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Johnson ML, Saffrey MJ, Taylor VJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases in plasma and colon tissue prior to estrus and circulating levels change with increasing age in reproductively competent Wistar rats. Peptides 2017; 90:55-62. [PMID: 28237410 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a well-documented association between cyclic changes to food intake and the changing ovarian hormone levels of the reproductive cycle in female mammals. Limited research on appetite-controlling gastrointestinal peptides has taken place in females, simply because regular reproductive changes in steroid hormones present additional experimental factors to account for. This study focussed directly on the roles that gastrointestinal-secreted peptides may have in these reported, naturally occurring, changes to food intake during the rodent estrous cycle and aimed to determine whether peripheral changes occurred in the anorexigenic (appetite-reducing) hormones peptide-YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in female Wistar rats (32-44 weeks of age). Total forms of each peptide were measured in matched fed and fasted plasma and descending colon tissue samples for each animal during the dark (feeding) phase. PYY concentrations did not significantly change between defined cycle stages, in either plasma or tissue samples. GLP-1 concentrations in fed plasma and descending colon tissue were significantly increased during proestrus, just prior to a significant reduction in fasted stomach contents at estrus, suggesting increased satiety and reduced food intake at this stage of the cycle. Increased proestrus GLP-1 concentrations could contribute to the reported reduction in food intake during estrus and may also have biological importance in providing the optimal nutritional and metabolic environment for gametes at the potential point of conception. Additional analysis of the findings demonstrated significant interactions of ovarian cycle stage and fed/fasted status with age on GLP-1, but not PYY plasma concentrations. Slightly older females had reduced fed plasma GLP-1 suggesting that a relaxation of regulatory control of this incretin hormone may also take place with increasing age in reproductively competent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Johnson
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Victoria J Taylor
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK.
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Freire-Regatillo A, Argente-Arizón P, Argente J, García-Segura LM, Chowen JA. Non-Neuronal Cells in the Hypothalamic Adaptation to Metabolic Signals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:51. [PMID: 28377744 PMCID: PMC5359311 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the brain is composed of numerous cell types, neurons have received the vast majority of attention in the attempt to understand how this organ functions. Neurons are indeed fundamental but, in order for them to function correctly, they rely on the surrounding "non-neuronal" cells. These different cell types, which include glia, epithelial cells, pericytes, and endothelia, supply essential substances to neurons, in addition to protecting them from dangerous substances and situations. Moreover, it is now clear that non-neuronal cells can also actively participate in determining neuronal signaling outcomes. Due to the increasing problem of obesity in industrialized countries, investigation of the central control of energy balance has greatly increased in attempts to identify new therapeutic targets. This has led to interesting advances in our understanding of how appetite and systemic metabolism are modulated by non-neuronal cells. For example, not only are nutrients and hormones transported into the brain by non-neuronal cells, but these cells can also metabolize these metabolic factors, thus modifying the signals reaching the neurons. The hypothalamus is the main integrating center of incoming metabolic and hormonal signals and interprets this information in order to control appetite and systemic metabolism. Hence, the factors transported and released from surrounding non-neuronal cells will undoubtedly influence metabolic homeostasis. This review focuses on what is known to date regarding the involvement of different cell types in the transport and metabolism of nutrients and hormones in the hypothalamus. The possible involvement of non-neuronal cells, in particular glial cells, in physiopathological outcomes of poor dietary habits and excess weight gain are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel García-Segura
- Laboratory of Neuroactive Steroids, Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
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Ghrelin's control of food reward and body weight in the lateral hypothalamic area is sexually dimorphic. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:40-49. [PMID: 28213203 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-produced hormone that stimulates ingestive behavior and increases motivated behavior to obtain palatable foods. Ghrelin receptors (growth hormone secretagogue receptors; Ghsr) are expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and LHA-targeted ghrelin application increases ingestive behavior in male rodents. However, the effects of LHA ghrelin signaling in females are unexplored. Here we investigated whether LHA ghrelin signaling is necessary and sufficient for control of ingestive and motivated behavior for food in male and female rats. Ghrelin delivered to the LHA increased food intake and motivated behavior for sucrose in both male and female rats, whereas increased food-seeking behavior and body weight were only observed in females. Females had slightly higher Ghsr levels in the LHA compared to males, and importantly, acute blockade of the Ghsr in the LHA significantly reduced food intake, body weight, and motivated behavior for sucrose in female but not male rats. Chronic LHA Ghsr reduction in female rats achieved by RNA inference-mediated Ghsr knockdown, resulting in a 25% reduction in LHA Ghsr mRNA, abolished the reward-driven behavioral effects of LHA-targeted ghrelin, but was not sufficient to affect baseline food intake or food reward responding. Collectively we show that ghrelin acts in the LHA to alter ingestive and motivated behaviors in a sex-specific manner.
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Sex differences in the response of total PYY and GLP-1 to moderate-intensity continuous and sprint interval cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:431-440. [PMID: 28154977 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise interventions are often less effective at improving body composition for females than males, potentially due to post-exercise hormonal responses that increase energy intake in females. Recently, sprint interval training was shown to effectively reduce body fat in females despite being relatively low during exercise energy expenditure. PURPOSE To determine whether any sex difference in total PYY, GLP-1 or perceived hunger exists following moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICT) and sprint interval exercise (SIT) METHODS: Twenty-one active participants (11 females) participated in three sessions in a randomized crossover design: (1) MICT, 30-min cycling at 65% VO2max; (2) SIT, 6 × 30 s "all-out" sprints with 4-min recovery periods; (3) control (CTRL; no exercise). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately and 90 min post-exercise for the measurement of total PYY and GLP-1. Subjective perceptions of hunger were assessed using a visual analogue scale pre-breakfast and before all blood samples. RESULTS Concentrations of total PYY and GLP-1 were greater during MICT (P = 0.05) and SIT (P = 0.005) compared to CTRL. Total PYY increased more immediately post-exercise in males than females (P = 0.030). GLP-1 only increased in females following MICT (P = 0.034) and SIT (P = 0.024) compared to CTRL. Perceived hunger was lower immediately post-MICT (P = 0.016) and SIT (P = 0.006) compared to CTRL. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that total PYY and GLP-1 respond differently to exercise in males and females over 90 min following various exercise intensities. The observed post-exercise hormonal response would not be expected to create a compensatory increase in energy intake in females.
