The Kings Buildings, West Main Road, EH93JF, Edinburgh, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eric Badel
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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126
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Zadworny M, McCormack ML, Mucha J, Reich PB, Oleksyn J. Scots pine fine roots adjust along a 2000-km latitudinal climatic gradient. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:389-99. [PMID: 27301778 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of plant biomass allocation and functional adjustments along climatic gradients are poorly understood, particularly belowground. Generally, low temperatures suppress nutrient release and uptake, and forests under such conditions have a greater proportion of their biomass in roots. However, it is not clear whether 'more roots' means better capacity to acquire soil resources. Herein we quantified patterns of fine-root anatomy and their biomass distribution across Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations both along a 2000-km latitudinal gradient and within a common garden experiment with a similar range of populations. We found that with decreasing mean temperature, a greater percentage of Scots pine root biomass was allocated to roots with higher potential absorptive capacity. Similar results were seen in the common experimental site, where cold-adapted populations produced roots with greater absorptive capacity than populations originating from warmer climates. These results demonstrate that plants growing in or originated from colder climates have more acquisitive roots, a trait that is likely adaptive in the face of the low resource availability typical of cold soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jacek Oleksyn
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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127
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Garcia-Forner N, Sala A, Biel C, Savé R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Individual traits as determinants of time to death under extreme drought in Pinus sylvestris L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1196-1209. [PMID: 27217530 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a variety of drought responses involving multiple interacting traits and processes, which makes predictions of drought survival challenging. Careful evaluation of responses within species, where individuals share broadly similar drought resistance strategies, can provide insight into the relative importance of different traits and processes. We subjected Pinus sylvestris L. saplings to extreme drought (no watering) leading to death in a greenhouse to (i) determine the relative effect of predisposing factors and responses to drought on survival time, (ii) identify and rank the importance of key predictors of time to death and (iii) compare individual characteristics of dead and surviving trees sampled concurrently. Time until death varied over 3 months among individual trees (from 29 to 147 days). Survival time was best predicted (higher explained variance and impact on the median survival time) by variables related to carbon uptake and carbon/water economy before and during drought. Trees with higher concentrations of monosaccharides before the beginning of the drought treatment and with higher assimilation rates prior to and during the treatment survived longer (median survival time increased 25-70 days), even at the expense of higher water loss. Dead trees exhibited less than half the amount of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in branches, stem and relative to surviving trees sampled concurrently. Overall, our results indicate that the maintenance of carbon assimilation to prevent acute depletion of NSC content above some critical level appears to be the main factor explaining survival time of P. sylvestris trees under extreme drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Garcia-Forner
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Carme Biel
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Robert Savé
- Environmental Horticulture, IRTA, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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128
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Cochrane A, Hoyle GL, Yates CJ, Neeman T, Nicotra AB. Variation in plant functional traits across and within four species of Western AustralianBanksia(Proteaceae) along a natural climate gradient. AUSTRAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cochrane
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Gemma L. Hoyle
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Colin J. Yates
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Statistical Consulting Unit; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Adrienne B. Nicotra
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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129
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Seidel H, Menzel A. Above-Ground Dimensions and Acclimation Explain Variation in Drought Mortality of Scots Pine Seedlings from Various Provenances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1014. [PMID: 27458477 PMCID: PMC4935725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Seedling establishment is a critical part of the life cycle, thus seedling survival might be even more important for forest persistence under recent and future climate change. Scots pine forests have been disproportionally more affected by climate change triggered forest-dieback. Nevertheless, some Scots pine provenances might prove resilient to future drought events because of the species' large distributional range, genetic diversity, and adaptation potential. However, there is a lack of knowledge on provenance-specific survival under severe drought events and on how acclimation alters survival rates in Scots pine seedlings. We therefore conducted two drought-induced mortality experiments with potted Scots pine seedlings in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, 760 three-year-old seedlings