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Gatechompol S, Lutter R, Vaz FM, Ubolyam S, Avihingsanon A, Kerr SJ, van Leth F, Cobelens F. The plasma kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio as a biomarker of tuberculosis disease in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: an exploratory nested case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:372. [PMID: 38565993 PMCID: PMC10988902 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-sputum-based tests are needed to predict or diagnose tuberculosis (TB) disease in people living with HIV (PWH). The enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is expressed in tuberculoid granuloma and catabolizes tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1 activity compromises innate and adaptive immune responses, promoting mycobacterial survival. The plasma Kyn-to-Trp (K/T) ratio is a potential TB diagnostic and/or predictive biomarker in PWH on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We compared plasma K/T ratios in samples from PWH, who were followed up prospectively and developed TB disease after ART initiation. Controls were matched for age and duration of ART. Kyn and Trp were measured at 3 timepoints; at TB diagnosis, 6 months before TB diagnosis and 6 months after TB diagnosis, using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. RESULTS The K/T ratios were higher for patients with TB disease at time of diagnosis (median, 0.086; IQR, 0.069-0.123) compared to controls (0.055; IQR 0.045-0.064; p = 0.006), but not before or after TB diagnosis. K/T ratios significantly declined after successful TB treatment, but increased upon treatment failure. The K/T ratios showed a parabolic correlation with CD4 cell counts in participants with TB (p = 0.005), but there was no correlation in controls. CONCLUSIONS The plasma K/T ratio helped identify TB disease and may serve as an adjunctive biomarker for for monitoring TB treatment in PWH. Validation studies to ascertain these findings and evaluate the optimum cut-off for diagnosis of TB disease in PWH should be undertaken in well-designed prospective cohorts. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00411983.
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Grants
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC and Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaporn Gatechompol
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - René Lutter
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC and Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sasiwimol Ubolyam
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Kerr
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biostatistics Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Frank van Leth
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Cobelens
- Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam University Medical Centers Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Shorer EF, Rubin LH, French AL, Weber KM, Daubert E, Yohannes T, Morack R, Clish C, Bullock K, Gustafson D, Sharma A, Rogando AC, Qi Q, Burgess HJ, Dastgheyb RM. Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway and daytime dysfunction in women with HIV. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01195-x. [PMID: 38472641 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are prevalent in women with HIV (WWH). Tryptophan-kynurenine (T-K) pathway metabolites are associated with alterations in actigraphy derived sleep measures in WWH, although may not always correlate with functional impairment. We investigated the relationship between T-K pathway metabolites and self-reported daytime dysfunction in WWH and women without HIV (WWoH). 141 WWH on stable antiretroviral therapy and 140 demographically similar WWoH enrolled in the IDOze Study had targeted plasma T-K metabolites measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We utilized the daytime dysfunction component of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess functional impairment across HIV-serostatus. Lower levels of 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin were associated with greater daytime dysfunction in all women. In WWH, daytime dysfunction was associated with increased kynurenic acid (R = 0.26, p < 0.05), and kynurenic acid-tryptophan (KA-T) ratio (R = 0.28, p < 0.01). WWH with daytime dysfunction had a 0.7 log fold increase in kynurenic acid compared to WWH without daytime dysfunction. Kynurenic acid levels and the KA-T ratio were associated with daytime dysfunction in WWH but not in WWoH. Longitudinal studies are needed to establish a causal relationship and directionality between T-K metabolic changes and sleep impairment in WWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Frank Shorer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 490, Carnegie Building, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 490, Carnegie Building, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Audrey L French
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Clary Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Bullock
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Andrea C Rogando
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- College of Science and Health at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Raha M Dastgheyb
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 490, Carnegie Building, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Mannarino MR, Bianconi V, Scalisi G, Franceschini L, Manni G, Cucci A, Bagaglia F, Mencarelli G, Giglioni F, Ricciuti D, Figorilli F, Pieroni B, Cosentini E, Padiglioni E, Colangelo C, Fuchs D, Puccetti P, Follenzi A, Pirro M, Gargaro M, Fallarino F. A tryptophan metabolite prevents depletion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in systemic low-grade inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:964660. [PMID: 37081894 PMCID: PMC10110845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.964660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChronic systemic inflammation reduces the bioavailability of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a key enzyme of immune tolerance catalyzing the initial step of tryptophan degradation along the so-called l-kynurenine (l-kyn) pathway, that is induced by inflammatory stimuli and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. A specific relationship between IDO1 activity and circulating EPC numbers has not yet been investigated.MethodsIn this study, circulating EPCs were examined in mice treated with low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic low-grade inflammation. Moreover, the association between IDO1 activity and circulating EPCs was studied in a cohort of 277 patients with variable systemic low-grade inflammation.ResultsRepeated low doses of LPS caused a decrease in circulating EPCs and l-kyn supplementation, mimicking IDO1 activation, significantly increased EPC numbers under homeostatic conditions preventing EPC decline in low-grade endotoxemia. Accordingly, in patients with variable systemic low-grade inflammation, there was a significant interaction between IDO1 activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in predicting circulating EPCs, with high hs-CRP associated with significantly lower EPCs at low IDO1 activity but not at high IDO1 activity.InterpretationOverall, these findings demonstrate that systemic low-grade inflammation reduces circulating EPCs. However, high IDO1 activity and l-kyn supplementation limit circulating EPC loss in low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Franceschini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Cucci
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagaglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Mencarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Giglioni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Doriana Ricciuti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo Figorilli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pieroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Cosentini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Colangelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vanessa Bianconi, ; Marco Gargaro, ; Francesca Fallarino,
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4
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Psychological Distress Increases 30-Fold Among People with HIV in the First Year on ART in Nigeria-a Call for Integrated Mental Health Services. Int J Behav Med 2023; 30:38-48. [PMID: 35226343 PMCID: PMC8883753 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-022-10068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have longitudinally assessed psychological distress among people with HIV (PWH) initiating ART in resource-limited settings. METHOD Baseline, 6-month, and 12-month psychological distress were measured in a Nigerian cohort newly initiating therapy; the relationship between baseline factors and psychological distress at 12 months was assessed; and the association between psychological distress at 12 months and care retention or immunologic failure was determined. RESULTS Among 563 patients, median age was 38 years (IQR: 33-46 years), 62% were female, and 51% were married. Psychological distress increased from 3% at baseline to 34% at 12 months. Age (aOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06-1.56), female sex (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.93-4.33), lack of disclosure (aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.48-7.51), and time on ART (6 months [aOR 6.91, 95% CI 3.14-15.18] and 12 months [aOR 32.63, 95% CI 16.54-64.36]) were associated with psychological distress while being married (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.30-0.61) was associated with reduced odds. Tweve-month psychological distress was associated with increased risk of immunologic failure (aOR 2.22, 95% CI 1.31-3.82). CONCLUSION The risk of psychological distress increased 30-fold in the first year on therapy in PWH in Nigeria.