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Yasrebi A, Rivera JA, Krumm EA, Yang JA, Roepke TA. Activation of Estrogen Response Element-Independent ERα Signaling Protects Female Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity. Endocrinology 2017; 158:319-334. [PMID: 27901601 PMCID: PMC5413076 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) regulates central and peripheral mechanisms that control energy and glucose homeostasis predominantly through estrogen receptor α (ERα) acting via receptor binding to estrogen response elements (EREs). ERα signaling is also involved in mediating the effects of E2 on diet-induced obesity (DIO), although the roles of ERE-dependent and -independent ERα signaling in reducing the effects of DIO remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that ERE-dependent ERα signaling is necessary to ameliorate the effects of DIO. We addressed this question using ERα knockout (KO) and ERα knockin/knockout (KIKO) female mice, the latter expressing an ERα that lacks a functional ERE binding domain. Female mice were ovariectomized, fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), and orally dosed with vehicle or estradiol benzoate (EB) (300 μg/kg). After 9 weeks, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, peptide hormone and inflammatory cytokine levels, and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and liver gene expression were assessed. EB reduced body weight and body fat in wild-type (WT) female mice, regardless of diet, and in HFD-fed KIKO female mice, in part by reducing energy intake and feeding efficiency. EB reduced fasting glucose levels in KIKO mice fed both diets but augmented glucose tolerance only in HFD-fed KIKO female mice. Plasma insulin and interleukin 6 were elevated in KIKO and KO female mice compared with LFD-fed WT female mice. Expression of arcuate neuropeptide and receptor genes and liver fatty acid biosynthesis genes was altered by HFD and by EB through ERE-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Therefore, ERE-independent signaling mechanisms in both the brain and peripheral organs mediate, in part, the effects of E2 during DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Janelle A. Rivera
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
| | - Elizabeth A. Krumm
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Jennifer A. Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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Rubinow KB. Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:285-313. [PMID: 29224100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the metabolic roles of sex steroids in men has evolved substantially over recent decades. Whereas testosterone once was believed to contribute to metabolic risk in men, the importance of adequate androgen exposure for the maintenance of metabolic health has been demonstrated unequivocally. A growing body of evidence now also supports a critical role for estrogens in metabolic regulation in men. Recent data from clinical intervention studies indicate that estradiol may be a stronger determinant of adiposity than testosterone in men, and even short-term estradiol deprivation contributes to fat mass accrual. The following chapter will outline findings to date regarding the mechanisms, whereby estrogens contribute to the regulation of body weight and adiposity in men. It will present emergent clinical data as well as preclinical findings that reveal mechanistic insights into estrogen-mediated regulation of body composition. Findings in both males and females will be reviewed, to draw comparisons and to highlight knowledge gaps regarding estrogen action specifically in males. Finally, the clinical relevance of estrogen exposure in men will be discussed, particularly in the context of a rising global prevalence of obesity and expanding clinical use of sex steroid-based therapies in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Argente-Arizón P, Guerra-Cantera S, Garcia-Segura LM, Argente J, Chowen JA. Glial cells and energy balance. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R59-R71. [PMID: 27864453 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The search for new strategies and drugs to abate the current obesity epidemic has led to the intensification of research aimed at understanding the neuroendocrine control of appetite and energy expenditure. This intensified investigation of metabolic control has also included the study of how glial cells participate in this process. Glia, the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system, perform a wide spectrum of functions and are vital for the correct functioning of neurons and neuronal circuits. Current evidence indicates that hypothalamic glia, in particular astrocytes, tanycytes and microglia, are involved in both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of appetite and metabolic control, at least in part by regulating the signals reaching metabolic neuronal circuits. Glia transport nutrients, hormones and neurotransmitters; they secrete growth factors, hormones, cytokines and gliotransmitters and are a source of neuroprogenitor cells. These functions are regulated, as glia also respond to numerous hormones and nutrients, with the lack of specific hormonal signaling in hypothalamic astrocytes disrupting metabolic homeostasis. Here, we review some of the more recent advances in the role of glial cells in metabolic control, with a special emphasis on the differences between glial cell responses in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric EndocrinologyHospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Xu Y. Brain Estrogens and Feeding Behavior. SEX AND GENDER FACTORS AFFECTING METABOLIC HOMEOSTASIS, DIABETES AND OBESITY 2017; 1043:337-357. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Su Y, Foppen E, van der Eerden BCJ, Koedam M, Bravenboer N, Kalsbeek A, Boelen A, Fliers E, Bisschop PH. Effects of Chronic Estrogen Administration in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (VMH) on Fat and Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4930-4942. [PMID: 27911148 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency after ovariectomy (OVX) results in increased adiposity and bone loss, which can be prevented by systemic 17-β estradiol (E2) replacement. Studies in transgenic mice suggested that in addition to direct actions of estrogen in peripheral tissues, also estrogen signaling in the hypothalamus regulates fat distribution and bone metabolism. We hypothesized that the protective effect of systemic E2 on fat and bone metabolism in the OVX model is partly mediated through the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH). To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of systemic, central, and targeted VMH administration of E2 on fat and bone metabolism in OVX rats. Subcutaneous administration of E2 for 4 weeks decreased body weight, gonadal and perirenal fat, and bone formation rate in OVX rats. This effect was completely mimicked by intracerebroventricular injections of E2, once every 4 days for 4 weeks. Administration of E2 locally in the VMH by retromicrodialysis (3 h) acutely increased expression of the lipolytic gene hormone-sensitive lipase in gonadal and perirenal fat. Finally, chronic administration of E2 in the VMH for 8 weeks decreased perirenal fat but did not affect body weight, trabecular bone volume, or cortical thickness. In conclusion, we demonstrated that intracerebroventricular E2 replacement reduces body weight gain, ameliorates intraabdominal fat accumulation, and reduces bone formation in the OVX rats. E2 administration selectively in the VMH also reduced intraabdominal fat but did not affect bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - J Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A G Veldhuis-Vlug
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - Y Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - E Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - B C J van der Eerden
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - M Koedam
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - N Bravenboer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - A Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - E Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
| | - P H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z., J.L., A.G.V.-V., E.Fo., A.K., A.B., E.Fl., P.H.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (Y.S., A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry (N.B.), VU University Medical Center, Research Institute MOVE, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Child Health Institute of New Jersey (J.L.), Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Jersey 08901
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Johnson ML, Saffrey MJ, Taylor VJ. Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Were Altered with Oestrous Cycle Stage and Increasing Age in Reproductively Competent Wistar Females. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166229. [PMID: 27829021 PMCID: PMC5102396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in appetite occur during the ovarian cycle in female mammals. Research on appetite-regulatory gastrointestinal peptides in females is limited, because reproductive changes in steroid hormones present additional experimental factors to control for. This study aimed to explore possible changes in the orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin during the rodent oestrous cycle. Fed and fasted plasma and stomach tissue samples were taken from female Wistar rats (32-44 weeks of age) at each stage of the oestrous cycle for total ghrelin quantification using radioimmunoassay. Sampling occurred during the dark phase when most eating takes place in rats. Statistical analysis was by paired-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA on normally distributed data, with Tukey post-hoc tests, or Kruskal-Wallis if not. GLM univariate analysis was used to assess main effects and interactions in ghrelin concentrations in the fed or fasted state and during different stages of the ovarian cycle, with age as a covariate. No consistent fed to fasted ghrelin increases were measured in matched plasma samples from the same animals, contrary to expectations. Total ghrelin concentrations did not significantly change between cycle stages with ANOVA, in either fed or fasted plasma or in stomach tissue. This was despite significantly decreased fasted stomach contents at oestrus (P = 0.028), suggesting decreased food intake. There was however a significant interaction in ghrelin plasma concentrations between fed and fasted proestrus rats and a direct effect of age with rats over 37 weeks old having lower circulating concentrations of ghrelin in both fed and fasted states. The biological implications of altered ghrelin plasma concentrations from 37 weeks of age are as yet unknown, but warrant further investigation. Exploring peripheral ghrelin regulatory factor changes with increasing age in reproductively competent females may bring to light potential effects on offspring development and nutritional metabolic programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Johnson
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - M. Jill Saffrey
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Taylor
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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111
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Rebouças ECC, Leal S, Sá SI. Regulation of NPY and α-MSH expression by estradiol in the arcuate nucleus of Wistar female rats: a stereological study. Neurol Res 2016; 38:740-7. [PMID: 27357214 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1203124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feeding behavior in both animals and humans is modulated by estrogens, as shown by the increased adiposity observed in women and rats upon the drop of estradiol levels at menopause. Estradiol action on food intake is mediated through its cognate receptors within several hypothalamic nuclei, namely the arcuate nucleus (ARN). The ARN contains two neuronal populations expressing peptides that exert opposing effects on the central control of feeding: the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the anorexigenic α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). METHODS To understand the role played by estradiol in the modulation of food intake, we have used an animal model of cyclic 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) administration and stereological methods to estimate the total number of neurons immunoreactive for NPY and α-MSH in the ARN of ovariectomized rats. RESULTS Present results show that the experimentally induced EB cyclicity prompted a decrease in food consumption and in body weight. Data also show that ovariectomy induced an increase in NPY expression and a decrease in α-MSH expression in the ARN that were reverted by EB administration. Conversely, EB blocked the expression of NPY and increased the synthesis of α-MSH in ARN neurons, without affecting the overall sum of NPY and α-MSH neurons. DISCUSSION These results suggest that estradiol affects food intake and, consequently, body weight gain, through an overriding mechanism superimposed in the physiological balance between both peptides in the ARN of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elce C C Rebouças
- a Department of Natural Sciences , State University of Southwest of Bahia , Bahia , Brazil.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Faculty of Medicine, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sandra Leal
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Faculty of Medicine, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,d Department of Sciences , Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS) , Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North (ISCS-N), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal
| | - Susana I Sá
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Faculty of Medicine, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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Abstract
Successfully rearing young places multiple demands on the mammalian female. These are met by a wide array of alterations in maternal physiology and behavior that are coordinated with the needs of the developing young, and include adaptations in neuroendocrine systems not directly involved in maternal behavior or lactation. In this article, attenuations in the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors, the alterations in metabolic pathways facilitating both increased food intake and conservation of energy, and the changes in fertility that occur postpartum are described. The mechanisms underlying these processes as well as the factors that contribute to them and the relative contributions of these stimuli at different times postpartum are also reviewed. The induction and maintenance of the adaptations observed in the postpartum maternal brain are dependent on mother-young interaction and, in most cases, on suckling stimulation and its consequences for the hormonal profile of the mother. The peptide hormone prolactin acting on receptors within the brain makes a major contribution to changes in metabolic pathways, suppression of fertility and the attenuation of the neuroendocrine response to stress during lactation. Oxytocin is also released, both into the circulation and in some hypothalamic nuclei, in response to suckling stimulation and this hormone has been implicated in the decrease in anxiety behavior seen in the early postpartum period. The relative importance of these hormones changes across lactation and it is becoming increasingly clear that many of the adaptations to motherhood reviewed here reflect the outcome of multiple influences. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1493-1518, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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113
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Stress-induced alterations in estradiol sensitivity increase risk for obesity in women. Physiol Behav 2016; 166:56-64. [PMID: 27182047 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in the United States continues to rise, increasing individual vulnerability to an array of adverse health outcomes. One factor that has been implicated causally in the increased accumulation of fat and excess food intake is the activity of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) axis in the face of relentless stressor exposure. However, translational and clinical research continues to understudy the effects sex and gonadal hormones and LHPA axis dysfunction in the etiology of obesity even though women continue to be at greater risk than men for stress-induced disorders, including depression, emotional feeding and obesity. The current review will emphasize the need for sex-specific evaluation of the relationship between stress exposure and LHPA axis activity on individual risk for obesity by summarizing data generated by animal models currently being leveraged to determine the etiology of stress-induced alterations in feeding behavior and metabolism. There exists a clear lack of translational models that have been used to study female-specific risk. One translational model of psychosocial stress exposure that has proven fruitful in elucidating potential mechanisms by which females are at increased risk for stress-induced adverse health outcomes is that of social subordination in socially housed female macaque monkeys. Data from subordinate female monkeys suggest that increased risk for emotional eating and the development of obesity in females may be due to LHPA axis-induced changes in the behavioral and physiological sensitivity of estradiol. The lack in understanding of the mechanisms underlying these alterations necessitate the need to account for the effects of sex and gonadal hormones in the rationale, design, implementation, analysis and interpretation of results in our studies of stress axis function in obesity. Doing so may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets with which to combat stress-induced obesity exclusively in females.
