151
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Baldani DP, Skrgatic L, Ougouag R. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Important Underrecognised Cardiometabolic Risk Factor in Reproductive-Age Women. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:786362. [PMID: 26124830 PMCID: PMC4466395 DOI: 10.1155/2015/786362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder amongst women of reproductive age. Although PCOS is diagnosed exclusively based on reproductive criteria, it is also a metabolic disorder. Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia are more common in women with PCOS than in age-comparable women without PCOS. Many of the metabolic abnormalities that manifest in PCOS are worsened by the concurrent incidence of obesity. However, some of these metabolic perturbations occur even in lean women with PCOS and therefore are rightfully recognized as intrinsic to PCOS. The intrinsic factors that produce these metabolic disturbances are reviewed in this paper. The consequences of obesity and the other metabolic aberrations are also discussed. The metabolic perturbations in PCOS patients lead to chronic low-grade inflammation and to cardiovascular impairments that heighten the risk of having cardiovascular disease. Even though many studies have shown an elevation in surrogate biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in PCOS women, it is still not clear to what extent and magnitude the elevation precipitates more frequent and earlier events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Pavicic Baldani
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lana Skrgatic
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Petrova 13, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- *Lana Skrgatic:
| | - Roya Ougouag
- School of Medicine, Medical Studies in English, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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152
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Castoldi A, Naffah de Souza C, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development. Front Immunol 2015; 6:637. [PMID: 26779183 PMCID: PMC4700258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira,
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153
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Ezhumalai M, Ashokkumar N, Pugalendi KV. RETRACTED: Combination of carvacrol and rosiglitazone ameliorates high fat diet induced changes in lipids and inflammatory markers in C57BL/6J mice. Biochimie 2014; 110:129-136. [PMID: 25527325 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief.
Following concerns raised by Dr. E. Bik, the journal conducted an investigation and found evidence that there had been improper manipulation and duplication of images in Figure 4. The editors would like to thank Dr. Bik for her valuable insight in this matter. The authors have not responded to requests for an explanation of these irregularities so this article is retracted without their approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukrishnan Ezhumalai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Natarajan Ashokkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Kodukkur Viswanathan Pugalendi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
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154
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Bridges D, Saltiel AR. Phosphoinositides: Key modulators of energy metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:857-66. [PMID: 25463477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are key players in many trafficking and signaling pathways. Recent advances regarding the synthesis, location and functions of these lipids have dramatically improved our understanding of how and when these lipids are generated and what their roles are in animal physiology. In particular, phosphoinositides play a central role in insulin signaling, and manipulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃levels in particular, may be an important potential therapeutic target for the alleviation of insulin resistance associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In this article we review the metabolism, regulation and functional roles of phosphoinositides in insulin signaling and the regulation of energy metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Bridges
- Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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155
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Talbot NA, Wheeler-Jones CP, Cleasby ME. Palmitoleic acid prevents palmitic acid-induced macrophage activation and consequent p38 MAPK-mediated skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 393:129-42. [PMID: 24973767 PMCID: PMC4148479 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and saturated fatty acid (SFA) treatment are both associated with skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) and increased macrophage infiltration. However, the relative effects of SFA and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)-activated macrophages on muscle are unknown. Here, macrophages were treated with palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid or both and the effects of the conditioned medium (CM) on C2C12 myotubes investigated. CM from palmitic acid-treated J774s (palm-mac-CM) impaired insulin signalling and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, reduced Inhibitor κBα and increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in myotubes. p38 MAPK inhibition or siRNA partially ameliorated these defects, as did addition of tumour necrosis factor-α blocking antibody to the CM. Macrophages incubated with both FAs generated CM that did not induce IR, while palmitoleic acid-mac-CM alone was insulin sensitising. Thus UFAs may improve muscle insulin sensitivity and counteract SFA-mediated IR through an effect on macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola A Talbot
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline P Wheeler-Jones
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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156
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De Felice FG, Ferreira ST. Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 2014; 63:2262-72. [PMID: 24931033 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports an intriguing clinical/epidemiological connection between Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D patients have significantly increased risk of developing AD and vice versa. Recent studies have begun to reveal common pathogenic mechanisms shared by AD and metabolic disorders, notably obesity and T2D. In T2D and obesity, low-grade chronic inflammation is a key mechanism leading to peripheral insulin resistance, which progressively causes tissue deterioration and overall health decline. In the brain, proinflammatory signaling was recently found to mediate impaired neuronal insulin signaling, synapse deterioration, and memory loss. Here, we review evidence indicating that inflammation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features in AD and T2D. We further propose the hypothesis that dementia and its underlying neuronal dysfunction are exacerbated or driven by peripheral inflammation. Identification of central and peripheral inflammation as potential mediators of brain dysfunction in AD may lead to the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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157
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CHANG EUGENE, CHOI JUNGMOOK, KIM WONJUN, RHEE EUNJUNG, OH KIWON, LEE WONYOUNG, PARK SEEUN, PARK SUNGWOO, PARK CHEOLYOUNG. Restoration of adiponectin expression via the ERK pathway in TNFα-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:905-10. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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158
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Deiuliis JA, Oghumu S, Duggineni D, Zhong J, Rutsky J, Banerjee A, Needleman B, Mikami D, Narula V, Hazey J, Satoskar AR, Rajagopalan S. CXCR3 modulates obesity-induced visceral adipose inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1264-74. [PMID: 24124129 PMCID: PMC4167757 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) is a chemokine receptor involved in the regulation of immune cell trafficking and activation. Increased CXCR3 expression in the visceral adipose of obese humans and mice was observed. A pathophysiologic role for CXCR3 in diet-induced obesity (DIO) was hypothesized. METHODS Wild-type (WT) C57B/L6J and chemokine receptor 3 knockout (CXCR3(-/-) ) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks followed by assessment of glucose metabolism and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation. RESULTS CXCR3(-/-) mice exhibited lower fasting glucose and improved glucose tolerance compared with WT-HFD mice, despite similar body mass. HFD-induced VAT innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration, including immature myeloid cells (CD11b(+) F4/80(lo) Ly6C(+) ), were markedly ameliorated in CXCR3(-/-) mice. In vitro IBIDI and in vivo migration assays demonstrated no CXCR3-mediated effect on macrophage or monocyte migration, respectively. CXCR3(-/-) macrophages, however, had a blunted response to interferon-γ, a TH 1 cytokine that induces macrophage activation. CONCLUSIONS A previously unreported role for CXCR3 in the development of HFD-induced insulin resistance (IR) and VAT macrophage infiltration in mice was demonstrated. Our results support pharmaceutical targeting of the CXCR3 receptor as a potential treatment for obesity/IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Deiuliis
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dheeraj Duggineni
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica Rutsky
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bradley Needleman
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dean Mikami
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vimal Narula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hazey
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Abhay R. Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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159
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Nakamura K, Fuster JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines: a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiol 2014; 63:250-9. [PMID: 24355497 PMCID: PMC3989503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Recent studies aimed at understanding the microenvironment of adipose tissue and its impact on systemic metabolism have shed light on the pathogenesis of obesity-linked cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by secreting multiple immune-modulatory proteins known as adipokines. Obesity leads to increased expression of pro-inflammatory adipokines and diminished expression of anti-inflammatory adipokines, resulting in the development of a chronic, low-grade inflammatory state. This adipokine imbalance is thought to be a key event in promoting both systemic metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. This review will focus on the adipose tissue microenvironment and the role of adipokines in modulating systemic inflammatory responses that contribute to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Nakamura
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José J Fuster
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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160
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Kassi G, Papamichael K, Papaioannou G, Giagourta I, Thanou S, Triantaphyllopoulou M, Zapanti E, Papandroulaki F, Ktena V, Karga H. Cytokines and Insulin Resistance after Zoledronic Acid-Induced Acute Phase Response. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:544-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.892510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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161
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Kawaguchi Y, Mizuta T. Interaction between hepatitis C virus and metabolic factors. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2888-2901. [PMID: 24659880 PMCID: PMC3961972 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disrupts the normal metabolism processes, but is also influenced by several of the host’s metabolic factors. An obvious and significantly detrimental pathophysiological feature of HCV infection is insulin resistance in hepatic and peripheral tissues. Substantial research efforts have been put forth recently to elucidate the molecular mechanism of HCV-induced insulin resistance, and several cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, have been identified as important contributors to the development of insulin resistance in the distant peripheral tissues of HCV-infected patients and animal models. The demonstrated etiologies of HCV-induced whole-body insulin resistance include oxidative stress, lipid metabolism abnormalities, hepatic steatosis and iron overload. In addition, myriad effects of this condition have been characterized, including glucose intolerance, resistance to antiviral therapy, progression of hepatic fibrosis, development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and general decrease in quality of life. Metabolic-related conditions and disorders, such as visceral obesity and diabetes mellitus, have been shown to synergistically enhance HCV-induced metabolic disturbance, and are associated with worse prognosis. Yet, the molecular interactions between HCV-induced metabolic disturbance and host-associated metabolic factors remain largely unknown. The diet and lifestyle recommendations for chronic hepatitis C are basically the same as those for obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, patients are suggested to restrict their dietary iron intake, abstain from alcohol and tobacco, and increase their intake of green tea and coffee (to attain the beneficial effects of caffeine and polyphenols). While successful clinical management of HCV-infected patients with metabolic disorders has also been achieved with some anti-diabetic (i.e., metformin) and anti-lipid (i.e., statins) medications, it is recommended that sulfonylurea and insulin be avoided.
