251
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Guo M, Tao W, Flavell RA, Zhu S. Potential intestinal infection and faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:269-283. [PMID: 33589829 PMCID: PMC7883337 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to more than 200 countries and regions globally. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. However, reports have shown that a notable proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop gastrointestinal symptoms and nearly half of patients confirmed to have COVID-19 have shown detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their faecal samples. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection reportedly alters intestinal microbiota, which correlated with the expression of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, multiple in vitro and in vivo animal studies have provided direct evidence of intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2. These lines of evidence highlight the nature of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection and its potential faecal-oral transmission. Here, we summarize the current findings on the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 and its possible mechanisms. We also discuss how SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection might occur and the current evidence and future studies needed to establish the occurrence of faecal-oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Guo
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wanyin Tao
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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252
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Galeev A, Suwandi A, Cepic A, Basu M, Baines JF, Grassl GA. The role of the blood group-related glycosyltransferases FUT2 and B4GALNT2 in susceptibility to infectious disease. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151487. [PMID: 33662872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation profile of the gastrointestinal tract is an important factor mediating host-microbe interactions. Variation in these glycan structures is often mediated by blood group-related glycosyltransferases, and can lead to wide-ranging differences in susceptibility to both infectious- as well as chronic disease. In this review, we focus on the interplay between host glycosylation, the intestinal microbiota and susceptibility to gastrointestinal pathogens based on studies of two exemplary blood group-related glycosyltransferases that are conserved between mice and humans, namely FUT2 and B4GALNT2. We highlight that differences in susceptibility can arise due to both changes in direct interactions, such as bacterial adhesion, as well as indirect effects mediated by the intestinal microbiota. Although a large body of experimental work exists for direct interactions between host and pathogen, determining the more complex and variable mechanisms underlying three-way interactions involving the intestinal microbiota will be the subject of much-needed future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alibek Galeev
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleksa Cepic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meghna Basu
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany and Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany.
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Latyshev OE, Eliseeva OV, Kostina LV, Alekseev KP, Khametova KM, Altaeva EG, Verkhovsky OA, Aliper TI, Grebennikova TV. [Assessment of immunogenic activity of the cloned human rotavirus A WA strain.]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 64:156-164. [PMID: 32163681 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-4-156-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotovirus infection (RVI) caused by the dsRNA-containing virus from genus Rotavirus, Reoviridae family, belonging to group A (RVA), is the cause of severe diarrhea in human and other mammalian species. Vaccination is the most effective way to reduce the incidence of RVI. At present, the effectiveness of using gnotobiotic piglets as a universal model for reproducing human rotavirus infection and assessing the quality of RVI vaccine preparations has been experimentally proven. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of immunogenic activity of the cloned RVA Wa strain in the new-born Vietnamese potbellied piglets trial. MATERIAL AND METHODS Development of viral preparations of the cloned human Wa strain PBA, development of human RVA rVP6, ELISA, polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription, immunization and experimental infection of newborn piglets. RESULTS The article presents the results of the experiment on double immunization of newborn piglets with native virus preparations with the infection activity 5.5 lg TCID50/ml, 3 cm3 per dose, HRV with adjuvant 500 µg per dose and mock preparation (control group) followed with experimental inoculation of all animals with virulent virus strain Wa G1P[8] human RVA with infectious activity of 5.5 lg TCID50/ml in 5 cm3 dose. Development of clinical signs of disease and animal death were observed only in control group. RT-PCR system to detect RVA RNA in rectal swabs, samples of small intestine and peripheral lymph nodes was developed. ELISA based on obtained human RVA rVP6 was developed and results on RVA-specific IgG-antibodies in serum samples of experimental piglets are presented. CONCLUSION In the course of the research, a high immunogenic activity of the native and purified virus of the cloned Wa RVA strain Wa was established and the possibility of its use as the main component of the RVI vaccine was confirmed. The possibility of using conventional newborn pigs instead of gnotobiotic piglets as an experimental model was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Latyshev
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - O V Eliseeva
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - L V Kostina
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - K P Alekseev
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - K M Khametova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - E G Altaeva
- Diagnostics and Prevention Research Institute for Human and Animal Diseases, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - O A Verkhovsky
- Diagnostics and Prevention Research Institute for Human and Animal Diseases, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - T I Aliper
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation
| | - T V Grebennikova
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russian Federation.,Peoples Frendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
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254
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Wang Y, Li J, Dai P, Liu P, Zhu F. Effectiveness of the oral human attenuated pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq™) postlicensure: a meta-analysis-2006-2020. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:437-448. [PMID: 33709863 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1902808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV), which causes RV-associated gastroenteritis (RVGE), has accounted for considerable morbidity. We aimed to assess the effectiveness (VE) of the oral pentavalent RV vaccine (RotaTeq™) in real-world settings in children and infants with gastroenteritis. METHODS We performed a systematic search for peer-reviewed studies published between 1 January 2006 and 1 May 2020 and a meta-analysis to calculate the VE of RotaTeq™ vaccine. The primary outcome was the pooled three-dose vaccine VE. Stratified analysis of the vaccine VEs was performed according to dosages, study design, population age, socioeconomic status (SES), introduction condition, control group types, outcomes of RV disease, and RV strains. RESULTS After screening 2359 unique records, 28 studies were included and meta-analyzed. The overall VE estimate was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80-87%). Stratified analyses revealed a nonnegligible impact of factors such as study design and SES. Other factors did not show great impart to VE with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS RotaTeq™ is effective against RV infection, especially in high-income countries. Adopting suitable study methods and expansion of RV surveillance in low-income regions is crucial to assess VE in real-life settings and provide feasible vaccine regimens to improve vaccine VE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pinyuan Dai
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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Cherepushkin SA, Tsibezov VV, Yuzhakov AG, Latyshev OE, Alekseev KP, Altayeva EG, Khametova KM, Vorkunova GK, Yuzhakova KA, Grebennikova TV. [Synthesis and characterization of human rotavirus A ( Reoviridae: Sedoreovirinae: Rotavirus: Rotavirus A) virus-like particles]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 66:55-64. [PMID: 33683066 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants. The development of new vaccines against rotavirus A is urgent because the virus has many genotypes, some of which have regional prevalence. Virus-like particles (VLP) is a promising way to create effective and safe vaccine preparations.The purpose of the study is to develop the technology for the production of VLP, containing VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 of viral genotypes prevalent on the territory of the Russian Federation, and to give its molecular genetic and virological characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS The virulent strain Wa G1P[8] of human RV A adapted to MARC-145 cell culture has been used. It was cultured and purified according to the method described by the authors earlier. Standard molecular genetic and cytological methods were used: gene synthesis; cloning into transfer plasmids; recombinant baculoviruses production in Bac-to-Bac expression system; VLP production in the insect cells; centrifugation in sucrose solution; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); electron microscopy (EM); polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis. RESULTS VP4 and VP7 of the six most represented in Russia genotypes: G1, G2, G4, G9, P4, P8, as well as VP2 and VP6 were selected for VLP production. Recombinant baculoviruses were obtained with codon frequencies optimized for insect cells. Cabbage loopper (Trichoplusia ni) cell culture was coinfected with different combinations of baculoviruses, and VLP consisting of 2-4 proteins were produced. VLP were purified by centrifugation. The size and morphology of the particles matched the rotavirus A virion (by EM). The presence of rotavirus A proteins in VLP was confirmed by the ELISA, SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. CONCLUSION The technology for the synthesis of three-layer VLP consisting of VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 has been developed and optimized. The resulting VLP composition represents 6 serotypes of VP4 and VP7, which are most represented on the territory of Russia, and can be used for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cherepushkin
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - V V Tsibezov
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A G Yuzhakov
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - O E Latyshev
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - K P Alekseev
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - K M Khametova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - G K Vorkunova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - K A Yuzhakova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - T V Grebennikova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
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256
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Wang Y, Li J, Liu P, Zhu F. The performance of licensed rotavirus vaccines and the development of a new generation of rotavirus vaccines: a review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:880-896. [PMID: 32966134 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1801071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, which causes acute gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, has posed a great threat to children worldwide over the last 30 y. Since no specific drugs and therapies against rotavirus are available, vaccination is considered the most effective method of decreasing the morbidity and mortality related to rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis. To date, six rotavirus vaccines have been developed and licensed by local governments. Notably, Rotarix™ and RotaTeq™ have been recommended as universal agents against rotavirus infection by the World Health Organization; however, lower efficacies were found in less-developed and developing regions with medium and high child mortality than well-developed ones with low child mortality. For now, two promising novel vaccines, Rotavac™ and RotaSiil™ were pre-qualified by the World Health Organization in 2018. Other rotavirus vaccines in the pipeline including neonatal strain (RV3-BB) and several non-replicating rotavirus vaccines with a parenteral delivery strategy are currently undergoing investigation, with the potential to improve the performance of, and eliminate the safety concerns associated with, previous live oral rotavirus vaccines. This paper reviews the important developments in rotavirus vaccines in the last 20 y and discusses problems and challenges that require investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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257
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Upfold NS, Luke GA, Knox C. Occurrence of Human Enteric Viruses in Water Sources and Shellfish: A Focus on Africa. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:1-31. [PMID: 33501612 PMCID: PMC7837882 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are a diverse group of human pathogens which are primarily transmitted by the faecal-oral route and are a major cause of non-bacterial diarrhoeal disease in both developed and developing countries. Because they are shed in high numbers by infected individuals and can persist for a long time in the environment, they pose a serious threat to human health globally. Enteric viruses end up in the environment mainly through discharge or leakage of raw or inadequately treated sewage into water sources such as springs, rivers, dams, or marine estuaries. Human exposure then follows when contaminated water is used for drinking, cooking, or recreation and, importantly, when filter-feeding bivalve shellfish are consumed. The human health hazard posed by enteric viruses is particularly serious in Africa where rapid urbanisation in a relatively short period of time has led to the expansion of informal settlements with poor sanitation and failing or non-existent wastewater treatment infrastructure, and where rural communities with limited or no access to municipal water are dependent on nearby open water sources for their subsistence. The role of sewage-contaminated water and bivalve shellfish as vehicles for transmission of enteric viruses is well documented but, to our knowledge, has not been comprehensively reviewed in the African context. Here we provide an overview of enteric viruses and then review the growing body of research where these viruses have been detected in association with sewage-contaminated water or food in several African countries. These studies highlight the need for more research into the prevalence, molecular epidemiology and circulation of these viruses in Africa, as well as for development and application of innovative wastewater treatment approaches to reduce environmental pollution and its impact on human health on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Upfold
