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The Bacterial Gut Microbiota of Schoolchildren from High and Low Socioeconomic Status: A Study in an Urban Area of Makassar, Indonesia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060961. [PMID: 32604882 PMCID: PMC7356258 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and the health profile of Indonesians, it is important to elucidate the characteristics of the bacterial communities that prevail in this population. To this end, we profiled the faecal bacterial community of 140 Indonesian schoolchildren in urban Makassar. The core microbiota of Indonesian schoolchildren consisted of Bifidobacterium, Collinsella, and multiple members of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminicoccaceae families, but the relative abundance of these taxa varied greatly among children. Socioeconomic status (SES) was the main driver for differences in microbiota composition. Multiple bacterial genera were differentially abundant between high and low SES children, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Escherichia-Shigella. In addition, the microbiota of high SES children was less diverse and strongly associated with body mass index (BMI). In low SES children, helminth infection was prevalent and positively associated with Olsenella, Enterohabdus, Lactobacillus, and Mogibacterium abundance, while negatively associated with relative abundance of Prevotella. Protozoa infection was also prevalent, and positively associated with Rikenellaceae, while it was negatively associated with the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Prevotella. In conclusion, Indonesian schoolchildren living in urban Makassar share a core microbiota, but their microbiota varies in diversity and relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa depending on socioeconomic status, nutritional status, and intestinal parasites infection.
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202
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Hessel P, Rodríguez-Lesmes P, Torres D. Socio-economic inequalities in high blood pressure and additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease among older individuals in Colombia: Results from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234326. [PMID: 32516351 PMCID: PMC7282633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in high-income countries have documented a consistent gradient between socio-economic status (SES) and high blood pressure (HBP), a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, evidence from Latin American countries (LA) remains comparatively scarce and inconclusive. Data Data for 3,984 individuals came from a nationally representative survey of individuals aged 60 years or above in Colombia (Encuesta de Salud, Bienestar y Envejecimiento) (SABE) conducted in 2015. SES was measured by educational achievement and household assets. CVD risk factors included objectively measured HBP and body mass index (BMI), as well as behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetables intake, and physical activity). Methods Bivariate methods and multivariate regression models were used to assess associations between SES with HBP as well as additional risk factors for CVD. Results Individuals with lower SES have significantly higher risk of suffering from HBP. Compared to those with no formal education, individuals with secondary or post-secondary education have a 37% lower risk of HBP (odds ratio [OR] = 0.63, P-value<0.001). Being in the highest asset quartile (most affluent) is associated with a 44% lower risk (OR = 56, P-value = 0.001) of HBP compared to those in the lowest asset quartile (most deprived). Individuals with lower SES are more likely to smoke, not engage in regular physical activity and not regularly consume fruits or vegetables. In contrast, individuals with higher SES are more likely to consume alcohol and, those with more assets, more likely to be obese. Conclusions Among older Colombians there exists a marked SES gradient in HBP as well as several additional risk factors for CVD. The results highlight the importance of a public health approach towards HBP and additional CVD risk factors that takes into account the specific conditions of older individuals, especially among disadvantaged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hessel
- University of the Andes, Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - David Torres
- University of the Andes, Alberto Lleras Camargo School of Government, Bogotá, Colombia
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203
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Hails KA, Zhou Y, Shaw DS. The Mediating Effect of Self-Regulation in the Association Between Poverty and Child Weight: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2020; 22:290-315. [PMID: 30725306 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in self-regulation (SR) have been proposed as a potential contributor to child overweight/obesity, a public health concern that disproportionately affects children living in poverty. Although poverty is known to influence SR, SR has not been considered as a potential mechanism in the association between poverty and child obesity. The aim of the current paper was to systematically review the current literature to determine whether SR is a viable mechanism in the relationship between child exposure to poverty and later risk of overweight/obesity. We systematically review and summarize literature in three related areas with the aim of generating a developmentally informed model that accounts for the consistent association between poverty and child weight, specifically how: (1) poverty relates to child weight, (2) poverty relates to child SR, and (3) SR is associated with weight. To quantify the strength of associations for each pathway, effect sizes were collected and aggregated. Findings from the studies included suggest small but potentially meaningful associations between poverty and child SR and between SR and child weight. The conceptualization and measurement of SR, however, varied across literature studies and made it difficult to determine whether SR can feasibly connect poverty to child obesity. Although SR may be a promising potential target for obesity intervention for low-income children, additional research on how SR affects risk of obesity is crucial, especially based on the lack of success of the limited number of SR-promoting interventions for improving children's weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Hails
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yiyao Zhou
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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204
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Meisel JD, Ramirez AM, Esguerra V, Montes F, Stankov I, Sarmiento OL, Valdivia JA. Using a system dynamics model to study the obesity transition by socioeconomic status in Colombia at the country, regional and department levels. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036534. [PMID: 32499271 PMCID: PMC7282389 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We study the obesity transition by socioeconomic status (SES), gender and age within the Colombian urban population at the country, regional and department levels. DESIGN The study is informed by cross-sectional data from the 2005 and 2010 ENSIN survey. We used these data to develop a system dynamics model that simulates the dynamics of obesity by body mass index (BMI) categories, gender and SES at the country, regional and department levels from 2005 to 2030. PARTICIPANTS The sample size of the 2005 ENSIN comprised 8515 children younger than 5 years, 32 009 children and adolescents aged 5-17 years and 48 056 adults aged 18-64 years. In 2010, the corresponding numbers were 11 368, 32 524 and 64 425, respectively. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURE The obesity prevalence ratio and prevalence rates for each BMI category. RESULTS The results show, at the country level, transitions from overweight to obesity were projected to increase sharply among lower SES adults, particularly among women, suggesting that these groups will undergo an obesity transition by 2030. The model projections also indicate that the regions of Colombia are in different stages of the obesity transition. In the case of women, five out of the six regions were expected to undergo an obesity transition by SES over time. For men, only one region was expected to undergo an obesity transition. However, at the department level, trends in the burden of obesity varied. CONCLUSIONS We evidence that the Colombian population could be experiencing an obesity transition where the increase in the GDP could be related to shifts in the burden of obesity from higher to lower SES, especially in women. These patterns support the need for policy planning that considers SES and gender, at the national and subnational levels, as important determinants of overweight and obesity among adults in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Meisel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibague, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Angie M Ramirez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibague, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Valentina Esguerra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Social and Health Complexity Center, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Social and Health Complexity Center, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Ivana Stankov
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Olga L Sarmiento
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan A Valdivia
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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205
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Relation between obesity prevalence and the human development index and its components: an updated study on the Asian population. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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206
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Martínez A, Anduro I, Bojorquez I. The biohabitus of scarcity: bio-social dispositions and the "obesity epidemic" in Mexico. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2020; 42:1095-1107. [PMID: 32163189 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we explore the potential of Warin et al.'s concept of biohabitus (a set of embodied biological and social dispositions) as a conceptual tool for the understanding of mechanisms behind the "obesity epidemic." Elaborating on this concept, we argue that a context of food scarcity gives rise to a biohabitus geared to energy-saving, expressed in both biological (the thrifty genotype/phenotype hypotheses) and symbolic dispositions (Bourdieu's "taste of necessity"), and the interaction between this type of biohabitus and changes in the food-related environment results in increased body mass index. We exemplify the use of this framework by applying it to the case of Mexico, a middle-income Latin American country with one of the highest prevalences of obesity worldwide. The example shows how the concept of biohabitus can help researchers move beyond disciplinary explanations, towards a more complex understanding of the conjunction of social and biological processes that result in differential patterns of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Anduro
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, México
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207
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Ferreira HDS, Albuquerque GT, Santos TRD, Barbosa RDL, Cavalcante AL, Duarte LEC, Assunção MLD. Stunting and overweight among children in Northeast Brazil: prevalence, trends (1992-2005-2015) and associated risk factors from repeated cross-sectional surveys. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:736. [PMID: 32434581 PMCID: PMC7238646 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A study involving children from Alagoas (Northeast Brazil) revealed that, as a consequence of a drastic reduction in the prevalence of stunting between 1992 to 2005, (22.5 to 11.4%) combined with an increase in overweight prevalence (6.7 to 9.3%), the prevalence of these two conditions in 2005 was very close. If these trends were maintained, it is very likely that, at this time, the childhood overweight prevalence has already exceeded that of the stunting. However, no study is available to confirm this hypothesis. The identification of these changes is relevant to the planning and evaluation of public policies. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, time trends and associated factors with stunting and overweight in children from Alagoas. Methods Independent cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 1992 (n = 1231), 2005 (n = 1381) and 2015 (n = 988). Data were collected from probabilistic samples of children aged 0–60 months. Stunting was defined by stature-for-age < − 2 sd and overweight by weight-for-stature > 2 sd. Results Between 1992, 2005 and 2015, the stunting prevalence was 22.6, 11.2 and 3.2% (reduction of 85.8%), while the overweight prevalence was 6.9, 7.5 and 14.9% (increase of 115.9%), respectively. After multivariate analysis, the following positive associations with stunting were observed in 1992: age group > 24 months (28.3% vs 14.5%), mother with ≥2 children (28.8% vs 12.8%), low birth weight (28.3% vs 15.7%) and mother with low schooling (29.3% vs 7.2%). In 2015 there was a higher prevalence of stunting in males (4.2% vs 2.2%), in children < 24 months (4.6% vs 2.2%), with low birth weight (8.6% vs 3.0%) and in those who had mothers with low schooling (7.0% vs 2.6%). Regarding overweight, in 1992 there was higher prevalence for male (9.1% vs 4.7%) and in children whose mothers had ≤2 children (8.9% vs 5.8%), while in 2015 only birth weight > 4 kg was associated to overweight (27.3% vs 14.2%). Conclusions During the analyzed period, there was a significant decrease in stunting prevalence. At the same time, a substantial increase was observed in the overweight prevalence. Currently, stunting is a problem of low magnitude, while overweight has become a worrying public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo da Silva Ferreira
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, BR 104 Norte - Km 96.7 - Tabuleiro do Martins, CEP, Maceió, AL, 57072-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Monica Lopes de Assunção
- Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus A.C. Simões, BR 104 Norte - Km 96.7 - Tabuleiro do Martins, CEP, Maceió, AL, 57072-970, Brazil
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208
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Omorou AY, Manneville F, Langlois J, Legrand K, Böhme P, Muller L, Guillemin F, Briançon S, Lecomte E. Physical activity rather than sedentary behaviour is socially determined in French adolescents with overweight and obesity. Prev Med 2020; 134:106043. [PMID: 32097754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Social differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents, known as the weight social gradient, could be explained by differences in behaviours between social classes. This study examined the respective association of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and weight status with adolescents' socioeconomic status. We used cross-sectional data for 1935 adolescents (13-18 years old) with overweight or obesity who participated in the PRALIMAP-INÉS (PRomotion de l'ALImentation et de l'Activité Physique - INÉgalités de Santé) trial conducted in northeastern France between 2012 and 2015. Adolescents completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for PA and SB and the Family Affluence Scale for socioeconomic status. Weight status was assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score. Social gradient of weight status, PA and SB were described according to the Family Affluence Scale (slopes) and evidenced by the linear trend test (p). Adolescents' socioeconomic status was positively associated with PA practice (frequency, vigorous PA and leisure-time PA), but there was no association with their SB. The results confirmed a significant weight social gradient: BMI (β = 0.37, p < .0001) and BMI z-score (β = 0.07, p = .0001). The weight social gradient in adolescents was mostly associated with PA (5.7% to 8.1%) rather than SB (2.7% to 5.7%). Nearly 14% of BMI z-scores could be related to a combined PA and SB effect. PA was found an important factor of weight social gradient in adolescence. Actions aimed at preventing weight social inequalities among adolescents could include PA promotion as lever. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY AND NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01688453).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Y Omorou
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, F-54000 Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Johanne Langlois
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France; National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Karine Legrand
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, F-54000 Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Philip Böhme
- Department of diabetology, metabolic diseases and nutrition, Nancy University Hospital, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Francis Guillemin
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, F-54000 Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Serge Briançon
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, F-54000 Nancy, France; University of Lorraine, APEMAC, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Edith Lecomte
- National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), F-54000 Nancy, France
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209
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Ferreira FG, Juvanhol LL, Silva-Costa A, Longo GZ. The mediating role of visceral adiposity in the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and unhealthy metabolic phenotype. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23425. [PMID: 32335996 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mediating role of visceral adiposity, as assessed by the visceral adiposity index (VAI), in the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and unhealthy metabolic phenotype (UMP). METHODS A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with 854 adult individuals of both sexes from a Brazilian city. Data were collected through interviews, anthropometric evaluation, and clinical and laboratorial tests. We used multivariate path analysis, which simultaneously analyzes multiple relationships between variables. The analyses were adjusted by sex and age and stratified according to nutritional status. RESULTS A positive direct effect of visceral adiposity on the UMP was observed for normal weight, standardized estimate (SE) = 0.632; confidence interval (CI 95%) = 0.547, 0.707) and overweight individuals (SE = 0.732; CI 95% = 0.647, 0.808), and negative direct effect of schooling on physical inactivity (normal weight: SE = -0.408; CI 95% = -0.550, -0.265) and overweight (SE = -0.304; CI 95% = -0.479, -0.129). Among normal-weight individuals, there was a positive direct effect (SE = 0.193; CI 95% = 0.059, 0.328) of physical inactivity on VAI. In relation to indirect effects, there was a mediating role of visceral adiposity in the association of schooling level and physical inactivity with the UMP only among normal-weight individuals. CONCLUSIONS Visceral adiposity has a direct effect on the UMP regardless of nutritional status, and there is a mediating effect of VAI on the relationship among schooling, physical inactivity, and UMP in normal-weight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Geralda Ferreira
- Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Ar, Barbacena, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Leidjaira Lopes Juvanhol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva-Costa
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Giana Zarbato Longo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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210
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Hércules E, Peralta M, Henriques-Neto D, Rodrigues L, Galvão MR, Cavichiolli F, Marques A. The influence of socioeconomic status and age on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 5 to 10-year-old children in Curitiba, Brazil. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23424. [PMID: 32320119 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the socioeconomic status (SES) and age on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 5 to 10-year-old children from Brazil. METHODS The sample consisted of 80 782 (41 063 boys) students aged 5 to 10-year-old. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. SES was self-reported by parents when registering for school in the same year as the assessment. RESULTS An increasing trend in the prevalence of obesity, for boys and girls, and overweight, for girls, as they got older was observed. The prevalence of obesity was greater among medium SES boys, 18.1% (95% CI: 17.7, 18.6), and girls, 18.1% (95% CI: 17.7, 18.6), compared with low SES. For each year boys and girls get older their odds of being underweight, overweight and obese increase. Medium and high SES boys were 23% (95% CI: 1.14, 1.32) and 25% (95%CI: 1.03, 1.52) more likely to be obese than low SES boys. Girls with high SES were 20% (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.31) more likely of being obese than girls with low SES. Furthermore, age and being in the medium SES for both sexes and in the high SES for boys was positively related to the BMI z-score. CONCLUSION Both age and SES were factors associated with obesity among Brazilian children. For public health policies to be effective, it is necessary to understand why higher SES children and older children have higher risk and prevalence of obesity and overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília Hércules
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Miguel Peralta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Liziane Rodrigues
- Departamento de Logística, Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosi Galvão
- Departamento de Logística, Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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211
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Savinelli S, De Francesco D, Feeney ER, Babalis D, Bagkeris E, Post FA, Boffito M, Williams I, Vera J, Johnson M, Anderson J, Sachikonye M, Winston A, Sabin C, Mallon P. Factors associated with obesity in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) cohort: an observational cross-sectional analysis. HIV Med 2020; 21:441-452. [PMID: 32311831 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to describe the prevalence of obesity in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty (POPPY) cohort, to identify demographic, clinical and HIV-specific factors associated with obesity, and to characterize the association between obesity and sociodemographic, clinical and HIV-specific factors and quality of life (QoL). METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was carried out of baseline data from the three groups ["older" people with HIV infection (PWH) aged ≥ 50 years, "younger" PWH aged < 50 years and HIV-negative controls aged ≥ 50 years] within the POPPY cohort. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 . RESULTS A total of 1361 subjects were included in the study, of whom 335 (24.6%) were obese. The prevalence of obesity was higher in controls (22.3%) than in older (16.8%) and younger (14.2%) PWH, with no differences between the two groups of PWH. Factors associated with obesity were older age, female gender, black African ethnicity and alcohol consumption. Recreational drug use and a higher current CD4 T-cell count (in PWH) were associated with lower and higher odds of being obese, respectively. The presence of obesity was associated with worse physical health QoL scores, higher odds of having cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, but lower odds of having osteopenia/osteoporosis, irrespective of HIV status. CONCLUSIONS Despite a lower prevalence of obesity in PWH, specific subgroups (women, people of black African origin and older people) were more likely to be obese, and negative health consequences of obesity were evident, regardless of HIV status. Whether targeted preventive strategies can reduce the burden of obesity and its complications in PWH remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Savinelli
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - E R Feeney
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Babalis
- Imperial Clinical Trial Unit (ICTU), Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - F A Post
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Boffito
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - J Vera
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - J Anderson
- Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Sachikonye
- UK Community Advisory Board (UK-CAB), London, UK
| | | | - C Sabin
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Pwg Mallon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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212
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Pfinder M, Heise TL, Hilton Boon M, Pega F, Fenton C, Griebler U, Gartlehner G, Sommer I, Katikireddi SV, Lhachimi SK. Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD012333. [PMID: 32270494 PMCID: PMC7141932 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012333.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global prevalence of overweight and obesity are alarming. For tackling this public health problem, preventive public health and policy actions are urgently needed. Some countries implemented food taxes in the past and some were subsequently abolished. Some countries, such as Norway, Hungary, Denmark, Bermuda, Dominica, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the Navajo Nation (USA), specifically implemented taxes on unprocessed sugar and sugar-added foods. These taxes on unprocessed sugar and sugar-added foods are fiscal policy interventions, implemented to decrease their consumption and in turn reduce adverse health-related, economic and social effects associated with these food products. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods in the general population on the consumption of unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods, the prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity, and the prevalence and incidence of other diet-related health outcomes. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, Embase and 15 other databases and trials registers on 12 September 2019. We handsearched the reference list of all records of included studies, searched websites of international organisations and institutions, and contacted review advisory group members to identify planned, ongoing or unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies with the following populations: children (0 to 17 years) and adults (18 years or older) from any country and setting. Exclusion applied to studies with specific subgroups, such as people with any disease who were overweight or obese as a side-effect of the disease. The review included studies with taxes on or artificial increases of selling prices for unprocessed sugar or food products that contain added sugar (e.g. sweets, ice cream, confectionery, and bakery products), or both, as intervention, regardless of the taxation level or price increase. In line with Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) criteria, we included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cluster-randomised controlled trials (cRCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (nRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) studies, and interrupted time series (ITS) studies. We included controlled studies with more than one intervention or control site and ITS studies with a clearly defined intervention time and at least three data points before and three after the intervention. Our primary outcomes were consumption of unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods, energy intake, overweight, and obesity. Our secondary outcomes were substitution and diet, expenditure, demand, and other health outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened all eligible records for inclusion, assessed the risk of bias, and performed data extraction.Two review authors independently assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We retrieved a total of 24,454 records. After deduplicating records, 18,767 records remained for title and abstract screening. Of 11 potentially relevant studies, we included one ITS study with 40,210 household-level observations from the Hungarian Household Budget and Living Conditions Survey. The baseline ranged from January 2008 to August 2011, the intervention was implemented on September 2011, and follow-up was until December 2012 (16 months). The intervention was a tax - the so-called 'Hungarian public health product tax' - on sugar-added foods, including selected foods exceeding a specific sugar threshold value. The intervention includes co-interventions: the taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and of foods high in salt or caffeine. The study provides evidence on the effect of taxing foods exceeding a specific sugar threshold value on the consumption of sugar-added foods. After implementation of the Hungarian public health product tax, the mean consumption of taxed sugar-added foods (measured in units of kg) decreased by 4.0% (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.040, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.07 to -0.01; very low-certainty evidence). The study was at low risk of bias in terms of performance bias, detection bias and reporting bias, with the shape of effect pre-specified and the intervention unlikely to have any effect on data collection. The study was at unclear risk of attrition bias and at high risk in terms of other bias and the independence of the intervention. We rated the certainty of the evidence as very low for the primary and secondary outcomes. The Hungarian public health product tax included a tax on sugar-added foods but did not include a tax on unprocessed sugar. We did not find eligible studies reporting on the taxation of unprocessed sugar. No studies reported on the primary outcomes of consumption of unprocessed sugar, energy intake, overweight, and obesity. No studies reported on the secondary outcomes of substitution and diet, demand, and other health outcomes. No studies reported on differential effects across population subgroups. We could not perform meta-analyses or pool study results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was very limited evidence and the certainty of the evidence was very low. Despite the reported reduction in consumption of taxed sugar-added foods, we are uncertain whether taxing unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods has an effect on reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes. Further robustly conducted studies are required to draw concrete conclusions on the effectiveness of taxing unprocessed sugar or sugar-added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pfinder
- AOK Baden‐WürttembergDepartment of Health PromotionPresselstr. 19StuttgartBaden‐WürttembergGermany70191
- University Hospital, University of HeidelbergDepartment of General Practice and Health Services ResearchVossstrasse 2HeidelbergBremenGermanyD‐69115
- University of BremenInstitute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences BremenBibliothekstr. 1BremenBremenGermany28359
| | - Thomas L Heise
- University of BremenInstitute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences BremenBibliothekstr. 1BremenBremenGermany28359
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and EpidemiologyResearch Group for Evidence‐Based Public HealthAchterstr. 30BremenGermany28359
| | - Michele Hilton Boon
- University of GlasgowMRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitGlasgowUK
| | - Frank Pega
- University of OtagoPublic Health23A Mein Street, NewtownWellingtonNew Zealand6242
| | - Candida Fenton
- University of EdinburghUsher Institute of Population Health Sciences and InformaticsMedical SchoolTeviot PlaceEdinburghUKEH8 9AG
| | - Ursula Griebler
- Danube University KremsCochrane Austria, Department for Evidence‐based Medicine and EvaluationDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek Str. 30KremsAustria3500
| | - Gerald Gartlehner
- Danube University KremsCochrane Austria, Department for Evidence‐based Medicine and EvaluationDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek Str. 30KremsAustria3500
| | - Isolde Sommer
- Danube University KremsCochrane Austria, Department for Evidence‐based Medicine and EvaluationDr.‐Karl‐Dorrek Str. 30KremsAustria3500
| | | | - Stefan K Lhachimi
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and EpidemiologyResearch Group for Evidence‐Based Public HealthAchterstr. 30BremenGermany28359
- University of BremenDepartment for Health Services Research, Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Health Sciences BremenBibliotheksstr. 1BremenGermany28359
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Choy CC, Hawley NL, Naseri T, Reupena MS, McGarvey ST. Associations between socioeconomic resources and adiposity traits in adults: Evidence from Samoa. SSM Popul Health 2020; 10:100556. [PMID: 32140541 PMCID: PMC7044745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries, earlier in economic development, obesity tends to be more prevalent in high socioeconomic resource groups compared to low. Later in development, the distribution of obesity tends to show the opposite pattern, becoming more prevalent in those with low socioeconomic resources. This shift in obesity prevalence tends to occur between a gross national income per capita (GNI) of US$1,000 to $4,000 dollars. Whether a similar pattern occurs in Pacific Island countries has not been well documented. In Samoa, the GNI rose to US$3,200 dollars in 2010 at which time over 80% of adults were overweight or obese. We aimed to understand the association of socioeconomic resources, assessed by household assets, with adult body mass index (BMI) and abdominal circumference (AC) in Samoa. Data were from a genome-wide association study for obesity among 3,370 Samoans aged 24.5-<65 years in 2010. Household asset scores were calculated based on ownership of consumer durables, housing construction, and access to basic services. Sex-stratified multivariate linear regressions were used to assess adiposity trait differences by household asset ownership, after controlling for age, education, and household urbanicity. Higher asset ownership was associated with higher BMI and AC and the positive relationship remained robust after controlling for potential confounders. Despite significant economic growth preceding the year 2010 in Samoa, the obesity burden had not shifted to low socioeconomic groups in a similar way that has been observed in countries further along in the economic transition. The mechanism by which socioeconomic resources influence adiposity is complex and may be particularly complicated in Samoa by migrant remittances received both as cash and household assets. Social and physical environments may constrain the positive health behavior change necessary to reduce obesity even in the context of high socioeconomic position, a situation that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C. Choy
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Nicola L. Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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214
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Choukem SP, Tochie JN, Sibetcheu AT, Nansseu JR, Hamilton-Shield JP. Overweight/obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan African children and adolescents: a scoping review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 2020:6. [PMID: 32211050 PMCID: PMC7092532 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-020-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, childhood and adolescence overweight/obesity has increased disproportionately in developing countries, with estimates predicting a parallel increase in future cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden identifiable in childhood and adolescence. Identifying cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) associated with childhood and adolescence overweight/obesity is pivotal in tailoring preventive interventions for CVD. Whilst this has been examined extensively in high-income countries, there is scant consistent or representative data from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). OBJECTIVE This scoping review synthesises contemporary studies on CVRF associated with overweight and obesity in SSA children and adolescents to provide evidence on the current burden of overweight/obesity and CVD in this population. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Google Scholar up to July 31, 2019 for observational and experimental studies and systematic reviews addressing childhood and adolescence overweight/obesity and CVRF in SSA without language restriction. Four investigators working in four pairs, independently selected and extracted the relevant data. The methodological quality of all included studies was assessed. RESULTS We included 88 studies with a total of 86,637children and adolescents from 20 SSA countries. The risk of bias was low in 62 (70.5%), moderate 18 (20.5%), and high in eight (9%) studies. Overweight/obesity in SSA children and adolescents is rising at an alarming rate. Its main associations include physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, high socio-economic status, gender and high maternal body mass index. Identified CVRF in overweight/obese SSA children and adolescents are mainly metabolic syndrome, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and glucose intolerance. There is a dearth of guidelines or consensus on the management of either childhood overweight/obesity or CVRF in overweight/obese SSA children and adolescents. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest an urgent need to review current health policies in SSA countries. Health education and transforming the current obesogenic environment of the SSA child and adolescent into one which promotes physical activity and healthy dietary habits is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon-Pierre Choukem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon
- Diabetes and Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Joel Noutakdie Tochie
- Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Aurelie T. Sibetcheu
- Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jobert Richie Nansseu
- Health and Human Development (2HD) Research Network, Douala, Cameroon
- Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics Control, Ministry of Public Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julian P. Hamilton-Shield
- Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (Nutrition Theme), University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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215
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Zlatska AV, Vasyliev RG, Gordiienko IM, Rodnichenko AE, Morozova MA, Vulf MA, Zubov DO, Novikova SN, Litvinova LS, Grebennikova TV, Zlatskiy IA, Syroeshkin AV. Effect of the deuterium on efficiency and type of adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5217. [PMID: 32251307 PMCID: PMC7089999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed an adipogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in vitro with different deuterium content (natural, low and high) in the culture medium during differentiation process with parallel analysis of the gene expression, metabolic activity and cell viability/toxicity. After ADSCs differentiation into adipocytes we have done the analysis of differentiation process efficiency and determined a type of resulting adipocytes (by morphology, gene expression, UCP1 protein detection and adipokine production analysis). We have found that high (5 × 105 ppm) deuterium content significantly inhibit in vitro adipogenic differentiation of human ADSCs compared to the groups with natural (150 ppm) and low (30 ppm) deuterium content. Importantly, protocol of differentiation used in our study leads to white adipocytes development in groups with natural (control) and high deuterium content, whereas deuterium-depleted differentiation medium leads to brown-like (beige) adipocytes formation. We have also remarked the direct impact of deuterium on the cellular survival and metabolic activity. Interesting, in deuterium depleted-medium, the cells had normal survival rate and high metabolic activity, whereas the inhibitory effect of deuterated medium on ADSCs differentiation at least was partly associated with deuterium cytotoxicity and inhibitory effect on metabolic activity. The inhibitory effect of deuterium on metabolic activity and the subsequent decrease in the effectiveness of adipogenic differentiation is probably associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, deuterium could be considered as an element that affects the substance chirality. These findings may be the basis for the development of new approaches in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes through the regulation of adipose-derived stem cell differentiation and adipocyte functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona V Zlatska
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine.,Biotechnology Laboratory ilaya.regeneration, Medical Company ilaya, 9 I. Kramskogo Str., Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine
| | - Roman G Vasyliev
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Inna M Gordiienko
- Biotechnology Laboratory ilaya.regeneration, Medical Company ilaya, 9 I. Kramskogo Str., Kyiv, 03115, Ukraine.,R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology NAS of Ukraine, 45 Vasylkivska Str., Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine
| | - Anzhela E Rodnichenko
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Maria A Morozova
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Vulf
- Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University (IKBFU), 6 Gaidara St, Kaliningrad, 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Dmytro O Zubov
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana N Novikova
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine
| | - Larisa S Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic federal University (IKBFU), 6 Gaidara St, Kaliningrad, 236001, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Grebennikova
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.,Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named Gamalei, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Zlatskiy
- State Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine NAMS of Ukraine, 67 Vyshgorodska Str., Kyiv, 04114, Ukraine. .,Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.