from 12 different provenances of the south-western distribution range were subjected to the same treatment followed by the mortality experiment in 2014. In the second experiment, we addressed the question of whether acclimation to re-occurring drought stress events and to elevated temperature might decrease mortality rates. Thus, 139 four-year-old seedlings from France, Germany, and Poland were subjected to different temperature regimes (2012-2014) and drought treatments (2013-2014) before the mortality experiment in 2015. Provenances clearly differed in their hazard of drought-induced mortality, which was only partly related to the climate of their origin. Drought acclimation decreased the hazard of drought-induced mortality. Above-ground dry weight and height were the main determinants for the hazard of mortality, i.e., heavier and taller seedlings were more prone to mortality. Consequently, Scots pine seedlings exhibit a considerable provenance-specific acclimation potential against drought mortality and the selection of suitable provenances might thus facilitate seedling establishment and the persistence of Scots pine forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
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130
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Eller CB, Lima AL, Oliveira RS. Cloud forest trees with higher foliar water uptake capacity and anisohydric behavior are more vulnerable to drought and climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:489-501. [PMID: 27038126 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) trees are capable of foliar water uptake (FWU) during leaf-wetting events. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that maintenance of leaf turgor during periods of fog exposure and soil drought is related to species' FWU capacity. We conducted several experiments using apoplastic tracers, deuterium labeling and leaf immersion in water to evaluate differences in FWU among three common TMCF tree species. We also measured the effect of regular fog exposure on the leaf water potential of plants subjected to soil drought and used these data to model species' response to long-term drought. All species were able to absorb water through their leaf cuticles and/or trichomes, although the capacity to do so differed between species. During the drought experiment, the species with higher FWU capacity maintained leaf turgor for a longer period when exposed to fog, whereas the species with lower FWU exerted tighter stomatal regulation to maintain leaf turgor. Model results suggest that without fog, species with high FWU are more likely to lose turgor during seasonal droughts. We show that leaf-wetting events are essential for trees with high FWU, which tend to be more anisohydric, maintaining leaf turgor during seasonal droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton B Eller
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline L Lima
- Center of Studies and Environmental Research - NEPAM, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, CP6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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131
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López R, Cano FJ, Choat B, Cochard H, Gil L. Plasticity in Vulnerability to Cavitation of Pinus canariensis Occurs Only at the Driest End of an Aridity Gradient. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:769. [PMID: 27375637 PMCID: PMC4891331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Water availability has been considered one of the crucial drivers of species distribution. However, the increasing of temperatures and more frequent water shortages could overcome the ability of long-lived species to cope with rapidly changing conditions. Growth and survival of natural populations adapted to a given site, transferred and tested in other environments as part of provenance trials, can be interpreted as a simulation of ambient changes at the original location. We compare the intraspecific variation and the relative contribution of plasticity to adaptation of key functional traits related to drought resistance: vulnerability to cavitation, efficiency of the xylem to conduct water and biomass allocation. We use six populations of Canary Island pine growing in three provenance trials (wet, dry, and xeric). We found that the variability for hydraulic traits was largely due to phenotypic plasticity, whereas, genetic variation was limited and almost restricted to hydraulic safety traits and survival. Trees responded to an increase in climate dryness by lowering growth, and increasing leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity by means of increasing the Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation only showed a plastic response in the driest provenance trial located in the ecological limit of the species. This trait was more tightly correlated with annual precipitation, drought length, and temperature oscillation at the origin of the populations than hydraulic efficiency or the Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation was directly related to survival in the dry and the xeric provenance trials, illustrating its importance in determining drought resistance. In a new climatic scenario where more frequent and intense droughts are predicted, the magnitude of extreme events together with the fact that plasticity of cavitation resistance is only shown in the very dry limit of the species could hamper the capacity to adapt and buffer against environmental changes of some populations growing in dry locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana López
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Cano
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western SydneyRichmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of MadridMadrid, Spain
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132
