101
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Cabrera O, Ficorilli J, Shaw J, Echeverri F, Schwede F, Chepurny OG, Leech CA, Holz GG. Intra-islet glucagon confers β-cell glucose competence for first-phase insulin secretion and favors GLP-1R stimulation by exogenous glucagon. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101484. [PMID: 34896391 PMCID: PMC8789663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that intra-islet glucagon secreted from α-cells signals through β-cell glucagon and GLP-1 receptors (GcgR and GLP-1R), thereby conferring to rat islets their competence to exhibit first-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Thus, in islets not treated with exogenous glucagon or GLP-1, first-phase GSIS is abolished by a GcgR antagonist (LY2786890) or a GLP-1R antagonist (Ex[9-39]). Mechanistically, glucose competence in response to intra-islet glucagon is conditional on β-cell cAMP signaling because it is blocked by the cAMP antagonist prodrug Rp-8-Br-cAMPS-pAB. In its role as a paracrine hormone, intra-islet glucagon binds with high affinity to the GcgR, while also exerting a "spillover" effect to bind with low affinity to the GLP-1R. This produces a right shift of the concentration-response relationship for the potentiation of GSIS by exogenous glucagon. Thus, 0.3 nM glucagon fails to potentiate GSIS, as expected if similar concentrations of intra-islet glucagon already occupy the GcgR. However, 10 to 30 nM glucagon effectively engages the β-cell GLP-1R to potentiate GSIS, an action blocked by Ex[9-39] but not LY2786890. Finally, we report that the action of intra-islet glucagon to support insulin secretion requires a step-wise increase of glucose concentration to trigger first-phase GSIS. It is not measurable when GSIS is stimulated by a gradient of increasing glucose concentrations, as occurs during an oral glucose tolerance test in vivo. Collectively, such findings are understandable if defective intra-islet glucagon action contributes to the characteristic loss of first-phase GSIS in an intravenous glucose tolerance test that is diagnostic of type 2 diabetes in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Over Cabrera
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - James Ficorilli
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Janice Shaw
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Frank Schwede
- Biolog Life Science Institute GmbH & Co KG, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Colin A Leech
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA; Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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102
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Meng X, Li M, Cao W, Yang J, Xu X, Liu W, Li W, Cai Q, Wang S, Ma G, Liu Z, Huang G. A novel DPP-4 inhibitor Gramcyclin A attenuates cognitive deficits in APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic mice via enhancing brain GLP-1-dependent glucose uptake. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1297-1309. [PMID: 35088915 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) signaling with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor might exert protective effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that intragastric administration of Gramcyclin A (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, for 3 months significantly reversed cognitive decline in APP/PS1/tau triple transgenic mice in a dose-dependent manner. Gramcyclin A treatment markedly reduced Aβ plaques as well as the insoluble and soluble forms of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the hippocampus of APP/PS1/tau mice. Treatment with Gramcyclin A remarkedly decreased the level of microglia and suppressed neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1/tau mice. Moreover, Gramcyclin A treatment could increase brain glucose uptake in APP/PS1/tau mice, as detected by 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET) imaging. Furthermore, Gramcyclin A significantly increased expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-1R, proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and inhibited insulin receptor (IRS)-1 phosphorylation and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1/tau mice. Collectively, Gramcyclin A conferred protective effects against AD via enhancing brain GLP-1-dependent glucose uptake. The DPP-4 inhibitor Gramcyclin A might be a potential therapeutic drug for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junshan Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sicen Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Inst Translat Med, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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103
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Bossart M, Wagner M, Elvert R, Evers A, Hübschle T, Kloeckener T, Lorenz K, Moessinger C, Eriksson O, Velikyan I, Pierrou S, Johansson L, Dietert G, Dietz-Baum Y, Kissner T, Nowotny I, Einig C, Jan C, Rharbaoui F, Gassenhuber J, Prochnow HP, Agueusop I, Porksen N, Smith WB, Nitsche A, Konkar A. Effects on weight loss and glycemic control with SAR441255, a potent unimolecular peptide GLP-1/GIP/GCG receptor triagonist. Cell Metab 2022; 34:59-74.e10. [PMID: 34932984 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unimolecular triple incretins, combining the activity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon (GCG), have demonstrated reduction in body weight and improved glucose control in rodent models. We developed SAR441255, a synthetic peptide agonist of the GLP-1, GCG, and GIP receptors, structurally based on the exendin-4 sequence. SAR441255 displays high potency with balanced activation of all three target receptors. In animal models, metabolic outcomes were superior to results with a dual GLP-1/GCG receptor agonist. Preclinical in vivo positron emission tomography imaging demonstrated SAR441255 binding to GLP-1 and GCG receptors. In healthy subjects, SAR441255 improved glycemic control during a mixed-meal tolerance test and impacted biomarkers for GCG and GIP receptor activation. Single doses of SAR441255 were well tolerated. The results demonstrate that integrating GIP activity into dual GLP-1 and GCG receptor agonism provides improved effects on weight loss and glycemic control while buffering the diabetogenic risk of chronic GCG receptor agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bossart
- Synthetic Medicinal Modalities, Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Michael Wagner
- Synthetic Medicinal Modalities, Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Evers
- Synthetic Medicinal Modalities, Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Lorenz
- Synthetic Medicinal Modalities, Integrated Drug Discovery Germany, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Olof Eriksson
- Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden; Science For Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Science For Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; PET Centre, Centre for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Nowotny
- Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Christelle Jan
- Clinical Sciences & Operations, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Faiza Rharbaoui
- Translational Medicine & Early Development, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - William B Smith
- NOCCR Alliance for Multispecialty Research (AMR), Knoxville, TN, USA
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104
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Tan Q, Akindehin SE, Orsso CE, Waldner RC, DiMarchi RD, Müller TD, Haqq AM. Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:838410. [PMID: 35299971 PMCID: PMC8921987 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.838410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has received enormous attention during the past three decades as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Continuous improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile of GLP-1R agonists, starting from native hormone with a half-life of ~2-3 min to the development of twice daily, daily and even once-weekly drugs highlight the pharmaceutical evolution of GLP-1-based medicines. In contrast to GLP-1, the incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) received little attention as a pharmacological target, because of conflicting observations that argue activation or inhibition of the GIP receptor (GIPR) provides beneficial effects on systemic metabolism. Interest in GIPR agonism for the treatment of obesity and diabetes was recently propelled by the clinical success of unimolecular dual-agonists targeting the receptors for GIP and GLP-1, with reported significantly improved body weight and glucose control in patients with obesity and type II diabetes. Here we review the biology and pharmacology of GLP-1 and GIP and discuss recent advances in incretin-based pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Seun E. Akindehin
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Camila E. Orsso
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Timo D. Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
| | - Andrea M. Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timo D. Müller, ; Andrea M. Haqq,
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105
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Jia Y, Liu Y, Feng L, Sun S, Sun G. Role of Glucagon and Its Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:928016. [PMID: 35784565 PMCID: PMC9243425 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.928016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various theories for the hormonal basis of diabetes have been proposed and debated over the past few decades. Insulin insufficiency was previously regarded as the only hormone deficiency directly leading to metabolic disorders associated with diabetes. Although glucagon and its receptor are ignored in this framework, an increasing number of studies have shown that they play essential roles in the development and progression of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of glucagon are still not clear. In this review, recent research on the mechanisms by which glucagon and its receptor contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as correlations between GCGR mutation rates in populations and the occurrence of diabetes are summarized. Furthermore, we summarize how recent research clearly establishes glucagon as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Jia
- Innovative Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Innovative Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Siyu Sun, ; Guangwei Sun,
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Innovative Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Therapy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Siyu Sun, ; Guangwei Sun,
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106
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Müller TD, Blüher M, Tschöp MH, DiMarchi RD. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:201-223. [PMID: 34815532 PMCID: PMC8609996 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in the last half-century in the management of diseases closely integrated with excess body weight, such as hypertension, adult-onset diabetes and elevated cholesterol. However, the treatment of obesity itself has proven largely resistant to therapy, with anti-obesity medications (AOMs) often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety. Here, we provide an overview of the history of AOM development, focusing on lessons learned and ongoing obstacles. Recent advances, including increased understanding of the molecular gut-brain communication, are inspiring the pursuit of next-generation AOMs that appear capable of safely achieving sizeable and sustained body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.452622.5German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- grid.411339.d0000 0000 8517 9062Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