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Caroline Knox
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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258
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Iliev ID, Cadwell K. Effects of Intestinal Fungi and Viruses on Immune Responses and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1050-1066. [PMID: 33347881 PMCID: PMC7956156 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota comprises diverse fungal and viral components, in addition to bacteria. These microbes interact with the immune system and affect human physiology. Advances in metagenomics have associated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with alterations in fungal and viral species in the gut. Studies of animal models have found that commensal fungi and viruses can activate host-protective immune pathways related to epithelial barrier integrity, but can also induce reactions that contribute to events associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Changes in our environment associated with modernization and the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed humans to new fungi and viruses, with unknown consequences. We review the lessons learned from studies of animal viruses and fungi commonly detected in the human gut and how these might affect health and intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
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259
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Pasittungkul S, Lestari FB, Puenpa J, Chuchaona W, Posuwan N, Chansaenroj J, Mauleekoonphairoj J, Sudhinaraset N, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y. High prevalence of circulating DS-1-like human rotavirus A and genotype diversity in children with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand from 2016 to 2019. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10954. [PMID: 33680579 PMCID: PMC7919534 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rotavirus A (RVA) infection is the primary cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children worldwide, especially in children under 5 years of age and is a major public health problem causing severe diarrhea in children in Thailand. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, genotype diversity, and molecular characterization of rotavirus infection circulating in children under 15 years of age diagnosed with AGE in Thailand from January 2016 to December 2019. Methods A total of 2,001 stool samples were collected from children with gastroenteritis (neonates to children <15 years of age) and tested for RVA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Amplified products were sequenced and submitted to an online genotyping tool for analysis. Results Overall, 301 (15.0%) stool samples were positive for RVA. RVA occurred most frequently among children aged 0-24 months. The seasonal incidence of rotavirus infection occurred typically in Thailand during the winter months (December-March). The G3P[8] genotype was identified as the most prevalent genotype (33.2%, 100/301), followed by G8P[8] (10.6%, 32/301), G9P[8] (6.3%, 19/301), G2P[4] (6.0%, 18/301), and G1P[6] (5.3%, 16/301). Uncommon G and P combinations such as G9P[4], G2P[8], G3P[4] and G3P[9] were also detected at low frequencies. In terms of genetic backbone, the unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] was the most frequently detected (28.2%, 85/301), and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated high nucleotide identity with unusual DS-1-like G3P[8] detected in Thailand and several countries. Conclusions A genetic association between RVA isolates from Thailand and other countries ought to be investigated given the local and global dissemination of rotavirus as it is crucial for controlling viral gastroenteritis, and implications for the national vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siripat Pasittungkul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fajar Budi Lestari
- Department of Bioresources Technology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Inter-Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiratchaya Puenpa
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchaporn Chuchaona
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawarat Posuwan
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - John Mauleekoonphairoj
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Division of Academic Affairs, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
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Falkenhagen A, Huyzers M, van Dijk AA, Johne R. Rescue of Infectious Rotavirus Reassortants by a Reverse Genetics System Is Restricted by the Receptor-Binding Region of VP4. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030363. [PMID: 33668972 PMCID: PMC7996497 DOI: 10.3390/v13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus species A (RVA) capsid contains the spike protein VP4, which interacts with VP6 and VP7 and is involved in cellular receptor binding. The capsid encloses the genome consisting of eleven dsRNA segments. Reassortment events can result in novel strains with changed properties. Using a plasmid-based reverse genetics system based on simian RVA strain SA11, we previously showed that the rescue of viable reassortants containing a heterologous VP4-encoding genome segment was strain-dependent. In order to unravel the reasons for the reassortment restrictions, we designed here a series of plasmids encoding chimeric VP4s. Exchange of the VP4 domains interacting with VP6 and VP7 was not sufficient for rescue of viable viruses. In contrast, the exchange of fragments encoding the receptor-binding region of VP4 resulted in virus rescue. All parent strains and the rescued reassortants replicated efficiently in MA-104 cells used for virus propagation. In contrast, replication in BSR T7/5 cells used for plasmid transfection was only efficient for the SA11 strain, whereas the rescued reassortants replicated slowly, and the parent strains failing to produce reassortants did not replicate. While future research in this area is necessary, replication in BSR T7/5 cells may be one factor that affects the rescue of RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Falkenhagen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marno Huyzers
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, 2531 Potchefstroom, South Africa; (M.H.); (A.A.v.D.)
| | - Reimar Johne
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
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261
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de Oliveira GLV, Oliveira CNS, Pinzan CF, de Salis LVV, Cardoso CRDB. Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635471. [PMID: 33717181 PMCID: PMC7945592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), to date, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 91.8 million people worldwide with 1,986,871 deaths. This virus affects mainly the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is also a target, meanwhile SARS-CoV-2 was already detected in oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, rectum, and in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients. Prolonged GIT manifestations in COVID-19, mainly the diarrhea, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed SARS-CoV-2 clearance. So, the bidirectional interactions between the respiratory mucosa and the gut microbiota, known as gut-lung axis, are supposed to be involved in the healthy or pathologic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. In accordance, the intestinal dysbiosis is associated with increased mortality in other respiratory infections, due to an exacerbated inflammation and decreased regulatory or anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and in the gut, pointing to this important relationship between both mucosal compartments. Therefore, since the mucous membranes from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are affected, in addition to dysbiosis and inflammation, it is plausible to assume that adjunctive therapies based on the modulation of the gut microbiota and re-establishment of eubiosis conditions could be an important therapeutic approach for constraining the harmful consequences of COVID-19. Then, in this review, we summarized studies showing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal system and the related digestive COVID-19 manifestations, in addition to the literature demonstrating nasopharyngeal, pulmonary and intestinal dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we showed the potential beneficial role of probiotic administration in other respiratory infections, and discuss the possible role of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira
- Microbiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis
- Microbiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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262
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Zhan GF, Wang Y, Yang N, Luo AL, Li SY. Digestive system involvement of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: Clinical manifestations and potential mechanisms. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:561-575. [PMID: 33642829 PMCID: PMC7901047 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i7.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although coronavirus (CoV) infection is often characterized by respiratory symptoms, the virus can also result in extrapulmonary symptoms, especially the symptoms related to the digestive system. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently the world’s most pressing public health threat and has a significant impact on civil societies and the global economy. The occurrence of digestive symptoms in patients with COVID-19 is closely related to the development and prognosis of the disease. Moreover, thus far, there are no specific antiviral drug or vaccine approved for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Therefore, we elaborate on the effects of CoVs on the digestive system and the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ai-Lin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shi-Yong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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263
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Philip AA, Patton JT. Rotavirus as an Expression Platform of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.02.18.431835. [PMID: 33619485 PMCID: PMC7899449 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.18.431835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus, a segmented double-stranded RNA virus, is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. The introduction of live oral rotavirus vaccines has reduced the incidence of rotavirus disease in many countries. To explore the possibility of establishing a combined rotavirus-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we generated recombinant (r)SA11 rotaviruses with modified segment 7 RNAs that contained coding sequences for NSP3 and FLAG-tagged portions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. A 2A translational element was used to drive separate expression of NSP3 and the S product. rSA11 viruses were recovered that encoded the S-protein S1 fragment, N-terminal domain (NTD), receptor-binding domain (RBD), extended receptor-binding domain (ExRBD), and S2 core (CR) domain (rSA11/NSP3-fS1, -fNTD, -fRBD, -fExRBD, and -fCR, respectively). Generation of rSA11/fS1 required a foreign-sequence insertion of 2.2-kbp, the largest such insertion yet made into the rotavirus genome. Based on isopycnic centrifugation, rSA11 containing S sequences were denser than wildtype virus, confirming the capacity of the rotavirus to accommodate larger genomes. Immunoblotting showed that rSA11/-fNTD, -fRBD, -fExRBD, and -fCR viruses expressed S products of expected size, with fExRBD expressed at highest levels. These rSA11 viruses were genetically stable during serial passage. In contrast, rSA11/NSP3-fS1 failed to express its expected 80-kDa fS1 product, for unexplained reasons. Moreover, rSA11/NSP3-fS1 was genetically unstable, with variants lacking the S1 insertion appearing during serial passage. Nonetheless, these results emphasize the potential usefulness of rotavirus vaccines as expression vectors of portions of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein (e.g., NTD, RBD, ExRBD, and CR) with sizes smaller than the S1 fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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264
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Zeevat F, Dvortsin E, Wondimu A, Wilschut JC, Boersma C, Postma MJ. Rotavirus Vaccination of Infants Delayed and Limited within the National Immunization Programme in the Netherlands: An Opportunity Lost. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020144. [PMID: 33579025 PMCID: PMC7916749 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we estimated the benefits of rotavirus vaccination for infants had the rotavirus vaccine been introduced in the Netherlands as of its market authorization in 2006. An age-structured, deterministic cohort model was developed to simulate different birth cohorts over a period of 15 years from 2006 until 2021, comparing both universal and targeted high-risk group vaccination to no vaccination. Different scenarios for the duration of protection (5 or 7 years) and herd immunity (only for universal vaccination) were analyzed. All birth cohorts together included 2.6 million infants, of which 7.9% were high-risk individuals, and an additional 13.2 million children between 1-15 years born prior to the first cohort in 2006. The costs and health outcomes associated with rotavirus vaccination were calculated per model scenario and discounted at 4% and 1.5%, respectively. Our analysis reveals that, had rotavirus vaccination been implemented in 2006, it would have prevented 356,800 (51% decrease) and 32,200 (5% decrease) cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis after universal and targeted vaccination, respectively. Over the last 15 years, this would have led to significant avoided costs and quality-adjusted life year losses for either vaccination strategy with the most favorable outcomes for universal vaccination. Clearly, an opportunity has been lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zeevat
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (C.B.); (M.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Abrham Wondimu
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (C.B.); (M.J.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Jan C. Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Cornelis Boersma
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (C.B.); (M.J.P.)