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David-Schwartz R, Paudel I, Mizrachi M, Delzon S, Cochard H, Lukyanov V, Badel E, Capdeville G, Shklar G, Cohen S. Indirect Evidence for Genetic Differentiation in Vulnerability to Embolism in Pinus halepensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:768. [PMID: 27313594 PMCID: PMC4889591 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing mean temperatures and in the eastern Mediterranean is expected to decrease annual precipitation. The resulting increase in aridity may be too rapid for adaptation of tree species unless their gene pool already possesses variation in drought resistance. Vulnerability to embolism, estimated by the pressure inducing 50% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P 50), is strongly associated with drought stress resistance in trees. Yet, previous studies on various tree species reported low intraspecific genetic variation for this trait, and therefore limited adaptive capacities to increasing aridity. Here we quantified differences in hydraulic efficiency (xylem hydraulic conductance) and safety (resistance to embolism) in four contrasting provenances of Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) in a provenance trial, which is indirect evidence for genetic differences. Results obtained with three techniques (bench dehydration, centrifugation and X-ray micro-CT) evidenced significant differentiation with similar ranking between provenances. Inter-provenance variation in P 50 correlated with pit anatomical properties (torus overlap and pit aperture size). These results suggest that adaptation of P. halepensis to xeric habitats has been accompanied by modifications of bordered pit function driven by variation in pit aperture. This study thus provides evidence that appropriate exploitation of provenance differences will allow continued forestry with P. halepensis in future climates of the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Indira Paudel
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maayan Mizrachi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Victor Lukyanov
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eric Badel
- PIAF, INRA, Université Clermont AuvergneClermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Galina Shklar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shabtai Cohen
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZion, Israel
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133
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Sterck F, Anten NPR, Schieving F, Zuidema PA. Trait Acclimation Mitigates Mortality Risks of Tropical Canopy Trees under Global Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:607. [PMID: 27242814 PMCID: PMC4863428 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a heated debate about the effect of global change on tropical forests. Many scientists predict large-scale tree mortality while others point to mitigating roles of CO2 fertilization and - the notoriously unknown - physiological trait acclimation of trees. In this opinion article we provided a first quantification of the potential of trait acclimation to mitigate the negative effects of warming on tropical canopy tree growth and survival. We applied a physiological tree growth model that incorporates trait acclimation through an optimization approach. Our model estimated the maximum effect of acclimation when trees optimize traits that are strongly plastic on a week to annual time scale (leaf photosynthetic capacity, total leaf area, stem sapwood area) to maximize carbon gain. We simulated tree carbon gain for temperatures (25-35°C) and ambient CO2 concentrations (390-800 ppm) predicted for the 21st century. Full trait acclimation increased simulated carbon gain by up to 10-20% and the maximum tolerated temperature by up to 2°C, thus reducing risks of tree death under predicted warming. Functional trait acclimation may thus increase the resilience of tropical trees to warming, but cannot prevent tree death during extremely hot and dry years at current CO2 levels. We call for incorporating trait acclimation in field and experimental studies of plant functional traits, and in models that predict responses of tropical forests to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Feike Schieving
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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134
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Mitchell PJ, O'Grady AP, Pinkard EA, Brodribb TJ, Arndt SK, Blackman CJ, Duursma RA, Fensham RJ, Hilbert DW, Nitschke CR, Norris J, Roxburgh SH, Ruthrof KX, Tissue DT. An ecoclimatic framework for evaluating the resilience of vegetation to water deficit. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1677-1689. [PMID: 26643922 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The surge in global efforts to understand the causes and consequences of drought on forest ecosystems has tended to focus on specific impacts such as mortality. We propose an ecoclimatic framework that takes a broader view of the ecological relevance of water deficits, linking elements of exposure and resilience to cumulative impacts on a range of ecosystem processes. This ecoclimatic framework is underpinned by two hypotheses: (i) exposure to water deficit can be represented probabilistically and used to estimate exposure thresholds across different vegetation types or ecosystems; and (ii) the cumulative impact of a series of water deficit events is defined by attributes governing the resistance and recovery of the affected processes. We present case studies comprising Pinus edulis and Eucalyptus globulus, tree species with contrasting ecological strategies, which demonstrate how links between exposure and resilience can be examined within our proposed framework. These examples reveal how climatic thresholds can be defined along a continuum of vegetation functional responses to water deficit regimes. The strength of this framework lies in identifying climatic thresholds on vegetation function in the absence of more complete mechanistic understanding, thereby guiding the formulation, application and benchmarking of more detailed modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony P O'Grady