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162
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The acute effects of low-dose TNF-α on glucose metabolism and β-cell function in humans. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:295478. [PMID: 24692847 PMCID: PMC3945645 DOI: 10.1155/2014/295478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by increased insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with low-grade inflammation and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. TNF-α has been shown to impair peripheral insulin signaling in vitro and in vivo. However, it is unclear whether TNF-α may also affect endogenous glucose production (EGP) during fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in vivo. We hypothesized that low-dose TNF-α would increase EGP and attenuate GSIS. Recombinant human TNF-α or placebo was infused in healthy, nondiabetic young men (n = 10) during a 4-hour basal period followed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). TNF-α lowered insulin levels by 12% during the basal period (P < 0.05). In response to the IVGTT, insulin levels increased markedly in both trials, but there was no difference between trials. Compared to placebo, TNF-α did not affect EGP during the basal period. Our results indicate that TNF-α acutely lowers basal plasma insulin levels but does not impair GSIS. The mechanisms behind this are unknown but we suggest that it may be due to TNF-α increasing clearance of insulin from plasma without impairing beta-cell function or hepatic insulin sensitivity.
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163
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Ellekilde M, Krych L, Hansen CHF, Hufeldt MR, Dahl K, Hansen LH, Sørensen SJ, Vogensen FK, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. Characterization of the gut microbiota in leptin deficient obese mice - Correlation to inflammatory and diabetic parameters. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:241-50. [PMID: 24556473 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota have been implicated as a relevant factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its diversity might be a cause of variation in animal models of T2DM. In this study, we aimed to characterise the gut microbiota of a T2DM mouse model with a long term vision of being able to target the gut microbiota to reduce the number of animals used in experiments. Male B6.V-Lep(ob)/J mice were characterized according to a number of characteristics related to T2DM, inflammation and gut microbiota. All findings were thereafter correlated to one another in a linear regression model. The total gut microbiota profile correlated to glycated haemoglobin, and high proportions of Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae correlated to impaired or improved glucose intolerance, respectively. In addition, Akkermansia muciniphila disappeared with age as glucose intolerance worsened. A high proportion of regulatory T cells correlated to the gut microbiota and improved glucose tolerance. Furthermore, high levels of IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α correlated to impaired glucose tolerance, blood glucose or glycated haemoglobin. The findings indicate that gut microbiota may contribute to variation in various disease read-outs in the B6.V-Lep(ob)/J model and considering them in both quality assurance and data evaluation for the B6.V-Lep(ob)/J model may have a reducing impact on the inter-individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ellekilde
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - L Krych
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - C H F Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M R Hufeldt
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Centre for Applied Laboratory Animal Research, Scanbur A/S, Silovej 16-18, DK-2690 Karlslunde, Denmark
| | - K Dahl
- Novo Nordisk, Department of Diabetes and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - L H Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - S J Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - F K Vogensen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D S Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - A K Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 18, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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164
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Blázquez E, Velázquez E, Hurtado-Carneiro V, Ruiz-Albusac JM. Insulin in the brain: its pathophysiological implications for States related with central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:161. [PMID: 25346723 PMCID: PMC4191295 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the brain has been considered an insulin-insensitive organ, recent reports on the location of insulin and its receptors in the brain have introduced new ways of considering this hormone responsible for several functions. The origin of insulin in the brain has been explained from peripheral or central sources, or both. Regardless of whether insulin is of peripheral origin or produced in the brain, this hormone may act through its own receptors present in the brain. The molecular events through which insulin functions in the brain are the same as those operating in the periphery. However, certain insulin actions are different in the central nervous system, such as hormone-induced glucose uptake due to a low insulin-sensitive GLUT-4 activity, and because of the predominant presence of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3. In addition, insulin in the brain contributes to the control of nutrient homeostasis, reproduction, cognition, and memory, as well as to neurotrophic, neuromodulatory, and neuroprotective effects. Alterations of these functional activities may contribute to the manifestation of several clinical entities, such as central insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). A close association between T2DM and AD has been reported, to the extent that AD is twice more frequent in diabetic patients, and some authors have proposed the name "type 3 diabetes" for this association. There are links between AD and T2DM through mitochondrial alterations and oxidative stress, altered energy and glucose metabolism, cholesterol modifications, dysfunctional protein O-GlcNAcylation, formation of amyloid plaques, altered Aβ metabolism, and tau hyperphosphorylation. Advances in the knowledge of preclinical AD and T2DM may be a major stimulus for the development of treatment for preventing the pathogenic events of these disorders, mainly those focused on reducing brain insulin resistance, which is seems to be a common ground for both pathological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Blázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Enrique Blázquez, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain e-mail:
| | - Esther Velázquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Hurtado-Carneiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Ruiz-Albusac
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- The Center for Biomedical Research in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdiSSC), Madrid, Spain
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Lourenco MV, Clarke JR, Frozza RL, Bomfim TR, Forny-Germano L, Batista AF, Sathler LB, Brito-Moreira J, Amaral OB, Silva CA, Freitas-Correa L, Espírito-Santo S, Campello-Costa P, Houzel JC, Klein WL, Holscher C, Carvalheira JB, Silva AM, Velloso LA, Munoz DP, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. TNF-α mediates PKR-dependent memory impairment and brain IRS-1 inhibition induced by Alzheimer's β-amyloid oligomers in mice and monkeys. Cell Metab 2013; 18:831-43. [PMID: 24315369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes appear to share similar pathogenic mechanisms. dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) underlies peripheral insulin resistance in metabolic disorders. PKR phosphorylates eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α-P), and AD brains exhibit elevated phospho-PKR and eIF2α-P levels. Whether and how PKR and eIF2α-P participate in defective brain insulin signaling and cognitive impairment in AD are unknown. We report that β-amyloid oligomers, AD-associated toxins, activate PKR in a tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-dependent manner, resulting in eIF2α-P, neuronal insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) inhibition, synapse loss, and memory impairment. Brain phospho-PKR and eIF2α-P were elevated in AD animal models, including monkeys given intracerebroventricular oligomer infusions. Oligomers failed to trigger eIF2α-P and cognitive impairment in PKR(-/-) and TNFR1(-/-) mice. Bolstering insulin signaling rescued phospho-PKR and eIF2α-P. Results reveal pathogenic mechanisms shared by AD and diabetes and establish that proinflammatory signaling mediates oligomer-induced IRS-1 inhibition and PKR-dependent synapse and memory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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166
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:1-58. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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167
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Immune cells and metabolic dysfunction. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 36:13-25. [PMID: 24212254 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0403-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, effective nutrient sensing and control of systemic energy homeostasis have relied on a close physical and functional interaction between immune and metabolically active cells. However, in today's obesogenic environment, this fine-tuned immunometabolic interface is perturbed. As a consequence, chronic inflammatory conditions and aberrant activation of immune cells have emerged as key features of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, cardiovascular complications, and type 2 diabetes, whereas a major research focus has been placed on the adipocyte-macrophage interaction in the context of metabolic dysfunction; recent studies have not only expanded the scope of relevant immune cells in this setting but also highlight the impact of distinct metabolic organs, including the liver, on immunometabolic control, metabolic disease development, and potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic options in obesity-driven pathologies. This review will thus summarize recent progress in this emerging area of metabolic research.