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5
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Rogando AC, Weber KM, Xing J, Xue X, Yohannes T, Morack R, Qi Q, Clish C, Bullock K, Gustafson D, Anastos K, Sharma A, Burgess HJ, French AL. The IDOze Study: The Link Between Sleep Disruption and Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway Activation in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1451-1460. [PMID: 35801535 PMCID: PMC9989737 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly among women with HIV (WWH), although mechanisms are unclear. We explored cross-sectional associations between sleep disruption and tryptophan-kynurenine (T/K) pathway activation, measured by the kynurenine-to-tryptophan ratio (K:T). METHODS HIV-uninfected women (HIV-) and WWH aged 35-70 years and on stable antiretroviral therapy were included. Sleep metrics were measured using wrist actigraphy. Plasma T/K pathway metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariate linear regression models examined relationships between K:T and actigraphy-based sleep metrics by HIV status. RESULTS WWH (n = 153) and HIV- women (n = 151) were demographically similar. Among WWH, median CD4 was 751 cells/µL; 92% had undetectable HIV RNA. Compared to HIV- women, WWH had higher K:T (P < .001) and kynurenine (P = .01) levels but similar tryptophan levels (P = .25). Higher K:T was associated with more wake bouts (P = .001), more time awake after sleep onset (P = .01), and lower sleep efficiency (P = .03) in WWH only. CONCLUSIONS HIV infection was associated with T/K pathway activation; this activation was associated with poorer sleep efficiency and more fragmented sleep. While longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the directionality of these associations, these findings may help identify treatments to reduce sleep disruption in WWH by targeting residual inflammation and T/K pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Rogando
- College of Science and Health at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine/CORE Center of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kathleen M Weber
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine/CORE Center of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiaqian Xing
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Tsion Yohannes
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine/CORE Center of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ralph Morack
- Hektoen Institute of Medicine/CORE Center of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Bullock
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah Gustafson
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn Anastos
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Helen J Burgess
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Audrey L French
- Department of Medicine, Stroger Hospital of Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Vadaq N, Zhang Y, Meeder E, Van de Wijer L, Gasem MH, Joosten LA, Netea MG, de Mast Q, Matzaraki V, Schellekens A, Fu J, van der Ven AJ. Microbiome-Related Indole and Serotonin Metabolites are Linked to Inflammation and Psychiatric Symptoms in People Living with HIV. Int J Tryptophan Res 2022; 15:11786469221126888. [PMID: 36187510 PMCID: PMC9520182 DOI: 10.1177/11786469221126888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: People living with HIV (PLHIV) exhibit dysregulation of tryptophan metabolism. Altered gut microbiome composition in PLHIV might be involved. Mechanistic consequences within the 3 major tryptophan metabolism pathways (serotonin, kynurenine, and indoles), and functional consequences for platelet, immune and behavioral functions are unknown. We investigated plasma tryptophan metabolites, gut microbiome composition, and their association with platelet function, inflammation, and psychiatric symptoms. Methods: This study included 211 PLHIV on long-term antiretroviral treatment (ART). Plasma tryptophan pathway metabolites were measured using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Bacterial composition was profiled using metagenomic sequencing. Platelet reactivity and serotonin levels were quantified by flowcytometry and ELISA, respectively. Circulating inflammatory markers were determined using ELISA. Symptoms of depression and impulsivity were measured by DASS-42 and BIS-11 self-report questionnaires, respectively. Results: Plasma serotonin and indole metabolites were associated with gut bacterial composition. Notably, species enriched in PLHIV were associated with 3-methyldioxyindole. Platelet serotonin concentrations were elevated in PLHIV, without effects on platelet reactivity. Plasma serotonin and indole metabolites were positively associated with plasma IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations. Finally, higher tryptophan, serotonin, and indole metabolites were associated with lower depression and anxiety, whereas higher kynurenine metabolites were associated with increased impulsivity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that gut bacterial composition and dysbiosis in PLHIV on ART contribute to tryptophan metabolism, which may have clinical consequences for immune function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira Vadaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Van de Wijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Hussein Gasem
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University-Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Jam van der Ven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute of Health Science (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Carrico AW, Cherenack EM, Rubin LH, McIntosh R, Ghanooni D, Chavez JV, Klatt NR, Paul RH. Through the Looking-Glass: Psychoneuroimmunology and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in the Modern Antiretroviral Therapy Era. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:984-994. [PMID: 36044613 PMCID: PMC9553251 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities are common in people with HIV (PWH), but the underlying mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. HIV-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract potentiates residual immune dysregulation in PWH receiving effective antiretroviral therapy. However, few studies among PWH have examined the relevance of microbiome-gut-brain axis: bidirectional crosstalk between the gastrointestinal tract, immune system, and central nervous system. METHODS A narrative review was conducted to integrate findings from 159 articles relevant to psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) and microbiome-gut-brain axis research in PWH. RESULTS Early PNI studies demonstrated that neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic nervous system could partially account for the associations of psychological factors with clinical HIV progression. This review highlights the need for PNI studies examining the mechanistic relevance of the gut microbiota for residual immune dysregulation, tryptophan catabolism, and oxytocin release as key biological determinants of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH (i.e., body-to-mind pathways). It also underscores the continued relevance of neuroendocrine signaling via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and oxytocin release in modifying microbiome-gut-brain axis functioning (i.e., mind-to-body pathways). CONCLUSIONS Advancing our understanding of PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways relevant to depression, substance use disorders, and other neuropsychiatric comorbidities in PWH can guide the development of novel biobehavioral interventions to optimize health outcomes. Recommendations are provided for biobehavioral and neurobehavioral research investigating bidirectional PNI and microbiome-gut-brain axis pathways among PWH in the modern antiretroviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Carrico
- From the Department of Public Health Sciences (Carrico, Cherenack, Ghanooni, Chavez), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Departments of Neurology (Rubin) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Epidemiology (Rubin), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychology (McIntosh), University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences, Coral Gables, Florida; Department of Surgery (Klatt), University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Department of Psychological Sciences (Paul), University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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8
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Kondur HR, Lee TK, McIntosh R, Gouse H, Paul R, Grov C, Fuchs D, Gómez W, Dilworth SE, Neilands TB, Carrico AW. HIV-related drivers of sexual compulsivity and sexuality in sexual minority men who use methamphetamine. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:446-455. [PMID: 35821194 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although co-occurring methamphetamine (meth) use and HIV amplify the risk for neuropsychiatric comorbidities, the underlying neuroimmune mechanisms are not well characterized. We examined whether a detectable viral load and dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for neurotransmitters predicted subsequent levels of sexual compulsivity and sexual sensation seeking. This 15-month longitudinal study enrolled 110 sexual minority men (SMM) living with HIV who had biologically confirmed meth use (i.e., reactive urine or hair toxicology results). Peripheral venous blood samples collected at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 15 months were used to measure a detectable viral load (> 40 copies/mL), the kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio, and the phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T) ratio. The K/T and P/T ratios index dysregulated serotonin and catecholamine (e.g., dopamine) synthesis, respectively. In a cross-lagged panel model, a detectable viral load at 6 months predicted greater sexual compulsivity at 12 months after adjusting for prior levels of sexual compulsivity and recent stimulant use (β = 0.26, p = 0.046). A greater P/T ratio at baseline predicted decreased sexual sensation seeking at 6 months (β = - 0.25, p = 0.004) after adjusting for baseline sexual sensation seeking and recent stimulant use. Taken together, HIV replication and dysregulated catecholamine synthesis could potentiate sexual compulsivity while decreasing sexual pleasure in SMM who use meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema R Kondur