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114
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Ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonism alters preference for ethanol and sucrose in a concentration-dependent manner in prairie voles. Physiol Behav 2016; 155:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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115
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Yasrebi A, Hsieh A, Mamounis KJ, Krumm EA, Yang JA, Magby J, Hu P, Roepke TA. Differential gene regulation of GHSR signaling pathway in the arcuate nucleus and NPY neurons by fasting, diet-induced obesity, and 17β-estradiol. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:42-56. [PMID: 26577678 PMCID: PMC4742417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin's receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons. Fasting, diet-induced obesity (DIO), and 17β-estradiol (E2) influence ARC Ghsr expression. It is unknown if these effects occur in NPY neurons. Therefore, we examined the expression of Npy, Agrp, and GHSR signaling pathway genes after fasting, DIO, and E2 replacement in ARC and pools of NPY neurons. In males, fasting increased ARC Ghsr and NPY Foxo1 but decreased NPY Ucp2. In males, DIO decreased ARC and NPY Ghsr and Cpt1c. In fed females, E2 increased Agrp, Ghsr, Cpt1c, and Foxo1 in ARC. In NPY pools, E2 decreased Foxo1 in fed females but increased Foxo1 in fasted females. DIO in females suppressed Agrp and augmented Cpt1c in NPY neurons. In summary, genes involved in GHSR signaling are differentially regulated between the ARC and NPY neurons in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Hsieh
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kyle J Mamounis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Krumm
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer A Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason Magby
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Pu Hu
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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116
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Wiedemann T, Bielohuby M, Müller TD, Bidlingmaier M, Pellegata NS. Obesity in MENX Rats Is Accompanied by High Circulating Levels of Ghrelin and Improved Insulin Sensitivity. Diabetes 2016; 65:406-20. [PMID: 26512025 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the natural ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), is mainly secreted from the stomach and regulates food intake and energy homeostasis. p27 regulates cell cycle progression in many cell types. Here, we report that rats affected by the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome MENX, caused by a p27 mutation, develop pancreatic islet hyperplasia containing elevated numbers of ghrelin-producing ε-cells. The metabolic phenotype of MENX-affected rats featured high endogenous acylated and unacylated plasma ghrelin levels. Supporting increased ghrelin action, MENX rats show increased food intake, enhanced body fat mass, and elevated plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. Ghrelin effect on food intake was confirmed by treating MENX rats with a GHS-R1a antagonist. At 7.5 months, MENX-affected rats show decreased mRNA levels of hypothalamic GHS-R1a, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and agouti-related protein (AgRP), suggesting that prolonged hyperghrelinemia may lead to decreased ghrelin efficacy. In line with ghrelin's proposed role in glucose metabolism, we find decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in MENX rats, while insulin sensitivity is improved. In summary, we provide a novel nontransgenic rat model with high endogenous ghrelin plasma levels and, interestingly, improved glucose tolerance. This model might aid in identifying new therapeutic approaches for obesity and obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wiedemann
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwigs-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwigs-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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117
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Gao H, Sisley S, Yallampalli C. Blunted hypothalamic ghrelin signaling reduces diet intake in rats fed a low-protein diet in late pregnancy. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/12/e12629. [PMID: 26660550 PMCID: PMC4760445 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet intake in pregnant rats fed a low‐protein (LP) diet was significantly reduced during late pregnancy despite elevated plasma levels of ghrelin. In this study, we hypothesized that ghrelin signaling in the hypothalamus is blunted under a low‐protein diet condition and therefore, it does not stimulate diet intake during late pregnancy. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a normal (CT) or LP diet from Day 1 of pregnancy. On Day 21, 0.5 μg ghrelin was given into the third ventricle (ICV). Diet and water intake at 30, 60, and 120 min after ICV injection was measured. Hypothalami were dissected and analyzed for expression of genes related to appetite regulation (Npy, Agrp, Pomc and Cart) and phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC proteins (downstream proteins of ghrelin receptor activation). Results include: In response to ICV injection of ghrelin, (1) diet intake was significantly lower in LP compared to CT rats; (2) water intake was not affected in LP rats; (3) expression of Npy and Agrp, but not Pomc and Cart, were higher in the hypothalamus of LP compared to CT rats; (4) the abundance of phosphorylated AMPK and the ratio of phosphorylated to total AMPK, but not the abundance of total AMPK, were lower in LP compared to CT rats; (5) the abundance of phosphorylated ACC, but not total ACC, was lower in LP rats. These findings suggest that blunted ghrelin signaling in the hypothalamus of pregnant rats fed a LP diet leads to reduced diet intake and exacerbates gestational protein insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephanie Sisley
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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118
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Toth I, Kiss DS, Jocsak G, Somogyi V, Toronyi E, Bartha T, Frenyo LV, Horvath TL, Zsarnovszky A. Estrogen- and Satiety State-Dependent Metabolic Lateralization in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137462. [PMID: 26339901 PMCID: PMC4560379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus is the highest center and the main crossroad of numerous homeostatic regulatory pathways including reproduction and energy metabolism. Previous reports indicate that some of these functions may be driven by the synchronized but distinct functioning of the left and right hypothalamic sides. However, the nature of interplay between the hemispheres with regard to distinct hypothalamic functions is still unclear. Here we investigated the metabolic asymmetry between the left and right hypothalamic sides of ovariectomized female rats by measuring mitochondrial respiration rates, a parameter that reflects the intensity of cell and tissue metabolism. Ovariectomized (saline injected) and ovariectomized+estrogen injected animals were fed ad libitum or fasted to determine 1) the contribution of estrogen to metabolic asymmetry of hypothalamus; and 2) whether the hypothalamic asymmetry is modulated by the satiety state. Results show that estrogen-priming significantly increased both the proportion of animals with detected hypothalamic lateralization and the degree of metabolic difference between the hypothalamic sides causing a right-sided dominance during state 3 mitochondrial respiration (St3) in ad libitum fed animals. After 24 hours of fasting, lateralization in St3 values was clearly maintained; however, instead of the observed right-sided dominance that was detected in ad libitum fed animals here appeared in form of either right- or left-sidedness. In conclusion, our results revealed estrogen- and satiety state-dependent metabolic differences between the two hypothalamic hemispheres in female rats showing that the hypothalamic hemispheres drive the reproductive and satiety state related functions in an asymmetric manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Toth
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - David S. Kiss
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virag Somogyi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Toronyi
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laszlo V. Frenyo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsarnovszky
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Animal Physiology and Animal Health, Szent Istvan University Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
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119
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GHS-R1A antagonism reduces alcohol but not sucrose preference in prairie voles. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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120
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The Effects of Immobilization Stress on Serum Ghrelin Level, Food Intake and Body Weight in Male and Female Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/jamm.3(2)2015.27167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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121
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Trivedi C, Shan X, Tung YCL, Kabra D, Holland J, Amburgy S, Heppner K, Kirchner H, Yeo GSH, Perez-Tilve D. Tachykinin-1 in the central nervous system regulates adiposity in rodents. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1714-23. [PMID: 25751638 PMCID: PMC4398763 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a circulating hormone that targets the central nervous system to regulate feeding and adiposity. The best-characterized neural system that mediates the effects of ghrelin on energy balance involves the activation of neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons, expressed exclusively in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, ghrelin receptors are expressed in other neuronal populations involved in the control of energy balance. We combined laser capture microdissection of several nuclei of the central nervous system expressing the ghrelin receptor (GH secretagoge receptor) with microarray gene expression analysis to identify additional neuronal systems involved in the control of central nervous system-ghrelin action. We identified tachykinin-1 (Tac1) as a gene negatively regulated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, we identified neuropeptide k as the TAC1-derived peptide with more prominent activity, inducing negative energy balance when delivered directly into the brain. Conversely, loss of Tac1 expression enhances the effectiveness of ghrelin promoting fat mass gain both in male and in female mice and increases the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in ovariectomized mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role TAC1 in the control energy balance by regulating the levels of adiposity in response to ghrelin administration and to changes in the status of the gonadal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitrang Trivedi