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168
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Pitocco D, Tesauro M, Alessandro R, Ghirlanda G, Cardillo C. Oxidative stress in diabetes: implications for vascular and other complications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21525-50. [PMID: 24177571 PMCID: PMC3856020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, oxidative stress has become a focus of interest in most biomedical disciplines and many types of clinical research. Increasing evidence shows that oxidative stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, cancer, ageing, inflammation, neurodegenerative disorders, hypertension, apoptosis, cardiovascular diseases, and heart failure. Based on these studies, an emerging concept is that oxidative stress is the “final common pathway” through which the risk factors for several diseases exert their deleterious effects. Oxidative stress causes a complex dysregulation of cell metabolism and cell–cell homeostasis; in particular, oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. These are the two most relevant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications, the leading cause of death in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pitocco
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Viale Oxford 81, Rome 00133, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Rizzi Alessandro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Giovanni Ghirlanda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Largo Gemelli 8, Rome 00168, Italy; E-Mails: (D.P.); (R.A.); (G.G.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-3015-4846; Fax: +39-06-3015-7232
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169
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TNF-alpha levels in tears: a novel biomarker to assess the degree of diabetic retinopathy. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:629529. [PMID: 24259948 PMCID: PMC3821908 DOI: 10.1155/2013/629529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We assess the level of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in tear fluids and other serum parameters associated with diabetes in different degrees of diabetic retinopathy. We have performed a prospective, nonrandomized, observational study. Study population consisted of 16 healthy subjects (controls) and 32 type 2 diabetic patients: 16 affected by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 16 with nonproliferative retinopathy (NDPR, background/preproliferative). Body mass index, urinary albumin, blood glucose, HbA1c, and tear levels of TNF-alpha were measured in all subjects. The value of glycaemia, microalbuminurea, and Body mass index in diabetic retinopathy groups were higher than those in control group (P < 0.05). Glycemia in NPDR: 6.6 mmol/L (range: 5.8-6.3); in PDR: 6.7 mmol/L (range: 6.1-7.2); in control: 5.7 mmol/L (range: 4.9-6.1); microalbuminurea in NPDR: 10.6 mg/L (range: 5.6-20); in PDR: 25.2 mg/L (range: 17-40); in control: 5.3 mg/L (range: 2.6-10); Body mass index in NPDR: 26 Kg/m(2) (range: 20.3-40); in PDR: 28 Kg/m(2) (range 20.3-52); in control: 21 Kg/m(2) (range 19-26). The TNF-alpha concentrations in tears increase with the severity of pathology and were lower in control group than in diabetic subjects. In the end, the level of TNF-alpha is highly correlated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and with nephropathy. Tear fluid collection may be a useful noninvasive method for the detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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170
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Lindtner C, Scherer T, Zielinski E, Filatova N, Fasshauer M, Tonks NK, Puchowicz M, Buettner C. Binge drinking induces whole-body insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:170ra14. [PMID: 23363978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of binge drinking have an increased risk of developing the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Whether binge drinking impairs glucose homeostasis and insulin action is unknown. To test this, we treated Sprague-Dawley rats daily with alcohol (3 g/kg) for three consecutive days to simulate human binge drinking and found that these rats developed and exhibited insulin resistance even after blood alcohol concentrations had become undetectable. The animals were resistant to insulin for up to 54 hours after the last dose of ethanol, chiefly a result of impaired hepatic and adipose tissue insulin action. Because insulin regulates hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis, in part through signaling in the central nervous system, we tested whether binge drinking impaired brain control of nutrient partitioning. Rats that had consumed alcohol exhibited impaired hypothalamic insulin action, defined as the ability of insulin infused into the mediobasal hypothalamus to suppress hepatic glucose production and white adipose tissue lipolysis. Insulin signaling in the hypothalamus, as assessed by insulin receptor and AKT phosphorylation, decreased after binge drinking. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed increased hypothalamic inflammation and expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling. Intracerebroventricular infusion of CPT-157633, a small-molecule inhibitor of PTP1B, prevented binge drinking-induced glucose intolerance. These results show that, in rats, binge drinking induces systemic insulin resistance by impairing hypothalamic insulin action and that this effect can be prevented by inhibition of brain PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lindtner
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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171
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Safavi M, Foroumadi A, Abdollahi M. The importance of synthetic drugs for type 2 diabetes drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1339-63. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.837883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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172
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Increased body mass index is associated with earlier time to loss of response to infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2118-24. [PMID: 23863401 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0b013e31829cf401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an emerging problem in the care of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and has been associated with a diminished response to adalimumab. Whether obesity influences the response to infliximab (IFX) is not known. METHODS A retrospective cohort of 124 subjects with IBD initiating IFX, naive to biologic therapy, was identified. Subjects were stratified according to their weight and body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was the first occurrence of an IBD flare defined as dose escalation of IFX, corticosteroid use, discontinuation of IFX, hospitalization, or surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed considering body mass and BMI as categorical and continuous variables. RESULTS Obese (BMI > 30 kg/m) patients with Crohn's disease were more likely to have an IBD flare than nonobese patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 3.03, P < 0.001); overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m) patients with ulcerative colitis trended toward a similar observation (HR: 9.68, P = 0.06). When considered as continuous variables, increasing mass and BMI were associated with earlier IBD flare in both Crohn's disease (adjusted HR: 1.06 per unit increase in BMI [P = 0.02] and 1.02 per kg increase in body mass [P = 0.02]) and ulcerative colitis (adjusted HR: 1.3 per unit increase in BMI [P = 0.01] and 1.11 per kg increase in body mass [P = 0.004]). CONCLUSIONS Increased body weight is associated with an earlier time to loss of response to IFX in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, a novel finding given that IFX is the only antitumor necrosis factor agent whose dosing reflects increased body weight.