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107
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Knol MGE, Kramers BJ, Gansevoort RT, van Gastel MDA. The association of glucagon with disease severity and progression in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: an observational cohort study. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:2582-2590. [PMID: 34950469 PMCID: PMC8690142 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and ketogenesis have been shown to ameliorate disease progression in experimental autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Glucagon is known to lower mTOR activity and stimulate ketogenesis. We hypothesized that in ADPKD patients, higher endogenous glucagon is associated with less disease severity and progression. Methods Data were analysed from 664 Dutch ADPKD patients participating in the Developing Intervention Strategies to Halt Progression of ADPKD observational cohort, including patients >18 years of age with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥15 mL/min/1.73 m2 and excluding patients with concomitant diseases or medication use that may impact the natural course of ADPKD. The association between glucagon and disease severity and progression was tested using multivariate linear regression and mixed modelling, respectively. Results The median glucagon concentration was 5.0 pmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 3.4-7.2) and differed significantly between females and males [4.3 pmol/L (IQR 2.9-6.0) and 6.6 (4.5-9.5), P < 0.001, respectively]. Intrasubject stability of glucagon in 30 patients showed a strong correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0.893; P < 0.001). Moreover, glucagon showed significant associations with known determinants (sex, body mass index and copeptin; all P < 0.01) and known downstream effects (glucose, haemoglobin A1c and cholesterol; all P < 0.05), suggesting that glucagon was measured reliably. Cross-sectionally, glucagon was associated with eGFR and height-adjusted total kidney volume, but in the opposite direction of our hypothesis, and these lost significance after adjustment for confounders. Glucagon was not associated with an annual decline in kidney function or growth in kidney volume. Conclusions These data do not provide evidence for a role of endogenous glucagon as a protective hormone in ADPKD. Intervention studies are needed to determine the relation between glucagon and ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine G E Knol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Kramers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maatje D A van Gastel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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108
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Ito T, Yamamoto Y, Yamagishi N, Kanai Y. Stomach secretes estrogen in response to the blood triglyceride levels. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1364. [PMID: 34876651 PMCID: PMC8651635 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals receive body energy information to maintain energy homeostasis. Ghrelin, insulin, leptin and vagal afferents transmit the status of fasting, blood glucose, body fat, and food intake, respectively. Estrogen also inhibits feeding behavior and lipogenesis, but increases body fat mass. However, how blood triglyceride levels are monitored and the physiological roles of estrogen from the perspective of lipid homeostasis remain unsettled. Here, we show that stomach secretes estrogen in response to the blood triglyceride levels. Estrogen-secreting gastric parietal cells predominantly use fatty acids as an energy source. Blood estrogen levels increase as blood triglyceride levels rise in a stomach-dependent manner. Estrogen levels in stomach tissues increase as blood triglyceride levels rise, and isolated gastric gland epithelium produces estrogen in a fatty acid-dependent manner. We therefore propose that stomach monitors and controls blood triglyceride levels using estrogen, which inhibits feeding behavior and lipogenesis, and promotes triglyceride uptake by adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamagishi
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kanai
- Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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109
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van der Velden WJC, Lindquist P, Madsen JS, Stassen RHMJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Hauser AS, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular and in vivo phenotyping of missense variants of the human glucagon receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101413. [PMID: 34801547 PMCID: PMC8829087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring missense variants of G protein–coupled receptors with loss of function have been linked to metabolic disease in case studies and in animal experiments. The glucagon receptor, one such G protein–coupled receptor, is involved in maintaining blood glucose and amino acid homeostasis; however, loss-of-function mutations of this receptor have not been systematically characterized. Here, we observed fewer glucagon receptor missense variants than expected, as well as lower allele diversity and fewer variants with trait associations as compared with other class B1 receptors. We performed molecular pharmacological phenotyping of 38 missense variants located in the receptor extracellular domain, at the glucagon interface, or with previously suggested clinical implications. These variants were characterized in terms of cAMP accumulation to assess glucagon-induced Gαs coupling, and of recruitment of β-arrestin-1/2. Fifteen variants were impaired in at least one of these downstream functions, with six variants affected in both cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin-1/2 recruitment. For the eight variants with decreased Gαs signaling (D63ECDN, P86ECDS, V96ECDE, G125ECDC, R2253.30H, R3085.40W, V3686.59M, and R3787.35C) binding experiments revealed preserved glucagon affinity, although with significantly reduced binding capacity. Finally, using the UK Biobank, we found that variants with wildtype-like Gαs signaling did not associate with metabolic phenotypes, whereas carriers of cAMP accumulation-impairing variants displayed a tendency toward increased risk of obesity and increased body mass and blood pressure. These observations are in line with the essential role of the glucagon system in metabolism and support that Gαs is the main signaling pathway effecting the physiological roles of the glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lindquist
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Madsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roderick H M J Stassen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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110
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Flatt PR, Knop FK, Tarasov AI. Editorial: Proglucagon-Derived Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:776871. [PMID: 34858346 PMCID: PMC8631785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.776871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Flatt
- School Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Filip K. Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrei I. Tarasov
- School Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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111
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Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. The glucose-mobilizing effect of glucagon at fasting is mediated by cyclic AMP. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E571-E574. [PMID: 34369821 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00172.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet & Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nishizaki H, Matsuoka O, Kagawa T, Kobayashi A, Watanabe M, Moritoh Y. SCO-267, a GPR40 Full Agonist, Stimulates Islet and Gut Hormone Secretion and Improves Glycemic Control in Humans. Diabetes 2021; 70:2364-2376. [PMID: 34321316 PMCID: PMC8571351 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SCO-267 is a full agonist of the free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40), which regulates the secretion of islet and gut hormones. In this phase 1 study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of single and multiple once-daily oral administration of SCO-267 in healthy adults and patients with diabetes. Plasma SCO-267 concentration was seen to increase in a dose-dependent manner after administration, and its plasma exposure was maintained for 24 h. Repeated dose did not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of SCO-267 in healthy adults. SCO-267 was generally safe and well tolerated at all evaluated single and multiple doses. Single and repeated doses of SCO-267 stimulated the secretion of insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and peptide YY in healthy adults. Furthermore, a single dose of SCO-267 stimulated the secretion of these hormones, decreased fasting hyperglycemia, and improved glycemic control during an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with diabetes, without inducing hypoglycemia. This study is the first to demonstrate the clinical effects of a GPR40 full agonist. SCO-267 is safe and well tolerated and exhibits once-daily oral dosing potential. Its robust therapeutic effects on hormonal secretion and glycemic control make SCO-267 an attractive drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Matsuoka
- Medical Corporation Heishinkai ToCROM Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
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113
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Meal Timing and Glycemic Control during Pregnancy-Is There a Link? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103379. [PMID: 34684381 PMCID: PMC8540614 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia during pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) constitute an important public health problem due to their prevalence and long-term health consequences both for the mother and offspring. Results from studies in rodents and some clinical investigations suggest that meal time manipulation may be a potential lifestyle approach against conditions involving perturbations in glucose homeostasis (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes, etc.). The purpose of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the current literature on the role of meal timing and daily nutrient distribution on glycemic control during pregnancy. Only a small number of mostly observational studies have assessed the role of meal timing in glucose homeostasis during pregnancy. Food consumption earlier in the day and short-term fasting with adequate nutrient intake may improve glycemic control during the second and third trimester of gestation. Considering that the field of chrononutrition is still in its infancy and many questions remain unanswered, future prospective and carefully designed studies are needed to better understand the role of meal timing in metabolic homeostasis and maternal and fetal health outcomes during pregnancy.