- Metabolic Diseases Institute (C.T., D.K., J.H., S.A., K.H., H.K., D.P.-T.), Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (C.T.), Ahmedabab 382210, India; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (X.S., Y.-C.L.T., G.S.H.Y.), University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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122
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Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. Minireview: neural signaling of estradiol in the hypothalamus. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:645-57. [PMID: 25751314 PMCID: PMC4415204 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.J.K., O.K.R.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (O.K.R.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; and Division of Neuroscience (M.J.K., O.K.R.), Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
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Choi EK, Park HJ, Sul OJ, Rajasekaran M, Yu R, Choi HS. Carbon monoxide reverses adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance upon loss of ovarian function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E621-30. [PMID: 25714672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00458.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that carbon monoxide (CO) might suppress chronic inflammation, which led to metabolic disturbances. Ovariectomy (OVX) was performed in mice to mimic chronic inflammation secondary to loss of ovarian function. OVX increased fat mass and the infiltration of highly inflammatory CD11c cells into adipose tissue (AT), resulting in a disturbance of glucose metabolism. Treatment of CO attenuated these; CO decreased recruitment of CD11c-expressing cells in AT and reduced expression of CD11c in bone marrow-derived macrophages, protecting them from M1 polarization. Upregulated cGMP and decreased reactive oxygen species were responsible for the inhibitory activity of CO on CD11c expression; knockdown of soluble guanylate cyclase or heme oxygenase-1 using small interfering RNAs reduced this inhibition substantially. Improved OVX-induced insulin resistance (IR) by CO was highly associated with its activity to attenuate AT inflammation. Our results suggest a therapeutic value of CO to treat postmenopausal IR by reducing AT inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/immunology
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Adiposity/drug effects
- Aging
- Animals
- Antimetabolites/pharmacology
- Carbon Monoxide/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/agonists
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Female
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/genetics
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Heme Oxygenase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Insulin Resistance
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organometallic Compounds/administration & dosage
- Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology
- Organometallic Compounds/therapeutic use
- Ovariectomy/adverse effects
- Panniculitis/immunology
- Panniculitis/metabolism
- Panniculitis/pathology
- Panniculitis/prevention & control
- Prodrugs/administration & dosage
- Prodrugs/pharmacology
- Prodrugs/therapeutic use
- RNA Interference
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; and
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; and
| | - Ok-Joo Sul
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; and
| | - Monisha Rajasekaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; and
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea; and
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Carrillo B, Collado P, Díaz F, Chowen JA, Pinos H. Exposure to increased levels of estradiol during development can have long-term effects on the response to undernutrition in female rats. Nutr Neurosci 2015; 19:414-422. [PMID: 25763920 DOI: 10.1179/1476830515y.0000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Undernutrition during development alters the expression of peptides that control energy expenditure and feeding behavior. Estrogens can also modulate these peptides. Here, we analyze whether the early postnatal administration of estradiol modulates the effects of undernutrition on neuroendocrine parameters in adult female Wistar rats. METHODS Control rats were fed a control diet. Undernourished pups were submitted to a restricted diet with half of the undernourished rats receiving 0.4 mg/kg s.c. of estradiol benzoate (EB) from postnatal day (P) 6 until P13. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine expression in the hypothalamus of agouti-related peptide (AgRP), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, and adiponectin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total and acylated ghrelin levels were measured in plasma by radioimmunoassay. Insulin and leptin were measured by mulitplex immunoassays. RESULTS Undernourishment decreased body weight, fat mass, plasma leptin and insulin levels, and hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels. An increase in orexigenic signals AgRP and NPY mRNA levels, and in plasma adiponectin levels were found in undernourished animals. Early postnatal treatment with EB to undernourished female rats reversed the effects of undernutrition on adult hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels. In addition, neonatal EB treatment to undernourished females significantly decreased adult plasma testosterone, estradiol, and acylated ghrelin levels. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that increased estradiol during a critical period of development has the capacity to modulate the alterations that undernutrition produces on energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carrillo
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - P Collado
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
| | - F Díaz
- b Departamento de Endocrinología , Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - J A Chowen
- b Departamento de Endocrinología , Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - H Pinos
- a Departamento de Psicobiología , Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) , Madrid , Spain
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Martínez de Morentin PB, Lage R, González-García I, Ruíz-Pino F, Martins L, Fernández-Mallo D, Gallego R, Fernø J, Señarís R, Saha AK, Tovar S, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Tena-Sempere M, López M. Pregnancy induces resistance to the anorectic effect of hypothalamic malonyl-CoA and the thermogenic effect of hypothalamic AMPK inhibition in female rats. Endocrinology 2015; 156:947-60. [PMID: 25535827 PMCID: PMC4330316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During gestation, hyperphagia is necessary to cope with the metabolic demands of embryonic development. There were three main aims of this study: Firstly, to investigate the effect of pregnancy on hypothalamic fatty acid metabolism, a key pathway for the regulation of energy balance; secondly, to study whether pregnancy induces resistance to the anorectic effect of fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibition and accumulation of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) in the hypothalamus; and, thirdly, to study whether changes in hypothalamic AMPK signaling are associated with brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis during pregnancy. Our data suggest that in pregnant rats, the hypothalamic fatty acid pathway shows an overall state that should lead to anorexia and elevated BAT thermogenesis: decreased activities of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), FAS, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, coupled with increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase function with subsequent elevation of malonyl-CoA levels. This profile seems dependent of estradiol levels but not prolactin or progesterone. Despite the apparent anorexic and thermogenic signaling in the hypothalamus, pregnant rats remain hyperphagic and display reduced temperature and BAT function. Actually, pregnant rats develop resistance to the anorectic effects of central FAS inhibition, which is associated with a reduction of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression and its transcription factors phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and phospho-forkhead box O1. This evidence demonstrates that pregnancy induces a state of resistance to the anorectic and thermogenic actions of hypothalamic cellular signals of energy surplus, which, in parallel to the already known refractoriness to leptin effects, likely contributes to gestational hyperphagia and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Martínez de Morentin
- Department of Physiology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS) (P.B.M.d.M., R.L., I.G.-G., L.M., D.F.M., R.S., S.T., C.D., R.N., M.L.), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) (P.B.M.d.M., R.L., I.G.-G., F.R.-P., L.M., D.F.M., S.T., C.D., R.N., M.T.-S., M.L.), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology (F.R.-P., M.T.-S.), University of Córdoba, Córdoba 14004, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (F.R.-P., M.T.-S.), Córdoba 14004, Spain; Department of Morphological Sciences (R.G.), School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Department of Clinical Science (J.F.), K. G. Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, N-5021, Norway; and Diabetes Research Unit, EBRC-827 (A.K.S.), Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Abstract
The NIH has recently highlighted the importance of sexual dimorphisms and has mandated inclusion of both sexes in clinical trials and basic research. In this review we highlight new and novel ways sex hormones influence body adiposity and the metabolic syndrome. Understanding how and why metabolic processes differ by sex will enable clinicians to target and personalize therapies based on gender. Adipose tissue function and deposition differ by sex. Females differ with respect to distribution of adipose tissues, males tend to accrue more visceral fat, leading to the classic android body shape which has been highly correlated to increased cardiovascular risk; whereas females accrue more fat in the subcutaneous depot prior to menopause, a feature which affords protection from the negative consequences associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. After menopause, fat deposition and accrual shift to favor the visceral depot. This shift is accompanied by a parallel increase in metabolic risk reminiscent to that seen in men. A full understanding of the physiology behind why, and by what mechanisms, adipose tissues accumulate in specific depots and how these depots differ metabolically by sex is important in efforts of prevention of obesity and chronic disease. Estrogens, directly or through activation of their receptors on adipocytes and in adipose tissues, facilitate adipose tissue deposition and function. Evidence suggests that estrogens augment the sympathetic tone differentially to the adipose tissue depots favoring lipid accumulation in the subcutaneous depot in women and visceral fat deposition in men. At the level of adipocyte function, estrogens and their receptors influence the expandability of fat cells enhancing the expandability in the subcutaneous depot and inhibiting it in the visceral depot. Sex hormones clearly influence adipose tissue function and deposition, determining how to capture and utilize their function in a time of caloric surfeit, requires more information. The key will be harnessing the beneficial effects of sex hormones in such a way as to provide 'healthy' adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Department, Diabetes and Obesity Research Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