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173
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Miksza DR, de Souza CO, de Morais H, da Rocha AF, Borba-Murad GR, Bazotte RB, de Souza HM. Effect of infliximab on metabolic disorders induced by Walker-256 tumor in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:960-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shibata T, Takaguri A, Ichihara K, Satoh K. Inhibition of the TNF-α-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at 636/639 by AICAR. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 122:93-102. [PMID: 23698110 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12270fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) contributes to the acceleration of insulin signaling. However, the mechanism by which AMPK regulates insulin signaling remains unclear. Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 negatively regulates insulin signaling. Here we investigated the role of AMPK in serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at 636/639 and 307, which is induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in 3T3L1 adipocytes. We demonstrated that the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) significantly inhibited the TNF-α-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at 636/639 and 307 by suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation but not c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. In addition, AICAR stimulation resulted in enhanced interaction between ERK and MAP kinase phosphatase-4 (DUSP9/MKP-4) without affecting DUSP9/MPK4 mRNA synthesis. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration (0.25 g/kg) of AICAR to db/db mice improved blood glucose levels and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK in adipose tissue. In conclusion, we propose a new mechanism in which AICAR suppresses TNF-α-induced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 at 636/639 and 307 by enhancing the interaction between ERK and DUSP9/MKP-4. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that AMPK plays a crucial role in improving of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Shibata
- Division of Pharmacology, Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, Otaru, Japan
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175
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McArdle MA, Finucane OM, Connaughton RM, McMorrow AM, Roche HM. Mechanisms of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance: insights into the emerging role of nutritional strategies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:52. [PMID: 23675368 PMCID: PMC3650620 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated chronic inflammation initiate a state of insulin resistance (IR). The secretion of chemoattractants such as MCP-1 and MIF and of cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, draw immune cells including dendritic cells, T cells, and macrophages into adipose tissue (AT). Dysfunctional AT lipid metabolism leads to increased circulating free fatty acids, initiating inflammatory signaling cascades in the population of infiltrating cells. A feedback loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines exacerbates this pathological state, driving further immune cell infiltration and cytokine secretion and disrupts the insulin signaling cascade. Disruption of normal AT function is causative of defects in hepatic and skeletal muscle glucose homeostasis, resulting in systemic IR and ultimately the development of type 2 diabetes. Pharmaceutical strategies that target the inflammatory milieu may have some potential; however there are a number of safety concerns surrounding such pharmaceutical approaches. Nutritional anti-inflammatory interventions could offer a more suitable long-term alternative; whilst they may be less potent than some pharmaceutical anti-inflammatory agents, this may be advantageous for long-term therapy. This review will investigate obese AT biology, initiation of the inflammatory, and insulin resistant environment; and the mechanisms through which dietary anti-inflammatory components/functional nutrients may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve A. McArdle
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Orla M. Finucane
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ruth M. Connaughton
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aoibheann M. McMorrow
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College DublinDublin, Republic of Ireland
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Hsieh FC, Lee CL, Chai CY, Chen WT, Lu YC, Wu CS. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:35. [PMID: 23590862 PMCID: PMC3637306 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, is the most common form of diabetes. Probiotics are live micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer delaying effect on DM development. In this study, the effects Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 (Lr263), a new probiotic strain developed by our laboratory, on insulin resistance and the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose fed rats were explored. Furthermore, the relevant regulatory pathways involved were also investigated. METHOD Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fructose diet with or without Lr263 administration for 14 weeks. The composition of fecal microbiota, oral glucose tolerance, glycated haemoglobin, insulin, leptin, C-peptide, and incretins were measured. The markers of liver injury, serum and hepatic lipids profile, activity of hepatic antioxidant enzyme, and proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue were investigated. Additionally, the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes and insulin signaling related genes in adipose tissue were also studied. Liver sections were examined for hepatic steatosis using hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS The levels of serum glucose, insulin, leptin, C-peptide, glycated hemoglobin, GLP-1, liver injury markers, lipid profile in serum and liver were significantly increased in high-fructose-fed rats. However, after Lr263 administration, the elevation of these parameters was significantly suppressed. Feeding of Lr263 reversed the decreased number of bifidobacterium species and lactobacillus species and increased number of clostridium species induced by high fructose treatment. The decreased activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes in HFD rats were dramatically reversed by Lr263 treatment. Concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in adipose tissue which were elevated in high fructose treatment were markedly decreased after Lr263 feeding. Decreased levels of PPAR-γ and GLUT4 mRNA after high fructose treatment were significantly enhanced by Lr263 administration. Lr263 consumption normalized the increased lipogenic gene (Srebp-1c, FAS, and Elvol6) expressions stimulated by high fructose. Administration of Lr263 significantly ameliorated hepatic steatosis observed in high fructose treated rats. CONCLUSION Our study provided evidences clarifying the effectiveness of Lr263 on reducing insulin resistance as well as hepatic steatosis formation in high-fructose-fed rats and suggested that Lr263 may be a promising therapeutic agent in treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 6F, Chi-Shih Building, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Research and Development, GenMont Biotech. Inc, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GenMont Biotech. Inc, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Tzu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shuang Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 6F, Chi-Shih Building, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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177
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Liu ZH, Ding YL, Xiu LC, Pan HY, Liang Y, Zhong SQ, Liu WW, Rao SQ, Kong DL. A meta-analysis of the association between TNF-α -308G>A polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Han Chinese population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59421. [PMID: 23527193 PMCID: PMC3601959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A meta-analysis was applied to evaluate the associations between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) −308G>A (rs1800629) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was employed to test genetic equilibrium among the genotypes of the selected literature. Power analysis was performed with the Power and Sample Size Calculation (PS) program. A fixed or random effect model was used on the basis of heterogeneity. Publication bias was quantified and examined with the Begg's funnel plot test and Egger's linear regression test. The meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.1 and Stata 11.0. Results There were 10 studies including 1425 T2DM patients and 1116 healthy control subjects involved in this meta-analysis. No significant publication bias was found in the studies. The pooled ORs (95% CIs) for TNF-α −308G>A of A vs. G allele and GA+AA vs. GG genotype were 1.63 (1.17–2.25) and 1.47 (1.17–1.85), respectively. Conclusion This meta-analysis result suggested that TNF-α −308G>A polymorphism was strongly associated with T2DM risk, and A allele at this locus might be a susceptibility allele for the development of T2DM in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-hui Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan-lin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang-chang Xiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-yan Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Shou-qiang Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-wei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-qi Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (S-qR); (D-lK)
| | - Dan-li Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (S-qR); (D-lK)
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178
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Głowińska-Olszewska B, Bossowski A, Dobreńko E, Hryniewicz A, Konstantynowicz J, Milewski R, Łuczyński W, Piotrowska-Jastrzębska J, Kowal-Bielecka O. Subclinical cardiovascular system changes in obese patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:436702. [PMID: 23554546 PMCID: PMC3608356 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the prevalence of excess body mass in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) children and to investigate the influence of obesity into the early, subclinical changes in cardiovascular system in these patients. METHODS Fifty-eight JIA patients, aged median 13 years, were compared to 36 healthy controls. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory markers (hsCRP, IL-6, TNF α, adiponectin) were studied together with IMT (intima-media thickness), FMD (flow mediated dilation), and LVMi (left ventricle mass index) as surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. RESULTS Thirteen JIA children (22%) were obese and had increased systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, HOMA, hsCRP, and IL-6 compared to nonobese JIA and controls. FMD was decreased compared to nonobese JIA and controls, whereas IMT and LVMi were increased. In multivariate regression analysis, TNF α, SDS-BMI, and systolic blood pressure were independent predictors of early CV changes in JIA. CONCLUSIONS Coincident obesity is common in JIA children and is associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased levels of inflammatory markers leading to early changes in cardiovascular system. Thus, medical care of children with JIA should include strategies preventing cardiovascular disease by maintenance of adequate body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Głowińska-Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17 Street, 15-274 Białystok, Poland.