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114
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Honda K, Yasuhara A, Saneyasu T, Kamisoyama H. Enzymatically-Synthesized Glycogen Induces Cecal Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Production and Suppresses Food Intake in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 67:217-224. [PMID: 34470996 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.67.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that dietary fiber stimulates the release of satiety hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which in turn suppresses appetite. In order to evaluate appetite regulating role of enzymatically synthesized glycogen (ESG, one of the resistant starch), we examined the effects of dietary supplementation of ESG on food intake and cecal proglucagon gene expression in normal and high fat diet-fed mice. Twenty four male ICR mice were weighed and assigned to four groups: normal diet group; normal diet containing 25% ESG group; high-fat diet (HFD) group; HFD containing 25% ESG group. Each group was fed the relevant diets for 3 wk. All data were analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with the main effects of HFD and ESG. ESG significantly decreased food intake and increased the weight of the cecum and cecal content. Plasma total short chain fatty acids concentration was significantly elevated by ESG. The mRNA levels of proglucagon in the cecum and plasma total GLP-1 concentration were significantly increased by ESG. The mRNA levels of appetite regulating neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, proopiomelanocortin, and cocain- and amphetamine-regulating transcript in the hypothalamus were not influenced by ESG. There is no significant interaction between diet and ESG in any parameters. These results suggest that ESG-induced upregulation of GLP-1 production in the cecum suppresses food intake in mice and that fecal fermentation may be involved in the anorexigenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Honda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
| | - Aki Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University
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115
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Rendell MS. Current and emerging gluconeogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2167-2179. [PMID: 34348528 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1958779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last several decades, fueled by gene knockout and knockdown techniques, there has been substantial progress in detailing the pathways of gluconeogenesis. A host of molecules have been identified as potential targets for therapeutic intervention. A number of hormones, enzymes and transcription factors participate in gluconeogenesis. Many new agents have come into use to treat diabetes and several of these are in development to suppress gluconeogenesis. AREAS COVERED Herein, the author reviews agents that have been discovered and/or are in development, which control excess gluconeogenesis. The author has used multiple sources including PubMed, the preprint servers MedRxIv, BioRxIv, Research Gate, as well as Google Search and the database of the U.S. Patent and Trademarks Office to find appropriate literature. EXPERT OPINION It is now clear that lipid metabolism and hepatic lipogenesis play a major role in gluconeogenesis and resistance to insulin. Future efforts will focus on the duality of gluconeogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism. The exploration of therapeutic RNA agents will accelerate. The balance of clinical benefit and adverse effects will determine the future of new gluconeogenesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Rendell
- The Association of Diabetes Investigators, Newport Coast, California, United States.,The Rose Salter Medical Research Foundation, Newport Coast, California, United States
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116
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Han C, Sun Y, Yang Q, Zhou F, Chen X, Wu L, Sun L, Han J. Stapled, Long-Acting Xenopus GLP-1-Based Dual GLP-1/Glucagon Receptor Agonists with Potent Therapeutic Efficacy for Metabolic Disease. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2906-2923. [PMID: 34240881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel peptidic glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) dual agonists are reported to have increased efficacy over GLP-1R monoagonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. We identified a novel Xenopus GLP-1-based dual GLP-1R/GCGR agonist (xGLP/GCG-13) designed with a proper activity ratio favoring the GLP-1R versus the GCGR. However, the clinical utility of xGLP/GCG-13 is limited by its short in vivo half-life. Starting from xGLP/GCG-13, dual Cys mutation was performed, followed by covalent side-chain stapling and serum albumin binder incorporation, resulting in a stabilized secondary structure, enhanced agonist potency at GLP-1R and GCGR, and improved stability. The lead peptide 2c (stapled xGLP/GCG-13 analogue with a palmitic acid albumin binder) exhibits balanced GLP-1R and GCGR activations and potent, long-lasting effects on in vivo glucose control. 2c was further explored pharmacologically in diet-induced obesity and db/db rodent models. Chronic administration of 2c potently induced body weight loss and hypoglycemic effects, improved glucose tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and normalized lipid metabolism and adiposity in relevant animal models. These results indicated that 2c has potential for development as a novel antidiabetic and/or antiobesity drug. Furthermore, we propose that the incorporation of a proper serum protein-binding motif into a di-Cys staple is an effective method for improving the stabilities and bioactivities of peptides. This approach is likely applicable to other therapeutic peptides, such as glucose-dependent insulin-tropic peptide receptor (GIPR) and GLP-1R dual agonists or GLP-1R/GCGR/GIPR triagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Han
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, PR China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Qimeng Yang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Lintao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Changzhi University, Changzhi 046011, PR China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
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Fukui T, Ohara M, Yamagishi SI. Glucagon in type 1 diabetes patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors: A Friend or Foe? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3415. [PMID: 33049104 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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118
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Gelenter MD, Dregni AJ, Duan P, Hong M. Structurally Based Design of Glucagon Mutants That Inhibit Fibril Formation. Biochemistry 2021; 60:2033-2043. [PMID: 34124902 PMCID: PMC8254510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon is prescribed as a pharmaceutical compound to treat diabetic hypoglycemia. However, at the acidic pH where it is highly soluble, glucagon rapidly aggregates into inactive and cytotoxic amyloid fibrils. The recently determined high-resolution structure of these fibrils revealed various stabilizing molecular interactions. On the basis of this structure, we have now designed four arginine mutants of glucagon that resist fibrillization at pharmaceutical concentrations for weeks. An S2R, T29R double mutant and a T29R single mutant remove a hydrogen-bonding interaction in the wild-type fibril, whereas a Y13R, A19R double mutant and a Y13R mutant remove a cation-π interaction. 1H solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and ultraviolet absorbance data indicate that these mutants remain soluble in pH 2 buffer under quiescent conditions at concentrations of ≤4 mg/mL for weeks. Under stressed conditions with high salt concentrations and agitation, these mutants fibrillize significantly more slowly than the wild type. The S2R, T29R mutant and the T29R mutant exhibit a mixture of random coil and α-helical conformations, while the Y13R mutant is completely random coil. The mutation sites are chosen to be uninvolved in strong interactions with the glucagon receptor in the active structure of the peptide. Therefore, these arginine mutants of glucagon are promising alternative compounds for treating hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Gelenter
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Aurelio J. Dregni
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pu Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Singh B, Khattab F, Chae H, Desmet L, Herrera PL, Gilon P. K ATP channel blockers control glucagon secretion by distinct mechanisms: A direct stimulation of α-cells involving a [Ca 2+] c rise and an indirect inhibition mediated by somatostatin. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101268. [PMID: 34118477 PMCID: PMC8274344 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucagon is secreted by pancreatic α-cells in response to hypoglycemia and its hyperglycemic effect helps to restore normal blood glucose. Insulin and somatostatin (SST) secretions from β- and δ-cells, respectively, are stimulated by glucose by mechanisms involving an inhibition of their ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, leading to an increase in [Ca2+]c that triggers exocytosis. Drugs that close KATP channels, such as sulfonylureas, are used to stimulate insulin release in type 2 diabetic patients. α-cells also express KATP channels. However, the mechanisms by which sulfonylureas control glucagon secretion are still largely debated and were addressed in the present study. In particular, we studied the effects of KATP channel blockers on α-cell [Ca2+]c and glucagon secretion in the presence of a low (1 mM) or a high (15 mM) glucose concentration and evaluated the role of SST in these effects. Methods Using a transgenic mouse model expressing the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent protein, GCaMP6f, specifically in α-cells, we measured [Ca2+]c in α-cells either dispersed or within whole islets (by confocal microscopy). By measuring [Ca2+]c in α-cells within islets and glucagon secretion using the same perifusion protocols, we tested whether glucagon secretion correlated with changes in [Ca2+]c in response to sulfonylureas. We studied the role of SST in the effects of sulfonylureas using multiple approaches including genetic ablation of SST, or application of SST-14 and SST receptor antagonists. Results Application of the sulfonylureas, tolbutamide, or gliclazide, to a medium containing 1 mM or 15 mM glucose increased [Ca2+]c in α-cells by a direct effect as in β-cells. At low glucose, sulfonylureas inhibited glucagon secretion of islets despite the rise in α-cell [Ca2+]c that they triggered. This glucagonostatic effect was indirect and attributed to SST because, in the islets of SST-knockout mice, sulfonylureas induced a stimulation of glucagon secretion which correlated with an increase in α-cell [Ca2+]c. Experiments with exogenous SST-14 and SST receptor antagonists indicated that the glucagonostatic effect of sulfonylureas mainly resulted from an inhibition of the efficacy of cytosolic Ca2+ on exocytosis. Although SST-14 was also able to inhibit glucagon secretion by decreasing α-cell [Ca2+]c, no decrease in [Ca2+]c occurred during sulfonylurea application because it was largely counterbalanced by the direct stimulatory effect of these drugs on α-cell [Ca2+]c. At high glucose, i.e., in conditions where glucagon release was already low, sulfonylureas stimulated glucagon secretion because their direct stimulatory effect on α-cells exceeded the indirect effect by SST. Our results also indicated that, unexpectedly, SST-14 poorly decreased the efficacy of Ca2+ on exocytosis in β-cells. Conclusions Sulfonylureas exert two opposite actions on α-cells: a direct stimulation as in β-cells and an indirect inhibition by SST. This suggests that any alteration of SST paracrine influence, as described in diabetes, will modify the effect of sulfonylureas on glucagon release. In addition, we suggest that δ-cells inhibit α-cells more efficiently than β-cells. KATP channel blockers control glucagon secretion by two mechanisms. The first one is the direct stimulation of α-cell by a [Ca2+]c rise, as in β-cells. The second one is an indirect inhibition mediated by δ-cells releasing somatostatin. Somatostatin mainly reduces the efficacy of Ca2+ on exocytosis in α-cells. Somatostatin more potently inhibits glucagon than insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Singh
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Firas Khattab
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heeyoung Chae
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven Desmet
- Université Catholique de Louvain, SMCS, Louvain Institute of Data Analysis and Modeling in economics and statistics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Gilon
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle d'Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium.