- Faculty of Management Sciences, Open University, 6419 AT Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. Postma
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; (A.W.); (C.B.); (M.J.P.)
- Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics & Business, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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265
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The anti-rotavirus effect of baicalin via the gluconeogenesis-related p-JNK-PDK1-AKT-SIK2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173927. [PMID: 33567320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) infection is a leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis in children < 5 years of age, and by now, the prevention and treatment of RV are still the major public health problems due to a lack of specific clinical drugs. Thus, the aims of this study are to explore the anti-RV effect of baicalin and its influence on glucose metabolism. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that baicalin had an anti-RV attachment effect with the strongest effect at a concentration of 100 μM, and also inhibited the replication of RV at concentrations of 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 μM. Moreover, baicalin helped to overcome the weight loss and reduced the diarrhea rate and score with the best therapeutic effect at a concentration of 0.3 mg/g in RV-infected neonatal mice. Interestingly, baicalin decreased glucose consumption in RV-infected Caco-2 cells with the optimal concentration of 125 μM. Next, metabolomic analysis indicated that there were 68 differentially expressed metabolites, including an increase in pyruvic acid, asparagine, histidine and serine, and a decrease in dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which suggested that the underlying signaling pathway was gluconeogenesis. Further studies demonstrated that baicalin inhibited gluconeogenesis via improving glucose 6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCK). Moreover, baicalin upregulated the potential gluconeogenesis proteins named salt inducible kinase 2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 and down-regulated phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, which are associated with G-6-Pase and PEPCK expressions. Therefore, baicalin improved the gluconeogenesis disruption caused by RV.
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266
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Firouzi M, Sherkatolabbasieh H, Shafizadeh S. Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e160921190908. [PMID: 33511936 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210129145317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain infectious diseases are common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Firouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
| | | | - Shiva Shafizadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad. Iran
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267
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Nowakowska A, Demkow U, Podsiadły E. Zakażenia przewodu pokarmowego w XXI wieku w Polsce i na świecie. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streszczenie
Na początku XXI wieku wciąż istnieje ogólnoświatowy problem zakażeń przewodu pokarmowego we wszystkich grupach wiekowych ludności. Za najpowszechniejszy czynnik etiologiczny chorób biegunkowych na świecie przenoszony przez skażoną żywność uważany jest Norovirus oraz bakterie z rodzaju Salmonella i Campylobacter, jednak za największą liczbę nieżytów żołądkowo-jelitowych odpowiadają rotawirusy. Ciągle terenami endemicznymi ciężkich zakażeń pokarmowych jest Afryka, Azja Południowo-Wschodnia, Ameryka Łacińska oraz wschodnia część Basenu Morza Śródziemnego. Na tych terenach utrzymują się „stare” czynniki etiologiczne biegunek, takie jak np.: Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi. Grupą szczególnie narażoną na infekcje pokarmowe pozostają dzieci <5. roku życia. Głównym czynnikiem etiologicznym biegunek w tej grupie wiekowej – zarówno w krajach rozwiniętych, jak i rozwijających się – są rotawirusy. Odpowiadają one za 500 tys. zgonów rocznie. Polska ze względu na ograniczone standardy diagnostyczne, epidemiologicznie różni się częstotliwością występowania poszczególnych patogenów biegunkowych od pozostałych krajów. Dotyczy to niższej zapadalności na zakażenia o etiologiach: Campylobacter, Norovirus, Shigella. Dominującym czynnikiem zakażeń pokarmowych o podłożu bakteryjnym w kraju są pałeczki Salmonella, natomiast wirusowym rotawirusy. Wiedza na temat chorób infekcyjnych układu pokarmowego może być w XXI w. na nowo sformułowana, a lista czynników etiologicznych poszerzona, sprzyjają temu zaś badania mikrobioty jelit oraz powszechne stosowanie nowych technik diagnostycznych m.in. spektometrii mas i real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowakowska
- Laboratorium Diagnostyki Medycznej , Wojewódzka Stacja Sanitarno-Epidemiologiczna w Rzeszowie
- Zakład Mikrobiologii, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych , Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne WUM , Warszawa
| | - Edyta Podsiadły
- Zakład Diagnostyki Laboratoryjnej i Immunologii Klinicznej Wieku Rozwojowego , Uniwersyteckie Centrum Kliniczne WUM , Warszawa
- Zakład Mikrobiologii, Kolegium Nauk Medycznych , Uniwersytet Rzeszowski
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268
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Zhao L, Shi X, Meng D, Guo J, Li Y, Liang L, Guo X, Tao R, Zhang X, Gao R, Gao L, Wang J. Prevalence and genotype distribution of group A rotavirus circulating in Shanxi Province, China during 2015-2019. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:94. [PMID: 33478417 PMCID: PMC7818068 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group A rotavirus (RVA), despite being a leading cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children, is less studied in Shanxi Province, China. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence and genetic characterization of RVA in hospitalized children younger than 10 years of age with the diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis in Shanxi Province, China. METHODS A hospital-based active surveillance of rotavirus gastroenteritis was conducted at Children's Hospital of Shanxi from Jan 1, 2015, through Dec 31, 2019. Rotavirus was detected in stool samples by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). G- and P-genotypes were determined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS A total of 961 children younger than 10 years of age was enrolled over the study period, of whom 183 (19.0%) were positive for RVA. The highest RVA-infection frequency (23.7%) was found among children aged 12-23 months, and the seasonal peak was in December. G9P[8] was most prevalent (76.0%), followed by G3P[8] (7.1%), G2P[4] (3.3%), G1P[8] (0.5%) and G9P[4] (0.5%). CONCLUSIONS These results report for the first time that RVA was one of the main causes of severe infectious gastroenteritis in children, and a high proportion of G9P[8] strains circulating in most areas of Shanxi Province. While the protective efficacy of the rotavirus vaccines has been demonstrated against G9P[8] strains, our results highlight that the dominant strains have not been effectively controlled in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- Department of Disease Prevention and Public Health, Children's Hospital of Shanxi, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Dequan Meng
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jiane Guo
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Guo
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ruihong Gao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jitao Wang
- Department of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NO. 89 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030012, Shanxi Province, China.
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269
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Ding YY, Ren Y, Qin J, Qian GH, Tang YJ, Chen Y, Li X, Xu L, Qiao CH, Sun L, Lv HT. Clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease and concurrent pathogens during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:263-271. [PMID: 34160770 PMCID: PMC8219783 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of Kawasaki disease (KD) and concurrent pathogens due to a stay-at-home isolation policy during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. METHODS All patients with KD admitted between February and April in 2015-2020, were classified into before (group 1, in 2015-2019) and after (group 2, in 2020) isolation groups. A total of 4742 patients [with KD (n = 98) and non-KD (n = 4644)] referred to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and virus detection were analyzed in 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and 13 pathogens were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Group 2 had a significantly increased incidence of KD (0.11%) with 107 patients compared to that of group 1 (0.03%) with 493 patients. The comparisons of oral mucosal change, strawberry tongue, desquamation of the fingertips, cervical lymphadenopathy and neutrophil percentage decreased in group 2 compared to group 1. The infection rate of MP increased significantly in group 2 (34.7%) compared to group 1 (19.3%), while the positive rate of viruses decreased significantly in group 2 (5.3%) compared to group 1 (14.3%). In 2020, the positive rate of MP infection increased significantly in patients with KD compared to the increase in patients with non-KD. The infection rate of MP for younger children aged less than 3 years old was higher in group 2 than in group 1. CONCLUSION Compared with the characteristics of KD from 2015 to 2019 years, the incidence of KD was increased in 2020 and was accompanied by a high incidence of MP infection, especially in younger children (less than 3 years old) during the isolation due to COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Yue Ding
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, 12 Mid Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Guang-Hui Qian
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Yun-Jia Tang
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Chun-Hong Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China
| | - Hai-Tao Lv
- Cardiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215025, China.