| | - Anton V Syroeshkin
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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216
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Yeshaw Y, Kebede SA, Liyew AM, Tesema GA, Agegnehu CD, Teshale AB, Alem AZ. Determinants of overweight/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia: multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic and health survey. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034963. [PMID: 32156768 PMCID: PMC7064084 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overweight/obesity among women is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, postpartum haemorrhage, low birth weight, congenital malformation and neonatal deaths. Although the magnitude of overweight and obesity among the reproductive age group women is a common problem in Ethiopia, there are limited studies that determine the associated factors of overweight and obesity at the national level. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the determinant factors of overweight/obesity among reproductive age group women in Ethiopia. DESIGN Cross-sectional study design. SETTING Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS Non-pregnant women aged 15-49 years. PRIMARY OUTCOME Overweight/obesity. METHODS The present study used the Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey (EDHS) data for 2016. A total of 10 938 non-pregnant reproductive age group women were included in the analysis. Both bivariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regression were performed to determine the determinants of overweight and obesity among women in Ethiopia. The OR with a 95% CI was estimated for potential determinants included in the final model. RESULTS Those women with secondary education (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.48, 1.01, 2.18), higher education (AOR=1.78, 1.13, 2.81), richer (AOR=1.85, 1.15, 2.98) and richest wealth index (AOR=3.23, 1.98, 5.29), urban residence (AOR=4.46, 2.89, 6.87), married (AOR=1.79, 1.21, 2.64), widowed (AOR=2.42, 1.41, 4.15), divorced (AOR=1.84, 1.13, 3.00), aged 25-34 years (AOR=2.04, 1.43, 2.89), 35-44 years (AOR=2.79, 1.99, 3.93) and 45-49 years (AOR=2.62, 1.54, 4.45) had higher odds of developing overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION Women with higher education level, high wealth status, older age, formerly married and those urban dwellers had higher odds of overweight and obesity. Therefore, regular physical activity, reducing consumption of fat/energy-dense food as well as modifying the mode of transportation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigizie Yeshaw
- Medical Physiology, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sewnet Adem Kebede
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Chilot Desta Agegnehu
- School of Nursing, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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217
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Manohar N, Hayen A, Fahey P, Arora A. Obesity and dental caries in early childhood: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12960. [PMID: 31721413 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and dental caries in children are significant health problems. The aims of this review are to identify whether children aged 6 years and younger with overweight and/or obesity have higher dental caries experience compared with children with normal weight and, secondly, to identify the common risk factors associated with both conditions. Medline, Embase, and seven other databases were systematically searched followed by lateral searches from reference lists, grey literature, theses, conference proceedings, and contacting field experts. Longitudinal observational studies addressing overweight and/or obesity and dental caries in children aged 6 years and younger were included. A random effects model meta-analyses were applied. Nine studies were included in this review. Children with overweight and obesity had a significantly higher dental caries experience compared with children with normal weight (n = 6). The pooled estimates showed that difference in caries experience between the two groups was statistically significant. Low levels of parental income and education were identified to be associated with both conditions in the sample population. Children with overweight and obesity are more vulnerable to dental caries. Low levels of parental income and education influence the relationship between the two conditions. However, the quality of evidence varied considerably; therefore, findings should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendar Manohar
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayen
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Fahey
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, Surry Hills, New South Wales, Australia
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218
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Lee HJ, Kim SH, Jin MH, Lee JS. Variability in sociodemographic factors and obesity in Korean children: a cross-sectional analysis of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey data (2007-2015). Ann Epidemiol 2020; 43:51-57. [PMID: 32081536 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sociodemographic factors are well-known risk factors for childhood obesity, even though the relationship between sociodemographic factors and obesity varies among countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic factors and obesity in Korean children. METHODS This study is an analysis of cross-sectional data from the 2007-2009, 2010-2012, and 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The sample included 14,482 children aged between 2 and 18 years (7652 boys and 6830 girls) and their parents. Sociodemographic factors were measured as a combination of demographic, economic, and sociological factors, including sex, age, residential area, family income, parent education level, and parent employment status. RESULTS In 2013-2015, obesity among Korean children was associated with current maternal smoking (P < .001). Obesity categorized according to age group was positively associated with paternal education level/high school graduation (P = .026 for ages 7-12 years), maternal smoking (P = .003 for ages 7-12 years), maternal body mass index (all age groups), paternal body mass index (all age groups), and low monthly family income (P = .017 for ages 2-6 years). CONCLUSIONS Current maternal smoking habits, paternal education, and low family income are potential risk factors for obesity in Korean children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Mi Hyeon Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Ju Suk Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea.
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219
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Esposito L, Villaseñor A, Rodríguez EC, Millett C. The economic gradient of obesity in Mexico: Independent predictive roles of absolute and relative wealth by gender. Soc Sci Med 2020; 250:112870. [PMID: 32146237 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast literature on the economic gradient of obesity, no study investigates the independent predictive roles of absolute and relative standards of living using a large nationally representative adult sample. This gap limits our ability to discern 'material' and 'psychosocial' pathways to obesity as well as our understanding of the role played by economic inequality in the growing obesity epidemic. Using a large and nationally representative Mexican dataset, we find that absolute wealth and relative deprivation are independently related to obesity, and that such relationships are patterned by sex. Absolute wealth predicts body mass index as well as abdominal obesity according to an inverted-U shape for both sexes, and more markedly so for females. Relative deprivation predicts higher body mass index for females and higher waist circumference for both sexes, with highly relatively deprived females being 24.29% (95% CI [24.26, 24.31]) more likely to be obese and 34.46% (95% CI [34.40,34.53]) more likely to be abdominal obese, and highly relatively deprived males being 14.91% (95% CI [14.88,14.93] more likely to be abdominal obese. Our results offer a new perspective on the economic gradient of obesity and highlight the potential impact of economic inequality, especially for women. Greater awareness of the independent and sex-specific roles of the absolute and relative facets of economic status is needed to better understand and address the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Esposito
- School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR47TJ, Norwich, UK.
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220
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Ntenda PAM, Kazambwe JF. A multilevel analysis of overweight and obesity among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Malawi: evidence from the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. Int Health 2020; 11:496-506. [PMID: 30517652 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are well-known risk factors for non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some cancers and musculoskeletal disorders. In Malawi, the proportion of women who are overweight/obese has doubled, from 10% in 1992 to 21% in 2015-16. Therefore we aimed to explore the individual- and community-level factors associated with overweight and obesity among non-pregnant women of child-bearing age. METHODS Secondary analysis of the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey was conducted. Overweight was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to <30 kg/m2, while obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Two-level multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were constructed using a logit-link function with a binomial distribution on 7326 women living in 850 different communities. RESULTS At the individual level, the adjusted multilevel regression results showed that women 15-19 y of age as well as women from the poorest households had reduced odds of being overweight/obese. However, women with white collar jobs and women who were affiliated with the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian and the Roman Catholic church had increased odds of being overweight/obese. At the community level, women from urban areas and women who resided in communities with a low percentage of media exposure had increased odds of being overweight or obese. While women from poor communities had reduced odds of being overweight and obese, the proportion change in variance showed that 56, 77 and 78% of total variations in the odds of overweight, obese and overweight/obese across the communities were explained by both individual- and community-level factors. The median odds ratio showed that the likelihood of maternal overweight, obese and overweight/obese increased by 63, 39 and 84% when the women moved from low- to high-risk neighbourhoods. CONCLUSIONS Older women, Christian women, women with white collar jobs and women from the richest households should be targeted during policy formulation. At the community level, media coverage should be spread evenly so that health awareness messages, consequences and means of overweight and obesity prevention are getting to the targeted women. Our study revealed evidence of clustering effects of overweight and obesity at the community level, hence neighbourhood variations with respect to maternal overweight and obesity should be taken into account when designing nutritional policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Flora Kazambwe
- NBS House Corner Chipembere Highway & Johnstone Roads, Ginnery Corner Blantyre, PO Box 32251, Chichiri Blantyre 3, Malawi
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221
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Relationships between Body Mass Index and Self-Reported Motorcycle Crashes in Vietnam. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12041382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between overweight, obesity, or body mass index (BMI) and crashes among drivers of passenger cars, vans, and trucks has been the focus of much research. However, little is understood about this relationship among motorcyclists, particularly motorcycle taxi drivers who tend to work long hours. Motorcycle taxis are an increasingly popular and important mode of travel in many cities, especially in South-East Asia, due partly to the rise of ride-hailing services. This paper assesses the body mass index (BMI) of motorcycle taxi drivers in Vietnam and its impacts on crashes among three types of drivers (traditional, ride-hailing, and hybrid). Data from a structured questionnaire survey of motorcycle taxi drivers conducted in Hanoi, Vietnam were used. Results show that 18.8% of motorcycle taxi drivers were overweight or obese whereas only 1.4% were underweight. Fulltime motorcycle taxi drivers were more likely to be overweight or obese. Results of random effect binary logistic regression show that overweight and obese motorcycle taxi drivers had significantly higher overall and injury crash risks, when compared to normal-weight motorcycle taxi drivers. Results also indicate that hybrid motorcycle taxi drivers had lower overall and injury crash risks when compared to traditional motorcycle taxi drivers.
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Najafi F, Soltani S, Karami Matin B, Kazemi Karyani A, Rezaei S, Soofi M, Salimi Y, Moradinazar M, Hajizadeh M, Barzegar L, Pasdar Y, Hamzeh B, Haghdoost AA, Malekzadeh R, Poustchi H, Eghtesad S, Nejatizadeh A, Moosazadeh M, Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Joukar F, Hashemi-Shahri SM, Vakilian A, Niknam R, Faramarzi E, Akhavan Akbari G, Ghorat F, Khaledifar A, Vahabzadeh D, Homayounfar R, Safarpour AR, Hosseini SV, Rezvani R, Hosseini SA. Socioeconomic - related inequalities in overweight and obesity: findings from the PERSIAN cohort study. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32046684 PMCID: PMC7014739 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are major health concerns worldwide, with adverse health consequences during the life span. This study measured socioeconomic inequality in overweight and obesity among Iranian adults. Methods Data were extracted from 129,257 Iranian adults (aged 35 years and older) participated in the Prospective Epidemiologic Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) in 14 provinces of Iran in 2014. Socioeconomic-related inequality in overweight and obesity was estimated using the Concentration Index (Cn). The Cn further decomposed to find factors explaining the variability within the Socioeconomic related inequality in overweight and obesity. Results Of the total number of participants, 1.98, 26.82, 40.76 and 30.43% had underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity respectively. The age-and sex standardized prevalence of obesity was higher in females than males (39.85% vs 18.79%). People with high socioeconomic status (SES) had a 39 and 15% higher chance of being overweight and obese than low SES people, respectively. The positive value of Cn suggested a higher concentration of overweight (0.081, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.074–0.087) and obesity (0.027, 95% CI; 0.021–0.034) among groups with high SES. There was a wide variation in socioeconomic-related inequality in overweight and obesity rate across 14 provinces. The decomposition results suggested that SES factor itself explained 66.77 and 89.07% of the observed socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity among Iranian adults respectively. Following SES, province of residence, physical activity, using hookah and smoking were the major contributors to the concentration of overweight and obesity among the rich. Conclusions Overall, we found that overweight and obesity is concentrated among high SES people in the study population. . Accordingly, it seems that intersectional actions should be taken to control and prevent overweight and obesity among higher socioeconomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahin Soltani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. .,Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Behzad Karami Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Kazemi Karyani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Satar Rezaei