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tae K Lee
- Department of Child Psychology and Education, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Roger McIntosh
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Hetta Gouse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert Paul
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian Grov
- Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Walter Gómez
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Prevention Science, San Francisco Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Prevention Science, San Francisco Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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9
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Saloner R, Savini N, Letendre SL, Moore DJ, Montoya JL. Neopterin Relates to Lifetime Depression in Older Adults With HIV on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 89:454-461. [PMID: 35202052 PMCID: PMC8887782 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of depression in persons with HIV (PWH). Neopterin, a biomarker of HIV-related immune activation that partially normalizes with antiretroviral therapy (ART), correlates with major depressive disorder (MDD) and subclinical depressive symptoms in persons without HIV and acutely infected, young PWH. The sensitivity of neopterin, however, to both lifetime and current depression is poorly understood in older PWH on suppressive ART. METHODS Participants were 70 PWH and 35 persons without HIV (HIV-) who were at least 50 years old and completed standardized neurobehavioral and neuromedical assessments. Depressive symptoms in the past 2 weeks, measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and lifetime MDD diagnoses, defined as meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria for a depressive episode at any point in one's lifetime, were separately modeled as a function of plasma neopterin levels in the full sample and by HIV serostatus. RESULTS Compared with HIV- adults, PWH had higher neopterin levels (P < 0.001) and BDI-II scores (P < 0.01) and were more likely to have lifetime MDD (P < 0.01). Higher neopterin related to lifetime MDD, but only in PWH, even after controlling for clinically relevant comorbidities and treatment factors in logistic regression (odds ratio = 3.11, P = 0.002). Higher neopterin correlated with higher BDI-II scores in the full sample (rs = 0.25; P = 0.010), but not within either group (PWH: rs = 0.03, P = 0.819; HIV-: rs = 0.09, P = 0.588). CONCLUSION Neopterin was associated with lifetime MDD, but not current depressive symptoms in older PWH on suppressive ART. This may reflect a legacy of inflammation-related disruptions to amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, similar to prior observations. Identification of biopsychosocial and resilience factors underlying the null association between neopterin and current depression in older PWH is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- SDSU/UC San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Natalie Savini
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Scott L. Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David J. Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jessica L. Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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10
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Araujo RA, Amaral S, Tolentino A, Zeballos D, Montaño I, Souza LS, Lins-Kusterer L, Brites C. Low Quality of Life, Falls, and Pre-Frailty are Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Virologically Suppressed PLWHIV in Salvador, Brazil. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:397-406. [PMID: 34312738 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-021-03393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide and PLWHIV present a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms. We aimed to evaluate depressive symptoms and their predictors in virologically suppressed PLWHIV. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 200 PLWHIV. Depressive symptoms were defined as scoring ≥ 14 points in the Beck Depression Inventory II. Most of the participants (58.5%) were men, with a median age of 54 years (IQR: 46.25-59.00). Depressive symptoms' prevalence was 19.5% and they were associated with being divorced/widowed (aOR: 2.93, CI 95%: 1.17-7.37), recurrent falls (aOR: 4.24, CI 95%: 1.07-16.85), pre-frailty (aOR: 3.55, CI 95%: 1.47-8.57), and lower scores in all HRQoL dimensions. Although virologically suppressed PLWHIV presented lower prevalence of depressive symptoms than reported in previous studies in Brazil and South America, they were associated with falls and frailty, highlighting the need for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Antonius Araujo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil
| | - Sávio Amaral
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Tolentino
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil
| | - Diana Zeballos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPgSC), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Iris Montaño
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil
| | - Lucca S Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Liliane Lins-Kusterer
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infectologia (LAPI), Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos (HUPES), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Dr. Augusto Viana Street, Salvador, BA, 40.110-060, Brazil
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11
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Baer SL, Colombo RE, Johnson MH, Wakade S, Pacholczyk G, Newman-Whitlow C, Thompson SA, Saag MS, Martin JN, Floris-Moore M, Huang L, Mellor AL. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, age, and immune activation in people living with HIV. J Investig Med 2021; 69:1238-1244. [PMID: 33875612 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-001794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Immune activation complicates HIV despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) catabolizes tryptophan (T) to kynurenine (K), regulating immune activity, and IDO activity increases with age. This study examines the relationship of IDO activity, bacterial translocation, and aging in people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. Samples and data from PLWH on ART from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems and from matched HIV-uninfected patients (controls) from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women's Interagency HIV Study were analyzed. The ratio of K to T (K:T) and neopterin were indicators of inflammation; 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were markers of bacterial translocation. Samples and data from 205 PLWH and 99 controls were analyzed. PLWH had higher K:T values across all ages, with a significant relationship between age and K:T for both groups. CD4 count or CD4 nadir had no association with K:T. There was no positive association between level of 16S rDNA or LPS detection and K:T. K:T and neopterin were associated. PLWH had elevated IDO activity, at younger ages, despite ART. This study suggests K:T ratio increases with age in both groups and is elevated in PLWH at all ages compared with age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Baer
- Infection Control, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA .,Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rhonda E Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maribeth H Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sushama Wakade
- Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael S Saag
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle Floris-Moore
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Immunotherapy Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew L Mellor