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120
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Lafferty RA, O’Harte FPM, Irwin N, Gault VA, Flatt PR. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:689678. [PMID: 34093449 PMCID: PMC8171296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.689678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as an impurity in insulin preparations, our understanding of the hyperglycaemic hormone glucagon has evolved markedly over subsequent decades. With description of the precursor proglucagon, we now appreciate that glucagon was just the first proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) to be characterised. Other bioactive members of the PGDP family include glucagon-like peptides -1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2), oxyntomodulin (OXM), glicentin and glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (GRPP), with these being produced via tissue-specific processing of proglucagon by the prohormone convertase (PC) enzymes, PC1/3 and PC2. PGDP peptides exert unique physiological effects that influence metabolism and energy regulation, which has witnessed several of them exploited in the form of long-acting, enzymatically resistant analogues for treatment of various pathologies. As such, intramuscular glucagon is well established in rescue of hypoglycaemia, while GLP-2 analogues are indicated in the management of short bowel syndrome. Furthermore, since approval of the first GLP-1 mimetic for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2005, GLP-1 therapeutics have become a mainstay of T2DM management due to multifaceted and sustainable improvements in glycaemia, appetite control and weight loss. More recently, longer-acting PGDP therapeutics have been developed, while newfound benefits on cardioprotection, bone health, renal and liver function and cognition have been uncovered. In the present article, we discuss the physiology of PGDP peptides and their therapeutic applications, with a focus on successful design of analogues including dual and triple PGDP receptor agonists currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor A. Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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121
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Nakitto AMS, Muyonga JH, Byaruhanga YB, Wagner AE. Solanum anguivi Lam. Fruits: Their Potential Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Molecules 2021; 26:2044. [PMID: 33918509 PMCID: PMC8038283 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis associated with a status of insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, β-cell dysfunction, impaired glucose and lipid metabolism, sub-clinical inflammation, and increased oxidative stress. Consuming fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals with potential antidiabetic effects may prevent T2DM and/or support a conservative T2DM treatment while being safer and more affordable for people from low-income countries. Solanum anguivi Lam. fruits (SALF) have been suggested to exhibit antidiabetic properties, potentially due to the presence of various phytochemicals, including saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids. For the saponin fraction, antidiabetic effects have already been reported. However, it remains unclear whether this is also true for the other phytochemicals present in SALF. This review article covers information on glucose homeostasis, T2DM pathogenesis, and also the potential antidiabetic effects of phytochemicals present in SALF, including their potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Musaazi Sebunya Nakitto
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda or (A.M.S.N.); (J.H.M.); (Y.B.B.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - John H. Muyonga
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda or (A.M.S.N.); (J.H.M.); (Y.B.B.)
| | - Yusuf Byenkya Byaruhanga
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology Nutrition and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda or (A.M.S.N.); (J.H.M.); (Y.B.B.)
| | - Anika E. Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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122
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Zeigerer A, Sekar R, Kleinert M, Nason S, Habegger KM, Müller TD. Glucagon's Metabolic Action in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1759-1783. [PMID: 33792899 PMCID: PMC8513137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Discovered almost simultaneously with insulin, glucagon is a pleiotropic hormone with metabolic action that goes far beyond its classical role to increase blood glucose. Albeit best known for its ability to directly act on the liver to increase de novo glucose production and to inhibit glycogen breakdown, glucagon lowers body weight by decreasing food intake and by increasing metabolic rate. Glucagon further promotes lipolysis and lipid oxidation and has positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the heart. Interestingly, recent decades have witnessed a remarkable renaissance of glucagon's biology with the acknowledgment that glucagon has pharmacological value beyond its classical use as rescue medication to treat severe hypoglycemia. In this article, we summarize the multifaceted nature of glucagon with a special focus on its hepatic action and discuss the pharmacological potential of either agonizing or antagonizing the glucagon receptor for health and disease. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1759-1783, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Revathi Sekar
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kirk M. Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine - Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Timo D. Müller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany
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Okun JG, Rusu PM, Chan AY, Wu Y, Yap YW, Sharkie T, Schumacher J, Schmidt KV, Roberts-Thomson KM, Russell RD, Zota A, Hille S, Jungmann A, Maggi L, Lee Y, Blüher M, Herzig S, Keske MA, Heikenwalder M, Müller OJ, Rose AJ. Liver alanine catabolism promotes skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Nat Metab 2021; 3:394-409. [PMID: 33758419 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both obesity and sarcopenia are frequently associated in ageing, and together may promote the progression of related conditions such as diabetes and frailty. However, little is known about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning this association. Here we show that systemic alanine metabolism is linked to glycaemic control. We find that expression of alanine aminotransferases is increased in the liver in mice with obesity and diabetes, as well as in humans with type 2 diabetes. Hepatocyte-selective silencing of both alanine aminotransferase enzymes in mice with obesity and diabetes retards hyperglycaemia and reverses skeletal muscle atrophy through restoration of skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Mechanistically, liver alanine catabolism driven by chronic glucocorticoid and glucagon signalling promotes hyperglycaemia and skeletal muscle wasting. We further provide evidence for amino acid-induced metabolic cross-talk between the liver and skeletal muscle in ex vivo experiments. Taken together, we reveal a metabolic inter-tissue cross-talk that links skeletal muscle atrophy and hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen G Okun
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia M Rusu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Y Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuqin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yann W Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Sharkie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonas Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin V Schmidt
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine M Roberts-Thomson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan D Russell
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Health Professions, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Annika Zota
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital and Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludovico Maggi
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Young Lee
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital and Chair Molecular Metabolic Control, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michelle A Keske
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Heidelberg and Kiel sites, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Division of Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abbas E, Ahmed Siddiqui I, Khan MS, Perveen K, Butt A, Fawwad A. Fasting Glucagon Level in Type 2 Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Its Association With Diabetes-Associated Clinical Parameters: A Study From Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus 2021; 13:e13430. [PMID: 33758717 PMCID: PMC7978393 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective The study aims to analyze fasting glucagon in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and correlate it with anthropometric and biochemical parameters in a large proportion of Pakistani people with diabetes. Methodology The participants of the study were categorized into three groups based on oral glucose tolerance test, as per American Diabetes Association guidelines. Group A consisted of normal glucose tolerance subjects (n=30), Group B consisted of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (n=30), and Group C had full-blown subjects with type 2 diabetes (n=30). Biochemical parameters, such as fasting glucagon, fasting plasma and 2-hour glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid profile, and anthropometric parameters, such as body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, were measured. Results The mean values of fasting glucagon level in Group A, Group B, and Group C were 39.24±4.5, 44.5±8.25, and 49.02±9.15 pg/ml, respectively. Statistically significant difference was not found in fasting glucagon level among these groups (p-value 0.614). Fasting glucagon was positively and independently correlated with 2-hour plasma glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, hip and waist circumference, and hip-to-waist ratio in Group C. In Group B, fasting glucagon was positively correlated with 2-hour plasma glucose, BMI, and hip circumference, while it was not correlated with fasting plasma glucose in both groups. In Group A, fasting glucagon found positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and hip circumference. Conclusion Our observation suggests that fasting plasma glucose is not concomitant with glucagon levels; however, glucagon suppression, after glucose intake, was dysregulated in type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Moreover, glucagon is associated with central obesity in type 2 diabetic patients. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eraj Abbas
- Biochemistry, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | | | | | | | - Anum Butt
- Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Asher Fawwad
- Research, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Karachi, PAK
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125
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Theilade S, Christensen MB, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. An overview of obesity mechanisms in humans: Endocrine regulation of food intake, eating behaviour and common determinants of body weight. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 1:17-35. [PMID: 33621414 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is one of the biggest health challenges of the 21st century, already affecting close to 700 million people worldwide, debilitating and shortening lives and costing billions of pounds in healthcare costs and loss of workability. Body weight homeostasis relies on complex biological mechanisms and the development of obesity occurs on a background of genetic susceptibility and an environment promoting increased caloric intake and reduced physical activity. The pathophysiology of common obesity links neuro-endocrine and metabolic disturbances with behavioural changes, genetics, epigenetics and cultural habits. Also, specific causes of obesity exist, including monogenetic diseases and iatrogenic causes. In this review, we provide an overview of obesity mechanisms in humans with a focus on energy homeostasis, endocrine regulation of food intake and eating behavior, as well as the most common specific causes of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Theilade