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127
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Liu X, Shi H. Regulation of Estrogen Receptor α Expression in the Hypothalamus by Sex Steroids: Implication in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:949085. [PMID: 26491443 PMCID: PMC4600542 DOI: 10.1155/2015/949085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences exist in the complex regulation of energy homeostasis that utilizes central and peripheral systems. It is widely accepted that sex steroids, especially estrogens, are important physiological and pathological components in this sex-specific regulation. Estrogens exert their biological functions via estrogen receptors (ERs). ERα, a classic nuclear receptor, contributes to metabolic regulation and sexual behavior more than other ER subtypes. Physiological and molecular studies have identified multiple ERα-rich nuclei in the hypothalamus of the central nervous system (CNS) as sites of actions that mediate effects of estrogens. Much of our understanding of ERα regulation has been obtained using transgenic models such as ERα global or nuclei-specific knockout mice. A fundamental question concerning how ERα is regulated in wild-type animals, including humans, in response to alterations in steroid hormone levels, due to experimental manipulation (i.e., castration and hormone replacement) or physiological stages (i.e., puberty, pregnancy, and menopause), lacks consistent answers. This review discusses how different sex hormones affect ERα expression in the hypothalamus. This information will contribute to the knowledge of estrogen action in the CNS, further our understanding of discrepancies in correlation of altered sex hormone levels with metabolic disturbances when comparing both sexes, and improve health issues in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- *Haifei Shi:
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128
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Litwak SA, Wilson JL, Chen W, Garcia-Rudaz C, Khaksari M, Cowley MA, Enriori PJ. Estradiol prevents fat accumulation and overcomes leptin resistance in female high-fat diet mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4447-60. [PMID: 25147981 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In premenopausal and menopausal women in particular, suboptimal estrogens have been linked to the development of the metabolic syndrome as major contributors to fat accumulation. At the same time, estrogens have been described to have a role in regulating body metabolic status. We evaluated how endogenous or administered estrogens impact on the changes associated with high-fat diet (HFD) consumption in 2 different paradigms; ovarian-intact and in ovariectomized mice. When estradiol (E2) was cyclically administered to ovarian-intact HFD-fed mice for 12 weeks, animals gained significantly less weight than ovarian-intact vehicle controls (P < .01). This difference was mainly due to a reduced caloric intake but not to an increase in energy expenditure or locomotor activity. This E2 treatment regime to mice exposed to HFD was overall able to avoid the increase of visceral fat content to levels of those found in mice fed a regular chow diet. In the ovariectomized model, the main body weight and fat content reducing action of E2 was not only through decreasing food intake but also by increasing the whole-body energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and by inducing fat oxidation. Importantly, these animals became responsive to the anorexigenic effects of leptin in contrast to the vehicle-treated and the pair-fed control groups (P < .01). Further, in vitro hypothalamic secretion experiments revealed that treatment of obese mice with E2 is able to modulate the secretion of appetite-regulating neuropeptides; namely, E2 increased the secretion of the anorectic neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and decreased the secretion of the orexigenic neuropetides neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related peptide. In conclusion, differences in response to E2 treatment of HFD-fed animals depend on their endogenous estrogenic status. Overall, E2 administration overcomes arcuate leptin resistance and partially prevents fat accumulation on these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Litwak
- Monash Obesity and Diabetes Institute/Department of Physiology (S.A.L., J.L.W., W.C., M.A.C., P.J.E.), Monash University, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics (C.G-R.), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University and Monash Children's Hospital, 3168 Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology (M.K.), Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran 76169-1411
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129
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Cornier MA, Shott ME, Thomas EA, Bechtell JL, Bessesen DH, Tregellas JR, Frank GK. The effects of energy balance, obesity-proneness and sex on the neuronal response to sweet taste. Behav Brain Res 2014; 278:446-52. [PMID: 25447301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that propensity for weight gain, energy balance state and sex are important determinants of the neuronal response to visual food cues. It is not clear, though, whether these factors also impact the neuronal response to taste. The objective of this study was to examine the neuronal response to sweet taste during energy imbalance in men and women recruited to be obesity-prone (OP) or obesity-resistant (OR). OP (13 men and 12 women) and OR (12 men and 12 women) subjects were studied after 1 day of eucaloric, overfed and underfed conditions in a randomized crossover design. On each test day, fMRI was performed in the respective acute fed state while subjects received in random order 60 trials each of 1M sucrose solution (SU), or artificial saliva (AS) following a visual cue predicting the taste. The neuronal response to SU versus AS expectation was significantly greater in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, putamen and insula in OR versus OP; SU receipt was not different between groups. There were also sex-based differences with men having greater neuronal response to SU versus AS receipt in the caudate than women. The results, however, were not impacted by the state of energy balance. In summary, response to expectation but not receipt of basic sweet taste was different in OR compared to OP, highlighting the importance of learning and conditioning in the propensity to gain weight. Response to sucrose taste receipt was stronger in men than women, raising questions about the effect of sex hormones on brain response to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Megan E Shott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jamie L Bechtell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Research Service, VA Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Guido K Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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130
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Rönn M, Lind L, Örberg J, Kullberg J, Söderberg S, Larsson A, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Lind PM. Bisphenol A is related to circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, but not to fat mass or fat distribution in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:42-48. [PMID: 25048886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to induce obesity in experimental studies, we explored the associations between BPA and fat mass, fat distribution and circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin in humans. METHODS In the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS), fat mass and fat distribution were determined in 70-year-old men and women (n=890) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=287). Serum levels of BPA were analyzed using isotope liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (API4000LC-MS/MS). Hormone levels were analyzed with radioimmunoassays (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Imaging was performed approximately two years following collection of other data. RESULTS Serum concentrations of BPA were not related to adipose tissue measurements by DXA or MRI. BPA associated positively with adiponectin and leptin, but negatively with ghrelin, following adjustments for sex, height, fat mass, lean mass, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, energy intake, and educational levels (p<0.001, p=0.009, p<0.001, respectively). The relationship between BPA and ghrelin was stronger in women than in men. CONCLUSION Although no relationships between BPA levels and measures of fat mass were seen, BPA associated strongly with the adipokines adiponectin and leptin and with the gut-hormone ghrelin suggesting that BPA may interfere with hormonal control of hunger and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rönn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Örberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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131
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Frank A, Brown LM, Clegg DJ. The role of hypothalamic estrogen receptors in metabolic regulation. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:550-7. [PMID: 24882636 PMCID: PMC4174989 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens regulate key features of metabolism, including food intake, body weight, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, leptin sensitivity, and body fat distribution. There are two 'classical' estrogen receptors (ERs): estrogen receptor alpha (ERS1) and estrogen receptor beta (ERS2). Human and murine data indicate ERS1 contributes to metabolic regulation more so than ESR2. For example, there are human inactivating mutations of ERS1 which recapitulate aspects of the metabolic syndrome in both men and women. Much of our understanding of the metabolic roles of ERS1 was initially uncovered in estrogen receptor α-null mice (ERS1(-/-)); these mice display aspects of the metabolic syndrome, including increased body weight, increased visceral fat deposition and dysregulated glucose intolerance. Recent data further implicate ERS1 in specific tissues and neuronal populations as being critical for regulating food intake, energy expenditure, body fat distribution and adipose tissue function. This review will focus predominantly on the role of hypothalamic ERs and their critical role in regulating all aspects of energy homeostasis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Frank
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lynda M Brown
- Food and Nutrition Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411-0002, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA.