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270
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Li Y, Xia S, Jiang X, Feng C, Gong S, Ma J, Fang Z, Yin J, Yin Y. Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625210. [PMID: 33937093 PMCID: PMC8082445 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a common problem to the whole world and the occurrence of diarrhea is highly associated with gut microbiota, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Generally, diarrheal patients or animals are characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis and pathogen infections may lead to diarrheal phenotypes. Of relevance, reprograming gut microbiota communities by dietary probiotics or fecal bacteria transplantation are widely introduced to treat or prevent diarrhea. In this review, we discussed the influence of the gut microbiota in the infection of diarrhea pathogens, and updated the research of reshaping the gut microbiota to prevent or treat diarrhea for the past few years. Together, gut microbiota manipulation is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, and further insight into the function of the gut microbiota will help to discover more anti-diarrhea probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Li
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Siting Xia
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohan Jiang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Feng
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Saiming Gong
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Yin, ; Zhengfeng Fang,
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Yin, ; Zhengfeng Fang,
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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271
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Mullins B, Chen J. NLRP9 in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunology 2020; 162:262-267. [PMID: 33283292 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Several members of NLRs, notably NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, are able to form cytosolic oligomeric signalling platforms termed inflammasomes to mediate immune response towards pathogens, damage and stress. However, the functions of many NLRs still remain elusive. In the past few years, a couple of less-characterized NLR members are emerging as important signalling molecules with fundamental functions in host defence and inflammation. Among them, NLRP9 is an NLR originally proposed to be expressed and function solely in the reproductive system. Recent evidence has suggested that NLRP9 is also capable of initiating inflammasome formation in the intestine to restrict replication and damage brought by rotavirus infection. Here, we highlight the latest progress in characterization of the role of NLRP9 in infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as the newest crystallographic and biochemical studies on NLRP9. Finally, we discuss some important questions remained to be answered regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing NLRP9's function in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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272
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Reslan L, Mishra N, Finianos M, Zakka K, Azakir A, Guo C, Thakka R, Dbaibo G, Lipkin WI, Zaraket H. The origins of G12P[6] rotavirus strains detected in Lebanon. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331815 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The G12 rotaviruses are an increasingly important cause of severe diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide. Seven human G12P[6] rotavirus strains were detected in stool samples from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis in Lebanon during a 2011-2013 surveillance study. Complete genomes of these strains were sequenced using VirCapSeq-VERT, a capture-based high-throughput viral-sequencing method, and further characterized based on phylogenetic analyses with global RVA and vaccine strains. Based on the complete genomic analysis, all Lebanese G12 strains were found to have Wa-like genetic backbone G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetically, these strains fell into two clusters where one of them might have emerged from Southeast Asian strains and the second one seems to have a mixed backbone between North American and Southeast Asian strains. Further analysis of these strains revealed high antigenic variability compared to available vaccine strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the complete genome-based characterization of G12P[6] emerging in Lebanon. Additional studies will provide important insights into the evolutionary dynamics of G12 rotaviruses spreading in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Reslan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Marc Finianos
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kimberley Zakka
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amanda Azakir
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cheng Guo
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Riddhi Thakka
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Ghassan Dbaibo
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and the Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, New York
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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273
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Lee B. Update on rotavirus vaccine underperformance in low- to middle-income countries and next-generation vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:1787-1802. [PMID: 33327868 PMCID: PMC8115752 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1844525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the decade since oral rotavirus vaccines (ORV) were recommended by the World Health Organization for universal inclusion in all national immunization programs, significant yet incomplete progress has been made toward reducing the burden of rotavirus in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC). ORVs continue to demonstrate effectiveness and impact in LMIC, yet numerous factors hinder optimal performance and evaluation of these vaccines. This review will provide an update on ORV performance in LMIC, the increasing body of literature regarding factors that affect ORV response, and the status of newer and next-generation rotavirus vaccines as of early 2020. Fully closing the gap in rotavirus prevention between LMIC and high-income countries will likely require a multifaceted approach accounting for biological and methodological challenges and evaluation and roll-out of newer and next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Vaccine Testing Center and Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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274
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Miyabe FM, Dall Agnol AM, Leme RA, Oliveira TES, Headley SA, Fernandes T, de Oliveira AG, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Porcine rotavirus B as primary causative agent of diarrhea outbreaks in newborn piglets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22002. [PMID: 33319798 PMCID: PMC7738533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is considered a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in young animals. RV is classified into nine species, five of which have been identified in pigs. Most studies worldwide have highlighted diarrhoea outbreaks caused by RVA, which is considered the most important RV species. In the present study, we described the detection and characterization of porcine RVB as a primary causative agent of diarrhoea outbreaks in pig herds in Brazil. The study showed a high frequency (64/90; 71.1%) of RVB diagnosis in newborn piglets associated with marked histopathological lesions in the small intestines. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene of wild-type RVB strains revealed a high diversity of G genotypes circulating in one geographic region of Brazil. Our findings suggest that RVB may be considered an important primary enteric pathogen in piglets and should be included in the routine differential diagnosis of enteric diseases in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Megumi Miyabe
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory-Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory-Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory-Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Evani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thiago Fernandes
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Admilton Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Department of Microbiology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory-Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory-Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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275
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Wu Y, Tu X, Liang X, Chen J, Wan X, Zhang T, Jiang J, Zhong S. Gegen huangqin huanglian decoction for children rotavirus enteritis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23376. [PMID: 33285720 PMCID: PMC7717832 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus infection is the main cause of severe dehydration enteritis in children under 5 years old. It gives rise to malnutrition and even death in children even though there were rotavirus vaccines. However, there is no effective anti-virus drugs for rotavirus, supporting treatments are used in the clinics. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been treating diarrhea for many years. Gegen Huangqin Huanglian Decoction (GHHD)is a classic prescription for diarrhea in TCM. With the development of clinical trials and basic studies, GHHD has been proved that a good curative effect on diarrhea. Therefore, a systematic review is necessary to improve available evidence for GHHD in therapy of children under 5 years old with rotavirus enteritis. METHODS Different studies from various databases will be involved in this study. Only randomized controlled trials of rotavirus enteritis patients diagnosed with Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Gastroenteritis in Outpatient Pediatrics, which released by the Washington International Children's Medical Center, Zhu Futang's Practical Pediatrics (7 th Edition), and the 2016 clinical practice guidelines for children with acute infectious diarrhea in China. We will search the literature in the databases from China Conference Paper Database, manual searching. Electronic database includes PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Internet), WanFang, VIP (Chongqing VIP), and CBM (China Biomedical Literature CDROM Database). The primary outcomes include the total effective rate, the time of stopping diarrhea, the level of IL-6 serum concentration, fecal microflora ratio, the conversion of fecal rotavirus antigen. The secondary outcomes include clinical efficacy and the quantitative integral of TCM symptom, recovery time of stool character, treatment period. Besides, incidence of adverse events (such as irritation and toxicity) and costs will be also considered. Data will be extracted by 2 researchers independently, risk of bias of the meta-analysis will be evaluated based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data analysis will be conducted by data statistics software Review Manager V.5.3 and Stata V.12.0. RESULTS This study will synthesize and provide high-quality evidence based on the data of the currently published GHHD for the treatment of children rotavirus enteritis, in terms of the total effective rate, the time of stopping diarrhea, the level of IL-6 serum concentration, fecal microflora ratio, stool rotavirus antigen, clinical efficacy and the quantitative integral of TCM symptom, recovery time of stool character, treatment period, and safety. CONCLUSION This systematic review aims to evaluated the benefits and harms of GHHD for the treatment of children rotavirus enteritis reported in randomized controlled trials, and provide more options for clinicians and patients to treat children rotavirus enteritis. REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY2020100023.
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276
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The impact of shared decision making with patient decision aids on the rotavirus vaccination rate in children: A randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2020; 141:106244. [PMID: 32891678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus vaccination reduces the incidence and severity of acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus infection. However, because of a lack of understanding and private payment for the rotavirus vaccine, the rotavirus vaccination rate is still low in some countries. We intended to assess the impact of shared decision-making (SDM) with the assistance of patient decision aids (PDAs) on the rotavirus vaccination rate, and the knowledge, confidence, and congruence of value among baby's parents when decision-making. The study was a two-group, outcome assessor-blind, randomized, controlled trial. The families of 1-month-old infants for routine vaccination were enrolled; they were divided randomly into non-SDM and SDM groups. The influence of SDM on the acceptance of rotavirus vaccination was assessed when their infants were 2 months old. Outcome measures were decisional conflict, decision-making difficulties, and rotavirus vaccine knowledge, and the overall rotavirus vaccination rate. The study enrolled 180 participants. SDM, parents' education level, and rotavirus vaccination of a previous child were variables that influenced acceptance of rotavirus vaccination. The SDM group scored significantly higher for understanding the information on the oral rotavirus vaccine than the non-SDM group, which helped them to decide whether to vaccinate the baby against rotavirus. The rotavirus vaccination rate was 16.7% higher in the SDM group than the non-SDM group. SDM assisted with PDAs gives more information and helps infants' families understand what they need, reduces their decision conflict, and increases their baby's vaccination against rotavirus, which promotes public health. The clinical trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03804489).