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Christensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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126
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Bai X, Jia J, Kang Q, Fu Y, Zhou Y, Zhong Y, Zhang C, Li M. Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis Reveal Remodeling of Lipid Metabolism and Amino Acid Metabolism in Glucagon Receptor-Deficient Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:605979. [PMID: 33520988 PMCID: PMC7841139 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon receptor (GCGR) is activated by glucagon and is essential for glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism of animals. GCGR blockade has been demonstrated to induce hypoglycemia, hyperaminoacidemia, hyperglucagonemia, decreased adiposity, hepatosteatosis, and pancreatic α cells hyperplasia in organisms. However, the mechanism of how GCGR regulates these physiological functions is not yet very clear. In our previous study, we revealed that GCGR regulated metabolic network at transcriptional level by RNA-seq using GCGR mutant zebrafish (gcgr -/-). Here, we further performed whole-organism metabolomics and lipidomics profiling on wild-type and gcgr -/- zebrafish to study the changes of metabolites. We found 107 significantly different metabolites from metabolomics analysis and 87 significantly different lipids from lipidomics analysis. Chemical substance classification and pathway analysis integrated with transcriptomics data both revealed that amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism were remodeled in gcgr-deficient zebrafish. Similar to other studies, our study showed that gcgr -/- zebrafish exhibited decreased ureagenesis and impaired cholesterol metabolism. More interestingly, we found that the glycerophospholipid metabolism was disrupted, the arachidonic acid metabolism was up-regulated, and the tryptophan metabolism pathway was down-regulated in gcgr -/- zebrafish. Based on the omics data, we further validated our findings by revealing that gcgr -/- zebrafish exhibited dampened melatonin diel rhythmicity and increased locomotor activity. These global omics data provide us a better understanding about the role of GCGR in regulating metabolic network and new insight into GCGR physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Bai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Jia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yadong Fu
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - You Zhou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yingbin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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127
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Wang H, Hu W, Liu D, Wüthrich K. Design and preparation of the class B G protein-coupled receptors GLP-1R and GCGR for 19 F-NMR studies in solution. FEBS J 2020; 288:4053-4063. [PMID: 33369025 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) are class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by interactions with, respectively, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon (GCG). These polypeptide hormones are involved in the regulation of lipid and cholic acid metabolism, and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus, which attracts keen interest of these GPCRs as drug targets. GLP-1R and GCGR have therefore been extensively investigated by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), so that their structures are well known. Here, we present the groundwork for using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution to complement the molecular architectures with information on intramolecular dynamics and on the thermodynamics and kinetics of interactions with physiological ligands and extrinsic drug candidates. This includes the generation of novel, near-wild-type constructs of GLP-1R and GCGR, optimization of the solution conditions for NMR studies in detergent micelles and in nanodiscs, post-translational chemical introduction of fluorine-19 NMR probes, and sequence-specific assignments of the 19 F-labels attached to indigenous cysteines. Addition of the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) NNC0640 was critically important for obtaining the long-time stability needed for our NMR experiments, and we report on novel insights into the allosteric effects arising from binding of NNC0640 to the transmembrane domain of GLP-1R (GLP-1R[TMD]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wanhui Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | | | - Kurt Wüthrich
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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128
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Galsgaard KD. The Vicious Circle of Hepatic Glucagon Resistance in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124049. [PMID: 33333850 PMCID: PMC7765287 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key criterion for the most common chronic liver disease—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is an intrahepatic fat content above 5% in individuals who are not using steatogenic agents or having significant alcohol intake. Subjects with NAFLD have increased plasma concentrations of glucagon, and emerging evidence indicates that subjects with NAFLD may show hepatic glucagon resistance. For many years, glucagon has been thought of as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin with a primary function of increasing blood glucose concentrations and protecting against hypoglycemia. However, in recent years, glucagon has re-emerged as an important regulator of other metabolic processes including lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism. This review discusses the evidence that in NAFLD, hepatic glucagon resistance may result in a dysregulated lipid and amino acid/protein metabolism, leading to excess accumulation of fat, hyperglucagonemia, and increased oxidative stress contributing to the worsening/progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine D. Galsgaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; ; Tel.: +45-6044-6145
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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129
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Hædersdal S, Lund A, Nielsen-Hannerup E, Maagensen H, van Hall G, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. The Role of Glucagon in the Acute Therapeutic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition. Diabetes 2020; 69:2619-2629. [PMID: 33004472 PMCID: PMC7679772 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) effectively lower plasma glucose (PG) concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes, but studies have suggested that circulating glucagon concentrations and endogenous glucose production (EGP) are increased by SGLT2i, possibly compromising their glucose-lowering ability. To tease out whether and how glucagon may influence the glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibition, we subjected 12 patients with type 2 diabetes to a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, crossover, double-dummy study comprising, on 4 separate days, a liquid mixed-meal test preceded by single-dose administration of either 1) placebo, 2) the SGLT2i empagliflozin (25 mg), 3) the glucagon receptor antagonist LY2409021 (300 mg), or 4) the combination empagliflozin + LY2409021. Empagliflozin and LY2409021 individually lowered fasting PG compared with placebo, and the combination further decreased fasting PG. Previous findings of increased glucagon concentrations and EGP during acute administration of SGLT2i were not replicated in this study. Empagliflozin reduced postprandial PG through increased urinary glucose excretion. LY2409021 reduced EGP significantly but gave rise to a paradoxical increase in postprandial PG excursion, which was annulled by empagliflozin during their combination (empagliflozin + LY2409021). In conclusion, our findings do not support that an SGLT2i-induced glucagonotropic effect is of importance for the glucose-lowering property of SGLT2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Hædersdal
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Maagensen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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130
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Liu C, Li C, Cai X, Zou Y, Mo J, Chen B, Cai Y, Han T, Huang W, Qian H, Zhang W. Discovery of a novel GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonist CY-5 as long-acting hypoglycemic, anti-obesity agent. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104492. [PMID: 33268008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists as an effective approach for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been explored extensively, multi agonists based on GLP-1 may have better clinical benefits on obesity, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and other metabolic diseases. To get multi agonists based on GLP-1, 15 conjugates were designed, synthesized, and tested for biological activity. GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist E1 showed moderate long-acting hypoglycemic effect, CY-5 and CY-16 with GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonistic activity exhibited longer duration of continuous blood glucose stabilization. The long-acting hypoglycemic effect was equal to that of semaglutide. Although they have lost the agonistic activity on glucagon receptor, chronic in vivo studies on T2DM mice and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice showed that CY-5 can effectively reduce food intake, inhibit body weight gain, repair islets damage and improve the glucose tolerance. One month treatment on NASH mice showed that CY-5 can significantly lower the TG, TC, AST, ALT and LDL-C and increase the HDL-C. CY-5 can also improve the liver vacuolation, reduce fat accumulation and delay the process of the fibrosis. The liver protection effect is better than that of semaglutide. In summary, CY-5 is a promising candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases and worthy for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Liu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chengye Li
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xingguang Cai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxing Zou
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jiaxian Mo
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Cai
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ting Han
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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131
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Eriksson O, Velikyan I, Haack T, Bossart M, Laitinen I, Larsen PJ, Berglund JE, Antoni G, Johansson L, Pierrou S, Tillner J, Wagner M. Imaging of the Glucagon Receptor in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:833-838. [PMID: 33097629 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.213306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) in disease and in pharmaceutical drug development, there is a lack of specific and sensitive biomarkers of its activation in humans. The PET radioligand 68Ga-DO3A-VS-Tuna-2 (68Ga-Tuna-2) was developed to yield a noninvasive imaging marker for GCGR target distribution and drug target engagement in humans. Methods: The biodistribution and dosimetry of 68Ga-Tuna-2 was assessed by PET/CT in 13 individuals with type 2 diabetes as part of a clinical study assessing the occupancy of the dual GCGR/glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist SAR425899. Binding of 68Ga-Tuna-2 in liver and reference tissues was evaluated and correlated to biometrics (e.g., weight or body mass index) or other biomarkers (e.g., plasma glucagon levels). Results: 68Ga-Tuna-2 binding was seen primarily in the liver, which is in line with the strong expression of GCGR on hepatocytes. The kidneys demonstrated high excretion-related retention, whereas all other tissue demonstrated rapid washout. The SUV55 min (SUV during the last 10-min time frame, 50-60 min after administration) uptake endpoint was sensitive to endogenous levels of glucagon. 68Ga-Tuna-2 exhibited a safe dosimetry profile and no adverse events after intravenous administration. Conclusion: 68Ga-Tuna-2 can be used for safe and accurate assessment of the GCGR in human. It may serve as an important tool in understanding the in vivo pharmacology of novel drugs engaging the GCGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Antaros Medical AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Haack