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132
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Cason AM, Aston-Jones G. Role of orexin/hypocretin in conditioned sucrose-seeking in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:97-102. [PMID: 25036612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin system has recently been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. Given that eating disorders affect women more than men, we reasoned that the orexin system may be strongly engaged in female rats, and during periods of food restriction as we recently reported in male rats. Therefore, the present study examined the involvement of the orexin system in operant responding for sucrose, and in cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking, in ad libitum fed vs. food-restricted female subjects. Female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer sucrose pellets, and we determined the effects of pretreatment with the OxR1 receptor antagonist SB 334867 (SB; 10-30 mg/kg) on fixed ratio (FR) sucrose self-administration, and on cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished sucrose-seeking. SB decreased sucrose self-administration in food-restricted but not in ad libitum-fed females. SB did not alter active lever responding during cue-induced reinstatement of sucrose-seeking in either feeding group. These results confirm our previous results in male rats that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in the sucrose reinforcement and self-administration in food-restricted subjects. However, the finding that SB is ineffective at attenuating cue-induced reinstatement in females, but was effective in food-restricted males, leads us to conclude that food seeking induced by conditioned stimuli engages the orexin system differentially in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie M Cason
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building 406, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building 406, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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133
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Butera PC, Clough SJ, Bungo A. Cyclic estradiol treatment modulates the orexigenic effects of ghrelin in ovariectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 124:356-60. [PMID: 25025182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Data from a wide variety of mammalian species indicate that feeding behavior can be influenced by changes in endogenous estrogens and exogenous estrogenic treatments. Ghrelin is an important physiological signal for the regulation of energy balance, and ghrelin treatment increases eating and body weight in male rodents. The following studies evaluated the hypothesis that the inhibitory effects of estradiol on feeding involve interactions with orexigenic peptides by examining the ability of estradiol to modulate the behavioral effects of ghrelin in female rats. In these experiments, adult rats were ovariectomized and assigned to an estradiol benzoate (EB) or an oil (control) group. Three weeks after ovariectomy, animals received two daily subcutaneous injections of EB or the oil vehicle. Animals then received intraperitoneal (ip) injections of ghrelin (6.0 or 12.0 nmol) or saline during the nocturnal and diurnal periods three days after the first injection of estradiol or oil. Food intake, meal size, and meal number were determined during the 2-hour period following ghrelin or saline treatments. Ghrelin significantly increased food intake during nocturnal tests in oil-treated but not estradiol-treated rats. The hyperphagic effects of ghrelin on nocturnal food intake were also accompanied by an increase in meal size, and this effect of ghrelin on meal size was attenuated in estradiol-treated females. These findings support the hypothesis that the effects of estradiol on feeding behavior involve an attenuation of orexigenic signals, possibly by modulating the effects of the peripheral ghrelin signal on hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the control of food intake.
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134
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Martínez de Morentin PB, González-García I, Martins L, Lage R, Fernández-Mallo D, Martínez-Sánchez N, Ruíz-Pino F, Liu J, Morgan DA, Pinilla L, Gallego R, Saha AK, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E, Bisschop PH, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Rahmouni K, Tena-Sempere M, López M. Estradiol regulates brown adipose tissue thermogenesis via hypothalamic AMPK. Cell Metab 2014; 20:41-53. [PMID: 24856932 PMCID: PMC4082097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens play a major role in the modulation of energy balance through central and peripheral actions. Here, we demonstrate that central action of estradiol (E2) inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) selectively in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), leading to activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in a feeding-independent manner. Genetic activation of AMPK in the VMH prevented E2-induced increase in BAT-mediated thermogenesis and weight loss. Notably, fluctuations in E2 levels during estrous cycle also modulate this integrated physiological network. Together, these findings demonstrate that E2 regulation of the VMH AMPK-SNS-BAT axis is an important determinant of energy balance and suggest that dysregulation in this axis may account for the common changes in energy homeostasis and obesity linked to dysfunction of the female gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo B Martínez de Morentin
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Ismael González-García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Luís Martins
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Ricardo Lage
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Diana Fernández-Mallo
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Noelia Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruíz-Pino
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Leonor Pinilla
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Asish K Saha
- Diabetes Research Unit, EBRC-827, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam, 1105 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14004 Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia (HURS), Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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135
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Schneider JE, Brozek JM, Keen-Rhinehart E. Our stolen figures: the interface of sexual differentiation, endocrine disruptors, maternal programming, and energy balance. Horm Behav 2014; 66:104-19. [PMID: 24681201 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". The prevalence of adult obesity has risen markedly in the last quarter of the 20th century and has not been reversed in this century. Less well known is the fact that obesity prevalence has risen in domestic, laboratory, and feral animals, suggesting that all of these species have been exposed to obesogenic factors present in the environment. This review emphasizes interactions among three biological processes known to influence energy balance: Sexual differentiation, endocrine disruption, and maternal programming. Sexual dimorphisms include differences between males and females in body weight, adiposity, adipose tissue distribution, ingestive behavior, and the underlying neural circuits. These sexual dimorphisms are controlled by sex chromosomes, hormones that masculinize or feminize adult body weight during perinatal development, and hormones that act during later periods of development, such as puberty. Endocrine disruptors are natural and synthetic molecules that attenuate or block normal hormonal action during these same developmental periods. A growing body of research documents effects of endocrine disruptors on the differentiation of adipocytes and the central nervous system circuits that control food intake, energy expenditure, and adipose tissue storage. In parallel, interest has grown in epigenetic influences, including maternal programming, the process by which the mother's experience has permanent effects on energy-balancing traits in the offspring. This review highlights the points at which maternal programming, sexual differentiation, and endocrine disruption might dovetail to influence global changes in energy balancing traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Lehigh University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Jeremy M Brozek
- Lehigh University, Department of Biological Sciences, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Erin Keen-Rhinehart
- Susquehanna University, Department of Biological Sciences, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
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136
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Wilson ME, Moore CJ, Ethun KF, Johnson ZP. Understanding the control of ingestive behavior in primates. Horm Behav 2014; 66:86-94. [PMID: 24727080 PMCID: PMC4051844 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". Ingestive behavior in free-ranging populations of nonhuman primates is influenced by resource availability and social group organization and provides valuable insight on the evolution of ecologically adaptive behaviors and physiological systems. As captive populations were established, questions regarding proximate mechanisms that regulate food intake in these animals could be more easily addressed. The availability of these captive populations has led to the use of selected species to understand appetite control or metabolic physiology in humans. Recognizing the difficulty of quantitating food intake in free-ranging groups, the use of captive, singly-housed animals provided a distinct advantage though, at the same time, produced a different social ecology from the animals' natural habitat. However, the recent application of novel technologies to quantitate caloric intake and energy expenditure in free-feeding, socially housed monkeys permits prospective studies that can accurately define how food intake changes in response to any number of interventions in the context of a social environment. This review provides an overview of studies examining food intake using captive nonhuman primates organized into three areas: a) neurochemical regulation of food intake in nonhuman primates; b) whether exposure to specific diets during key developmental periods programs differences in diet preferences or changes the expression of feeding related neuropeptides; and c) how psychosocial factors influence appetite regulation. Because feeding patterns are driven by more than just satiety and orexigenic signals, appreciating how the social context influences pattern of feeding in nonhuman primates may be quite informative for understanding the biological complexity of feeding in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wilson
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Carla J Moore
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Nutrition & Health Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kelly F Ethun
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zachary P Johnson
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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137
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Davis KE, Carstens EJ, Irani BG, Gent LM, Hahner LM, Clegg DJ. Sexually dimorphic role of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in modulating energy homeostasis. Horm Behav 2014; 66:196-207. [PMID: 24560890 PMCID: PMC4051842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Energy Balance". The classical estrogen receptors, estrogen receptor-α and estrogen receptor-β are well established in the regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis in both male and female mice, whereas, the role for G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) as a modulator of energy homeostasis remains controversial. This study sought to determine whether gene deletion of GPER (GPER KO) alters body weight, body adiposity, food intake, and energy homeostasis in both males and females. Male mice lacking GPER developed moderate obesity and larger adipocyte size beginning at 8 weeks of age, with significant reductions in energy expenditure, but not food intake or adipocyte number. Female GPER KO mice developed increased body weight relative to WT females a full 6 weeks later than the male GPER KO mice. Female GPER KO mice also had reductions in energy expenditure, but no significant increases in body fat content. Consistent with their decrease in energy expenditure, GPER KO males and females showed significant reductions in two brown fat thermogenic proteins. GPER KO females, prior to their divergence in body weight, were less sensitive than WT females to the feeding-inhibitory effects of leptin and CCK. Additionally, body weight was not as modulated by ovariectomy or estradiol replacement in GPER KO mice. Estradiol treatment activated phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in WT but not GPER KO females. For the first time, GPER expression was found in the adipocyte but not the stromal fraction of adipose tissue. Together, these results provide new information elucidating a sexual dimorphism in GPER function in the development of postpubertal energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Davis
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8860, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Carstens
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, School of Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Boman G Irani
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lana M Gent
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Lisa M Hahner
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA.