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277
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Rasheed J, Jamil A, Hameed AA, Aftab U, Aftab J, Shah SA, Draheim D. A survey on artificial intelligence approaches in supporting frontline workers and decision makers for the COVID-19 pandemic. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2020; 141:110337. [PMID: 33071481 PMCID: PMC7547637 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
While the world has experience with many different types of infectious diseases, the current crisis related to the spread of COVID-19 has challenged epidemiologists and public health experts alike, leading to a rapid search for, and development of, new and innovative solutions to combat its spread. The transmission of this virus has infected more than 18.92 million people as of August 6, 2020, with over half a million deaths across the globe; the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this a global pandemic. A multidisciplinary approach needs to be followed for diagnosis, treatment and tracking, especially between medical and computer sciences, so, a common ground is available to facilitate the research work at a faster pace. With this in mind, this survey paper aimed to explore and understand how and which different technological tools and techniques have been used within the context of COVID-19. The primary contribution of this paper is in its collation of the current state-of-the-art technological approaches applied to the context of COVID-19, and doing this in a holistic way, covering multiple disciplines and different perspectives. The analysis is widened by investigating Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches for the diagnosis, anticipate infection and mortality rate by tracing contacts and targeted drug designing. Moreover, the impact of different kinds of medical data used in diagnosis, prognosis and pandemic analysis is also provided. This review paper covers both medical and technological perspectives to facilitate the virologists, AI researchers and policymakers while in combating the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Rasheed
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | - Akhtar Jamil
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | - Alaa Ali Hameed
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul 34303, Turkey
| | - Usman Aftab
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Aftab
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey
| | - Syed Attique Shah
- Department of IT, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Dirk Draheim
- Information Systems Group, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15a, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
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278
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Standaert B, Strens D, Pereira P, Benninghoff B, Raes M. Lessons Learned from Long-Term Assessment of Rotavirus Vaccination in a High-Income Country: The Case of the Rotavirus Vaccine Belgium Impact Study (RotaBIS). Infect Dis Ther 2020; 9:967-980. [PMID: 33025558 PMCID: PMC7680470 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-020-00345-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rotavirus (RV) vaccine Belgium Impact Study (RotaBIS) evaluated the vaccine effect on RV-related hospital care in children up to 5 years old over a period of 13 years. Different forces were identified that influence the reduction in hospital care. Our analysis aims to report on the current RotaBIS dataset and explore through model simulation whether, how, and when the results could have been improved. METHODS As performed in previous assessments, this analysis evaluated RV-related events per year, per age group, RV nosocomial infections, hospitalization duration, and herd effect. It subsequently identified results that were surprising or unexpected. To know whether those data could have been improved through specific interventions, we developed a model with the forces acting on the disease transmission and the vaccine effect on RV-related hospital care. Scenario analysis of the forces should explain the current findings and identify ways to optimize the results. RESULTS The RotaBIS data show that annual RV-related hospital cases (n = 1345 pre-vaccination) dropped by 70% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66-74%) by year 5 (n = 395) after vaccine introduction, and by 84% (95% CI 79-89%) by year 10 (n = 217). The herd effect during the first year was limited to 14% extra gain. During the last 5 years, small disease increases were seen biennially. The simulation model indicates that higher vaccine coverage of the major transmitters during the peak season of the first year of vaccination could have reduced RV-related hospital care by nearly 90% at 5 and 10 years after vaccine introduction owing to a higher herd effect. The smaller peaks observed in recent years would have been dramatically reduced. CONCLUSION The current RotaBIS data show a maintained reduction, around 76%, in RV hospitalization cases. Simulations show that these results could have been improved to an important extent with a more optimal initiation of the vaccination program. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01563146 and NCT01563159.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc Raes
- Pediatrics, Jessa Ziekenhuis, Hasselt, Belgium
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279
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ASSESSMENT OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS CAUSED BY ROTAVIRUS ON ITS GENOTYPES. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2020.001446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children is rotavirus. In different countries, different rotavirus genotypes prevail and are associated with different severity of disease. The purpose of our study was to identify the distribution of rotavirus genotypes in Kyiv, Ukraine, and to determine the correlation between the genotypes and course of disease. Materials and methods. 978 children under 5 years of age were examined with АGE symptoms and not vaccinated against rotavirus. Determination of rotavirus antigen and genotype were performed using the immunoenzymatic assay and real-time RT-PCR. We assessed the demographics, clinical manifestations of AGE, the Vesikari scale AGE severity. Results. The G4P[8] genotype prevailed in Ukraine during 2014-2018. The G1P[8] was the second most common. G9P8 was the third, the fourth place was shared by G2P[4] and G3P[8]. Fever, as a manifestation, was more pronounced in G1P[8] and G3P[9]. The highest number of vomiting episodes per day occurred in the G1P[8] and G4P[8]-related cases. Maximum of diarrhea episodes per day was observed in genotypes G1P[8], G3P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8]. Mucus and blood in stool were found in genotypes G3P[8] (1/33.33 %), G4P[8] – blood (1/2.27 %). The children with genotypes G1P[8] and G4P[8] had catarrhal symptoms. More cases of moderate and severe dehydration, occurred in the G4P[8]. The Vesikari scale analysis showed that only G1P[8] led to mild cases(3.57 %). The most widespread genotypes, G1P[8] and G4P[8], led to a moderate illness in 14.29 % and 13.56 % cases, respectively, and to a severe illness in 82.14 % and 86.44 % cases, respectively. Conclusions. G4P[8] was associated with the most severe disease due to more frequent and prolonged vomiting, febrile fever and bloody diarrhea. G1P[8] and G4P[8] were associated with catarrh.
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280
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Chang-Graham AL, Perry JL, Engevik MA, Engevik KA, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Danhof HA, Nelson JC, Kellen JS, Strtak AC, Sastri NP, Estes MK, Britton RA, Versalovic J, Hyser JM. Rotavirus induces intercellular calcium waves through ADP signaling. Science 2020; 370:370/6519/eabc3621. [PMID: 33214249 PMCID: PMC7957961 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus causes severe diarrheal disease in children by broadly dysregulating intestinal homeostasis. However, the underlying mechanism(s) of rotavirus-induced dysregulation remains unclear. We found that rotavirus-infected cells produce paracrine signals that manifested as intercellular calcium waves (ICWs), observed in cell lines and human intestinal enteroids. Rotavirus ICWs were caused by the release of extracellular adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) that activated P2Y1 purinergic receptors on neighboring cells. ICWs were blocked by P2Y1 antagonists or CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of the P2Y1 receptor. Blocking the ADP signal reduced rotavirus replication, inhibited rotavirus-induced serotonin release and fluid secretion, and reduced diarrhea severity in neonatal mice. Thus, rotavirus exploited paracrine purinergic signaling to generate ICWs that amplified the dysregulation of host cells and altered gastrointestinal physiology to cause diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Chang-Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Jacob L. Perry
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Melinda A. Engevik
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Francesca J. Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - J. Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Heather A. Danhof
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joel C. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Joseph S. Kellen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Alicia C. Strtak
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Narayan P. Sastri
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - Robert A. Britton
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, USA,Corresponding author. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.H.
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281
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Zhang Q, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Tang Q, Liu X, Niu D, Gao X, Lan K, Wu S. Dyngo-4a protects mice from rotavirus infection by affecting the formation of dynamin 2 oligomers. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1796-1799. [PMID: 36659118 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xinjin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Danping Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shuwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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282
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Colston JM, Faruque ASG, Hossain MJ, Saha D, Kanungo S, Mandomando I, Nisar MI, Zaidi AKM, Omore R, Breiman RF, Sow SO, Roose A, Levine MM, Kotloff KL, Ahmed T, Bessong P, Bhutta Z, Mduma E, Penatero Yori P, Sunder Shrestha P, Olortegui MP, Kang G, Lima AAM, Humphrey J, Prendergast A, Schiaffino F, Zaitchik BF, Kosek MN. Associations between Household-Level Exposures and All-Cause Diarrhea and Pathogen-Specific Enteric Infections in Children Enrolled in Five Sentinel Surveillance Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8078. [PMID: 33147841 PMCID: PMC7663028 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease remains a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity causing poor health and economic outcomes. In low-resource settings, young children are exposed to numerous risk factors for enteric pathogen transmission within their dwellings, though the relative importance of different transmission pathways varies by pathogen species. The objective of this analysis was to model associations between five household-level risk factors-water, sanitation, flooring, caregiver education, and crowding-and infection status for endemic enteric pathogens in children in five surveillance studies. Data were combined from 22 sites in which a total of 58,000 stool samples were tested for 16 specific enteropathogens using qPCR. Risk ratios for pathogen- and taxon-specific infection status were modeled using generalized linear models along with hazard ratios for all-cause diarrhea in proportional hazard models, with the five household-level variables as primary exposures adjusting for covariates. Improved drinking water sources conferred a 17% reduction in diarrhea risk; however, the direction of its association with particular pathogens was inconsistent. Improved sanitation was associated with a 9% reduction in diarrhea risk with protective effects across pathogen species and taxa of around 10-20% risk reduction. A 9% reduction in diarrhea risk was observed in subjects with covered floors, which were also associated with decreases in risk for zoonotic enteropathogens. Caregiver education and household crowding showed more modest, inconclusive results. Combining data from diverse sites, this analysis quantified associations between five household-level exposures on risk of specific enteric infections, effects which differed by pathogen species but were broadly consistent with hypothesized transmission mechanisms. Such estimates may be used within expanded water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs to target interventions to the particular pathogen profiles of individual communities and prioritize resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M. Colston
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.M.C.); (P.P.Y.)
| | - Abu S. G. Faruque
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - M. Jahangir Hossain
- Medical Research Council Unit—The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, Republic of Gambia;
| | - Debasish Saha
- Epidemiology and Health Economics, GSK Vaccines, 1300 Wavre, Belgium;
| | - Suman Kanungo
- Suman Kanungo—National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkota 700010, India;
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Manhica CP 1929, Mozambique;
| | - M. Imran Nisar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (M.I.N.); (A.K.M.Z.)
| | - Anita K. M. Zaidi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan; (M.I.N.); (A.K.M.Z.)
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Nyanza 40100, Kenya;
| | - Robert F. Breiman
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Samba O. Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako BP 251, Mali;
| | - Anna Roose
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Karen L. Kotloff
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Pascal Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo 0950, South Africa;
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Estomih Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Institute, Haydom P.O. Box 9000, Tanzania;
| | - Pablo Penatero Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (J.M.C.); (P.P.Y.)
| | - Prakash Sunder Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine of Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur 44618, Nepal;
| | | | - Gagandeep Kang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, India;
| | - Aldo A. M. Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil;
| | - Jean Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA 21205, USA;
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Francesca Schiaffino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 15102, Peru;
| | - Benjamin F. Zaitchik
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA;
| | - Margaret N. Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, International Health and Public Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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283
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Predictive in silico modeling of emetic potency of liquid cleaning products using an historical in vivo database. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111833. [PMID: 33129935 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The induction of vomiting by activation of mechanisms protecting the body against ingested toxins is not confined to natural products but can occur in response to manmade medicinal and non-medicinal products such as liquid cleaning products where it is a commonly reported adverse effect of accidental ingestion. The present study examined the utility of an historic database (>30 years old) reporting emetic effects of 98 orally administered liquid cleaning formulations studied in vivo (canine model) to objectively identify the main pro-emetic constituents and to derive a predictive model. Data were analysed by categorizing the formulation constituents into 10 main groups followed by using multivariate correlation, partial least squares and recursive partitioning analysis. Using the ED50 we objectively identified high ionic strength, non-ionic surfactants (alcohol ethoxylate) and alkaline pH as the main pro-emetic factors. Additionally, a mathematical model was developed which allows prediction of the ED50 based on formulation. The limitations of the use of historic data and the model are discussed. The results have practical applications in new product formulation and safety but additionally the principles underpinning this in silico study have wider applicability in demonstrating the potential utility of such archival data in current research contributing to animal replacement.