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Bossart
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Philip J Larsen
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Michael Wagner
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
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132
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Sandru F, Carsote M, Albu SE, Valea A, Petca A, Dumitrascu MC. Glucagonoma: From skin lesions to the neuroendocrine component (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3389-3393. [PMID: 32905095 PMCID: PMC7465236 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagonoma is a hormonally active rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour causing an excess of glucagon. This is a narrative review based on a multidisciplinary approach of the tumour. Typically associated dermatosis is necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) which is most frequently seen at disease onset. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, depression, diarrhoea, deep vein thrombosis are also identified, as parts of so-called 'D' syndrome. Early diagnosis is life saving due to potential aggressive profile and high risk of liver metastasis. NME as paraneoplastic syndrome may be present for months and even years until adequate recognition and therapy; it is remitted after successful pancreatic surgery. Thus the level of practitioners' awareness is essential. If surgery is not curative, debulking techniques may improve the clinical aspects and even the outcome in association with other procedures such as embolization of hepatic metastasis; ablation of radiofrequency type; medical therapy including chemotherapy, targeted therapy with mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus, PRRT (peptide receptor radiotherapy), and somatostatin analogues (including combinations of medical treatments). Increased awareness of the condition involves multidisciplinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florica Sandru
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mara Carsote
- Department of Endocrinology,‘C.I. Parhon’ National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Elena Albu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Valea
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical County Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aida Petca
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Elias’ Emergency University Hospital, 125100 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Cristian Dumitrascu
- Department of Gynecology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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133
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Ranjan AG, Schmidt S, Nørgaard K. Glucagon for hypoglycaemia treatment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 37:e3409. [PMID: 33090668 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To achieve strict glycaemic control and avoid chronic diabetes complications, individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are recommended to follow an intensive insulin regimen. However, the risk and fear of hypoglycaemia often prevent individuals from achieving the treatment goals. Apart from early insulin suspension in insulin pump users, carbohydrate ingestion is the only option for preventing and treating non-severe hypoglycaemic events. These rescue treatments may give extra calories and cause overweight. As an alternative, the use of low-dose glucagon to counter hypoglycaemia has been proposed as a tool to raise glucose concentrations without adding extra calories. Previously, the commercially available glucagon formulations required reconstitution from powder to a solution before being injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly-making it practical only for treating severe hypoglycaemia. Several companies have developed more stable formulations that do not require the time-consuming reconstitution process before use. As well as treating severe hypoglycaemia, non-severe and impending hypoglycaemia can also be treated with lower doses of glucagon. Once available, low-dose glucagon can be either delivered manually, as an injection, or automatically, by an infusion pump. This review focuses on the role and perspectives of using glucagon to treat and prevent hypoglycaemia in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajenthen G Ranjan
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
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134
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Response of Blood Biomarkers to Sprint Interval Swimming. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1442-1447. [PMID: 32963121 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the effects of 2 sprint interval training (SIT) sets of different distances on biochemical markers indicative of metabolism, stress, and antioxidant capacity in competitive swimmers and, to investigate the potential influence of gender on these markers. METHODS Twenty-four adolescent, well-trained swimmers (12 men and 12 women) participated in the study. In a random and counterbalanced order, the swimmers completed 2 SIT sets (8 × 50 m and 8 × 25 m) in freestyle with maximal intensity on different days. Work-to-rest ratio was 1:1 in both sets. Blood samples were drawn preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hour postexercise to evaluate the effects of the SIT sets on a number of biochemical parameters. RESULTS Swimming speed was higher at 8 × 25 m. The 2 SIT sets induced significant increases in lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and uric acid (P ≤ .001). No differences in these parameters were found between sets, except for irisin (higher in 8 × 50 m; P = .02). Male swimmers were faster and had higher lactate and uric acid concentrations, as well as lower reduced glutathione concentration, than female swimmers (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The 2 swimming SIT sets induced increases in most of the biochemical markers studied. The 2-fold difference between sets in distance did not differentiate the effects of sprint interval exercise on most biochemical parameters. Thus, low-volume SIT sets seem to be effective stimuli for competitive swimmers.
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135
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Hilger D, Kumar KK, Hu H, Pedersen MF, O'Brien ES, Giehm L, Jennings C, Eskici G, Inoue A, Lerch M, Mathiesen JM, Skiniotis G, Kobilka BK. Structural insights into differences in G protein activation by family A and family B GPCRs. Science 2020; 369:369/6503/eaba3373. [PMID: 32732395 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Family B heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism. Recent structures of family B GPCR-Gs protein complexes reveal a disruption in the α-helix of transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) not observed in family A GPCRs. To investigate the functional impact of this structural difference, we compared the structure and function of the glucagon receptor (GCGR; family B) with the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR; family A). We determined the structure of the GCGR-Gs complex by means of cryo-electron microscopy at 3.1-angstrom resolution. This structure shows the distinct break in TM6. Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) turnover, guanosine diphosphate release, GTP binding, and G protein dissociation studies revealed much slower rates for G protein activation by the GCGR compared with the β2AR. Fluorescence and double electron-electron resonance studies suggest that this difference is due to the inability of agonist alone to induce a detectable outward movement of the cytoplasmic end of TM6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hilger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaavya Krishna Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongli Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Evan S O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lise Giehm
- Zealand Pharma A/S, Sydmarken 11, Søborg 2860, Denmark
| | - Christine Jennings
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gözde Eskici
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michael Lerch
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Georgios Skiniotis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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136
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Lang S, Wei R, Wei T, Gu L, Feng J, Yan H, Yang J, Hong T. Glucagon receptor antagonism promotes the production of gut proglucagon-derived peptides in diabetic mice. Peptides 2020; 131:170349. [PMID: 32561493 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is an essential regulator of glucose homeostasis, particularly in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Blocking the glucagon receptor (GCGR) in diabetic animals and humans has been shown to alleviate hyperglycemia and increase circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. However, the origin of the upregulated GLP-1 remains to be clarified. Here, we administered high-fat diet + streptozotocin-induced T2D mice and diabetic db/db mice with REMD 2.59, a fully competitive antagonistic human GCGR monoclonal antibody (mAb) for 12 weeks. GCGR mAb treatment decreased fasting blood glucose levels and increased plasma GLP-1 levels in the T2D mice. In addition, GCGR mAb upregulated preproglucagon gene expression and the contents of gut proglucagon-derived peptides, particularly GLP-1, in the small intestine and colon. Notably, T2D mice treated with GCGR mAb displayed a higher L-cell density in the small intestine and colon, which was associated with increased numbers of LK-cells coexpressing GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and reduced L-cell apoptosis. Furthermore, GCGR mAb treatment upregulated GLP-1 production in the pancreas, which was detected at lower levels than in the intestine. Collectively, these results suggest that GCGR mAb can increase intestinal GLP-1 production and L-cell number by enhancing LK-cell expansion and inhibiting L-cell apoptosis in T2D.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Fasting/metabolism
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/genetics
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/genetics
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pancreas/drug effects
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Proglucagon/genetics
- Proglucagon/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianjiao Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liangbiao Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hai Yan
- REMD Biotherapeutics, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA; Beijing Cosci-REMD, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
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137
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The RNA-binding protein, HuD regulates proglucagon biosynthesis in pancreatic α cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:266-272. [PMID: 32828297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is a peptide hormone generated by pancreatic α cells. It is the counterpart of insulin and plays an essential role in the regulation of blood glucose level. Therefore, a tight regulation of glucagon levels is pivotal to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating glucagon biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that the RNA-binding protein HuD regulates glucagon expression in pancreatic α cells. HuD was found in α cells from mouse pancreatic islet and mouse glucagonoma αTC1 cell line. Ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation analysis, followed by RT-qPCR showed the association of HuD with glucagon mRNA. Knockdown of HuD resulted in a reduction in both proglucagon expression and cellular glucagon level by decreasing its de novo synthesis. Reporter analysis using the EGFP reporter containing 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of glucagon mRNA showed that HuD regulates proglucagon expression via its 3'UTR. In addition, the relative level of glucagon in the islets and plasma was lower in HuD knockout (KO) mice compared to age-matched control mice. Taken together, these results suggest that HuD is a novel factor regulating the biosynthesis of proglucagon in pancreatic α cells.