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Immunotherapy Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Chahine A, Koru-Sengul T, Feaster DJ, Dilworth SE, Antoni MH, Klatt N, Roach ME, Pallikkuth S, Sharkey M, Salinas J, Stevenson M, Pahwa S, Fuchs D, Carrico AW. Blue Monday: Co-occurring Stimulant Use and HIV Persistence Predict Dysregulated Catecholamine Synthesis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2021; 86:353-360. [PMID: 33165125 PMCID: PMC11215553 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This longitudinal study examined whether co-occurring stimulant use and HIV disease processes predicted greater risk for depression via dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for neurotransmitters. METHODS In total, 110 sexual minority men (ie, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men) living with HIV who had biologically confirmed recent methamphetamine use were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. The kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) and phenylalanine/tyrosine (P/T) ratios were measured over 15 months to index dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for serotonin and catecholamines. Markers of gut-immune dysregulation such as lipopolysaccharide binding protein and soluble CD14 (sCD14), HIV persistence in immune cells (ie, proviral HIV DNA), and stimulant use were examined as predictors. These bio-behavioral measures, including the K/T and P/T ratios, were also examined as predictors of greater risk for depression over 15 months. RESULTS Higher time-varying sCD14 levels (β = 0.13; P = 0.04) and time-varying detectable viral loads (β = 0.71; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of a higher K/T ratio. Time-varying reactive urine toxicology results for stimulants (β = 0.53; P < 0.001) and greater proviral HIV DNA at baseline (β = 0.34; P < 0.001) independently predicted an increased P/T ratio. Greater time-varying, self-reported methamphetamine use uniquely predicted higher odds of screening positive for depression (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.17). CONCLUSIONS Ongoing stimulant use and HIV persistence independently predict dysregulated metabolism of amino acid precursors for catecholamines, but this did not explain amplified risk for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Chahine
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulay Koru-Sengul
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J. Feaster
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samantha E. Dilworth
- University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine; Center for AIDS Prevention Studies San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael H. Antoni
- University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences; Department of Psychology Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Nichole Klatt
- University of Minnesota School of Medicine; Department of Surgery; Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Margaret E. Roach
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mark Sharkey
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jessica Salinas
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mario Stevenson
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Savita Pahwa
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Microbiology and Immunology Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University; Institute for Biochemistry, Biocentre; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adam W. Carrico
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Department of Public Health Sciences Miami, FL, USA
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13
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Lee JY, Glynn TR, Moskowitz JT, Fuchs D, Neilands TB, Dilworth SE, Feaster DJ, Rodriguez A, Carrico AW. Tryptophan depletion predicts lower positive affect in sexual minority men living with HIV who use methamphetamine. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:178-182. [PMID: 33460015 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This longitudinal study with 76 sexual minority men living with HIV who use methamphetamine examined whether dysregulation of essential amino acid precursors for neurotransmitters at baseline predicted positive and negative affect at 15 months. After controlling for covariates including baseline positive affect, a higher baseline kynurenine/tryptophan (K/T) ratio independently predicted lower positive affect at 15 months (β = - 18.31; 95% CI = - 35.35, - 1.27; p = 0.036). Future clinical research should examine whether bio-behavioral interventions targeting tryptophan degradation could optimize treatments for people living with co-occurring HIV and stimulant use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tiffany R Glynn
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Judith T Moskowitz
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Torsten B Neilands
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samantha E Dilworth
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Feaster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Allan Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adam W Carrico
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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14
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Ortiz-Meoz RF, Wang L, Matico R, Rutkowska-Klute A, De la Rosa M, Bedard S, Midgett R, Strohmer K, Thomson D, Zhang C, Mebrahtu M, Guss J, Totoritis R, Consler T, Campobasso N, Taylor D, Lewis T, Weaver K, Muelbaier M, Seal J, Dunham R, Kazmierski W, Favre D, Bergamini G, Shewchuk L, Rendina A, Zhang G. Characterization of Apo-Form Selective Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase*. Chembiochem 2020; 22:516-522. [PMID: 32974990 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. As it is an inflammation-induced immunoregulatory enzyme, pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 activity is currently being pursued as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cancer and other disease states. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of IDO1 inhibitors with various mechanisms of inhibition is of great interest. Comparison of an apo-form-binding IDO1 inhibitor (GSK5628) to the heme-coordinating compound, epacadostat (Incyte), allows us to explore the details of the apo-binding inhibition of IDO1. Herein, we demonstrate that GSK5628 inhibits IDO1 by competing with heme for binding to a heme-free conformation of the enzyme (apo-IDO1), whereas epacadostat coordinates its binding with the iron atom of the IDO1 heme cofactor. Comparison of these two compounds in cellular systems reveals a long-lasting inhibitory effect of GSK5628, previously undescribed for other known IDO1 inhibitors. Detailed characterization of this apo-binding mechanism for IDO1 inhibition might help design superior inhibitors or could confer a unique competitive advantage over other IDO1 inhibitors vis-à-vis specificity and pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Ortiz-Meoz
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Rosalie Matico
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | | | - Martha De la Rosa
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sabrina Bedard
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Robert Midgett
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Katrin Strohmer
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas Thomson
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cunyu Zhang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Makda Mebrahtu
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guss
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Rachel Totoritis
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Thomas Consler
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Tia Lewis
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kurt Weaver
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Marcel Muelbaier
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Seal
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Richard Dunham
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wieslaw Kazmierski
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David Favre
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Giovanna Bergamini
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Shewchuk
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Alan Rendina
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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15
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Tryptophan Metabolism Activates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Pathway To Promote HIV-1 Infection and Reactivation. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02591-19. [PMID: 31848275 PMCID: PMC6918076 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02591-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular metabolic pathways are altered by HIV-1 infection, with an impact on immune activation, inflammation, and acquisition of non-AIDS comorbid diseases. The dysfunction of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism has been observed clinically in association with accelerated HIV-1 pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is activated by Trp metabolites to promote HIV-1 infection and reactivation. AHR directly binds to the HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat (5'-LTR) at the molecular level to activate viral transcription and infection, and AHR activation by Trp metabolites increases its nuclear translocation and association with the HIV 5'-LTR; moreover, the binding of AHR with HIV-1 Tat facilitates the recruitment of positive transcription factors to viral promoters. These findings not only elucidate a previously unappreciated mechanism through which cellular Trp metabolites affect HIV pathogenesis but also suggest that a downstream target AHR may be a potential target for modulating HIV-1 infection.IMPORTANCE Cellular metabolic pathways that are altered by HIV-1 infection may accelerate disease progression. Dysfunction in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism has been observed clinically in association with accelerated HIV-1 pathogenesis, but the mechanism responsible was not known. This study demonstrates that Trp metabolites augment the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, to promote HIV-1 infection and transcription. These findings not only elucidate a previously unappreciated mechanism through which cellular Trp metabolites affect HIV pathogenesis but also suggest that a downstream target AHR may be a potential target for modulating HIV-1 infection.