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284
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Zhou X, Wang YH, Pang BB, Chen N, Kobayashi N. Surveillance of Human Rotavirus in Wuhan, China (2011-2019): Predominance of G9P[8] and Emergence of G12. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100810. [PMID: 33023203 PMCID: PMC7600066 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. To learn the shift of genotypes and genetic characteristics of Rotavirus A (RVA) causing diarrhea in children and adults, a hospital-based surveillance of rotavirus was conducted in Wuhan, China from June 2011 through May 2019, and representative virus strains were phylogenetically analyzed. Among a total of 6733 stool specimens collected from both children and adults with acute gastroenteritis, RVA was detected in 25.5% (1125/4409) and 12.3% (285/2324) of specimens, respectively. G9P[8] was the most common genotype (74.5%), followed by G1P[8] (8.7%), G2P[4] (8.4%), and G3P[8] (7.3%), with G9P[8] increasing rapidly during the study period. The predominant genotype shifted from G1P[8] to G9P[8] in 2012-2013 epidemic season. G12P[6] strain RVA/Human-wt/CHN/Z2761/2019/G12P[6] was detected in April 2019 and assigned to G12-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T2-E1-H1 genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP7, VP4, VP6, VP3, NSP1, NSP2, and NSP5 genes of Z2761 clustered closely with those of Korean G12P[6] strain CAU_214, showing high nucleotide identities (98.0-98.8%). The NSP3 gene of Z2761 was closely related to those of G2P[4] and G12P[6] rotaviruses in Asia. All the eleven gene segments of Z2761 kept distance from those of cocirculating G9P[8], G1P[8], and G3P[8] strains detected in Wuhan during this study period. This is the first identification of G12 rotavirus in China. It is deduced that Z2761 is a reassortant having DS-1-like NSP3 gene in the background of G12P[6] rotavirus genetically close to CAU_214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Yuan-Hong Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 86-27-85801763
| | - Bei-Bei Pang
- Division of Microbiology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430024, China; (X.Z.); (B.-B.P.)
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan;
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285
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Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Sarker DK, Islam MT, Ali ES, Shilpi JA, Nahar L, Tiralongo E, Sarker SD. Antiviral potential of garlic ( Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 104:219-234. [PMID: 32836826 PMCID: PMC7434784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. Garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (OSCs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. However, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists. SCOPE AND APPROACH The aim of this review is to systematically summarize pre-clinical and clinical investigations on antiviral effects of garlic and its OSCs as well as to further analyse recent findings on the mechanisms that underpin these antiviral actions. PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched and articles up to June 2020 were included in this review. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Pre-clinical data demonstrated that garlic and its OSCs have potential antiviral activity against different human, animal and plant pathogenic viruses through blocking viral entry into host cells, inhibiting viral RNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, DNA synthesis and immediate-early gene 1(IEG1) transcription, as well as through downregulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The alleviation of viral infection was also shown to link with immunomodulatory effects of garlic and its OSCs. Clinical studies further demonstrated a prophylactic effect of garlic in the prevention of widespread viral infections in humans through enhancing the immune response. This review highlights that garlic possesses significant antiviral activity and can be used prophylactically in the prevention of viral infections.
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Key Words
- AGE, Aged garlic extract
- AIV-H9N2, Avian influenza virus-H9N2
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- ARVI, Acute respiratory viral infection
- AdV-3, Adenovirus-3
- AdV-41, Adenovirus-41
- Allium sativum
- CBV-3, Coxsackie B −3
- CPE, Cytopathic effect
- CoV, Coronavirus
- DADS, Diallyl disulfide
- DAS, Diallyl sulfide
- DATS, Diallyl trisulfide
- DDB, Dimethyl-4,4′-dimethoxy-5,6,5′,6′-dimethylene dioxybiphenyl-2,2′-dicarboxylate
- ECHO11, Echovirus-11
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- ERK, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase
- FDA, Food and drug administration
- Functional food
- GE, Garlic extract
- GLRaV‐2, Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2
- GO, Garlic oil
- GRAS, Generally regarded as safe
- HAV, Hepatitis A virus
- HCMV, Human cytomegalovirus
- HIV-1, Human immunodeficiency virus-1
- HPV, Influenza B virus Human papillomavirus
- HRV-2, Human rhinovirus type 2
- HSV-1, Herpes simplex virus-1
- HSV-2, Herpes simplex virus-2
- Hp, Haptoglobin
- IAV-H1N1, IBV Influenza A virus-H1N1
- IEG1, Immediate-early gene 1
- IEGs, Immediate-early genes
- Immunomodulatory
- LGE, Lipid garlic extract
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- MARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MDCK cells, Madin-darby canine kidney cells
- MeV, Measles virus
- NA, Not available
- NDV, Newcastle disease virus
- NK, Natural killer
- OSCs, Organosulfur compounds
- Organosulfur compounds
- PGE, Powdered garlic extract
- PIV- 3, Parainfluenza virus-3
- PRRSV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- PRV, Porcine Rotavirus
- PVY, Potato Virus Y
- Pandemic
- RCTs, Randomized clinical trials
- RMCW, Recalcitrant multiple common warts
- RV-SA-11, Rotavirus SA-11
- SAC, Serum antioxidant concentration
- SAMC, S-allyl-mercaptocysteine
- SAMG, S-allyl-mercapto-glutathione
- SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SI, Selectivity index
- SRGE, Sustained release garlic extract
- SWV, Spotted wilt virus
- VSV, Vesicular stomatitis virus
- VV, Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Dipto Kumer Sarker
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Eunus S Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jamil A Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfun Nahar
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Evelin Tiralongo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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286
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim W. Genipin inhibits rotavirus-induced diarrhea by suppressing viral replication and regulating inflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15836. [PMID: 32985574 PMCID: PMC7522720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among young children worldwide. However, agents specifically designed to treat rotavirus infection have not been developed yet. In this study, the anti-rotavirus and anti-inflammatory effects of genipin, a chemical compound found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, were evaluated. Genipin had an antiviral effect against the human rotavirus Wa and SA-11 strains in vitro, and it inhibited two distinct stages of the viral replication cycle: attachment and penetration (early stage) in pre-treatment and assembly and release (late stage) in post-treatment. Additionally, genipin downregulated nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and rotavirus-infected Caco-2 cells. Oral administration of genipin before and after viral infection with the murine rotavirus epidemic diarrhea of infant mice strain led to a reduced duration of diarrhea and faecal viral shedding and to decreased destruction of the enteric epithelium. Genipin could have potential as a natural compound with preventive and therapeutic effects against infection and colitis caused by rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 84, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea.
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287
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Ha C, Yoo IY, Yun SA, Chung YN, Huh HJ, Lee NY. Performance evaluation of Automated Fluorescent Immunoassay System ROTA and NORO for detection of rotavirus and norovirus: A comparative study of assay performance with RIDASCREEN ® Rotavirus and Norovirus. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23585. [PMID: 32969071 PMCID: PMC7843271 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Automated Fluorescent Immunoassay System ROTA (AFIAS‐Rota) and NORO (AFIAS‐Noro) assays (Boditech Med Inc.) are newly developed diagnostic tests for rotavirus and norovirus infections. Methods Performance of AFIAS‐Rota/Noro assays was evaluated in comparison with RIDASCREEN® Rotavirus and Norovirus ELISA kits (R‐Biopharm) using clinical stool samples submitted from November 2018 to January 2019. Multiplex real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used as reference method. Results A total of 256 clinical specimens were analyzed. AFIAS‐Rota and RIDASCREEN Rotavirus had almost perfect agreement (Kappa value = 0.95), and substantial agreement was observed between AFIAS‐Noro and RIDASCREEN Norovirus (Kappa value = 0.80). For detection of rotavirus, AFIAS and RIDASCREEN assays showed satisfactory diagnostic sensitivity (100% and 97.8%, respectively) and specificity (99.5% and 99.1%). For detection of norovirus, the RIDASCREEN assay showed significantly higher sensitivity than the AFIAS‐Noro (86.0% and 66.0%, respectively; P = .002). Analytic specificity of AFIAS‐Rota/Noro assays showed no cross‐reactivity against any other bacteria (14 strains) or viruses (2 strains). Hands‐on time (6 minutes) and turnaround time (26 minutes) required to perform AFIAS assays were much shorter than those required for RIDASCREEN assays (20 and 150 minutes, respectively). Conclusion The AFIAS‐Rota/Noro assays showed overall excellent agreement with the RIDASCREEN assays. Although the AFIAS‐Noro assay exhibited lower sensitivity than the RIDASCREEN Norovirus assay for detection of norovirus, the AFIAS‐Rota/Noro assays could be useful as a rapid initial screening test in clinical laboratories due to its convenience and rapid turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Ha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Young Yoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yun
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Na Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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288
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Sun S, Lin X, Yang Y, Cen J, Luo F, Chen X. Acupoint application for rotavirus diarrhea in infants and children: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22227. [PMID: 32957362 PMCID: PMC7505364 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal disease currently claims the lives of approximately 500,000 children each year. Rotaviruses are the pathogens primarily responsible for more severe cases and more than one-third of diarrhea-associated deaths in children under 5 years old globally. At present, commonly used drug therapies for rotavirus diarrhea in Western medicine, such as oral rehydration salts, montmorillonite, probiotics, and nitazoxanide, often cannot achieve satisfactory curative effects. Moreover, infants' and children's compliance with drugs and injections is often lower than their compliance with acupoint application therapy. A large number of studies have shown that acupoint application can increase the clinical cure rate and shorten the duration of diarrhea. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews on the safety and efficacy of acupoint application in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea. Therefore, we will conduct a study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of acupoint application for rotavirus diarrhea in infants and children. METHODS We will search the relevant medical literature using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the Chinese Scientific Journal Database from inception to August 2020. Both MeSH and free text terms will be utilized to obtain the maximum numbers of papers. No language restrictions will be applied, and the publication type will be limited to randomized controlled trials. Two teams will independently review and assess the studies for inclusion in the review. RevMan V 5.0 software will be applied for data extraction. The methodological quality of the included studies will be evaluated according to the Cochrane Handbook. RESULTS The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. CONCLUSION The conclusion of this systematic review will provide evidence regarding whether acupoint application is an effective intervention for infants and children with rotavirus diarrhea. INPLASY REGISTRATION NUMBER INPLASY202070123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Department of Medical Education Office, Guangdong, Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Affiliated Jiangmen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ji’nan University, Ji’nan University, Jiangmen
| | - Jingtu Cen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Clinical Medical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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289
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Andrews P, Li S, Meli F, Vinson P, Broening H, Nash J. Evaluation of historic in vivo data to characterise the emetic properties of liquid cleaning products and provide a framework for the development of an in silico predictive algorithm. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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290