- CSIRO Land and Water, 15 College Rd, Sandy Bay, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | | | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7005, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Rod J Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mount Coot-tha Road, Toowong, QLD, 4066, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Chancellors Pl., St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David W Hilbert
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, QLD, 4883, Australia
| | - Craig R Nitschke
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC, 3121, Australia
| | - Jaymie Norris
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victorian Government, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen H Roxburgh
- CSIRO Land and Water, Clunies Ross St, Black Mountain, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Science Rd, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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135
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Funk JL, Larson JE, Ames GM, Butterfield BJ, Cavender‐Bares J, Firn J, Laughlin DC, Sutton‐Grier AE, Williams L, Wright J. Revisiting the
H
oly
G
rail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1156-1173. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Funk
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University 1 University Drive Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Julie E. Larson
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University 1 University Drive Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Gregory M. Ames
- Department of Biology Duke University Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Bradley J. Butterfield
- Merriam‐Powell Center for Environmental Research and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Box 5640 Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA
| | - Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1475 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology Gardens Point Brisbane Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - Daniel C. Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science University of Waikato Private Bag 3105 Hamilton 3240 New Zealand
| | - Ariana E. Sutton‐Grier
- National Ocean Service National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1305 East‐West Highway Silver Spring MD 20910 USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center University of Maryland 5825 University Research Ct #4001 College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Laura Williams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota 1475 Gortner Avenue St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology Duke University Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
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136
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Schuldt B, Knutzen F, Delzon S, Jansen S, Müller-Haubold H, Burlett R, Clough Y, Leuschner C. How adaptable is the hydraulic system of European beech in the face of climate change-related precipitation reduction? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:443-58. [PMID: 26720626 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming will increase the drought exposure of many forests world-wide. It is not well understood how trees adapt their hydraulic architecture to a long-term decrease in water availability. We examined 23 traits characterizing the hydraulic architecture and growth rate of branches and the dependent foliage of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees along a precipitation gradient (855-594 mm yr(-1) ) on uniform soil. A main goal was to identify traits that are associated with xylem efficiency, safety and growth. Our data demonstrate for the first time a linear increase in embolism resistance with climatic aridity (by 10%) across populations within a species. Simultaneously, vessel diameter declined by 7% and pit membrane thickness (Tm ) increased by 15%. Although specific conductivity did not change, leaf-specific conductivity declined by 40% with decreasing precipitation. Of eight plant traits commonly associated with embolism resistance, only vessel density in combination with pathway redundancy and Tm were related. We did not confirm the widely assumed trade-off between xylem safety and efficiency but obtained evidence in support of a positive relationship between hydraulic efficiency and growth. We conclude that the branch hydraulic system of beech has a distinct adaptive potential to respond to a precipitation reduction as a result of the environmental control of embolism resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Knutzen
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO INRA-UB, University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hilmar Müller-Haubold
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Régis Burlett
- UMR BIOGECO INRA-UB, University of Bordeaux, Avenue des Facultés, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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137
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Anderegg LDL, HilleRisLambers J. Drought stress limits the geographic ranges of two tree species via different physiological mechanisms. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1029-45. [PMID: 26663665 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Range shifts are among the most ubiquitous ecological responses to anthropogenic climate change and have large consequences for ecosystems. Unfortunately, the ecophysiological forces that constrain range boundaries are poorly understood, making it difficult to mechanistically project range shifts. To explore the physiological mechanisms by which drought stress controls dry range boundaries in trees, we quantified elevational variation in drought tolerance and in drought avoidance-related functional traits of a widespread gymnosperm (ponderosa pine - Pinus ponderosa) and angiosperm (trembling aspen - Populus tremuloides) tree species in the southwestern USA. Specifically, we quantified tree-to-tree variation in growth, water stress (predawn and midday xylem tension), drought avoidance traits (branch conductivity, leaf/needle size, tree