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179
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Grant RW, Dixit VD. Mechanisms of disease: inflammasome activation and the development of type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol 2013; 4:50. [PMID: 23483669 PMCID: PMC3592198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the recent past, the importance of aberrant immune cell activation as one of the contributing mechanisms to the development of insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been recognized. Among the panoply of pro-inflammatory cytokines that are linked to chronic metabolic diseases, new data suggests that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) may play an important role in initiating and sustaining inflammation-induced organ dysfunction in T2D. Therefore, factors that control secretion of bioactive IL-1β have therapeutic implications. In this regard, the identification of multiprotein scaffolding complexes, "inflammasomes," has been a great advance in our understanding of this process. The secretion of bioactive IL-1β is predominantly controlled by activation of caspase-1 through assembly of a multiprotein scaffold, "inflammasome" that is composed of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) ASC (apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) and procaspase-1. The NLRP3 inflammasome appears to be an important sensor of metabolic dysregulation and controls obesity-associated insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Initial clinical "proof of concept" studies suggest that blocking IL-1β may favorably modulate factors related to development and treatment of T2D. However, this potential therapeutic approach remains to be fully substantiated through phase-II clinical studies. Here, we outline the new immunological mechanisms that link metabolic dysfunction to the emergence of chronic inflammation and discuss the opportunities and challenges of future therapeutic approaches to dampen NLRP3 inflammasome activation or IL-1β signaling for controlling type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Grant
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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180
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related cell death in human and the fifth in women worldwide. The incidence of HCC is increasing despite progress in identifying risk factors, understanding disease etiology and developing anti-viral strategies. Therapeutic options are limited and survival after diagnosis is poor. Therefore, better preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic tools are urgently needed, in particular given the increased contribution from systemic metabolic disease to HCC incidence worldwide. In the last three decades, technological advances have facilitated the generation of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) to mimic the alterations frequently observed in human cancers or to conduct intervention studies and assess the relevance of candidate gene networks in tumor establishment, progression and maintenance. Because these studies allow molecular and cellular manipulations impossible to perform in patients, GEMMs have improved our understanding of this complex disease and represent a source of great potential for mechanism-based therapy development. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of HCC modeling in the mouse, highlighting successes, current challenges and future opportunities.
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181
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Pearce SG, Thosani NC, Pan JJ. Noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. Biomark Res 2013; 1:7. [PMID: 24252302 PMCID: PMC4177607 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in both adults and children. NAFLD has a histologic spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It is imperative to distinguish simple steatosis from NASH since the latter has a progressive disease course and can lead to end-stage liver disease. Liver biopsy has been considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of NASH. However, liver biopsy is invasive, costly, and can rarely cause significant morbidity (risk of morbidity, 0.06-0.35%; risk of mortality, 0.1-0.01%). Imaging studies such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have limited sensitivity in detecting steatosis and cannot distinguish steatosis from NASH. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been used as a surrogate marker for liver injuries. However, ALT is not an ideal marker for either diagnosis of NAFLD or distinguishing steatosis from NASH. Better noninvasive biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are cheaper, reliable, and reproducible are urgently needed for patients with NASH to assist in establishing diagnosis, providing risk information, and monitoring disease progression and treatment response. In this article, we plan to concisely review the current advances in the use of biomarkers for the diagnosis of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Pearce
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 4.234, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nirav C Thosani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 4.234, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jen-Jung Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 4.234, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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182
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Menghini R, Fiorentino L, Casagrande V, Lauro R, Federici M. The role of ADAM17 in metabolic inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:12-7. [PMID: 23384719 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The TNF-alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE), also called ADAM17 (A Disintegrin and A Metalloproteinase 17) is a type I transmembrane metalloproteinase involved in the shedding of the extracellular domain of several transmembrane proteins such as cytokines, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Some of these proteolytic events are part of cleavage cascades known as Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis and lead to intracellular signaling. Evidence is provided that ADAM17 plays a role in atherosclerosis, in adipose tissue metabolism, insulin resistance and diabetes. The multitude of substrates cleaved by ADAM17 makes this enzyme an attractive candidate to study its role in inflammatory disorders. This review is focused on effects of ADAM17 in major metabolic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Menghini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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183
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Ghasemi R, Dargahi L, Haeri A, Moosavi M, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A. Brain insulin dysregulation: implication for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:1045-65. [PMID: 23335160 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Arduous efforts have been made in the last three decades to elucidate the role of insulin in the brain. A growing number of evidences show that insulin is involved in several physiological function of the brain such as food intake and weight control, reproduction, learning and memory, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. In addition, it is now clear that insulin and insulin disturbances particularly diabetes mellitus may contribute or in some cases play the main role in development and progression of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Focusing on the molecular mechanisms, this review summarizes the recent findings on the involvement of insulin dysfunction in neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease and also mental disorders like depression and psychosis sharing features of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Ghasemi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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184
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Pal M, Wunderlich CM, Spohn G, Brönneke HS, Schmidt-Supprian M, Wunderlich FT. Alteration of JNK-1 signaling in skeletal muscle fails to affect glucose homeostasis and obesity-associated insulin resistance in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54247. [PMID: 23349837 PMCID: PMC3547909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, such as increased circulating fatty acids cause prolonged low grade activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and even in the CNS. Activation of inflammatory pathways in turn impairs insulin signaling, ultimately leading to obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conventional JNK-1 knock out mice are protected from high fat diet-induced insulin resistance, characterizing JNK-1-inhibition as a potential approach to improve glucose metabolism in obese patients. However, the cell type-specific role of elevated JNK-1 signaling as present during the course of obesity has not been fully elucidated yet. To investigate the functional contribution of altered JNK-1 activation in skeletal muscle, we have generated a ROSA26 insertion mouse strain allowing for Cre-activatable expression of a JNK-1 constitutive active construct (JNKC). To examine the consequence of skeletal muscle-restricted JNK-1 overactivation in the development of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, JNKC mice were crossed to Mck-Cre mice yielding JNKSM-C mice. However, despite increased muscle-specific JNK activation, energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism in JNKSM-C mice remained largely unaltered compared to controls. In line with these findings, obese mice with skeletal muscle specific disruption of JNK-1, did not affect energy and glucose homeostasis. These experiments indicate that JNK-1 activation in skeletal muscle does not account for the major effects on diet-induced, JNK-1-mediated deterioration of insulin action and points towards a so far underappreciated role of JNK-1 in other tissues than skeletal muscle during the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pal
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia M. Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Spohn
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hella S. Brönneke
- Mouse Phenotyping Core Facility of Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Molecular Immunology and Signaltransduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - F. Thomas Wunderlich
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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185
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[Role of white adipose tissue in vascular complications due to obesity]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 25:27-35. [PMID: 23522279 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of white adipose tissue to the vascular complications associated with obesity is analysed in this review. White adipose tissue is an active metabolic organ and secretor of several molecules with endocrine, paracrine and autocrine actions. Weight gain produced in the obesity, induces an excess of fat, mainly in the visceral depot, which is responsible for the activation of different signalling pathways, leading to a higher production of proinflammatory cytokines. As adipocytes as infiltrated macrophages and lymphocytes and endothelial cells contribute to a chronic low grade inflammatory situation present in obesity. Moreover, the increase in adiposity activates the inflammatory response in the adipocyte themselves, as well as in the hepatocyte. Finally, proinflammatory and proatherogenic mediators produced by white adipose tissue and liver associated to immune cells generate insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and contribute to the beginning of atherogenic process.