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Philip AA, Patton JT. Expression of Separate Heterologous Proteins from the Rotavirus NSP3 Genome Segment Using a Translational 2A Stop-Restart Element. J Virol 2020; 94:e00959-20. [PMID: 32611753 PMCID: PMC7459566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00959-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmented 18.5-kbp dsRNA genome of rotavirus expresses 6 structural and 6 nonstructural proteins. We investigated the possibility of using the recently developed plasmid-based rotavirus reverse genetics (RG) system to generate recombinant viruses that express a separate heterologous protein in addition to the 12 viral proteins. To address this, we replaced the NSP3 open reading frame (ORF) of the segment 7 (pT7/NSP3) transcription vector used in the RG system with an ORF encoding NSP3 fused to a fluorescent reporter protein (i.e., UnaG, mRuby, mKate, or TagBFP). Inserted at the fusion junction was a teschovirus translational 2A stop-restart element designed to direct the separate expression of NSP3 and the fluorescent protein. Recombinant rotaviruses made with the modified pT7/NSP3 vectors were well growing and generally genetically stable, and they expressed NSP3 and a separate fluorescent protein detectable by live cell imaging. NSP3 made by the recombinant viruses was functional, inducing nuclear accumulation of cellular poly(A)-binding protein. Further modification of the NSP3 ORF showed that it was possible to generate recombinant viruses encoding 2 heterologous proteins (mRuby and UnaG) in addition to NSP3. Our results demonstrate that, through modification of segment 7, the rotavirus genome can be increased in size to at least 19.8 kbp and can be used to produce recombinant rotaviruses expressing a full complement of viral proteins and multiple heterologous proteins. The generation of recombinant rotaviruses expressing fluorescent proteins will be valuable for the study of rotavirus replication and pathogenesis by live cell imagining and suggest that rotaviruses will prove useful as expression vectors.IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Recently, a highly efficient reverse genetics system was developed that allows genetic manipulation of the rotavirus segmented double-stranded RNA genome. Using the reverse genetics system, we show that it is possible to modify one of the rotavirus genome segments (segment 7) such that virus gains the capacity to express a separate heterologous protein in addition to the full complement of viral proteins. Through this approach, we have generated wild-type-like rotaviruses that express various fluorescent reporter proteins, including UnaG (green), mRuby (far red), mKate (red), and TagBFP (blue). Such strains will be of value in probing rotavirus biology and pathogenesis by live cell imagining techniques. Notably, our work indicates that the rotavirus genome is remarkably flexible and able to accommodate significant amounts of heterologous RNA sequence, raising the possibility of using the virus as a vaccine expression vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha A Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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291
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An Optimized Reverse Genetics System Suitable for Efficient Recovery of Simian, Human, and Murine-Like Rotaviruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01294-20. [PMID: 32759316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01294-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics (RG) system was recently developed for rotavirus (RV), opening new avenues for in-depth molecular dissection of RV biology, immunology, and pathogenesis. Several improvements to further optimize the RG efficiency have now been described. However, only a small number of individual RV strains have been recovered to date. None of the current methods have supported the recovery of murine RV, impeding the study of RV replication and pathogenesis in an in vivo suckling mouse model. Here, we describe useful modifications to the RG system that significantly improve rescue efficiency of multiple RV strains. In addition to the 11 group A RV segment-specific (+)RNAs [(+)ssRNAs], a chimeric plasmid was transfected, from which the capping enzyme NP868R of African swine fever virus (ASFV) and the T7 RNA polymerase were expressed. Second, a genetically modified MA104 cell line was used in which several components of the innate immunity were degraded. Using this RG system, we successfully recovered the simian RV RRV strain, the human RV CDC-9 strain, a reassortant between murine RV D6/2 and simian RV SA11 strains, and several reassortants and reporter RVs. All these recombinant RVs were rescued at a high efficiency (≥80% success rate) and could not be reliably rescued using several recently published RG strategies (<20%). This improved system represents an important tool and great potential for the rescue of other hard-to-recover RV strains such as low-replicating attenuated vaccine candidates or low-cell culture passage clinical isolates from humans or animals.IMPORTANCE Group A rotavirus (RV) remains as the single most important cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide. An entirely plasmid-based reverse genetics (RG) system was recently developed, opening new ways for in-depth molecular study of RV. Despite several improvements to further optimize the RG efficiency, it has been reported that current strategies do not enable the rescue of all cultivatable RV strains. Here, we described a helpful modification to the current strategies and established a tractable RG system for the rescue of the simian RRV strain, the human CDC-9 strain, and a murine-like RV strain, which is suitable for both in vitro and in vivo studies. This improved RV reverse genetics system will facilitate study of RV biology in both in vitro and in vivo systems that will facilitate the improved design of RV vaccines, better antiviral therapies, and expression vectors.
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292
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Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A Strains Pre- and Post-Vaccine (Rotarix ®) Introduction in Mozambique, 2012-2019: Emergence of Genotypes G3P[4] and G3P[8]. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090671. [PMID: 32824938 PMCID: PMC7557584 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) remains the most important etiological agent associated with severe acute diarrhea in children. Rotarix® monovalent vaccine was introduced into Mozambique’s Expanded Program on Immunization in September 2015. In the present study, we report the diversity and prevalence of rotavirus genotypes, pre- (2012–2015) and post-vaccine (2016–2019) introduction in Mozambique, among diarrheic children less than five years of age. Genotyping data were analyzed for five sentinel sites for the periods indicated. The primary sentinel site, Mavalane General Hospital (HGM), was analyzed for the period 2012–2019, and for all five sites (country-wide analyses), 2015–2019. During the pre-vaccine period, G9P[8] was the most predominant genotype for both HGM (28.5%) and the country-wide analysis (46.0%). However, in the post-vaccine period, G9P[8] was significantly reduced. Instead, G3P[8] was the most common genotype at HGM, while G1P[8] predominated country-wide. Genotypes G9P[4] and G9P[6] were detected for the first time, and the emergence of G3P[8] and G3P[4] genotypes were observed during the post-vaccine period. The distribution and prevalence of rotavirus genotypes were distinct in pre- and post-vaccination periods, while uncommon genotypes were also detected in the post-vaccine period. These observations support the need for continued country-wide surveillance to monitor changes in strain diversity, due to possible vaccine pressure, and consequently, the effect on vaccine effectiveness.
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293
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Logeshwaran G, Ravishankar C, Nandhakumar D, Sebastian SR, Rajasekhar R, Sumod K, Mani BK, Benjamin ED, Jayakrishnan TR, John K, Mini M. Detection and molecular characterization of rotavirus of pigs in Kerala, India. Virusdisease 2020; 31:554-559. [PMID: 33381628 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (GAR) are an important cause of diarrhoea in infants and newborn animals especially pigs. In this paper, we report the detection, G and P typing and phylogenetic analysis of GAR of pigs in Kerala. A total of 100 fecal samples from diarrhoeic piglets were collected from organized farms in Wayanad, Ernakulam, Thrissur, and Palakkad districts of Kerala. The samples were tested for the presence of GAR employing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting VP6 gene. Positive samples were tested by G and P genotyping primers and representative amplicons were sequenced. Of the 100 samples, 12 were positive for GAR. The G and P types detected were G2, G4, G5, G6, G9, P[6] and P[19]. An untypable P type (P21-5 like) was also detected. In some of the samples more than one G type was detected. The nucleotide sequences of G2, G4 and G5 types were similar to those seen in pigs and that of G6 was similar to bovine sequences. G9, P[6] and P[19] sequences showed similarity to human rotavirus sequences. The findings of this study provide the first information on the G and P genotypes of GAR of pigs in Kerala.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Logeshwaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Chintu Ravishankar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - D Nandhakumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Stephy Rose Sebastian
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - R Rajasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - K Sumod
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - Binu K Mani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - E D Benjamin
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | | | - Koshy John
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lakkidi P.O., Pookode, Kerala 673576 India
| | - M Mini
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur, Kerala 680651 India
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294
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Rao CD. Enteroviruses in gastrointestinal diseases. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-12. [PMID: 32761735 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhoea constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children especially in developing countries. Worldwide deaths among all ages due to diarrhoea during 2015 were estimated to be about 1.31 million, diarrhoeal deaths in children below 5 years of age being 499 000. Rotavirus accounted for about 200 000 deaths. Although diarrhoeal deaths decreased significantly during the last two decades, they still represent the third largest cause of infantile deaths. Several bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal and non-infectious diarrhoea causing agents have been identified, but 30% to 40% of diarrhoeal cases remain undiagnosed. Enteroviruses transmit by the faecal-oral route and replicate first in intestinal cells before spreading to the target organ. They have been associated with diarrhoea in a few studies, but their causative role in diarrhoea in humans has not been systematically demonstrated. In view of the recent demonstration that enteroviruses cause diarrhoea in newborn mice pups, thus validating Koch's postulates, the purpose of this review is to emphasise the importance of recognising enteroviruses as major gastrointestinal pathogens associated with acute and persistent diarrhoea and non-diarrhoeal increased frequency of bowel movements in infants, young children and adults. Our studies and several other subsequent studies reported from different countries should stimulate strategies to reduce the burden of infantile gastrointestinal disease, which has hitherto remained unaddressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Durga Rao
- Department of Biology, SRM University, Amaravati, India
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295
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Pereira P, Vetter V, Standaert B, Benninghoff B. Fifteen years of experience with the oral live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine: reflections on lessons learned. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:755-769. [PMID: 32729747 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1800459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus (RV) disease remains a prominent cause of disease burden in children <5 years of age worldwide. However, implementation of RV vaccination has led to significant reductions in RV mortality, compared to the pre-vaccination era. This review presents 15 years of real-world experience with the oral live-attenuated human RV vaccine (HRV; Rotarix). HRV is currently introduced in ≥80 national immunization programs (NIPs), as 2 doses starting from 6 weeks of age. AREAS COVERED The clinical development of HRV and post-marketing experience indicating the impact of HRV vaccination on RV disease was reviewed. EXPERT OPINION In clinical trials, HRV displayed an acceptable safety profile and efficacy against RV-gastroenteritis, providing broad protection against heterotypic RV strains by reducing the consequences of severe RV disease in infants. Real-world evidence shows substantial, rapid reduction in the number of RV infections and associated hospitalizations following introduction of HRV in NIPs, regardless of economic setting. Indirect effects against RV disease are also observed, such as herd protection, decrease in nosocomial infections incidence, and a reduction of disease-related societal/healthcare costs. However, not all countries have implemented RV vaccination. Coverage remains suboptimal and should be improved to maximize the benefits of RV vaccination.