height, leaf area-to-sapwood area ratio), and drought tolerance traits (xylem resistance to embolism, hydraulic safety margin, wood density) at the range margins and range center of each species. Although water stress increased and growth declined strongly at lower range margins of both species, ponderosa pine and aspen showed contrasting patterns of clinal trait variation. Trembling aspen increased its drought tolerance at its dry range edge by growing stronger but more carbon dense branch and leaf tissues, implying an increased cost of growth at its range boundary. By contrast, ponderosa pine showed little elevational variation in drought-related traits but avoided drought stress at low elevations by limiting transpiration through stomatal closure, such that its dry range boundary is associated with limited carbon assimilation even in average climatic conditions. Thus, the same climatic factor (drought) may drive range boundaries through different physiological mechanisms - a result that has important implications for process-based modeling approaches to tree biogeography. Further, we show that comparing intraspecific patterns of trait variation across ranges, something rarely done in a range-limit context, helps elucidate a mechanistic understanding of range constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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138
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Seidel H, Menzel A. Above-Ground Dimensions and Acclimation Explain Variation in Drought Mortality of Scots Pine Seedlings from Various Provenances. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27458477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01014/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seedling establishment is a critical part of the life cycle, thus seedling survival might be even more important for forest persistence under recent and future climate change. Scots pine forests have been disproportionally more affected by climate change triggered forest-dieback. Nevertheless, some Scots pine provenances might prove resilient to future drought events because of the species' large distributional range, genetic diversity, and adaptation potential. However, there is a lack of knowledge on provenance-specific survival under severe drought events and on how acclimation alters survival rates in Scots pine seedlings. We therefore conducted two drought-induced mortality experiments with potted Scots pine seedlings in a greenhouse. In the first experiment, 760 three-year-old seedlings from 12 different provenances of the south-western distribution range were subjected to the same treatment followed by the mortality experiment in 2014. In the second experiment, we addressed the question of whether acclimation to re-occurring drought stress events and to elevated temperature might decrease mortality rates. Thus, 139 four-year-old seedlings from France, Germany, and Poland were subjected to different temperature regimes (2012-2014) and drought treatments (2013-2014) before the mortality experiment in 2015. Provenances clearly differed in their hazard of drought-induced mortality, which was only partly related to the climate of their origin. Drought acclimation decreased the hazard of drought-induced mortality. Above-ground dry weight and height were the main determinants for the hazard of mortality, i.e., heavier and taller seedlings were more prone to mortality. Consequently, Scots pine seedlings exhibit a considerable provenance-specific acclimation potential against drought mortality and the selection of suitable provenances might thus facilitate seedling establishment and the persistence of Scots pine forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Seidel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München Freising, Germany
| | - Annette Menzel
- Professorship of Ecoclimatology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany; Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
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139
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140
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Lindfors L, Hölttä T, Lintunen A, Porcar-Castell A, Nikinmaa E, Juurola E. Dynamics of leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and stem diameter changes during freezing and thawing of Scots pine seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1314-1324. [PMID: 26423334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Boreal trees experience repeated freeze-thaw cycles annually. While freezing has been extensively studied in trees, the dynamic responses occurring during the freezing and thawing remain poorly understood. At freezing and thawing, rapid changes take place in the water relations of living cells in needles and in stem. While freezing is mostly limited to extracellular spaces, living cells dehydrate, shrink and their osmotic concentration increases. We studied how the freezing-thawing dynamics reflected on leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and xylem and living bark diameter changes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings in controlled experiments. Photosynthetic rate quickly declined following ice nucleation and extracellular freezing in xylem and needles, almost parallel to a rapid shrinking of xylem diameter, while that of living bark followed with a slightly longer delay. While xylem and living bark diameters responded well to decreasing temperature and water potential of ice, the relationship was less consistent in the case of increasing temperature. Xylem showed strong temporal swelling at thawing suggesting water movement from bark. After thawing xylem diameter recovered to a pre-freezing level but living bark remained shrunk. We found that freezing affected photosynthesis at multiple levels. The distinct dynamics of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance reveals that the decreased photosynthetic rate reflects impaired dark reactions rather than stomatal closure. Freezing also inhibited the capacity of the light reactions to dissipate excess energy as heat, via non-photochemical quenching, whereas photochemical quenching of excitation energy decreased gradually with temperature in agreement with the gas exchange data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Lindfors