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186
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Piya MK, McTernan PG, Kumar S. Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: the role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin. J Endocrinol 2013; 216:T1-T15. [PMID: 23160966 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ, and our knowledge of this secretory tissue, in recent years, has led us to completely rethink how our body functions and becomes dysregulated with weight gain. Human adipose tissue appears to act as a multifunctional secretory organ with the capacity to control energy homoeostasis through peripheral and central regulation of energy homoeostasis. It also plays an important role in innate immunity. However, the capability to more than double its original mass to cope with positive energy balance in obesity leads to many pathogenic changes. These changes arise within the adipose tissue as well as inducing secondary detrimental effects on other organs like muscle and liver, including chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by adipocytokines (adipokine inflammation). This inflammation is modulated by dietary factors and nutrients including glucose and lipids, as well as gut bacteria in the form of endotoxin or LPS. The aim of this current review is to consider the impact of nutrients such as glucose and lipids on inflammatory pathways, specifically within adipose tissue. Furthermore, how nutrients such as these can influence adipokine inflammation and consequently insulin resistance directly through their effects on secretion of adipocytokines (TNFα, IL6 and resistin) as well as indirectly through increases in endotoxin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Piya
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University Hospital Site, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
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187
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Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol 2013. [PMID: 23720280 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110062.metabolic] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K Roberts
- Exercise and Metabolic Disease Research Laboratory, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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188
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Eberle KC, Waters TE, Jensen ED, Venn-Watson SK, Sacco RE. Development and application of specific cytokine assays in tissue samples from a bottlenose dolphin with hyperinsulinemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:134. [PMID: 24101915 PMCID: PMC3787309 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in humans. Postmortem hepatic and splenic tissue from a 46-year-old geriatric male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with insulin resistance (chronic hyperinsulinemia with hyperglycemia), chronic inflammation (white blood cell count greater than 12,000 cells/μL), and mild fatty liver disease was evaluated for elevated pro-inflammatory mediators. Cytokine mRNA expression in postmortem hepatic and splenic tissue, as determined by real-time PCR, included an array of cytokines: TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, and IL-18. Values from this dolphin were compared to a younger reference dolphin with no known chronic metabolic perturbations or inflammation. Levels of TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-4 were higher in the case dolphin's liver compared to that of the reference dolphin. In the case dolphin's spleen, IL-10 and IFN-γ mRNA was upregulated while IL-4 was less than the reference dolphin. IL-18 and IL-13 were upregulated in both tissues. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) utilized the following antibodies: anti-porcine IL-6, anti-bovine IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10, anti-human TGF-β, anti-ovine IL-1β, and anti-dolphin IL-8. Fluorescent IHC in spleen from the case dolphin revealed staining of IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β throughout the tissue. IL-10 and IFN-γ were seen to predominate in areas surrounding the follicles of splenic tissue. This is the first characterization of cytokine levels in dolphin hepatic and splenic tissue. While there are limitations to a case study, this report of inflammatory biomarkers in tissues of a dolphin with insulin resistance and fatty liver disease are similar to those observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C. Eberle
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Theresa E. Waters
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie K. Venn-Watson
- Translational Medicine and Research Program, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- *Correspondence: Randy E. Sacco, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Road, Ames, IA 50010, USA e-mail:
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189
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Sakurai T, Ogasawara J, Kizaki T, Sato S, Ishibashi Y, Takahashi M, Kobayashi O, Oh-ishi S, Nagasawa J, Takahashi K, Ishida H, Izawa T, Ohno H. The effects of exercise training on obesity-induced dysregulated expression of adipokines in white adipose tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:801743. [PMID: 24369466 PMCID: PMC3867917 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a static storage site for energy; it is also a dynamic tissue that is actively involved in metabolic reactions and produces humoral factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are collectively referred to as adipokines. Additionally, because there is much evidence that obesity-induced inflammatory changes in WAT, which is caused by dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor- α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, WAT has attracted special attention as an organ that causes diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only leads to a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the inflammation-related adipokines in WAT. Therefore, TR is widely used as a tool for preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression and secretory response of adipokines in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- *Takuya Sakurai:
| | - Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shogo Sato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Nursing, Kyorin University, Faculty of Health Science, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Shuji Oh-ishi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, 1163 Tatemachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 193-0998, Japan
| | - Junichi Nagasawa
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takahashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Department of Sports Biochemistry, Faculty of Health and Sport Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohno
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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190
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Choi YS, Yang HI, Cho S, Jung JA, Jeon YE, Kim HY, Seo SK, Lee BS. Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, apelin, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2012; 77:1352-8. [PMID: 22944040 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. In addition, hyperandrogenism may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD, independent of obesity and insulin resistance. We investigated serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), apelin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as CVD risk markers and their relationship with hyperandrogenism in non-obese women with PCOS. In this study were included 82 non-obese women with PCOS and 33 controls. Women with PCOS were further divided into two groups: women with hyperandrogenism (HA-PCOS, n=37) and those without hyperandrogenism (NA-PCOS, n=45). Serum ADMA, apelin, and TNF-α levels were compared among the three groups and their relationship with hyperandrogenism was evaluated. Serum ADMA levels were significantly higher in the HA-PCOS group than in the NA-PCOS and control groups (0.45 ± 0.09 vs. 0.38 ± 0.08 vs. 0.40 ± 0.07; P<0.0005). Serum TNF-α levels were significantly higher among women with PCOS compared with controls (2.91 ± 1.25 vs. 1.74 ± 0.77; P<0.001) and in the HA-PCOS group compared with the NA-PCOS group (3.21 ± 1.24 vs. 2.60 ± 1.24; P<0.0001). Both PCOS groups had significantly lower serum apelin levels compared with controls (1.31 ± 0.54 vs. 1.16 ± 0.34 vs. 2.78 ± 1.10; P<0.0001). ADMA and TNF-α were positively correlated with total testosterone (r=0.219, P=0.022; r=0.332, P<0.001, respectively) and free androgen index (r=0.287, P=0.002; r=0.289, P=0.002, respectively), whereas apelin was negatively correlated with these parameters (r=-0.362, P<0.001; r=-0.251, P=0.008). These findings may indicate that non-obese women with PCOS are at an increased risk for CVD, which is further aggravated by hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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191
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Tripp ML, Darland G, Konda VR, Pacioretty LM, Chang JL, Bland JS, Babish JG. Optimized mixture of hops rho iso-alpha acids-rich extract and acacia proanthocyanidins-rich extract reduces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and improves glucose and insulin control in db/db mice. Nutr Res Pract 2012. [PMID: 23198019 PMCID: PMC3506871 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2012.6.5.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho iso-alpha acids-rich extract (RIAA) from Humulus lupulus (hops) and proanthocyanidins-rich extracts (PAC) from Acacia nilotica exert anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that a combination of these two extracts would exert enhanced effects in vitro on inflammatory markers and insulin signaling, and on nonfasting glucose and insulin in db/db mice. Over 49 tested combinations, RIAA:PAC at 5:1 (6.25 µg/mL) exhibited the greatest reductions in TNFα-stimulated lipolysis and IL-6 release in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, comparable to 5 µg/mL troglitazone. Pretreatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with this combination (5 µg/mL) also led to a 3-fold increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake that was comparable to 5 µg/mL pioglitazone or 901 µg/mL aspirin. Finally, db/db mice fed with RIAA:PAC at 5:1 (100 mg/kg) for 7 days resulted in 22% decrease in nonfasting glucose and 19% decrease in insulin that was comparable to 0.5 mg/kg rosiglitazone and better than 100 mg/kg metformin. RIAA:PAC mixture may have the potential to be an alternative when conventional therapy is undesirable or ineffective, and future research exploring its long-term clinical application is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Tripp
- MetaProteomics LLC, 9770 44 Ave. NW, Ste 100, Gig Harbor, WA 98332, USA
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192