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138
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Ng JCM, Schooling CM. Effect of Glucagon on Ischemic Heart Disease and Its Risk Factors: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5837127. [PMID: 32407514 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucagon acts reciprocally with insulin to regular blood glucose. However, the effect of glucagon on cardiovascular disease has not been widely studied. It has been suggested that insulin may increase the risk of ischemic heart disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether glucagon, the main counteracting hormone of insulin, plays a role in development of ischemic heart disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this 2-sample Mendelian randomization study, we estimated the causal effect of glucagon on ischemic heart disease and its risk factors using the inverse-variance weighted method with multiplicative random effects and multiple sensitivity analyses. Genetic associations with glucagon and ischemic heart disease and its risk factors, including type 2 diabetes and fasting insulin, were obtained from publicly available genome-wide association studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Odds ratio for ischemic heart disease and its risk factors per 1 standard deviation change in genetically predicted glucagon. RESULTS Twenty-four single-nucleotide polymorphisms strongly (P < 5 × 10-6) and independently (r2 < 0.05) predicting glucagon were obtained. Genetically predicted higher glucagon was associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (inverse-variance weighted odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.0003-1.05) but not with type 2 diabetes (inverse-variance weighted odds ratio, 0.998, 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.03), log-transformed fasting insulin (inverse-variance weighted beta, 0.002, 95% confidence interval, -0.01 to 0.01), other glycemic traits, blood pressure, reticulocyte, or lipids. CONCLUSION Glucagon might have an adverse impact on ischemic heart disease. Relevance of the underlying pathway to existing and potential interventions should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C M Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - C Mary Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, USA
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139
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Kannt A, Madsen AN, Kammermeier C, Elvert R, Klöckener T, Bossart M, Haack T, Evers A, Lorenz K, Hennerici W, Rocher C, Böcskei Z, Guillemot JC, Mikol V, Pattou F, Staels B, Wagner M. Incretin combination therapy for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1328-1338. [PMID: 32196896 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test specific mono-agonists to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR), individually and in combination, in a mouse model of diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in order to decipher the contribution of their activities and potential additive effects to improving systemic and hepatic metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS We induced NASH by pre-feeding C57BL/6J mice a diet rich in fat, fructose and cholesterol for 36 weeks. This was followed by 8 weeks of treatment with the receptor-specific agonists 1-GCG (20 μg/kg twice daily), 2-GLP1 (3 μg/kg twice daily) or 3-GIP (30 μg/kg twice daily), or the dual (1 + 2) or triple (1 + 2 + 3) combinations thereof. A dual GLP-1R/GCGR agonistic peptide, 4-dual-GLP1/GCGR (30 μg/kg twice daily), and liraglutide (100 μg/kg twice daily) were included as references. RESULTS Whereas low-dose 1-GCG or 3-GIP alone did not influence body weight, liver lipids and histology, their combination with 2-GLP1 provided additional weight loss, reduction in liver triglycerides and improvement in histological disease activity score. Notably, 4-dual-GLP-1R/GCGR and the triple combination of selective mono-agonists led to a significantly stronger reduction in the histological non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score compared to high-dose liraglutide, at the same extent of body weight loss. CONCLUSIONS GCGR and GIPR agonism provide additional, body weight-independent improvements on top of GLP-1R agonism in a murine model of manifest NASH with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi Research and Development, Frankfurt, Germany
- Experimental Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Elvert
- Sanofi Research and Development, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Corinne Rocher
- Sanofi Research and Development, Chilly-Mazarin Cedex, France
| | - Zsolt Böcskei
- Sanofi Research and Development, Chilly-Mazarin Cedex, France
| | | | - Vincent Mikol
- Sanofi Research and Development, Chilly-Mazarin Cedex, France
| | - Francois Pattou
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, Lille, France
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140
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Wagner M, Doverfjord JG, Tillner J, Antoni G, Haack T, Bossart M, Laitinen I, Johansson L, Pierrou S, Eriksson O, Velikyan I. Automated GMP-Compliant Production of [ 68Ga]Ga-DO3A-Tuna-2 for PET Microdosing Studies of the Glucagon Receptor in Humans. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080176. [PMID: 32752075 PMCID: PMC7463542 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2 (previously published as [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-S01-GCG) has shown high-affinity specific binding to the glucagon receptor (GCGR) in vitro and in vivo in rats and non-human primates in our previous studies, confirming the suitability of the tracer for drug development applications in humans. The manufacturing process of [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2 was automated for clinical use to meet the radiation safety and good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements. Methods: The automated synthesis platform (Modular-Lab PharmTrace, Eckert & Ziegler, Eurotope, Germany), disposable cassettes for 68Ga-labeling, and pharmaceutical-grade 68Ge/68Ga generator (GalliaPharm®) used in the study were purchased from Eckert & Ziegler. The parameters such as time, temperature, precursor concentration, radical scavenger, buffer concentration, and pH, as well as product purification step, were investigated and optimized. Process optimization was conducted with regard to product quality and quantity, as well as process reproducibility. The active pharmaceutical ingredient starting material DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2 (GMP-grade) was provided by Sanofi Aventis. Results: The reproducible and GMP-compliant automated production of [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2 with on-line documentation was developed. The non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield was 45.2 ± 2.5% (n = 3, process validation) at the end of the synthesis with a labeling synthesis duration of 38 min and a quality controlincluding release procedure of 20 min. The radiochemical purity of the product was 98.9 ± 0.6% (n = 17) with the total amount of the peptide in the preparation of 48 ± 2 µg (n = 3, process validation). Radionuclidic purity, sterility, endotoxin content, residual solvent content, and sterile filter integrity tests met the acceptance criteria. The product was stable at ambient temperature for at least 2 h. Conclusion: The fully automated GMP-compliant manufacturing process was developed and thoroughly validated. The resulting [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Tuna-2 was used in a clinical study for accurate quantification of GCGR occupancy by a dual anti-diabetic drug in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wagner
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, 65929 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.H.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (I.V.); Tel.: +49-69-305-4875 (M.W.); Tel.: +46-70-483-4137 (I.V.)
| | - Johan G. Doverfjord
- PET Center, Center for Medical Imaging, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | | | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Torsten Haack
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, 65929 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Bossart
- R&D Research Platform, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi, 65929 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.H.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Lars Johansson
- Antaros Medical AB, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; (L.J.); (S.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Stefan Pierrou
- Antaros Medical AB, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; (L.J.); (S.P.); (O.E.)
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Antaros Medical AB, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden; (L.J.); (S.P.); (O.E.)
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (I.V.); Tel.: +49-69-305-4875 (M.W.); Tel.: +46-70-483-4137 (I.V.)
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141
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Mechanisms of the Regulation and Dysregulation of Glucagon Secretion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:3089139. [PMID: 32774668 PMCID: PMC7396046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3089139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon, a hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, contributes to the maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration by inducing hepatic glucose production in response to declining blood glucose. However, glucagon hypersecretion contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, diabetes is associated with relative glucagon undersecretion at low blood glucose and oversecretion at normal and high blood glucose. The mechanisms of such alpha cell dysfunctions are not well understood. This article reviews the genesis of alpha cell dysfunctions during the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and after the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It unravels a signaling pathway that contributes to glucose- or hydrogen peroxide-induced glucagon secretion, whose overstimulation contributes to glucagon dysregulation, partly through oxidative stress and reduced ATP synthesis. The signaling pathway involves phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase B, protein kinase C delta, non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src, and phospholipase C gamma-1. This knowledge will be useful in the design of new antidiabetic agents or regimens.