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Porcar-Castell
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Nikinmaa
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Juurola
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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141
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Salmon Y, Torres-Ruiz JM, Poyatos R, Martinez-Vilalta J, Meir P, Cochard H, Mencuccini M. Balancing the risks of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation: a twig scale analysis in declining Scots pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2575-88. [PMID: 25997464 PMCID: PMC4989476 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding physiological processes involved in drought-induced mortality is important for predicting the future of forests and for modelling the carbon and water cycles. Recent research has highlighted the variable risks of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure in drought-exposed trees. However, little is known about the specific responses of leaves and supporting twigs, despite their critical role in balancing carbon acquisition and water loss. Comparing healthy (non-defoliated) and unhealthy (defoliated) Scots pine at the same site, we measured the physiological variables involved in regulating carbon and water resources. Defoliated trees showed different responses to summer drought compared with non-defoliated trees. Defoliated trees maintained gas exchange while non-defoliated trees reduced photosynthesis and transpiration during the drought period. At the branch scale, very few differences were observed in non-structural carbohydrate concentrations between health classes. However, defoliated trees tended to have lower water potentials and smaller hydraulic safety margins. While non-defoliated trees showed a typical response to drought for an isohydric species, the physiology appears to be driven in defoliated trees by the need to maintain carbon resources in twigs. These responses put defoliated trees at higher risk of branch hydraulic failure and help explain the interaction between carbon starvation and hydraulic failure in dying trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salmon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93JN, UK
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- BIOGECO, UMR 1202, Université de Bordeaux, F-33615, Pessac, France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, 33612, Cestas, France
| | | | - Jordi Martinez-Vilalta
- Campus de UAB, CREAF, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93JN, UK
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR547 PIAF, Clermont Université, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH93JN, UK
- ICREA, CREAF, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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142
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Ponomarenko A, Vincent O, Pietriga A, Cochard H, Badel É, Marmottant P. Ultrasonic emissions reveal individual cavitation bubbles in water-stressed wood. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:rsif.2014.0480. [PMID: 25056212 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Under drought conditions, the xylem of trees that conducts ascending sap produces ultrasonic emissions whose exact origin is not clear. We introduce a new method to record simultaneously both acoustic events and optical observation of the xylem conduits within slices of wood that were embedded in a transparent material setting a hydric stress. In this article, we resolved the rapid development of all cavitation bubbles and demonstrated that each ultrasound emission was linked to the nucleation of one single bubble, whose acoustic energy is an increasing function of the size of the conduit where nucleation occurred and also of the hydric stress. We modelled these observations by the fact that water columns in conduits store elastic energy and release it into acoustic waves when they are broken by cavitation bubbles. Water columns are thus elastic, and not rigid, 'wires of water' set under tension by hydric stresses. Cavitation bubbles are at the origin of an embolism, whose development was followed in our experiments. Such an embolism of sap circulation can result in a fatal condition for living trees. These findings provide new insights for the non-destructive monitoring of embolisms within trees, and suggest a new approach to study porous media under hydric stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ponomarenko
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - O Vincent
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - A Pietriga
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - H Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63177, Aubière, France
| | - É Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63177, Aubière, France
| | - P Marmottant
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, LIPhy, CNRS et Université de Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex, France
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143