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296
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Network Pharmacology-Based Strategy for Predicting Active Ingredients and Potential Targets of Gegen Qinlian Decoction for Rotavirus Enteritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2957567. [PMID: 32802121 PMCID: PMC7414372 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2957567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Materials and Methods In this study, a network pharmacology-based strategy was used to elucidate the mechanism of GGQLD for the treatment of RVE. Oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were taken as the judgment criteria to search the active ingredients of GGQLD in traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform (TCMSP). The affinity between protein and ingredients was further determined using the similarity ensemble approach to find the corresponding targets. According to the genes related to enteritis in GeneCards database, the key targets were screened by intersections between drug and disease targets. And the therapeutic mechanism was predicted using the protein-protein interactions (PPIs), the Gene Ontology (GO), and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, which was verified by detecting calcium ion concentration with the fluorescent probe. Result 130 active ingredients were screened from GGQLD, including (R)-canadine, moupinamide, formononetin, and other flavonoids. They act on a total of 366 targets, which is mainly distributed in the biological process of hormone binding or signaling pathways of neuroactive ligand receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, and calcium signaling pathway. Furthermore, serotonin receptors, adrenergic receptors, cholinergic receptors, and dopamine receptors in the enteric nervous system may be the key targets of RVE treatment by GGQLD. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the potential mechanism that GGQLD can effectively improve the symptoms of RVE may depend on the regulation of calcium ions, serotonin, and gastrointestinal hormone ion that could mutually affect the intestinal nervous system.
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297
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Iša P, Pérez-Delgado A, Quevedo IR, López S, Arias CF. Rotaviruses Associate with Distinct Types of Extracellular Vesicles. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070763. [PMID: 32708544 PMCID: PMC7411906 DOI: 10.3390/v12070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis among children under five years of age. Rotavirus cell entry has been extensively studied; however, rotavirus cell release is still poorly understood. Specifically, the mechanism by which rotaviruses leave the cell before cell lysis is not known. Previous works have found rotavirus proteins and viral particles associated with extracellular vesicles secreted by cells. These vesicles have been shown to contain markers of exosomes; however, in a recent work they presented characteristics more typical of microparticles, and they were associated with an increase in the infectivity of the virus. In this work, we purified different types of vesicles from rotavirus-infected cells. We analyzed the association of virus with these vesicles and their possible role in promotion of rotavirus infection. We confirmed a non-lytic rotavirus release from the two cell lines tested, and observed a notable stimulation of vesicle secretion following rotavirus infection. A fraction of the secreted viral particles present in the cell supernatant was protected from protease treatment, possibly through its association with membranous vesicles; the more pronounced association of the virus was with fractions corresponding to cell membrane generated microvesicles. Using electron microscopy, we found different size vesicles with particles resembling rotaviruses associated from both- the outside and the inside. The viral particles inside the vesicles were refractory to neutralization with a potent rotavirus neutralizing monoclonal antibody, and were able to infect cells even without trypsin activation. The association of rotavirus particles with extracellular vesicles suggests these might have a role in virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Iša
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico; (A.P.-D.); (S.L.); (C.F.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-777-3291612
| | - Arianna Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico; (A.P.-D.); (S.L.); (C.F.A.)
| | - Iván R. Quevedo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y de Alimentos, Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México CP 01219, Mexico;
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico; (A.P.-D.); (S.L.); (C.F.A.)
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca CP 62210, Mexico; (A.P.-D.); (S.L.); (C.F.A.)
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298
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Dynamics of G2P[4] strain evolution and rotavirus vaccination: A review of evidence for Rotarix. Vaccine 2020; 38:5591-5600. [PMID: 32651115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis is a vaccine-preventable disease that creates high medical and economic burden in both developed and developing countries. Worldwide, more than 100 countries have introduced RV vaccines in their national immunization programs, and the remarkable impact of reducing the burden of severe childhood gastroenteritis has been unequivocally demonstrated. Currently, 2 oral vaccines (Rotarix, GSK and RotaTeq, Merck) are widely utilized. Recent temporary increases in the relative prevalence of G2P[4] RV strains have been observed in countries implementing RV vaccination. This comprehensive literature review aims to provide an insight on RV genotype evolution in the context of mass vaccination with Rotarix, particularly in the case of G2P[4]. In the post-vaccine era, strain surveillance data indicated temporal and spatial changes in countries both with and without RV vaccination programs. Annual fluctuations in G2P[4] prevalence seem to occur naturally, with no substantial differences between countries using Rotarix, RotaTeq or mixed vaccination programs. Moreover, Rotarix has been shown to be efficacious and effective against gastroenteritis caused by non-vaccine strains, including G2P[4]. These data indicate that shifts in RV genotype distribution are likely to constitute an inherent process of virus evolution to infect the human gut. Following RV vaccine introduction, incidences of RV gastroenteritis declined dramatically and mass vaccination will likely maintain this status, despite possible fluctuations in the relative distribution of genotypes. There is no conclusive evidence of unusual burst of new or vaccine-escape strains since global RV vaccines use. The emergence of strains with a potential to increase the current burden of RV disease should be continuously monitored and can only be established by exhaustive characterization of strains, including whole genomic sequencing. Given the natural fluctuations in RV strains over time, caution is advised when interpreting temporal changes in RV strain dynamics, as they could mistakenly be attributed to vaccination.
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299
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Li C, Lam E, Perez-Shibayama C, Ward LA, Zhang J, Lee D, Nguyen A, Ahmed M, Brownlie E, Korneev KV, Rojas O, Sun T, Navarre W, He HH, Liao S, Martin A, Ludewig B, Gommerman JL. Early-life programming of mesenteric lymph node stromal cell identity by the lymphotoxin pathway regulates adult mucosal immunity. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/42/eaax1027. [PMID: 31862865 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redundant mechanisms support immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses to intestinal antigens. These include multiple priming sites [mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches, and isolated lymphoid follicles] and various cytokines that promote class switch to IgA, even in the absence of T cells. Despite these backup mechanisms, vaccination against enteric pathogens such as rotavirus has limited success in some populations. Genetic and environmental signals experienced during early life are known to influence mucosal immunity, yet the mechanisms for how these exposures operate remain unclear. Here, we used rotavirus infection to follow antigen-specific IgA responses through time and in different gut compartments. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we tested the role of the lymphotoxin (LT) pathway-known to support IgA responses-at different developmental stages. We found that LT-β receptor (LTβR) signaling in early life programs intestinal IgA responses in adulthood by affecting antibody class switch recombination to IgA and subsequent generation of IgA antibody-secreting cells within an intact MLN. In addition, early-life LTβR signaling dictates the phenotype and function of MLN stromal cells to support IgA responses in the adult. Collectively, our studies uncover new mechanistic insights into how early-life LTβR signaling affects mucosal immune responses during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglei Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evelyn Lam
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lesley A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Lee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Musaddeque Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Brownlie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Department of Immunology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Navarre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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300
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Shah Mahmud R, Efimova MA, Ulyanova V, Ravilov RK, Shuralev EA, Kolpakov A, Ilinskaya O. Bacillus pumilus ribonuclease rescues mice infected by double-stranded RNA-containing reovirus serotype 1. Virus Res 2020; 286:198086. [PMID: 32629086 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reoviruses (respiratory enteric orphan viruses) are nonenveloped viruses with segmented dsRNA genome. Viruses in the family Reoviridae are quite stable in the environment. Recently, they have been identified with various pathologies and physiologic dysfunctions in a wide range of organs and tissues, including the hepatobiliary system, the myocardium, lungs, and endocrine tissues. Although most cases of reovirus infection are mild or subclinical diseases, the prevention measures are currently needed, especially for young children suffering from dehydrating gastroenteritis. To inhibit viral replication, different RNases targeting viral RNA are proposed. Here, we first have shown that RNase from Bacillus pumilus (binase) acts as an antiviral agent at the level of the whole animal organism infected by Mammalian orthoreovirus 1 strain Lang (TL1). The results obtained on the mice model infected with 10 LD50 and 20 LD50 doses of reovirus indicate the restoration of mice physiological parameters under binase treatment at the dose of 50 μg/mouse. Thus, our research supports the relevance of binase as a promising antiviral agent that affects viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Shah Mahmud
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Marina A Efimova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Russian Federation; Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Vera Ulyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Rustam Kh Ravilov
- Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Eduard A Shuralev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Russian Federation; Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan, Russian Federation; Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey Kolpakov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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