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Lacerda L, Opie LH, Lecour S. Influence of tumour necrosis factor alpha on the outcome of ischaemic postconditioning in the presence of obesity and diabetes. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:502654. [PMID: 23125848 PMCID: PMC3483678 DOI: 10.1155/2012/502654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes contribute to cardiovascular disease and alter cytokine profile. The cytokine, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), activates a protective signalling cascade during ischaemic postconditioning (IPostC). However, most successful clinical studies with IPostC have not included obese and/or diabetic patients. We aimed to investigate the influence of TNFα on the outcome of IPostC in obese or diabetic mice. TNF knockout or wildtype mice were fed for 11 weeks with a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) to induce modest obesity. Diabetes was induced in a separate group by administration of a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Hearts were then isolated and subjected to ischaemia (35 min of global ischaemia) followed by 45 min of reperfusion. HCD increased body weight, plasma insulin and leptin levels while the glucose level was unchanged. In streptozotocin-treated mice, blood glucose, plasma leptin and insulin were altered. Control, obese or diabetic mice were protected with IPostC in wiltype animals. In TNF knockout mice, IPostC failed to protect control and diabetic hearts while a slight protection was observed in obese hearts. Our data confirm a bidirectional role for TNFα associated with the severity of concomitant comorbidities and suggest that diabetic and/or modestly obese patients may still benefit from IPostC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lacerda
- Cardioprotection Group, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Di Rocco P, Manco M, Rosa G, Greco AV, Mingrone G. Lowered Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors, but Not Increased Insulin Sensitivity, with Infliximab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:734-9. [PMID: 15090644 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify whether Infliximab could modify insulin sensitivity and TNF-alpha and GLUT4 mRNA expression in muscle and adipose tissue of morbidly obese subjects. Soluble TNF receptors I and II (TNFR-I and TNFR-II) were also assayed. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Six obese subjects were investigated before and 2 weeks after a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg Infliximab; insulin sensitivity was evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, and TNF-alpha and GLUT4 mRNA expression were assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on muscle and adipose tissue. TNF-alpha, TNFR-I, and TNFR-II were determined using the ELISA technique. RESULTS Infliximab infusion did not affect fasting plasma insulin or fasting plasma glucose levels; whole body glucose uptake did not change significantly. TNF-alpha and GLUT4 mRNA did not show any significant change in muscle or adipose tissue. Serum TNF-alpha was undetectable before and after treatment, whereas TNFR-I and TNFR-II concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION An explanation for the absence of effect of Infliximab on insulin resistance in morbidly obese subjects may be the paracrine way of action of this cytokine. Because Infliximab is predominantly distributed within the vascular compartment, its effectiveness in penetrating muscle and adipose tissue is potentially low. The significant decrease of TNFR-I and TNFR-II might be ascribed to a targeted effect of Infliximab on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Rocco
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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194
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Shimizu M, Tanaka T, Moriwaki H. Obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma: targeting obesity-related inflammation for chemoprevention of liver carcinogenesis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:191-202. [PMID: 22945457 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic abnormalities, including a state of chronic inflammation, increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Adipose tissue constitutively expresses the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are important tumor promoters in inflammation-related carcinogenesis. Dysregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 is associated with the development of steatosis and inflammation within the liver. These cytokines also lie at the core of the association between obesity and insulin resistance, which is a key factor in the development of obesity-related HCC. Here we present a detailed review of the relationship between metabolic abnormalities and the development of HCC, focusing on the role played by inflammation. Drawing from our basic and clinical research, the present report also reviews evidence that targeting metabolic abnormalities, such as attenuation of chronic inflammation and improvement of insulin resistance by either pharmaceutical or nutritional intervention, may be an effective strategy in preventing the development of HCC in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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195
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Makdissi A, Ghanim H, Vora M, Green K, Abuaysheh S, Chaudhuri A, Dhindsa S, Dandona P. Sitagliptin exerts an antinflammatory action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:3333-41. [PMID: 22745245 PMCID: PMC3431580 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sitagliptin is an inhibitor of the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), which degrades the incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and thus, sitagliptin increases their bioavailability. The stimulation of insulin and the suppression of glucagon secretion that follow exert a glucose lowering effect and hence its use as an antidiabetic drug. Because DPP-IV is expressed as CD26 on cell membranes and because CD26 mediates proinflammatory signals, we hypothesized that sitagliptin may exert an antiinflammatory effect. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-two patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive either 100 mg daily of sitagliptin or placebo for 12 wk. Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 2, 4, and 6 hours after a single dose of sitagliptin and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 wk of treatment. RESULTS Glycosylated hemoglobin fell significantly from 7.6 ± 0.4 to 6.9 ± 3% in patients treated with sitagliptin. Fasting glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations increased significantly, whereas the mRNA expression in mononuclear cell of CD26, the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα, the receptor for endotoxin, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, TLR-2, and proinflammatory kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 and inhibitory-κB kinase (IKKβ), and that of the chemokine receptor CCR-2 fell significantly after 12 wk of sitagliptin. TLR-2, IKKβ, CCR-2, and CD26 expression and nuclear factor-κB binding also fell after a single dose of sitagliptin. There was a fall in protein expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1, IKKβ, and TLR-4 and in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, IL-6, and free fatty acids after 12 wk of sitagliptin. CONCLUSIONS These effects are consistent with a potent and rapid antiinflammatory effect of sitagliptin and may potentially contribute to the inhibition of atherosclerosis. The suppression of CD26 expression suggests that sitagliptin may inhibit the synthesis of DPP-IV in addition to inhibiting its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Makdissi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo, and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York 14209, USA
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LI JIBIN, WANG YONG, ZHOU YONG, LIU JINGANG. Gastric bypass surgery alters the mechanisms of insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of GK rats. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:1111-6. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
In the last 50 years, the average self-reported sleep duration in the United States has decreased by 1.5-2 hours in parallel with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses report a strong relationship between short or disturbed sleep, obesity, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism. This relationship is likely to be bidirectional and causal in nature, but many aspects remain to be elucidated. Sleep and the internal circadian clock influence a host of endocrine parameters. Sleep curtailment in humans alters multiple metabolic pathways, leading to more insulin resistance, possibly decreased energy expenditure, increased appetite, and immunological changes. On the other hand, psychological, endocrine, and anatomical abnormalities in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes can interfere with sleep duration and quality, thus creating a vicious cycle. In this review, we address mechanisms linking sleep with metabolism, highlight the need for studies conducted in real-life settings, and explore therapeutic interventions to improve sleep, with a potential beneficial effect on obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A Lucassen
- Immunogenetics Section, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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198
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van de Sande-Lee S, Velloso LA. Disfunção hipotalâmica na obesidade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:341-50. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A obesidade, definida como o acúmulo excessivo ou anormal de gordura que pode causar dano à saúde do indivíduo, é considerada atualmente um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Resulta de um desequilíbrio entre a ingestão alimentar e o gasto corporal de energia. O controle do balanço energético de animais e seres humanos é realizado pelo sistema nervoso central (SNC) por meio de conexões neuroendócrinas, em que hormônios periféricos circulantes, como a leptina e a insulina, sinalizam neurônios especializados do hipotálamo sobre os estoques de gordura do organismo e induzem respostas apropriadas para a manutenção da estabilidade desses estoques. A maioria dos casos de obesidade se associa a um quadro de resistência central à ação da leptina e da insulina. Em animais de experimentação, a dieta hiperlipídica é capaz de induzir um processo inflamatório no hipotálamo, que interfere com as vias intracelulares de sinalização por esses hormônios, resultando em hiperfagia, diminuição do gasto de energia e, por fim, obesidade. Evidências recentes obtidas por intermédio de estudos de neuroimagem e avaliação de marcadores inflamatórios no líquido cefalorraquidiano de indivíduos obesos sugerem que alterações semelhantes podem estar presentes também em seres humanos. Nesta revisão, apresentamos sumariamente os mecanismos envolvidos com a perda do controle homeostático do balanço energético em modelos animais de obesidade e as evidências atuais de disfunção hipotalâmica em humanos obesos.