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138
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Bellefontaine N, Elias CF. Minireview: Metabolic control of the reproductive physiology: insights from genetic mouse models. Horm Behav 2014; 66:7-14. [PMID: 24746731 PMCID: PMC4204395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue Energy Balance. Over the past two decades, and in particular over the past 5-7 years, there has been a tremendous advancement in the understanding of the metabolic control of reproductive physiology. This has been in large part due to the advancement and refinement of gene targeting tools and techniques for molecular mapping. Yet despite the emergence of exciting and often times thought-provoking data through the use of new mouse models, the heavy reliance on gene targeting strategies has become fundamental in this process and thus caution must be exercised when interpreting results. This minireview article will explore the generation of new mouse models using genetic manipulation, such as viral vector delivery and the use of the Cre/loxP system, to investigate the role of circulating metabolic hormones in the coordination of reproductive physiology. In addition, we will also highlight some of the pitfalls in the use of genetic manipulation in the current paradigms. However, it has become clear that metabolic cues employ integrated and plastic neural circuits in order to modulate the neuroendocrine reproductive axis, and despite recent advances much remains to be elucidated about this circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bellefontaine
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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139
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Sárvári M, Kocsis P, Deli L, Gajári D, Dávid S, Pozsgay Z, Hegedűs N, Tihanyi K, Liposits Z. Ghrelin modulates the fMRI BOLD response of homeostatic and hedonic brain centers regulating energy balance in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97651. [PMID: 24830778 PMCID: PMC4022590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic gut-brain peptide, ghrelin and its G-protein coupled receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1A) are pivotal regulators of hypothalamic feeding centers and reward processing neuronal circuits of the brain. These systems operate in a cooperative manner and receive a wide array of neuronal hormone/transmitter messages and metabolic signals. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed in the current study to map BOLD responses to ghrelin in different brain regions with special reference on homeostatic and hedonic regulatory centers of energy balance. Experimental groups involved male, ovariectomized female and ovariectomized estradiol-replaced rats. Putative modulation of ghrelin signaling by endocannabinoids was also studied. Ghrelin-evoked effects were calculated as mean of the BOLD responses 30 minutes after administration. In the male rat, ghrelin evoked a slowly decreasing BOLD response in all studied regions of interest (ROI) within the limbic system. This effect was antagonized by pretreatment with GHS-R1A antagonist JMV2959. The comparison of ghrelin effects in the presence or absence of JMV2959 in individual ROIs revealed significant changes in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens of the telencephalon, and also within hypothalamic centers like the lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In the female rat, the ghrelin effects were almost identical to those observed in males. Ovariectomy and chronic estradiol replacement had no effect on the BOLD response. Inhibition of the endocannabinoid signaling by rimonabant significantly attenuated the response of the nucleus accumbens and septum. In summary, ghrelin can modulate hypothalamic and mesolimbic structures controlling energy balance in both sexes. The endocannabinoid signaling system contributes to the manifestation of ghrelin's BOLD effect in a region specific manner. In females, the estradiol milieu does not influence the BOLD response to ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Pál Kocsis
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Deli
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Gajári
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Dávid
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Pozsgay
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Hegedűs
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Tihanyi
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Gedeon Richter Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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140
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Novelle MG, Vázquez MJ, Martinello KD, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Tena-Sempere M, Diéguez C. Neonatal events, such as androgenization and postnatal overfeeding, modify the response to ghrelin. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4855. [PMID: 24798184 PMCID: PMC4010967 DOI: 10.1038/srep04855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is currently accepted that ambient, non-genetic factors influence perinatal development and evoke structural and functional changes that may persist throughout life. Overfeeding and androgenization after birth are two of these key factors that could result in “metabolic imprinting” of neuronal circuits early in life and, thereby, increase the body weight homeostatic “set point”, stimulate appetite, and result in obesity. Our aim was to determine the influence of these obesogenic factors on the response to ghrelin. We observed the expected orexigenic effect of ghrelin regardless of the nutritional or hormonal manipulations to which the animals were subjected to at early postnatal development and this effect remained intact at later stages of development. In fact, ghrelin responses increased significantly when the animals were subjected to one of the two manipulations, but not when both were combined. An increased response to ghrelin could explain the obese phenotype displayed by individuals with modified perinatal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Novelle
- 1] Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Vázquez
- 1] Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kátia D Martinello
- 1] Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sanchez-Garrido
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Córdoba - Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- 1] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Córdoba - Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- 1] Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain [2] CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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141
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Frazao R, Dungan Lemko HM, da Silva RP, Ratra DV, Lee CE, Williams KW, Zigman JM, Elias CF. Estradiol modulates Kiss1 neuronal response to ghrelin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E606-14. [PMID: 24473434 PMCID: PMC3948981 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a metabolic signal regulating energy homeostasis. Circulating ghrelin levels rise during starvation and fall after a meal, and therefore, ghrelin may function as a signal of negative energy balance. Ghrelin may also act as a modulator of reproductive physiology, as acute ghrelin administration suppresses gonadotropin secretion and inhibits the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. Interestingly, ghrelin's effect in female metabolism varies according to the estrogen milieu predicting an interaction between ghrelin and estrogens, likely at the hypothalamic level. Here, we show that ghrelin receptor (GHSR) and estrogen receptor-α (ERα) are coexpressed in several hypothalamic sites. Higher levels of circulating estradiol increased the expression of GHSR mRNA and the coexpression of GHSR mRNA and ERα selectively in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Subsets of preoptic and ARC Kiss1 neurons coexpressed GHSR. Increased colocalization was observed in ARC Kiss1 neurons of ovariectomized estradiol-treated (OVX + E₂; 80%) compared with ovariectomized oil-treated (OVX; 25%) mice. Acute actions of ghrelin on ARC Kiss1 neurons were also modulated by estradiol; 75 and 22% of Kiss1 neurons of OVX + E₂ and OVX mice, respectively, depolarized in response to ghrelin. Our findings indicate that ghrelin and estradiol may interact in several hypothalamic sites. In the ARC, high levels of E₂ increase GHSR mRNA expression, modifying the colocalization rate with ERα and Kiss1 and the proportion of Kiss1 neurons acutely responding to ghrelin. Our findings indicate that E₂ alters the responsiveness of kisspeptin neurons to metabolic signals, potentially acting as a critical player in the metabolic control of the reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Frazao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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142
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Abstract
Two populations of cells within the hypothalamus exert opposite actions on food intake: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons decrease it, while neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons increase it. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is a potent anorexigenic hormone that exerts both genomic and non-genomic, rapid actions on these metabolic neurons. This review focuses on the rapid membrane effects of E2 in both POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons and how these combined effects mediate the anorexigenic effects of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - O K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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143
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Farkas I, Vastagh C, Sárvári M, Liposits Z. Ghrelin decreases firing activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in an estrous cycle and endocannabinoid signaling dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78178. [PMID: 24124622 PMCID: PMC3790731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide, ghrelin is known to influence function of GnRH neurons, however, the direct effects of the hormone upon these neurons have not been explored, yet. The present study was undertaken to reveal expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) in GnRH neurons and elucidate the mechanisms of ghrelin actions upon them. Ca2+-imaging revealed a ghrelin-triggered increase of the Ca2+-content in GT1-7 neurons kept in a steroid-free medium, which was abolished by GHS-R-antagonist JMV2959 (10µM) suggesting direct action of ghrelin. Estradiol (1nM) eliminated the ghrelin-evoked rise of Ca2+-content, indicating the estradiol dependency of the process. Expression of GHS-R mRNA was then confirmed in GnRH-GFP neurons of transgenic mice by single cell RT-PCR. Firing rate and burst frequency of GnRH-GFP neurons were lower in metestrous than proestrous mice. Ghrelin (40nM-4μM) administration resulted in a decreased firing rate and burst frequency of GnRH neurons in metestrous, but not in proestrous mice. Ghrelin also decreased the firing rate of GnRH neurons in males. The ghrelin-evoked alterations of the firing parameters were prevented by JMV2959, supporting the receptor-specific actions of ghrelin on GnRH neurons. In metestrous mice, ghrelin decreased the frequency of GABAergic mPSCs in GnRH neurons. Effects of ghrelin were abolished by the cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1) antagonist AM251 (1µM) and the intracellularly applied DAG-lipase inhibitor THL (10µM), indicating the involvement of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. These findings demonstrate that ghrelin exerts direct regulatory effects on GnRH neurons via GHS-R, and modulates the firing of GnRH neurons in an ovarian-cycle and endocannabinoid dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Farkas