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16
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Adu-Gyamfi CG, Savulescu D, George JA, Suchard MS. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase-Mediated Tryptophan Catabolism: A Leading Star or Supporting Act in the Tuberculosis and HIV Pas-de-Deux? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:372. [PMID: 31737575 PMCID: PMC6828849 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression from latency to active Tuberculosis (TB) disease is mediated by incompletely understood host immune factors. The definitive characteristic of progressive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is a severe loss in number and function of T lymphocytes. Among the many possible mediators of T lymphocyte loss and ineffective function is the activity of the immune-modulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO is the rate-limiting enzyme converting tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO activity was initially recognized to mediate tolerance at the foeto-maternal interface. Recently, IDO activity has also been noted to play a critical role in immune tolerance to pathogens. Studies of host immune and metabolic mediators have found IDO activity significantly elevated in HIV and TB disease. In this review, we explore the link between IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism and the presence of active TB disease in HIV-infected patients. We draw attention to increased IDO activity as a key factor marking the progression from latent to active TB disease in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gascua Adu-Gyamfi
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana Savulescu
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jaya Anna George
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Melinda Shelley Suchard
- Centre for Vaccines and Immunology, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Sitole LJ, Tugizimana F, Meyer D. Multi-platform metabonomics unravel amino acids as markers of HIV/combination antiretroviral therapy-induced oxidative stress. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112796. [PMID: 31398507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) elicits an immune response wherein neutrophils produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to defend against pathogen invasion. Consequently, disproportionate levels of ROS in relation to antioxidants lead to oxidative stress (OS), which plays a key role in HIV disease progression and pathogenesis. There is a close relationship between oxidative stress status and HIV infection/progression, both separately and in the presence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Biomarkers of oxidative stress present an additional means of monitoring HIV disease progression and/or management. Thus, the objective of this study was to apply untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics followed by targeted quantitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses to identify predictors of oxidative stress in HIV infected individuals, with or without cART. Untargeted NMR-based metabonomics allowed a global profiling of metabolic perturbations in HIV-infected sera. The cohort consisted of 21 HIV-negative control subjects (HIV-) and 113 HIV-infected individuals, of which 100 were on cART. Significant differences in metabolic features corresponding to changes in glucose, lipids, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and branched amino acids were observed, which point to oxidative stress and insulin resistance. To further confirm oxidative stress, targeted GC/MS-based metabonomics, performed in succession, allowed for a quantitative description of a total of 9 oxidative stress-related metabolites. Significant up-regulation of aspartic acid, phenylalanine and glutamic acid were observed in the HIV-infected cohorts as compared to controls. Tryptophan and tyrosine were down-regulated whereas cystine levels were increased in HIV-infected and untreated individuals as compared to both HIV treated and negative control subjects. Pathway analysis also revealed 11 metabolic pathways to be significantly altered by infection and/or treatment. These pathways included aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. This pilot study demonstrated the use of multiplatform metabonomic strategies to elucidate metabolic markers that would be essential in predicting HIV/cART-induced oxidative stress. This could aid and contribute in HIV treatment and management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungile J Sitole
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Debra Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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18
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Harrison ML, Wolfe AS, Fordyce J, Rock J, García AA, Zuñiga JA. The additive effect of type 2 diabetes on fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tryptophan and threonine in people living with HIV. Amino Acids 2019; 51:783-793. [PMID: 30868261 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and ensuing inflammation that accompany HIV infection lead to adverse metabolic consequences and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined the additive effects of T2D on circulating biomarkers involved in inflammation, coagulation, and vascular function along with plasma amino acids in people living with HIV (PLWH). This cross-sectional study included PLWH with and without T2D (n = 32 total). Analyses involved a multiplex platform for circulating biomarkers and gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for plasma amino acids. In PLWH and T2D, both fibrinogen (2.0 ± 0.6 vs 1.6 ± 0.4 µg/mL, p = 0.02) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) (40.8 ± 17.2 vs 26.7 ± 13.8 µg/mL, p = 0.02) were increased and tryptophan (47 ± 6 vs 53 ± 8 nmol/mL, p = 0.03) and threonine (102 ± 25 vs 125 ± 33 nmol/mL, p = 0.03) were decreased. Fibrinogen, as a biomarker of inflammation, and vWF, as a biomarker of endothelial dysfunction, are augmented by the combined effects of HIV and T2D and may contribute to the pathogenesis of T2D in PLWH. Chronic immune activation and inflammation compromise the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, which increases mucus production. Tryptophan metabolism is altered by a loss of intestinal membrane integrity and threonine is consumed in the production of mucus. Metabolic competition arising from increased protein synthesis in the setting of chronic inflammation along with the associated loss in intestinal membrane integrity may be a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of T2D in PLWH and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Harrison
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Anthony S Wolfe
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Jamie Rock
- School of Nursing, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Alexandra A García
- School of Nursing, University of Texas, Austin, USA.,Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, USA
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19
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Wang M, Dong X, Huang Y, Su J, Dai X, Guo Y, Hu C, Zhou Q, Zhu B. Activation of the kynurenine pathway is associated with poor outcome in Pneumocystis pneumonia patients infected with HIV: results of 2 months cohort study. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:223. [PMID: 30832615 PMCID: PMC6399927 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a key enzyme in the degradation of tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). We measured IDO activity as the Kyn to Trp ratio, and investigated whether IDO could be used to assess prognosis of acquired immune deficiency Sydrome (AIDS) patients with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). METHODS The Kyn and Trp concentration were measured by UPLC-MS/MS in plasma samples. A total of 49 AIDS-PCP patients were included in the analysis. Clinical characteristics and Kyn/Trp ratio were compared between survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS Kyn/Trp ratio was significantly lower after anti-PCP treatment in AIDS patients with PCP (P < 0.0001). Plasma Kyn/Trp ratio was higher in patients with PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg than in those with PaO2/FiO2 > 300 mmHg (P = 0.007). Kyn/Trp ratio, D-dimer and CRP showed much higher AUC for predicting death of AIDS-PCP patients. Kyn/Trp ratio was useful for predicting the mortality of AIDS-PCP due to a significantly higher Kyn/Trp ratio in the non-survivors (P = 0.002). And the high Kyn/Trp ratio group had higher mortality rate than low Kyn/Trp group (32.1% vs. 9.1%, respectively, p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Activation of the kynurenine pathway is associated with the severity and fatal outcomes of AIDS patients with pneumocystis pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Wang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotian Dong