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradinazar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hajizadeh
- School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Loghman Barzegar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Yahya Pasdar
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Liver and pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Eghtesad
- Liver and pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azim Nejatizadeh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Occupational Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Vakilian
- Dept. of Neurology, Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ramin Niknam
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faramarzi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ghodrat Akhavan Akbari
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fershteh Ghorat
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Arsalan Khaledifar
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Davoud Vahabzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Homayounfar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Safarpour
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Sjöholm P, Pahkala K, Davison B, Juonala M, Singh G. Socioeconomic status, remoteness and tracking of nutritional status from childhood to adulthood in an Australian Aboriginal Birth Cohort: the ABC study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033631. [PMID: 31992605 PMCID: PMC7045147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine prevalences of underweight and overweight as well as low and high waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in three prospective follow-ups and to explore tracking of these measures of nutritional status from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. The influence of socioeconomic status, remoteness, maternal body mass index (BMI) and birth weight on weight status was assessed. DESIGN Longitudinal birth cohort study of Indigenous Australians. SETTING Data derived from three follow-ups of the Aboriginal Birth Cohort study with mean ages of 11.4, 18.2 and 25.4 years for the participants. PARTICIPANTS Of the 686 Indigenous babies recruited to the study between 1987 and 1990, 315 had anthropometric measurements for all three follow-ups and were included in this study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES BMI categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity),WHtR categories (low and high), sex, areal socioeconomic disadvantage as defined by the Indigenous Relative Socioeconomic Outcomes index, urban/remote residence, maternal BMI and birth weight. Logistic regression was used to calculate ORs for belonging to a certain BMI category in adolescence and adulthood according to BMI category in childhood and adolescence. RESULTS Underweight was common (38% in childhood and 24% in adulthood) and the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased with age (12% in childhood and 35% in adulthood). Both extremes of weight status as well as low and high WHtR tracked from childhood to adulthood. Underweight was more common and overweight was less common in remote and more disadvantaged areas. Birth weight and maternal BMI were associated with later weight status. There were significant sex differences for prevalences and tracking of WHtR but not for BMI. CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic factors, remoteness and gender must be addressed when assessing nutrition-related issues in the Indigenous communities due to the variation in nutritional status and its behaviour over time within the Indigenous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sjöholm
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Katja Pahkala
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports & Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Belinda Davison
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Northern Territory, Australia
- Northern Territory Medical Program, Flinders University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Salari-Moghaddam A, Hajihashemi P, Basirat R, Mousavi SM, Salehi-Abargouie A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Household socioeconomic status in relation to childhood general and central obesity in Farrokhshahr, Iran. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2020; 15:211-217. [PMID: 31949447 PMCID: PMC6954359 DOI: 10.22122/arya.v15i5.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and general/central obesity has extensively been examined, limited data are available in this regard among children. The aim of this study was to examine the association between household SES and obesity among children. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done in Farrokhshahr, Iran, among primary school children aged 6-12 years in 2009. SES was examined using participants' and their parents' oral responses to a pretested questionnaire. In the current study, participants were classified based on tertiles of SES score to low, medium, and high SES categories. General as well as central obesity was defined based on age- and sex-specific national cut-off points. RESULTS Comparing individuals in the highest versus lowest tertile of SES, there was no significant difference in mean waist circumference (WC), but those in the middle tertile of SES had greater means of body mass index (BMI) than those in the lowest tertile after controlling for potential confounders (16.19 ± 0.27 vs. 15.27 ± 0.27 kg/m2, P = 0.002). We observed a greater chance of general obesity for those in the highest tertile of SES compared with those in the lowest tertile [odds ratio (OR): 4.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-10.59, Ptrend = 0.004]. No significant association was seen between SES and central obesity, either before or after controlling for potential confounders. CONCLUSION We found that children in the highest SES class had a greater chance of general obesity than those in the lowest SES class. There was no significant association between SES and central obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Salari-Moghaddam
- PhD Candidate, Students Scientific Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Hajihashemi
- PhD Candidate, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reyhane Basirat
- PhD Candidate, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- PhD Candidate, Students Scientific Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouie
- Assistant Professor, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center AND Department of Nutrition, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Professor, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Professor, Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran AND Food Security Research Center AND Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Mireku MO, Rodriguez A. Family Income Gradients in Adolescent Obesity, Overweight and Adiposity Persist in Extremely Deprived and Extremely Affluent Neighbourhoods but Not in Middle-Class Neighbourhoods: Evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E418. [PMID: 31936305 PMCID: PMC7013671 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether family income gradients in obesity, overweight, and adiposity persist at geographic-level deprivation quintiles using a nationally representative cohort of UK adolescents. Data from 11,714 eligible adolescents from the sixth sweep of the Millennium Cohort Study (14 years old) were analysed in this study. The International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific thresholds were used to define obesity and overweight. Self-reported family income was standardized using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s equivalised income scale. Geographic-level deprivation was defined by the index of multiple deprivation 2004. Results showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight was 8.0% and 27.2%, respectively. Mean percentage body fat was 16.9% (standard error, SE = 0.2%) in male and 27.3% (SE = 0.1%) in female adolescents. Risk of obesity, overweight, and adiposity increased with decreasing family income quintiles (p for trend <0.001). After stratifying by geographic-level deprivation quintiles, a U-shaped association emerged, whereby family income gradients in the risk of adolescent obesity and adiposity persisted in extremely affluent and extremely deprived neighbourhoods but attenuated to non-significance in middle-class neighbourhoods. These results focus on the findings from England. Recognition of the persistence of inequalities in the risk of obesity in the most deprived and affluent neighbourhoods may be necessary in planning public health resources and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Osei Mireku
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK;
| | - Alina Rodriguez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK;
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Williamson VG, Dilip A, Dillard JR, Morgan-Daniel J, Lee AM, Cardel MI. The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Snacking and Weight among Adolescents: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E167. [PMID: 31936076 PMCID: PMC7019740 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating behaviors, including unhealthy snacking or excessive snacking leading to excess calorie consumption, may contribute to obesity among adolescents. Socioeconomic status (SES) also significantly influences eating behaviors, and low SES is associated with increased risk for obesity. However, little is known regarding the relationship between snacking behavior and SES among adolescents and how this may contribute to obesity-related outcomes. The primary objective of this scoping review was to review the literature to assess and characterize the relationship between SES and snacking in adolescents. The secondary objective was to assess weight-related outcomes and their relation to snacking habits. Included articles were published between January 2000 and May 2019; written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish; and focused on adolescents (13-17 years). In total, 14 bibliographic databases were searched, and seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Preliminary evidence from the seven included studies suggests a weak but potential link between SES and snacking. Additionally, these dietary patterns seemed to differ by sex and income type of country. Finally, only three of the included studies addressed weight-related outcomes, but the overall available evidence suggests that snacking does not significantly affect weight-related outcomes. Due to the small number of included studies, results should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Williamson
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Abhaya Dilip
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.D.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Julia Rose Dillard
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.D.); (J.R.D.)
| | - Jane Morgan-Daniel
- Health Science Center Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Alexandra M. Lee
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Michelle I. Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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Morgan EH, Schoonees A, Sriram U, Faure M, Seguin‐Fowler RA. Caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 1:CD012547. [PMID: 31902132 PMCID: PMC6956675 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012547.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor diet and insufficient physical activity are major risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Developing healthy diet and physical activity behaviors early in life is important as these behaviors track between childhood and adulthood. Parents and other adult caregivers have important influences on children's health behaviors, but whether their involvement in children's nutrition and physical activity interventions contributes to intervention effectiveness is not known. OBJECTIVES • To assess effects of caregiver involvement in interventions for improving children's dietary intake and physical activity behaviors, including those intended to prevent overweight and obesity • To describe intervention content and behavior change techniques employed, drawing from a behavior change technique taxonomy developed and advanced by Abraham, Michie, and colleagues (Abraham 2008; Michie 2011; Michie 2013; Michie 2015) • To identify content and techniques related to reported outcomes when such information was reported in included studies SEARCH METHODS: In January 2019, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, 11 other databases, and three trials registers. We also searched the references lists of relevant reports and systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating the effects of interventions to improve children's dietary intake or physical activity behavior, or both, with children aged 2 to 18 years as active participants and at least one component involving caregivers versus the same interventions but without the caregiver component(s). We excluded interventions meant as treatment or targeting children with pre-existing conditions, as well as caregiver-child units residing in orphanages and school hostel environments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures outlined by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We included 23 trials with approximately 12,192 children in eligible intervention arms. With the exception of two studies, all were conducted in high-income countries, with more than half performed in North America. Most studies were school-based and involved the addition of healthy eating or physical education classes, or both, sometimes in tandem with other changes to the school environment. The specific intervention strategies used were not always reported completely. However, based on available reports, the behavior change techniques used most commonly in the child-only arm were "shaping knowledge," "comparison of behavior," "feedback and monitoring," and "repetition and substitution." In the child + caregiver arm, the strategies used most commonly included additional "shaping knowledge" or "feedback and monitoring" techniques, as well as "social support" and "natural consequences." We considered all trials to be at high risk of bias for at least one design factor. Seven trials did not contribute any data to analyses. The quality of reporting of intervention content varied between studies, and there was limited scope for meta-analysis. Both validated and non-validated instruments were used to measure outcomes of interest. Outcomes measured and reported differed between studies, with 16 studies contributing data to the meta-analyses. About three-quarters of studies reported their funding sources; no studies reported industry funding. We assessed the quality of evidence to be low or very low. Dietary behavior change interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component Seven studies compared dietary behavior change interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's percentage of total energy intake from saturated fat (mean difference [MD] -0.42%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.25 to 0.41, 1 study, n = 207; low-quality evidence) or from sodium intake (MD -0.12 g/d, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.12, 1 study, n = 207; low-quality evidence). No trial in this comparison reported data for children's combined fruit and vegetable intake, sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, or physical activity levels, nor for adverse effects of interventions. Physical activity interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component Six studies compared physical activity interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's total physical activity (MD 0.20 min/h, 95% CI -1.19 to 1.59, 1 study, n = 54; low-quality evidence) or moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (standard mean difference [SMD] 0.04, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.49, 2 studies, n = 80; moderate-quality evidence). No trial in this comparison reported data for percentage of children's total energy intake from saturated fat, sodium intake, fruit and vegetable intake, or SSB intake, nor for adverse effects of interventions. Combined dietary and physical activity interventions with a caregiver component versus interventions without a caregiver component Ten studies compared dietary and physical activity interventions with and without a caregiver component. At the end of the intervention, we detected a small positive impact of a caregiver component on children's SSB intake (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.44 to -0.12, 3 studies, n = 651; moderate-quality evidence). We did not detect a difference between intervention arms in children's percentage of total energy intake from saturated fat (MD 0.06%, 95% CI -0.67 to 0.80, 2 studies, n = 216; very low-quality evidence), sodium intake (MD 35.94 mg/d, 95% CI -322.60 to 394.47, 2 studies, n = 315; very low-quality evidence), fruit and vegetable intake (MD 0.38 servings/d, 95% CI -0.51 to 1.27, 1 study, n = 134; very low-quality evidence), total physical activity (MD 1.81 min/d, 95% CI -15.18 to 18.80, 2 studies, n = 573; low-quality evidence), or MVPA (MD -0.05 min/d, 95% CI -18.57 to 18.47, 1 study, n = 622; very low-quality evidence). One trial indicated that no adverse events were reported by study participants but did not provide data. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is insufficient to support the inclusion of caregiver involvement in interventions to improve children's dietary intake or physical activity behavior, or both. For most outcomes, the quality of the evidence is adversely impacted by the small number of studies with available data, limited effective sample sizes, risk of bias, and imprecision. To establish the value of caregiver involvement, additional studies measuring clinically important outcomes using valid and reliable measures, employing appropriate design and power, and following established reporting guidelines are needed, as is evidence on how such interventions might contribute to health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Morgan
- University of VermontDepartment of Nutrition and Food Sciences225B Marsh Life Science109 Carrigan DriveBurlingtonVTUSA05405
| | - Anel Schoonees
- Stellenbosch UniversityCentre for Evidence‐based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl DriveCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa7505
| | - Urshila Sriram
- Cornell UniversityDivision of Nutritional Sciences2250 N Triphammer Rd, Apt E8IthacaNew YorkUSA14850
- Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Marlyn Faure
- Stellenbosch UniversityDean's Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesFrancie van Zijl Drive, ParowCape TownWestern CapeSouth Africa14853
| | - Rebecca A Seguin‐Fowler
- Texas A&M AgriLife ResearchCollege StationTXUSA
- Texas A&M UniversityDepartment of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesAgriculture and Life Sciences Building600 John Kimbrough Boulevard, Suite 512College StationTXUSA77843‐2142
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Daga S, Mhatre S, Kasbe A, Dsouza E. Double burden of malnutrition among Indian schoolchildren and its measurement: a cross-sectional study in a single school. BMJ Paediatr Open 2020; 4:e000505. [PMID: 32099905 PMCID: PMC7015044 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study set in a single school on the outskirts of a large city aimed to document the extent of double burden of malnutrition (coexistence of overnutrition and undernutrition) among Indian schoolchildren from lower socioeconomic groups, and to determine if mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be used as a proxy for body mass index (BMI). SUBJECTS The total number of participants was 1444, comprising 424 girls and 1020 boys belonging to playgroups and grades 1 to 7. MEASUREMENTS Anthropometric measurements, such as participants' MUAC, height and weight were measured using standard techniques. Descriptive statistics for BMI and MUAC were obtained based on gender; z-scores were computed using age-specific and sex-specific WHO reference data. The distribution of variables was calculated for three groups: girls, boys and all participants. Homogeneous subsets for BMI and MUAC were identified in the three groups. Age-wise comparisons of BMI and MUAC were conducted for each gender. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (1) To know if MUAC and BMI are correlated among boys and girls. (2) To study BMI and MUAC z-score distribution among the participants. RESULTS MUAC was positively correlated with BMI in both boys and girls. The following BMI z-score distribution was observed: severe acute malnutrition (SAM), 5 (0.3%); moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), 146 (10.1%) and undernourished, at risk of MAM/SAM, 141 (9.8%); obese, 21 (1.5%); overweight, 36 (2.5%) and pre-obese, 136 (9.4%). The distribution of categories of children based on MUAC z-scores was: SAM, 7 (0.5%); MAM, 181 (12.5%) and undernourished, at risk of MAM/SAM, 181 (12.5%); obese, 19 (1.3%); overweight, 178 (12.3%) and pre-obese, 135 (9.3%). CONCLUSIONS SAM/MAM/undernourished states and obesity/overweight/pre-obese states, indicating undernutrition more than overweight, coexist among Indian schoolchildren from lower middle/lower socioeconomic categories. BMI and MUAC were significantly correlated. MUAC identifies both undernutrition and overnutrition by early detection of aberrant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameer Mhatre
- Paediatrics, Smt Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhiram Kasbe
- Community Health, Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Malnutrition in all its forms and socio-economic disparities in children under 5 years of age and women of reproductive age in Peru. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:s89-s100. [PMID: 31791443 DOI: 10.1017/s136898001900315x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the distribution of malnutrition by socio-economic indicators (SEI) in Peruvian children under 5 years and women of reproductive age (WRA). DESIGN We analysed data from the National Demographic and Family Health Survey. WHO criteria were used to define malnutrition indicators (overweight/obesity combined (OW); wasting/underweight; stunting/short stature; anaemia). Linear combination test was used to compare the prevalence of malnutrition by SEI (wealth index as a proxy of socio-economic status (SES); education; ethnicity). Prevalence ratio (PR) was used to describe disparities and associations between malnutrition and SEI. SETTING Peru (2015). PARTICIPANTS Children (n 22 833) under 5 years and WRA (n 33 503; 5008 adolescents and 28 495 adults). RESULTS The most prevalent form of malnutrition was anaemia (32·0 %) in children and OW in adolescent and adult WRA (31·3 and 65·1 %, respectively). Adjusted models showed that stunting and anaemia were significantly lower among children with high SES (PR = 0·25, 0·67), high-educated mothers (PR = 0·26, 0·76) and higher in indigenous children (PR = 1·3, 1·2); conversely, OW was higher among those with high SES and high-educated mothers (PR = 1·8, 1·6) compared with their lowest counterparts. In WRA, stunting/short stature was lower among those with high SES, high education and higher in indigenous adult women. OW in adolescents and adults was higher in high SES (PR = 1·4, 1·1), lower in indigenous adult women (PR = 0·84) and lower in high-educated adult women (PR = 0·86). CONCLUSIONS In the studied population, the distribution of malnutrition was associated with SEI disparities. Effective policies that integrate actions to overcome the double burden of malnutrition and reduce disparities are needed.
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Ameye H, Swinnen J. Obesity, income and gender: The changing global relationship. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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231
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Mehravar F, Majdzadeh R, Honarvar M, Kabir M, Maleki S. Effect of Socioeconomic Inequality on Overweight and Obesity in Children: A Review of Systematic Reviews. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.3.4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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232
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O'Neill M, Kornas K, Rosella L. The future burden of obesity in Canada: a modelling study. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE 2019; 110:768-778. [PMID: 31429040 PMCID: PMC6900264 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We applied the validated Obesity Population Risk Tool (OPoRT) to estimate the future burden of obesity in Canada using baseline risk factors attained through routinely collected survey data. METHODS OPoRT was developed using logistic regression with sex-specific generalized estimating equations to predict the 10-year prevalence of obesity (outcome BMI ≥ 30.0) among adults 18 and older. The algorithm includes 17 predictive factors, including socio-demographic and health behavioural characteristics. OPoRT demonstrated excellent discrimination (C-statistic ≥ 0.89) and achieved calibration. We applied OPoRT to Canadian Community Health Survey (2013/14) data to predict the future prevalence of obesity in Canada for a variety of population subgroups. RESULTS The predicted burden of obesity grew from 261 cases per 1000 in 2013/14 to 326 cases per 1000 in 2023/24 corresponding to a total of 8.54 million individuals with obesity. The burden is expected to be higher among males (347 cases per 1000) than females (305 cases per 1000). Individuals aged 35-49 had the highest predicted burden of obesity (374 cases per 1000) and the largest number of predicted cases (2.42 million), while individuals in the ≥ 65 age group had the lowest predicted burden (236 cases per 1000). The number of individuals with obesity per 1000 is highest among those severely food insecure (452 cases per 1000), compared with food secure individuals (324 cases per 1000). CONCLUSIONS OPoRT can be used to estimate the future population burden of obesity, to identify priority subgroups at an elevated risk. Burden estimates should be reflected in approaches to curb the future burden of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O'Neill
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Health Sciences Building 6th Floor, Suite 600, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Kathy Kornas
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Health Sciences Building 6th Floor, Suite 600, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Laura Rosella
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College Street, Health Sciences Building 6th Floor, Suite 600, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada.
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Room 424, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V2, Canada.
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Manneville F, Omorou AY, Legrand K, Langlois J, Lecomte E, Guillemin F, Briançon S, Angel N, Ancellin R, Aptel E, Bailly F, Barthelemy L, Bezaz D, Bonsergent E, Collin JF, De Lavenne R, Dietz E, Enrietto P, Favre E, Gentieu M, Gouault E, Helfenstein M, Hercberg S, Kurtz F, Laure P, Lighezzolo J, Marx P, Osbery A, Piquee MO, Renaudin P, Robert G, Schichtel A, Tessier S, Vuillemin A, Villemin E, Wuillaume M. Universal School-Based Intervention Does Not Reduce Socioeconomic Inequalities in Weight Status among Adolescents. Child Obes 2019; 15:532-540. [PMID: 31448956 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2019.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Differences in weight status by socioeconomic position occur during adolescence and is known as weight social gradient (WSG). The PRALIMAP (Promotion de l'ALIMentation et de l'Activité Physique) trial highlighted that a universal intervention was effective in reducing overweight and obesity prevalence among adolescents. However, its ability to reduce the WSG is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the PRALIMAP intervention on the WSG among adolescents. Methods: Data were obtained from 3504 adolescents who participated in the school-based PRALIMAP trial between 2006 and 2009. The PRALIMAP study consisted of three interventional strategies: educational, environmental, screening and care. Weight status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) z-score and overweight and obesity prevalence. The "indice de position sociale des élèves" was used to measure adolescents' socioeconomic status. Linear regression and hierarchical models were used to assess the WSG and its evolution, respectively. Results: Among all adolescents (14-18 years old), significant WSG was identified at baseline: BMI z-score (β = -0.06; p < 0.0001), overweight and obesity prevalence (β = -2.86; p < 0.0001). Overall, the intervention conferred no significant reduction in the WSG: BMI z-score (β = -0.01 [-0.02 to 0.01], p = 0.48), overweight and obesity prevalence (β = -0.01 [-0.07 to 0.05], p = 0.73). Similar results were observed for adolescents whatever the interventional strategy they benefited from in the PRALIMAP trial. Conclusions: This study provided no evidence that the PRALIMAP universal intervention was effective in reducing the socioeconomic inequalities in weight status among adolescents. Different interventions that account for social differences should be considered to tackle these inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdou Y Omorou
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, Team MICS, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, Nancy, France
| | - Karine Legrand
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, Team MICS, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, Nancy, France
| | - Johanne Langlois
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, Team MICS, Nancy, France.,National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Scientific and Technical Institute for Food and Nutrition (ISTNA), Nancy, France
| | - Edith Lecomte
- National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Scientific and Technical Institute for Food and Nutrition (ISTNA), Nancy, France
| | - Francis Guillemin
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, Team MICS, Nancy, France.,CHRU-Nancy, INSERM, University of Lorraine, CIC, Clinical Epidemiology, Nancy, France
| | - Serge Briançon
- University of Lorraine, APEMAC, Team MICS, Nancy, France