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Csaba Vastagh
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
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144
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Schneider JE, Wise JD, Benton NA, Brozek JM, Keen-Rhinehart E. When do we eat? Ingestive behavior, survival, and reproductive success. Horm Behav 2013; 64:702-28. [PMID: 23911282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrinology of ingestive behavior is a topic central to human health, particularly in light of the prevalence of obesity, eating disorders, and diabetes. The study of food intake in laboratory rats and mice has yielded some useful hypotheses, but there are still many gaps in our knowledge. Ingestive behavior is more complex than the consummatory act of eating, and decisions about when and how much to eat usually take place in the context of potential mating partners, competitors, predators, and environmental fluctuations that are not present in the laboratory. We emphasize appetitive behaviors, actions that bring animals in contact with a goal object, precede consummatory behaviors, and provide a window into motivation. Appetitive ingestive behaviors are under the control of neural circuits and neuropeptide systems that control appetitive sex behaviors and differ from those that control consummatory ingestive behaviors. Decreases in the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels enhance the stimulatory effects of peripheral hormones on appetitive ingestive behavior and the inhibitory effects on appetitive sex behavior, putting a new twist on the notion of leptin, insulin, and ghrelin "resistance." The ratio of hormone concentrations to the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels may generate a critical signal that schedules conflicting behaviors, e.g., mate searching vs. foraging, food hoarding vs. courtship, and fat accumulation vs. parental care. In species representing every vertebrate taxa and even in some invertebrates, many putative "satiety" or "hunger" hormones function to schedule ingestive behavior in order to optimize reproductive success in environments where energy availability fluctuates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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145
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Johnson ZP, Lowe J, Michopoulos V, Moore CJ, Wilson ME, Toufexis D. Oestradiol differentially influences feeding behaviour depending on diet composition in female rhesus monkeys. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:729-41. [PMID: 23714578 PMCID: PMC4427903 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In females, cyclical changes in the ovarian hormone oestradiol are known to modulate feeding behaviour. However, what is less clear is how these behavioural effects of oestradiol are modified by the macronutrient content of a diet. In the present study, we report data showing that oestradiol treatment results in both significantly smaller meals and a reduced total calorie intake in ovariectomised, socially-housed female rhesus macaques when only chow diet is available. Conversely, during a choice dietary condition where both palatable and chow options are available, oestradiol treatment had no observable, attenuating effect on calorie intake. During this choice dietary phase, all animals consumed more of the palatable diet than chow diet; however, oestradiol treatment appeared to further increase preference for the palatable diet. Finally, oestradiol treatment increased snacking behaviour (i.e. the consumption of calories outside of empirically defined meals), regardless of diet condition. These findings illustrate how oestradiol differentially influences feeding behaviour depending on the dietary environment and provides a framework in which we can begin to examine the mechanisms underlying these observed changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Johnson
- Division of Developmental & Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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146
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Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1215-67. [PMID: 23904103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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147
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Ibrahim BA, Tamrakar P, Gujar AD, Cherian AK, Briski KP. Caudal fourth ventricular administration of the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside regulates glucose and counterregulatory hormone profiles, dorsal vagal complex metabolosensory neuron function, and hypothalamic Fos expression. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1226-38. [PMID: 23825033 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that estrogen controls hindbrain AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and regulation of blood glucose, counterregulatory hormone secretion, and hypothalamic nerve cell transcriptional status. Dorsal vagal complex A2 noradrenergic neurons were laser microdissected from estradiol benzoate (E)- or oil (O)-implanted ovariectomized female rats after caudal fourth ventricular (CV4) delivery of the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside (AICAR), for Western blot analysis. E advanced AICAR-induced increases in A2 phospho-AMPK (pAMPK) expression and in blood glucose levels and was required for augmentation of Fos, estrogen receptor-α (ERα), monocarboxylate transporter-2, and glucose transporter-3 protein in A2 neurons and enhancement of corticosterone secretion by this treatment paradigm. CV4 AICAR also resulted in site-specific modifications in Fos immunolabeling of hypothalamic metabolic structures, including the paraventricular, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei. The current studies demonstrate that estrogen regulates AMPK activation in caudal hindbrain A2 noradrenergic neurons during pharmacological replication of energy shortage in this area of the brain, and that this sensor is involved in neural regulation of glucostasis, in part, through control of corticosterone secretion. The data provide unique evidence that A2 neurons express both ERα and -β proteins and that AMPK upregulates cellular sensitivity to ERα-mediated signaling during simulated energy insufficiency. The results also imply that estrogen promotes glucose and lactate uptake by these cells under those conditions. Evidence for correlation between hindbrain AMPK and hypothalamic nerve cell genomic activation provides novel proof for functional connectivity between this hindbrain sensor and higher order metabolic brain loci while demonstrating a modulatory role for estrogen in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baher A Ibrahim
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
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148
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Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. A selective membrane estrogen receptor agonist maintains autonomic functions in hypoestrogenic states. Brain Res 2013; 1514:75-82. [PMID: 23535448 PMCID: PMC5432040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many of the actions of estrogens in the central nervous system are mediated via intracellular receptor/transcription factors that interact with steroid response elements on target genes. But there is also a compelling evidence for the involvement of membrane estrogen receptors in hypothalamic and other CNS functions. However, it is not well understood how estrogens signal via membrane receptors, and how these signals impact not only membrane excitability but also gene transcription in neurons. Indeed, it has been known for sometime that estrogens can rapidly alter neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane delimited events. In addition, estrogens can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases within neurons to alter cellular functions. Therefore, this brief review will summarize our current understanding of rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling by estrogens in the hypothalamus, the nature of receptors involved and how these receptors contribute to maintenance of homeostatic functions, many of which go awry in menopausal states. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Hormone Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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149
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Santollo J, Eckel LA. Oestradiol decreases melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and MCH receptor expression in the hypothalamus of female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:570-9. [PMID: 23414264 PMCID: PMC3668853 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that oestradiol (E₂) decreases the orexigenic effect of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). In the present study, we examined whether this action of E₂ is mediated by its ability to decrease the expression of MCH or its receptor (MCHR1). Using immunocytochemistry and western blotting, we examined whether E₂ decreases MCH-immunoreactive neurones or MCHR1 protein content in the hypothalamus of female rats. We found that both MCH and MCHR1 protein expression was decreased by acute E₂ treatment in ovariectomised rats, and by the peri-ovulatory increase in circulating E₂ in pro-oestrous rats, relative to rats at other cycle stages. To determine whether these changes in MCH/MCHR1 protein expression may be mediated by E₂'s ability to directly regulate the transcription of MCH and MCHR1 genes, the effect of E₂ treatment on MCH and MCHR1 mRNA expression in a neuronal hypothalamic cell line was examined using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We also determined whether MCH and oestrogen receptor (ER)α are co-expressed in the hypothalamus of female rats. E₂ treatment did not decrease MCH or MCHR1 mRNA expression in vitro, and no hypothalamic neurones were identified that co-expressed MCH and ERα. We conclude that E₂-dependent decreases in hypothalamic MCH/MCHR1 protein expression mediate the ability of E₂ to decrease MCH-induced feeding. The current findings suggest, however, that E₂ exerts these actions indirectly, most likely though interactions with other neuronal systems that provide afferent input to MCH and MCHR1 neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santollo
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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150
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Effects of intracerebroventricular ghrelin on food intake and Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus in female rats vary with estrous cycle phase. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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