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Rita A, Cherubini P, Leonardi S, Todaro L, Borghetti M. Functional adjustments of xylem anatomy to climatic variability: insights from long-term Ilex aquifolium tree-ring series. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:817-28. [PMID: 26142450 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the effects of climatic conditions on radial growth and functional anatomical traits, including ring width, vessel size, vessel frequency and derived variables, i.e., potential hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability to cavitation in Ilex aquifolium L. trees using long-term tree-ring time series obtained at two climatically contrasting sites, one mesic site in Switzerland (CH) and one drought-prone site in Italy (ITA). Relationships were explored by examining different xylem traits, and point pattern analysis was applied to investigate vessel clustering. We also used generalized additive models and bootstrap correlation functions to describe temperature and precipitation effects. Results indicated modified radial growth and xylem anatomy in trees over the last century; in particular, vessel frequency increased markedly at both sites in recent years, and all xylem traits examined, with the exception of xylem cavitation vulnerability, were higher at the CH mesic compared with the ITA drought site. A significant vessel clustering was observed at the ITA site, which could contribute to an enhanced tolerance to drought-induced embolism. Flat and negative relationships between vessel size and ring width were observed, suggesting carbon was not allocated to radial growth under conditions which favored stem water conduction. Finally, in most cases results indicated that climatic conditions influenced functional anatomical traits more substantially than tree radial growth, suggesting a crucial role of functional xylem anatomy in plant acclimation to future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Rita
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, viale Usberti 11, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Todaro
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marco Borghetti
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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144
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Guet J, Fichot R, Lédée C, Laurans F, Cochard H, Delzon S, Bastien C, Brignolas F. Stem xylem resistance to cavitation is related to xylem structure but not to growth and water-use efficiency at the within-population level in Populus nigra L. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4643-52. [PMID: 25979998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. This study assesses the genetic variation expressed for stem cavitation resistance within a population of a riparian species, the European black poplar (Populus nigra L.), and explores its relationships with xylem anatomy, water-use efficiency (WUE), and growth. Sixteen structural and physiological traits related to cavitation resistance, xylem anatomy, growth, bud phenology, and WUE were measured on 33 P. nigra genotypes grown under optimal irrigation in a 2-year-old clonal experiment in a nursery. Significant genetic variation was expressed for the xylem tension inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Ψ50) within the studied population, as attested by the high value of broad-sense heritability estimated for this trait (H (2) ind = 0.72). Stem cavitation resistance was associated with xylem structure: the more cavitation-resistant genotypes exhibited lower hydraulic efficiency and higher mechanical reinforcement as assessed from stem xylem cross sections. By contrast, Ψ50 was not significantly related to shoot height increment, total above-ground dry mass, or bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for intrinsic WUE. These findings indicate that the trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation, hydraulic efficiency, and mechanical reinforcement can occur at the within-population level. Given that the studied genotypes were exposed to the same environmental conditions and evolutionary drivers in situ, the trade-offs detected at this scale are expected to reflect true functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Guet
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
| | - Camille Lédée
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Laurans
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Catherine Bastien
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
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145
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Fischer S, Hanf S, Frosch T, Gleixner G, Popp J, Trumbore S, Hartmann H. Pinus sylvestris switches respiration substrates under shading but not during drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:542-550. [PMID: 25944481 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Reduced carbon (C) assimilation during prolonged drought forces trees to rely on stored C to maintain vital processes like respiration. It has been shown, however, that the use of carbohydrates, a major C storage pool and apparently the main respiratory substrate in plants, strongly declines with decreasing plant hydration. Yet no empirical evidence has been produced to what degree other C storage compounds like lipids and proteins may fuel respiration during drought. We exposed young scots pine trees to C limitation using either drought or shading and assessed respiratory substrate use by monitoring the respiratory quotient, δ(13) C of respired CO2 and concentrations of the major storage compounds, that is, carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. Only shaded trees shifted from carbohydrate-dominated to lipid-dominated respiration and showed progressive carbohydrate depletion. In drought trees, the fraction of carbohydrates used in respiration did not decline but respiration rates were strongly reduced. The lower consumption and potentially allocation from other organs may have caused initial carbohydrate content to remain constant during the experiment. Our results suggest that respiratory substrates other than carbohydrates are used under carbohydrate limitation but not during drought. Thus, respiratory substrate shift cannot provide an efficient means to counterbalance C limitation under natural drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fischer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hanf
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Torsten Frosch
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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146
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Comparative Drought Responses of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus sylvestris L. in a Montane Forest Undergoing a Vegetation Shift. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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147