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Su
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiahong Dai
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongzheng Guo
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiqin Hu
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- The Department of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Keegan MR, Winston A, Higgs C, Fuchs D, Boasso A, Nelson M. Tryptophan metabolism and its relationship with central nervous system toxicity in people living with HIV switching from efavirenz to dolutegravir. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:85-90. [PMID: 30478800 PMCID: PMC6416362 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) toxicities in antiretroviral-treated persons living with HIV (PLWH) remain elusive. We investigated the associations between markers of tryptophan metabolism and measurements of CNS toxicity in PLWH. In a prospective study, virologically suppressed PLWH receiving efavirenz-containing antiretroviral regimens with ongoing CNS toxicity were switched to dolutegravir-containing regimens and followed up for 12 weeks. Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were calculated. Ten CNS toxicities were graded according to the ACTG adverse events scale. Scores ranged from 0 (none) to 3 (severe) and were summed, giving a total from 0 to 30. Paired-samples t tests and linear mixed model analyses were conducted to assess changes in, and relationships between, laboratory and clinical parameters. Mean kynurenine plasma concentration increased from baseline to week 12 (2.15 to 2.50 μmol/L, p = 0.041). No significant changes were observed for tryptophan (54.74 to 56.42 μmol/L, p = 1.000) or kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (40.37 to 41.08 μmol/L, p = 0.276). Mean CNS toxicity score decreased from 10.00 to 4.63 (p < 0.001). Plasma kynurenine concentration correlated with CNS toxicity score: for every 1 μmol/L increase in kynurenine concentration observed, a 1.7 point decrease was observed in CNS toxicity score (p < 0.038). A similar trend was observed for the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio: for every 1 μmol/mmol increase observed in kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, a 0.1 point decrease was observed in CNS toxicity score (p = 0.054). Switching from efavirenz to dolutegravir was associated with increases in plasma kynurenine concentration and improvements in CNS toxicity scores. Underlying mechanisms explaining the rise in kynurenine concentrations need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Keegan
- HIV Research Unit, Clinical Trials Centre, Winston Churchill Wing, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK.
- ViiV Healthcare Ltd., Brentford, UK.
| | - Alan Winston
- HIV Research Unit, Clinical Trials Centre, Winston Churchill Wing, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | | | | | - Adriano Boasso
- HIV Research Unit, Clinical Trials Centre, Winston Churchill Wing, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
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21
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Marín-Palma D, Castro GA, Cardona-Arias JA, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Hernandez JC. Lower High-Density Lipoproteins Levels During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Are Associated With Increased Inflammatory Markers and Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1350. [PMID: 29963050 PMCID: PMC6010517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible for the efflux and transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. In addition, HDL can modulate various immunological mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that have been reported to be activated during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, thus contributing to immune hyperactivation, which is the main pathogenic mechanism of HIV-1 progression. However, the relationship between HDL and inflammasomes in the context of HIV-1 infection is unclear. Therefore, this research aims to explore the association between HDL and the components of the inflammatory response during HIV-1 infection. Methodology A cross-sectional study, including 36 HIV-1-infected individuals without antiretroviral treatment and 36 healthy controls matched by sex and age, was conducted. Viral load, CD4+ T-cell counts, serum HDL, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified. Serum cytokine levels, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, were assessed by ELISA. The inflammasome-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results HIV-1-infected individuals showed a significant decrease in HDL levels, particularly those subjects with higher viral load and lower CD4+ T-cell counts. Moreover, upregulation of inflammasome-related genes (NLRP3, AIM2, ASC, IL-1β, and IL-18) was observed, notably in those HIV-1-infected individuals with higher viral loads (above 5,000 copies/mL). Serum levels of IL-6 and CRP were also elevated in HIV-1-infected individuals. Significant negative correlations between HDL and the mRNA of NLRP3, AIM2, ASC, IL-1β, and IL-18, as well as viral load and CRP were observed in HIV-1-infected individuals. Likewise, a significant positive correlation between HDL and CD4+ T-cell counts was found. Conclusion In summary, our results indicate that HDL might modulate the expression of several key components of the inflammasomes during HIV-1 infection, suggesting a novel role of HDL in modifying the inflammatory state and consequently, the progression of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damariz Marín-Palma
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Castro
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaiberth A Cardona-Arias
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.,Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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22
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Knoll M, Fuchs D, Weiss G, Bellmann-Weiler R, Kovrlija B, Kurz K. Interferon-γ Mediated Pathways And Mitogen Stimulated Proliferation During And After An Acute Infection. Pteridines 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Interferon-γ (IFN- γ) regulates the degradation of tryptophan to kynurenine via induction of indoleamine- 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Local tryptophan depletion and accumulation of toxic metabolites might impair the proliferative capacity of lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to assess the actual status of immune system activation of patients with bacterial infection in the acute phase and during convalescence in vivo and in vitro. Parameters of systemic immune system activation were evaluated for associations with proliferative responsiveness of immune cells, and compared with healthy controls. Methods: 24 patients with various acute bacterial infections were included in the group of acutely ill patients. Sixteen patients participated in a follow-up examination after convalescence. The control group consisted of 6 healthy people. To assess the status of immune system activation in vivo, inflammation parameters C-reactive protein and differential blood counts were determined. Neopterin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tryptophan and kynurenine measurements were performed with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the patients’ blood and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in vitro proliferation rates were evaluated by ³H-thymidine incorporation and neopterin production and tryptophan degradation were determined in supernatants of mitogen stimulated PBMCs. Results: Patients with acute bacterial infections showed reduced tryptophan and elevated neopterin concentrations, which did not normalize after convalescence period. Higher plasma neopterin values and increased IDO-activity were associated with reduced proliferative responses in vitro after stimulation with PHA. Associations were observed during acute infection as well as convalescence. Conclusions: Results of this study show that increased immune system activation in vivo is associated with impaired proliferative responsiveness of immune cells in vitro in acute bacterial infections as well as during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Knoll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Rosa Bellmann-Weiler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Bojana Kovrlija