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Ishikawa M, Yokoyama T, Nishi N, Miura H. Study of the Relationship between Body Mass Index, Body Image, and Lifestyle Behaviors: A Community Survey in Fiji. JMA J 2019; 3:41-50. [PMID: 33324774 PMCID: PMC7733744 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Public health promotion efforts aimed at overweight and obesity prevention often proceed from the premise that the first step should be losing weight. Appropriate perceptions of body image may be important for improving weight loss awareness. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between body mass index and body image perception in Fiji, where increasing obesity is currently the most important health-related issue. Methods: Using the resident register based on the governmental census, one household member, aged between 18 and 69 years, was randomly selected from each household in two areas. There were 1,014 participants in the study. The questionnaire items were related to body image, dietary behaviors, physical activity, smoking habits, and alcohol consumption habits. Moreover, information regarding height, weight, blood pressure, and hemoglobin A1c were measured, and questions about social status (age, ethnicity, education, marital status, and employment), and subjective living status were asked. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body image perception. Results: Data from 391 men and 537 women were analyzed. Men within higher BMI quartiles smoked less (p = 0.0004) and drank less alcohol (p = 0.042). Women in higher BMI quartiles engaged in less physical activity (p = 0.022). Among the assessed data, both men and women in the higher BMI quartiles underestimated their body image compared with their actual physique (p < 0.0001). The higher BMI was associated with underestimated body image (men: odds ratio [OR] = 3.22, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.94–5.35; p < 0.0001; women: OR = 18.11, 95% CI, 10.10–32.47; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Higher BMI is strongly associated with underestimated body image among Fiji residents. Health-related counseling should be included within programs that aim to increase recognition of one’s actual physical size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Ishikawa
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Yokoyama
- Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nishi
- International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miura
- Department of International Health and Collaboration, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
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The overweight and obesity transition from the wealthy to the poor in low- and middle-income countries: A survey of household data from 103 countries. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002968. [PMID: 31774821 PMCID: PMC6880978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-income countries, obesity prevalence (body mass index greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2) is highest among the poor, while overweight (body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2) is prevalent across all wealth groups. In contrast, in low-income countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher among wealthier individuals than among poorer individuals. We characterize the transition of overweight and obesity from wealthier to poorer populations as countries develop, and project the burden of overweight and obesity among the poor for 103 countries. METHODS AND FINDINGS Our sample used 182 Demographic and Health Surveys and World Health Surveys (n = 2.24 million respondents) from 1995 to 2016. We created a standard wealth index using household assets common among all surveys and linked national wealth by country and year identifiers. We then estimated the changing probability of overweight and obesity across every wealth decile as countries' per capita gross domestic product (GDP) rises using logistic and linear fixed-effect regression models. We found that obesity rates among the wealthiest decile were relatively stable with increasing national wealth, and the changing gradient was largely due to increasing obesity prevalence among poorer populations (3.5% [95% uncertainty interval: 0.0%-8.3%] to 14.3% [9.7%-19.0%]). Overweight prevalence among the richest (45.0% [35.6%-54.4%]) and the poorest (45.5% [35.9%-55.0%]) were roughly equal in high-income settings. At $8,000 GDP per capita, the adjusted probability of being obese was no longer highest in the richest decile, and the same was true of overweight at $10,000. Above $25,000, individuals in the richest decile were less likely than those in the poorest decile to be obese, and the same was true of overweight at $50,000. We then projected overweight and obesity rates by wealth decile to 2040 for all countries to quantify the expected rise in prevalence in the relatively poor. Our projections indicated that, if past trends continued, the number of people who are poor and overweight will increase in our study countries by a median 84.4% (range 3.54%-383.4%), most prominently in low-income countries. The main limitations of this study included the inclusion of cross-sectional, self-reported data, possible reverse causality of overweight and obesity on wealth, and the lack of physical activity and food price data. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that as countries develop economically, overweight prevalence increased substantially among the poorest and stayed mostly unchanged among the wealthiest. The relative poor in upper- and lower-middle income countries may have the greatest burden, indicating important planning and targeting needs for national health programs.
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Maharani A. Socio-economic inequalities in C-reactive protein levels: Evidence from longitudinal studies in England and Indonesia. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:122-128. [PMID: 31400408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The levels of health enjoyed by individuals vary according to socio-economic status, and inflammation has been proposed as one pathway through which socio-economic status influences health in high-income countries. However, little is known regarding the social determinants of inflammation in low- and middle-income countries. This study investigated the association between socio-economic status and C-reactive protein (CRP) in England and Indonesia. METHODS This study used data from 4923 respondents aged 50+ in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and from 1812 respondents from the Indonesian Family Life Survey at baseline. The sources of information on individuals' education attainment, wealth, CRP and other covariates were ELSA Waves 2, 4 and 6, and IFLS Waves 4 and 5. Linear mixed models were performed to identify the longitudinal relationships between socio-economic status and CRP, and joint models were used to deal with bias in longitudinal ageing surveys due to attrition. RESULTS Respondents with high school education (β = -0.036, p < 0.01) or college degree or higher (β = -0.127, p < 0.01) in England had lower CRP levels. Being wealthy is correlated with lower CRP levels in England (middle: β = -0.073, p < 0.01; wealthiest: β = -0.133, p < 0.01). Being wealthy and having higher education were related with higher level of CRP in Indonesia. However, those significant relationships vanished when health behaviour and health status were included in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS The relationships between socio-economic status and CRP proved to be different in England and Indonesia. Encouraging healthy lifestyles among older adults with low socio-economic status may be the main focus of efforts toward healthy ageing in England and other developed countries. However, in Indonesia and other developing countries, attention is also required to older adults in wealthier socio-economic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asri Maharani
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
AbstractObjective:To describe malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by income, education and race/ethnicity in the Brazilian population.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Brazil.Participants:Children aged <5 years (n 14 580), adolescents aged 11–19 years (n 31 892) and adults aged 20–49 years (n 84 660).Results:Among children, prevalence of excess weight, wasting and stunting was 16·9, 2·8 and 6·0 %, respectively. Differences related to income, education and race/ethnicity were verified, except for prevalence of wasting by education level. Girls and boys presented 18·4 and 20·5 % of excess weight, 2·8 and 3·7 % of underweight and 5·5 and 7·3 % of stunting, respectively. Prevalence of excess weight was lower among poorer, lower-educated (only for boys) and white adolescents, while stunting was lower among higher-income, higher-educated and white adolescents. Over three-quarters of women and almost half of men presented excess weight. Among adults, 3·9 % of women and 1·7 % of men were underweight, and 5·7 % of women and 0·2 % of men presented short stature. Prevalence of excess weight for women was higher among lower education and black, while for men it was higher among higher income and education and white. Short stature was more prevalent among black and mixed-race, low-educated and low-income women. Underweight prevalence was higher among low-educated, black and mixed-race women.Conclusions:In Brazil, the prevalence of excess weight was at least threefold higher than that of undernutrition for children and adolescents and at least sevenfold higher for adults. Social inequalities were observed in the distribution of malnutrition across the lifespan and by gender.
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238
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Zeiher J, Ombrellaro KJ, Perumal N, Keil T, Mensink GBM, Finger JD. Correlates and Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:39. [PMID: 31482208 PMCID: PMC6722171 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now a well-established predictor of numerous adverse health outcomes. Knowledge about the pathways leading to enhanced CRF is essential for developing appropriate interventions. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide a detailed overview of the current state of research regarding individual factors associated with or influencing CRF among the general adult population. Methods We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and also conducted a search for grey literature (Google Scholar). Eligible indicators of CRF were objectively assessed measures of CRF by submaximal or maximal exercise testing measured using treadmill or cycle ergometer tests. We included quantitative observational studies of the general adult population. Using a semi-quantitative approach, we compiled summary tables aggregating the study results for each potential correlate or determinant of CRF. Results We identified 3005 studies, 78 of which met the inclusion criteria. Almost all of these studies were conducted in high-income countries. Study quality scores assessing the risk of bias in the individual studies ranged from 40 to 100%. Male sex, age (inverse), education, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, body mass index (inverse), body weight (inverse), waist circumference, body fat (inverse), resting heart rate (inverse), C-reactive protein (inverse), smoking (inverse), alcohol consumption, and multiple measures of leisure-time physical activity were independently and consistently associated with CRF. Conclusions In synthesizing the current research on the correlates and determinants of CRF among adults, this systematic review identified gaps in the current understanding of factors influencing CRF. Beyond the scope of this review, environmental and interpersonal determinants should be further investigated. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, CRD42017055456. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40798-019-0211-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zeiher
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katherine J Ombrellaro
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nita Perumal
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Health Resort Medicine and Health Promotion, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Bad Kissingen, Germany.,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert B M Mensink
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas D Finger
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Germany
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Canuto R, Fanton M, Lira PICD. Iniquidades sociais no consumo alimentar no Brasil: uma revisão crítica dos inquéritos nacionais. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:3193-3212. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018249.26202017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Thurber KA, Bell KJ. Socio-economic disadvantage and cardiovascular risk factors in young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. Med J Aust 2019; 211:259-260. [PMID: 31468526 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
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Das Gupta R, Haider SS, Sutradhar I, Hashan MR, Sajal IH, Hasan M, Haider MR, Sarker M. Association of frequency of television watching with overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in India: Evidence from a nationally representative study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221758. [PMID: 31465465 PMCID: PMC6715273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For women of reproductive age, overweight and obesity are an established risk factor for several medical complications. To address the increasing rate of obesity in India through public health awareness programs, the association between common behaviors and overweight and obesity needs to be investigated. This study aims to determine whether there is any association between the frequency of television watching and overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in India. Methods This is a cross-sectional study that utilized data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), which utilized a nationally representative sample from all 29 states and 7 union territories of India. The survey itself followed a two-staged stratified random sampling technique. The primary outcome of interest was overweight (23.0 kg/m2 to <27.5 kg/m2) and obesity (≥27.5 kg/m2), measured by using the Asian body mass index cut-off. The major explanatory variable was the frequency of television watching, measured in days per week. Sample weight of NFHS-4 was adjusted during the analysis. Multilevel ordered logistic regression was conducted to identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity. To show the strength of association, both the unadjusted Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) were reported with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The analysis included weighted data from 644,006 Indian women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Among the respondents, 33.5% were overweight or obese (BMI ≥23.0 kg/m2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with age (p-value <0.0001) and almost half of the women aged 35–49 years were either overweight or obese (48.6%). The prevalence was significantly higher among those living in an urban area compared to a rural area (urban 46.5% vs. rural 26.5%; p-value <0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased with the frequency of watching television and was the highest among the individuals who reported watching television almost every day (p-value <0.0001). Women watching television almost every day had 24% (AOR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.21–1.26; p-value <0.001) increased odds of being overweight and obese compared to their counterparts who never watched television. Conclusions This study found that the likelihood of being overweight and obese significantly increased with the frequency of watching television; likely due to physical inactivity during leisure time. Further studies should examine the physical activity and food habits of this target group. Public health promotion programs in India should raise awareness regarding the harmful effects of the sedentary lifestyle associated with watching television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Das Gupta
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shams Shabab Haider
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ipsita Sutradhar