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Fichot R, Brignolas F, Cochard H, Ceulemans R. Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars: synthesis and future opportunities. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1233-51. [PMID: 25444560 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. Here, we summarize the available literature on vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in poplars (Populus spp.), a genus of agronomic, ecological and scientific importance. Vulnerability curves and vulnerability parameters (including the water potential inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductivity, P50) were collected from 37 studies published between 1991 and 2014, covering a range of 10 species and 12 interspecific hybrid crosses. Results of our meta-analysis confirm that poplars are among the most vulnerable woody species to drought-induced cavitation (mean P50 = -1.44 and -1.55 MPa across pure species and hybrids, respectively). Yet, significant variation occurs among species (P50 range: 1.43 MPa) and among hybrid crosses (P50 range: 1.12 MPa), within species and hybrid crosses (max. P50 range reported: 0.8 MPa) as well as in response to environmental factors including nitrogen fertilization, irradiance, temperature and drought (max. P50 range reported: 0.75 MPa). Potential implications and gaps in knowledge are discussed in the context of poplar cultivation, species adaptation and climate modifications. We suggest that poplars represent a valuable model for studies on drought-induced cavitation, especially to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis of cavitation resistance in Angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- INRA, LBLGC, EA 1207, University of Orléans, Orléans, F-45067, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- UMR547 PIAF, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63100, France
- UMR547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence, Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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148
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Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6062241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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149
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Colomer‐Ventura F, Martínez‐Vilalta J, Zuccarini P, Escolà A, Armengot L, Castells E. Contemporary evolution of an invasive plant is associated with climate but not with herbivory. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Colomer‐Ventura
- CREAF 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Vegetal i Ecologia Universitat Autònoma Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | - Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
- CREAF 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, Vegetal i Ecologia Universitat Autònoma Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | | | - Anna Escolà
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Armengot
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eva Castells
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
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150
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Kerr KL, Meinzer FC, McCulloh KA, Woodruff DR, Marias DE. Expression of functional traits during seedling establishment in two populations of Pinus ponderosa from contrasting climates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:535-548. [PMID: 25934987 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
First-year tree seedlings represent a particularly vulnerable life stage and successful seedling establishment is crucial for forest regeneration. We investigated the extent to which Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson populations from different climate zones exhibit differential expression of functional traits that may facilitate their establishment. Seeds from two populations from sites with contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes east (PIPO dry) and west (PIPO mesic) of the Oregon Cascade mountains were sown in a common garden experiment and grown under two water availability treatments (control and drought). Aboveground biomass accumulation, vegetative phenology, xylem anatomy, plant hydraulic architecture, foliar stable carbon isotope ratios (δ(13)C), gas exchange and leaf water relations characteristics were measured. No treatment or population-related differences in leaf water potential were detected. At the end of the first growing season, aboveground biomass was 74 and 44% greater in PIPO mesic in the control and drought treatments, respectively. By early October, 73% of PIPO dry seedlings had formed dormant buds compared with only 15% of PIPO mesic seedlings. Stem theoretical specific conductivity, calculated from tracheid dimensions and packing density, declined from June through September and was nearly twice as high in PIPO mesic during most of the growing season, consistent with measured values of specific conductivity. Intrinsic water-use efficiency based on δ(13)C values was higher in PIPO dry seedlings for both treatments across all sampling dates. There was a negative relationship between values of δ(13)C and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity across populations and treatments, consistent with greater stomatal constraints on gas exchange with declining seedling hydraulic capacity. Integrated growing season assimilation and stomatal conductance estimated from foliar δ(13)C values and photosynthetic CO2-response curves were 6 and 28% lower, respectively, in PIPO dry seedlings. Leaf water potential at the turgor loss point was 0.33 MPa more negative in PIPO dry, independent of treatment. Overall, PIPO dry seedlings exhibited more conservative behavior, suggesting reduced growth is traded off for increased resistance to drought and extreme temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Danielle E Marias
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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