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck; Biological Chemistry, Biocentre, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria
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23
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Loucif H, Gouard S, Dagenais-Lussier X, Murira A, Stäger S, Tremblay C, Van Grevenynghe J. Deciphering natural control of HIV-1: A valuable strategy to achieve antiretroviral therapy termination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:90-98. [PMID: 29778137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1-associated morbidity and mortality, and has transformed HIV-1 infection into a manageable chronic condition by suppressing viral replication. However, despite recent patient care improvements, ART still fails to cure HIV-1 infection due to the inability to counteract immune defects and metabolic disturbances that are associated with residual inflammation alongside viral persistence. Life-long drug administration also results in multiple side-effects in patients including lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Thus, it is critical to find new ways to reduce the length of treatment and facilitate the termination of ART, for example by boosting protective immunity. The rare ability of some individuals to naturally control HIV-1 infection despite residual inflammation could be exploited to identify molecular mechanisms involved in host protection that may function as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight evidence illustrating the molecular and metabolic advantages of HIV-1 controllers over ART treated patients that contribute to the maintenance of effective antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Gouard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Armstrong Murira
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
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24
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Orabona C, Mondanelli G, Pallotta MT, Carvalho A, Albini E, Fallarino F, Vacca C, Volpi C, Belladonna ML, Berioli MG, Ceccarini G, Esposito SM, Scattoni R, Verrotti A, Ferretti A, De Giorgi G, Toni S, Cappa M, Matteoli MC, Bianchi R, Matino D, Iacono A, Puccetti M, Cunha C, Bicciato S, Antognelli C, Talesa VN, Chatenoud L, Fuchs D, Pilotte L, Van den Eynde B, Lemos MC, Romani L, Puccetti P, Grohmann U. Deficiency of immunoregulatory indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1in juvenile diabetes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:96244. [PMID: 29563329 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A defect in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which is responsible for immunoregulatory tryptophan catabolism, impairs development of immune tolerance to autoantigens in NOD mice, a model for human autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D). Whether IDO1 function is also defective in T1D is still unknown. We investigated IDO1 function in sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with T1D and matched controls. These children were further included in a discovery study to identify SNPs in IDO1 that might modify the risk of T1D. T1D in children was characterized by a remarkable defect in IDO1 function. A common haplotype, associated with dysfunctional IDO1, increased the risk of developing T1D in the discovery and also confirmation studies. In T1D patients sharing such a common IDO1 haplotype, incubation of PBMCs in vitro with tocilizumab (TCZ) - an IL-6 receptor blocker - would, however, rescue IDO1 activity. In an experimental setting with diabetic NOD mice, TCZ was found to restore normoglycemia via IDO1-dependent mechanisms. Thus, functional SNPs of IDO1 are associated with defective tryptophan catabolism in human T1D, and maneuvers aimed at restoring IDO1 function would be therapeutically effective in at least a subgroup of T1D pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria T Pallotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Elisa Albini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Vacca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria L Belladonna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria G Berioli
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Ceccarini
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic of S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Mr Esposito
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic of S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scattoni
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic of S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Pediatric Clinic of S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni De Giorgi
- Pediatric Clinic of S. Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Toni
- Juvenile Diabetes Center, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Matteoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 'Bambino Gesù' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Matino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberta Iacono
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo N Talesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- INSERM U1013, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luc Pilotte
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology and.,De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology and.,De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manuel C Lemos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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25
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Gelpi M, Hartling HJ, Ueland PM, Ullum H, Trøseid M, Nielsen SD. Tryptophan catabolism and immune activation in primary and chronic HIV infection. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:349. [PMID: 28511640 PMCID: PMC5434617 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kynurenine/Tryptophan ratio (KTR) is increased in HIV infection, and linked to immune activation. We hypothesized that early cART initiation results in lower KTR compared to late initiation. Furthermore, we hypothesized that KTR prior to cART is a predictor of the magnitude of subsequent reduction in immune activation. METHODS Prospective study including 57 HIV-infected individuals (primary HIV infection (N = 14), early presenters (>350 CD4+ T cells/μL, N = 24), late presenters (<200 CD4+ T cells/μL, N = 19)). Kynurenine and tryptophan were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Total CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were determined and proportion of activated CD38 + HLA-DR+ Tcells was measured using flow cytometry at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of cART. RESULTS At baseline, primary HIV infection had higher KTR than early presenters. However, similar KTR in primary HIV infection and early presenters was found after cART initiation, while late presenters had higher KTR at all time points. In primary HIV infection and early presenters, KTR was positively associated with proportion of activated cells at baseline. Furthermore, in early presenters the KTR at baseline was associated with proportion of activated cells after 6 and 12 months. Interestingly, in primary HIV infection the KTR at baseline was positively associated with reduction in proportion of CD8 + CD38 + HLA-DR T cells after 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Lower kynurenine/tryptophan ratio during follow-up was found after early initiation of cART. KTR in primary HIV infection and early presenters was positively associated with immune activation. Importantly, KTR in primary HIV infection predicted the magnitude of subsequent reduction in immune activation. Thus, a beneficial effect of early cART on KTR was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gelpi
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans J Hartling
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per M Ueland
- Section for pharmacology, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marius Trøseid