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199
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Coviello AD, Haring R, Wellons M, Vaidya D, Lehtimäki T, Keildson S, Lunetta KL, He C, Fornage M, Lagou V, Mangino M, Onland-Moret NC, Chen B, Eriksson J, Garcia M, Liu YM, Koster A, Lohman K, Lyytikäinen LP, Petersen AK, Prescott J, Stolk L, Vandenput L, Wood AR, Zhuang WV, Ruokonen A, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Bandinelli S, Biffar R, Brabant G, Cox DG, Chen Y, Cummings S, Ferrucci L, Gunter MJ, Hankinson SE, Martikainen H, Hofman A, Homuth G, Illig T, Jansson JO, Johnson AD, Karasik D, Karlsson M, Kettunen J, Kiel DP, Kraft P, Liu J, Ljunggren Ö, Lorentzon M, Maggio M, Markus MRP, Mellström D, Miljkovic I, Mirel D, Nelson S, Morin Papunen L, Peeters PHM, Prokopenko I, Raffel L, Reincke M, Reiner AP, Rexrode K, Rivadeneira F, Schwartz SM, Siscovick D, Soranzo N, Stöckl D, Tworoger S, Uitterlinden AG, van Gils CH, Vasan RS, Wichmann HE, Zhai G, Bhasin S, Bidlingmaier M, Chanock SJ, De Vivo I, Harris TB, Hunter DJ, Kähönen M, Liu S, Ouyang P, Spector TD, van der Schouw YT, Viikari J, Wallaschofski H, McCarthy MI, Frayling TM, Murray A, Franks S, Järvelin MR, de Jong FH, Raitakari O, Teumer A, Ohlsson C, Murabito JM, Perry JRB. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin reveals multiple Loci implicated in sex steroid hormone regulation. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002805. [PMID: 22829776 PMCID: PMC3400553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein responsible for the transport and biologic availability of sex steroid hormones, primarily testosterone and estradiol. SHBG has been associated with chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and with hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of 21,791 individuals from 10 epidemiologic studies and validated these findings in 7,046 individuals in an additional six studies. We identified twelve genomic regions (SNPs) associated with circulating SHBG concentrations. Loci near the identified SNPs included SHBG (rs12150660, 17p13.1, p = 1.8 × 10(-106)), PRMT6 (rs17496332, 1p13.3, p = 1.4 × 10(-11)), GCKR (rs780093, 2p23.3, p = 2.2 × 10(-16)), ZBTB10 (rs440837, 8q21.13, p = 3.4 × 10(-09)), JMJD1C (rs7910927, 10q21.3, p = 6.1 × 10(-35)), SLCO1B1 (rs4149056, 12p12.1, p = 1.9 × 10(-08)), NR2F2 (rs8023580, 15q26.2, p = 8.3 × 10(-12)), ZNF652 (rs2411984, 17q21.32, p = 3.5 × 10(-14)), TDGF3 (rs1573036, Xq22.3, p = 4.1 × 10(-14)), LHCGR (rs10454142, 2p16.3, p = 1.3 × 10(-07)), BAIAP2L1 (rs3779195, 7q21.3, p = 2.7 × 10(-08)), and UGT2B15 (rs293428, 4q13.2, p = 5.5 × 10(-06)). These genes encompass multiple biologic pathways, including hepatic function, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and T2D, androgen and estrogen receptor function, epigenetic effects, and the biology of sex steroid hormone-responsive cancers including breast and prostate cancer. We found evidence of sex-differentiated genetic influences on SHBG. In a sex-specific GWAS, the loci 4q13.2-UGT2B15 was significant in men only (men p = 2.5 × 10(-08), women p = 0.66, heterogeneity p = 0.003). Additionally, three loci showed strong sex-differentiated effects: 17p13.1-SHBG and Xq22.3-TDGF3 were stronger in men, whereas 8q21.12-ZBTB10 was stronger in women. Conditional analyses identified additional signals at the SHBG gene that together almost double the proportion of variance explained at the locus. Using an independent study of 1,129 individuals, all SNPs identified in the overall or sex-differentiated or conditional analyses explained ~15.6% and ~8.4% of the genetic variation of SHBG concentrations in men and women, respectively. The evidence for sex-differentiated effects and allelic heterogeneity highlight the importance of considering these features when estimating complex trait variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Coviello
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sarah Keildson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Lagou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian Chen
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition and the Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yong Mei Liu
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Annemarie Koster
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Prescott
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew R. Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Vivian Zhuang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Institute of Diagnostics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare and Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology, and Dental Materials, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David G. Cox
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, Lyon, France
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Hankinson
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hannu Martikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Karasik
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johannes Kettunen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Women's Health Initiative Clinical Coordinating Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Östen Ljunggren
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Section of Geriatrics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Dan Mellström
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mirel
- Gene Environment Initiative, Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laure Morin Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petra H. M. Peeters
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Rexrode
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M. Schwartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Shelley Tworoger
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla H. van Gils
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Guangju Zhai
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Hunter
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Simin Liu
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Murray
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Frank H. de Jong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital and Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Center for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John R. B. Perry
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Kyriakis JM, Avruch J. Mammalian MAPK signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation: a 10-year update. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:689-737. [PMID: 22535895 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in identifying the architecture of the pathways upstream of these kinases as well as in cataloguing candidate substrates. This information remains largely sound. Nevertheless, an informed understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these kinases remained to be accomplished. In the past decade, there has been an explosion of new work using RNAi in cells, as well as transgenic, knockout and conditional knockout technology in mice that has provided valuable insight into the functions of stress-activated MAPK pathways. These findings have important implications in our understanding of organ development, innate and acquired immunity, and diseases such as atherosclerosis, tumorigenesis, and type 2 diabetes. These new developments bring us within striking distance of the development and validation of novel treatment strategies. Herein we first summarize the molecular components of the mammalian stress-regulated MAPK pathways and their regulation as described thus far. We then review some of the in vivo functions of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Kyriakis
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St., Box 8486, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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