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ibrahim Hossain Sajal
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mehedi Hasan
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rifat Haider
- Department of Social and Public Health, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Malabika Sarker
- Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases and Nutrition, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Science of Implementation & Scale-Up, BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Moise IK, Kangmennaang J, Halwiindi H, Grigsby-Toussaint DS, Fuller DO. Increase in Obesity Among Women of Reproductive Age in Zambia, 2002-2014. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:1679-1687. [PMID: 31448978 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To describe trends in obesity in Zambian women of reproductive age and to identify factors that may have contributed to changes in trends and nutrition outcomes. Materials and Methods: We obtained data on body mass index and individual factors of women from the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey for the period 2002 to 2014. From these data, we calculated descriptive statistics and examined the extent to which factors link to the odds of obesity over time. We also reviewed primary and secondary data sources, such as government documents, theses, and search engines to identify factors that may have contributed to trends and changes in nutrition outcomes. Results: The proportion of obesity doubled from 2002 (12.5%) to 2014 (22.3%). The odds were higher among educated, currently married and wealthy women, and it increased with age. Rural residence and working in agricultural-related jobs were linked to lower odds for obesity. This disparity varies by province. In addition, despite the presence of many nutrition policies and strategies, the increase in obesity occurred within the past two decades when urbanization and other factors (e.g., sedentary work, a proliferation of fast food restaurants, and advertisements) may have affected changes in nutrition outcomes for women. Conclusions: We identified increasing trends in obesity in women of reproductive age over time. The rapid urbanization and other factors that occurred in Zambia during this period are significant risk factors for obesity in Zambian women. The findings will be of interest to countries that are undergoing a nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda K Moise
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies/Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Joseph Kangmennaang
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Hikabasa Halwiindi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Douglas O Fuller
- Department of Geography and Regional Studies/Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida
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McEniry M, Samper-Ternent R, Flórez CE, Pardo R, Cano-Gutierrez C. Patterns of SES Health Disparities Among Older Adults in Three Upper Middle- and Two High-Income Countries. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 74:e25-e37. [PMID: 29684199 PMCID: PMC6941491 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gby050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the socioeconomic status (SES) health gradient for obesity, diabetes, and hypertension within a diverse group of health outcomes and behaviors among older adults (60+) in upper middle-income countries benchmarked with high-income countries. METHOD We used data from three upper middle-income settings (Colombia-SABE-Bogotá, Mexico-SAGE, and South Africa-SAGE) and two high-income countries (England-ELSA and US-HRS) to estimate logistic regression models using age, gender, and education to predict health and health behaviors. RESULTS The sharpest gradients appear in middle-income settings but follow expected patterns found in high-income countries for poor self-reported health, functionality, cognitive impairment, and depression. However, weaker gradients appear for obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic conditions in Colombia and Mexico and the gradient reverses in South Africa. Strong disparities exist in risky health behaviors and in early nutritional status in the middle-income settings. DISCUSSION Rapid demographic and nutritional transitions, urbanization, poor early life conditions, social mobility, negative health behavior, and unique country circumstances provide a useful framework for understanding the SES health gradient in middle-income settings. In contrast with high-income countries, the increasing prevalence of obesity, an important risk factor for chronic conditions and other aspects of health, may ultimately change the SES gradient for diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary McEniry
- Center for Demography & Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Rafael Samper-Ternent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | | | | | - Carlos Cano-Gutierrez
- Aging Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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244
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Differences in magnitude and rates of change in BMI distributions by socioeconomic and geographic factors in Mexico, Colombia, and Peru, 2005–2010. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 74:472-480. [DOI: 10.1038/s41430-019-0479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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245
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Bosu WK, Aheto JMK, Zucchelli E, Reilly ST. Determinants of systemic hypertension in older adults in Africa: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:173. [PMID: 31331284 PMCID: PMC6647089 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 55% of older adults in Africa have systemic hypertension, a major risk factor for stroke, heart failure and dementia in the region. The risk factors associated with hypertension in this population group in Africa have not been systematically evaluated. We, therefore, undertook a systematic review to identify these risk factors. METHODS We searched for population-based studies of adults aged ≥50 years living in Africa and reporting an estimate of hypertension and associated risk factors. We included articles published in any language between January 1980 and May 2018 using a comprehensive search strategy. We extracted data including the sample characteristics, prevalence of hypertension and risk factors with their effect sizes. RESULTS From an initial 10,719 records, we retained 63 eligible full text articles for review out of which we analyzed 23 studies made up of 19 primary and four multiple publications which had data on risk factors from bivariate or multivariable analysis. The primary studies, published from 2010 to 2018, involved a total of 30,500 participants in 12 different countries with mean ages ranging from 62.7 ± 9 years to 76.9 ± 8.4 years. Through narrative synthesis, we found consistent determinants of hypertension (overweight/obesity and history of stroke), less consistent but frequent determinants (including older age group, female sex and urban residence), inconsistent determinants (including education, wealth index, alcohol intake and physical activity) and nonsignificant covariates (marital status and having health insurance). Overall, the highest adjusted odds ratios were those associated with obesity and history of stroke. CONCLUSION The key determinants of systemic hypertension in older adults in Africa are older age group, overweight/obesity, history of stroke and female sex. Health programmes should promote weight reduction throughout the life course, including during the middle and older age of African adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kofi Bosu
- Department of Public Health and Research, West African Health Organisation, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 153 Burkina Faso
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG UK
| | - Justice Moses Kwaku Aheto
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 13, Legon, Accra Ghana
| | - Eugenio Zucchelli
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG UK
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Study (MIAS), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/ Einstein, 13 Pabellón C 1a planta, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Siobhan Theresa Reilly
- Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG UK
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246
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Gomes DCK, Sichieri R, Junior EV, Boccolini CS, de Moura Souza A, Cunha DB. Trends in obesity prevalence among Brazilian adults from 2002 to 2013 by educational level. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:965. [PMID: 31319818 PMCID: PMC6637516 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity ranks as a major public health problem in many countries in the world. The obesity-socioeconomic status relationship is not well established in middle-income countries. METHODS The aim of this study was to estimate the obesity and overweight trends from 2002 to 2013 by sex, age, and educational levels among Brazilian adults. The panel prevalence trend study was conducted, considering the sample weights and study design. Three nationwide surveys were analyzed: the Household Budget Survey 2002/2003 and 2008/2009, and the National Health Survey 2013. The total sample was 234,791 adults aged 20-59 years. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity increased from 7.5 to 17.0% from 2002 to 2013 among adults aged 20-39 years and from 14.7 to 25.7% among those aged 40-59 years, slightly higher among young women. In each survey, education was positively associated with the prevalence of obesity among men, whereas this association was negative among women. The greatest increase in the prevalence of obesity was 90% (11.9 to 22.5%) and occurred from 2008 to 2013 among women with secondary educational level, whereas at the pre-primary level there was a 42% (20.4 to 29.0%) increase. CONCLUSIONS Obesity prevalence in Brazil continued to increase, mostly among women with secondary education. Policies aimed at reducing the prevalence of obesity should consider sociodemographic characteristics in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Cosme Klein Gomes
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, 524 – 7 andar, Bloco E, sala E-7017B, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-900 Brazil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, 524 – 7 andar, Bloco E, sala E-7017B, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-900 Brazil
| | - Eliseu Verly Junior
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, 524 – 7 andar, Bloco E, sala E-7017B, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-900 Brazil
| | - Cristiano Siqueira Boccolini
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Communication and Information in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Amanda de Moura Souza
- Institute for Studies in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Diana Barbosa Cunha
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, São Francisco Xavier, 524 – 7 andar, Bloco E, sala E-7017B, Maracanã, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-900 Brazil
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Abstract
Bariatric surgeries are considered the only effective way of weight loss therapy in morbidly obese patients, i.e. body mass index ≥ 35. However, micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition are common after most bariatric procedures and thus, pre- and postoperative nutritional assessment and corrections are advised. The present review is presented in an effort to describe in some detail about prevalence, and mechanisms of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies in obese and post-bariatric surgery individuals. We also aimed to summarize the data on screening and supplementation of macro- and micronutrients before and after bariatric surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonmoon Mohapatra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Peter's University Hospital - Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Keerthana Gangadharan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital - Rutgers Robert Wood, Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Capecomorin S Pitchumoni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, Saint Peter's University Hospital - Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
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248
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Tutunchi H, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Hoojeghani S, Tabrizi S, Farrin N, Payahoo L, Ostadrahimi A. General and abdominal obesity is related to socioeconomic status and food choices: a cross-sectional study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-02-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence of general obesity (GO) and abdominal obesity (AO) in the north-west of Iran and investigate the association with food choices and socioeconomic status (SES).
Design/methodology/approach
In this cross-sectional study, 500 subjects aged ≥ 18 years were studied. Data on their basic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, dietary habits and physical activity were collected. The authors examined the association between GO and AO with SES and food choices using multiple logistic regression analysis.
Findings
The prevalence of GO and AO was 26.6 and 43.4%, respectively. A positive association was observed between age and GO (p for trend <0.001) and AO (p for trend 0.005) in both sexes. However, a negative correlation was detected between education and income with GO and AO (p for trend <0.001). Two or more servings of fruit consumption a day were associated with lower odds of obesity. It was observed that the odds of GO and AO decreased by three or more servings of daily fruit. The consumption of dairy products in two or more servings a day led to a reduction in odds of GO and AO. The consumption of five or more servings of legumes, beans and nuts a week was associated with lower odds of GO and AO.
Originality/value
Educational attainment, greater income and a higher intake of some specific food groups were associated with lower odds of obesity in the area. More population-based investigations are required to develop effective preventive strategies to control the status of being overweight and obesity in different regions.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Within- and across-country nutritional disparities were examined among older adults in six different countries at varying levels of development. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Older adults (aged 50 years or over) in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa using the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). RESULTS While the distribution of BMI categories varied by country, development-related characteristics were generally related to BMI category in a similar way: urban-living, educated and wealthier individuals were typically more likely to be in a higher BMI category. However, there were some exceptions that corroborate findings in more developed countries. Indeed, a pooled partial proportional odds model which included gross domestic product per capita interactions made the case for intertwining processes of development and the nutrition transition. CONCLUSIONS Population segments to be targeted by nutrition policy and programme implementation might need to change over the course of development.
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250
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Family income and nutrition-related health: Evidence from food consumption in China. Soc Sci Med 2019; 232:58-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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