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142
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Reinisch I, Schreiber R, Prokesch A. Regulation of thermogenic adipocytes during fasting and cold. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 512:110869. [PMID: 32439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure activates brown and brown-like adipocytes that dissipate large amounts of glucose and fatty acids via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) to drive non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). Evidence for the existence of these thermogenic adipocytes in adult humans gave rise to a renaissance in research on brown adipose tissue, establishing it as linchpin of energy homeostasis and metabolic health. Besides low ambient temperature, shortage or excess of food affect thermoregulation. Upon high caloric meals thermogenic adipocytes burn excess calories and maintain energy balance. In contrast, in conditions of nutrient deprivation, counter-regulatory mechanisms prevent thermogenic adipocytes from "wasting" energy substrates that need to be conserved. In this review, we discuss cell-autonomous mechanisms, metabolites, and hormones that modify NST in response to nutrient fluctuations. In particular, we focus on how thermogenic adipocytes balance thermogenesis with systemic energy homeostasis during fasting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Reinisch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Prokesch
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism & Aging, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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143
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Cheng C, Jabri S, Taoka BM, Sinz CJ. Small molecule glucagon receptor antagonists: an updated patent review (2015–2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:509-526. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1769600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Salman Jabri
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Brandon M Taoka
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
| | - Christopher J Sinz
- Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA (MSD)
- Current Address: Maze Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California, USA
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144
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Jall S, De Angelis M, Lundsgaard AM, Fritzen AM, Nicolaisen TS, Klein AB, Novikoff A, Sachs S, Richter EA, Kiens B, Schramm KW, Tschöp MH, Stemmer K, Clemmensen C, Müller TD, Kleinert M. Pharmacological targeting of α3β4 nicotinic receptors improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1236-1247. [PMID: 32140744 PMCID: PMC7228898 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Treatment with the α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP), improves glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms are unknown. METHODS DMPP (10 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) was administered either in a single injection (acute) or daily for up to 14 days (chronic) in DIO wild-type (WT) and Chrnb4 knockout (KO) mice and glucose tolerance, tissue-specific tracer-based glucose metabolism, and insulin signalling were assessed. RESULTS In WT mice, but not in Chrnb4 KO mice, single acute treatment with DMPP induced transient hyperglycaemia, which was accompanied by high plasma adrenaline (epinephrine) levels, upregulated hepatic gluconeogenic genes, and decreased hepatic glycogen content. In contrast to these acute effects, chronic DMPP treatment in WT mice elicited improvements in glucose tolerance already evident after three consecutive days of DMPP treatment. After seven days of DMPP treatment, glucose tolerance was markedly improved, also in comparison with mice that were pair-fed to DMPP-treated mice. The glycaemic benefit of chronic DMPP was absent in Chrnb4 KO mice. Chronic DMPP increased insulin-stimulated glucose clearance into brown adipose tissue (+69%), heart (+93%), gastrocnemius muscle (+74%) and quadriceps muscle (+59%), with no effect in white adipose tissues. After chronic DMPP treatment, plasma adrenaline levels did not increase following an injection with DMPP. In glucose-stimulated skeletal muscle, we detected a decreased phosphorylation of the inhibitory Ser640 phosphorylation site on glycogen synthase and a congruent increase in glycogen accumulation following chronic DMPP treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that DMPP acutely induces adrenaline release and hepatic glycogenolysis, while chronic DMPP-mediated activation of β4-containing nAChRs improves peripheral insulin sensitivity independently of changes in body weight via mechanisms that could involve increased non-oxidative glucose disposal into skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Jall
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Meri De Angelis
- Molecular EXposomics (MEX) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine S Nicolaisen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Aaron Novikoff
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Molecular EXposomics (MEX) at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department für Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, TUM School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stemmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Therapy and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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145
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Tellez K, Hang Y, Gu X, Chang CA, Stein RW, Kim SK. In vivo studies of glucagon secretion by human islets transplanted in mice. Nat Metab 2020; 2:547-557. [PMID: 32694729 PMCID: PMC7739959 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about regulated glucagon secretion by human islet α-cells compared to insulin secretion from β-cells, despite conclusive evidence of dysfunction in both cell types in diabetes mellitus. Distinct insulins in humans and mice permit in vivo studies of human β-cell regulation after human islet transplantation in immunocompromised mice, whereas identical glucagon sequences prevent analogous in vivo measures of glucagon output from human α-cells. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9 editing to remove glucagon codons 2-29 in immunocompromised NSG mice, preserving the production of other proglucagon-derived hormones. Glucagon knockout NSG (GKO-NSG) mice have metabolic, liver and pancreatic phenotypes associated with glucagon-signalling deficits that revert after transplantation of human islets from non-diabetic donors. Glucagon hypersecretion by transplanted islets from donors with type 2 diabetes revealed islet-intrinsic defects. We suggest that GKO-NSG mice provide an unprecedented resource to investigate human α-cell regulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissie Tellez
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xueying Gu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles A Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roland W Stein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology Division), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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146
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Stemmer K, Finan B, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. Insights into incretin-based therapies for treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:34-53. [PMID: 32485206 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Derangements in triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism (dyslipidemia) are major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in obese and type-2 diabetic (T2D) patients. An emerging class of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues and next generation peptide dual-agonists such as GLP-1/glucagon or GLP-1/GIP could provide effective therapeutic options for T2D patients. In addition to their role in glucose and energy homeostasis, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon serve as regulators of lipid metabolism. This review summarizes the current knowledge in GLP-1, glucagon and GIP effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and frames the emerging therapeutic benefits of GLP-1 analogs and GLP-1-based multiagonists as add-on treatment options for diabetes associated dyslipidemia.
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147
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Osaka N, Kushima H, Mori Y, Saito T, Hiromura M, Terasaki M, Yashima H, Ohara M, Fukui T, Matsui T, Hirano T, Yamagishi SI. Anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective properties of glucagon. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2020; 17:1479164120965183. [PMID: 33076703 PMCID: PMC7919216 DOI: 10.1177/1479164120965183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although glucagon has been shown to exert pleiotropic actions in various types of cells and organs through the interaction with its receptor, its pathophysiological role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains unclear. Here, we examined whether and how glucagon could attenuate the progression of atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (ApoE-/-), an animal model of atherosclerosis. Glucagon (138 or 413 nmol/kg/day) or vehicle was infused to mice at 16 weeks of age. After 4-week treatment, vascular samples were collected for histological and RT-PCR analyses. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with or without a glucagon receptor antagonist L-168049, and then treated with or without glucagon for 7 h. Gene and protein expressions were determined by RT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. High-dose glucagon infusion significantly decreased aortic plaque area and volume in ApoE-/- mice, both of which were inversely correlated with plasma glucagon levels. Glucagon infusion also reduced the ratio of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β to anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 gene expression in aortae. Glucagon receptor was expressed in THP-1 cells, and 1 nM glucagon decreased the ratio of interleukin-1β to interleukin-10 gene expression, which was significantly prevented by L-168049. Our present findings suggest that glucagon could exert atheroprotection partly via its anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Osaka
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kushima
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Mori
- Anti-glycation Research Section, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Yusaku Mori, Anti-glycation Research Section, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Saito
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munenori Hiromura
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michishige Terasaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Yashima
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohara
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Diabetes Center, Ebina General Hospital, Ebina, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sho-ichi Yamagishi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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148
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Yang PY, Zou H, Amso Z, Lee C, Huang D, Woods AK, Nguyen-Tran VTB, Schultz PG, Shen W. New Generation Oxyntomodulin Peptides with Improved Pharmacokinetic Profiles Exhibit Weight Reducing and Anti-Steatotic Properties in Mice. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1167-1176. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Yang
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Huafei Zou
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zaid Amso
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candy Lee
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David Huang
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ashley K. Woods
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | - Peter G. Schultz
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- Calibr at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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149
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150
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Finan B, Capozzi ME, Campbell JE. Repositioning Glucagon Action in the Physiology and Pharmacology of Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:532-541. [PMID: 31178432 PMCID: PMC7085250 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon is historically described as the counterregulatory hormone to insulin, induced by fasting/hypoglycemia to raise blood glucose through action mediated in the liver. However, it is becoming clear that the biology of glucagon is much more complex and extends beyond hepatic actions to exert control on glucose metabolism. We discuss the inconsistencies with the canonical view that glucagon is primarily a hyperglycemic agent driven by fasting/hypoglycemia and highlight the recent advances that have reshaped the metabolic role of glucagon. These concepts are placed within the context of both normal physiology and the pathophysiology of disease and then extended to discuss emerging strategies that incorporate glucagon agonism in the pharmacology of treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Megan E Capozzi
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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