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne D Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Strasser B, Becker K, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. Kynurenine pathway metabolism and immune activation: Peripheral measurements in psychiatric and co-morbid conditions. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:286-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Keegan MR, Chittiprol S, Letendre SL, Winston A, Fuchs D, Boasso A, Iudicello J, Ellis RJ. Tryptophan Metabolism and Its Relationship with Depression and Cognitive Impairment Among HIV-infected Individuals. Int J Tryptophan Res 2016; 9:79-88. [PMID: 27812290 PMCID: PMC5083113 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s36464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive impairment (CI) and major depressive disorder (MDD) remain prevalent in treated HIV-1 disease; however, the pathogenesis remains elusive. A possible contributing mechanism is immune-mediated degradation of tryptophan (TRP) via the kynurenine (KYN) pathway, resulting in decreased production of serotonin and accumulation of TRP degradation products. We explored the association of these biochemical pathways and their relationship with CI and MDD in HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals. METHODS In a cross-sectional analysis, concentrations of neopterin (NEO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TRP, KYN, KYN/TRP ratio, phenylalanine (PHE), tyrosine (TYR), PHE/TYR ratio, and nitrite were assessed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of HIV+ (n = 91) and HIV-negative (HIV−) individuals (n = 66). CI and MDD were assessed via a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. A Global Deficit Score ≥0.5 was defined as CI. Nonparametric statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests, and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Following Bonferroni correction, NEO concentrations were found to be greater in CSF and TRP concentration was found to be lower in the plasma of HIV+ versus HIV− individuals, including a subgroup of aviremic (defined as HIV-1 RNA <50 cps/mL) HIV+ participants receiving antiretroviral therapy (n = 44). There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher KYN/TRP ratios in plasma in the HIV+ group (P = 0.027; Bonferroni corrected α = 0.0027). In a logistic regression model, lower KYN/TRP ratios in plasma were associated with CI and MDD in the overall HIV+ group (P = 0.038 and P = 0.063, respectively) and the aviremic subgroup (P = 0.066 and P = 0.027, respectively), though this observation was not statistically significant following Bonferroni correction (Bonferroni corrected α = 0.0031). CONCLUSIONS We observed a trend toward lower KYN/TRP ratios in aviremic HIV+ patients with CI and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Keegan
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London, United Kingdom.; ViiV Healthcare Ltd., Clinical Sciences Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seetharamaiah Chittiprol
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA.; Memorial Healthcare System, Department of Pathology, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan Winston
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Innsbruck Medical University, Centre for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adriano Boasso
- Imperial College London, Centre for Immunology and Vaccinology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Iudicello
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- University of California, San Diego, Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kynurenine Reduces Memory CD4 T-Cell Survival by Interfering with Interleukin-2 Signaling Early during HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7967-79. [PMID: 27356894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early HIV-1 infection is characterized by enhanced tryptophan catabolism, which contributes to immune suppression and disease progression. However, the mechanism by which kynurenine, a tryptophan-related metabolite, induces immune suppression remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that the increased production of kynurenine correlates with defective interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in memory CD4 T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Defective IL-2 signaling in these subjects, which drives reduced protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis, was also associated with memory CD4 T-cell loss. Treatment of memory CD4 T cells with the concentration of kynurenine found in plasma inhibited IL-2 signaling through the production of reactive oxygen species. We further show that IL-2 signaling in memory CD4 T cells is improved by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy restored the IL-2 response in memory CD4 T cells by reducing reactive oxygen species and kynurenine production. The study findings provide a kynurenine-dependent mechanism through IL-2 signaling for reduced CD4 T-cell survival, which can be reversed by early treatment initiation in HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The persistence of functional memory CD4 T cells represents the basis for long-lasting immune protection in individuals after exposure to HIV-1. Unfortunately, primary HIV-1 infection results in the massive loss of these cells within weeks of infection, which is mainly driven by inflammation and massive infection by the virus. These new findings show that the enhanced production of kynurenine, a metabolite related to tryptophan catabolism, also impairs memory CD4 T-cell survival and interferes with IL-2 signaling early during HIV-1 infection.
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Bipath P, Levay PF, Viljoen M. Tryptophan depletion in context of the inflammatory and general nutritional status of a low-income South African HIV-infected population. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:5. [PMID: 26887418 PMCID: PMC5026021 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The essential amino acid tryptophan cannot be synthesised in the body and must be acquired through dietary intake. Oxidation of tryptophan, due to immune induction of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), is considered to be the main cause of tryptophan depletion in HIV infection and AIDS. We examined plasma tryptophan levels in a low-income sub-Saharan HIV-infected population and compared it to that of developed countries. Tryptophan levels were further examined in context of the general nutritional and inflammatory status. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 105 HIV-positive patients recruited from the Kalafong Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa, and 60 HIV-negative controls. RESULTS Patient tryptophan levels were in general markedly lower than those reported for developed countries. In contrast to reports from developed countries that showed tryptophan levels on average to be 18.8 % lower than their control values, tryptophan levels in our study were 44.1 % lower than our controls (24.4 ± 4.1 vs. 43.6 ± 11.9 μmol/l; p < 0.001). Tryptophan levels correlated with both CD4 counts (r = 0.341; p = 0.004) and with pro-inflammatory activity as indicated by neopterin levels (r = -0.399; p = 0.0001). Nutritional indicators such as albumin and haemoglobin correlated positively with tryptophan and negatively with the pro-inflammatory indicators neopterin, interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein. The most probable causes of the lower tryptophan levels seen in our population are food insecurity and higher levels of inflammatory activity. CONCLUSIONS We contend that inflammation-induced tryptophan depletion forms part of a much wider effect of pro-inflammatory activity on the nutritional profile of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyesh Bipath
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter F Levay
- Department of Internal Medicine (Kalafong Hospital), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Margaretha Viljoen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, 0007, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Mouna A, Routy JP, Tremblay C, Sekaly RP, El-Far M, Grevenynghe JV. Current topics in HIV-1 pathogenesis: The emergence of deregulated immuno-metabolism in HIV-infected subjects. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:603-13. [PMID: 26409789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection results in long-lasting activation of the immune system including elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokines, and bacterial product release from gut into blood and tissue compartments, which are not fully restored by antiretroviral therapies. HIV-1 has also developed numerous strategies via viral regulatory proteins to hijack cell molecular mechanisms to enhance its own replication and dissemination. Here, we reviewed the relationship between viral proteins, immune activation/inflammation, and deregulated metabolism occurring in HIV-1-infected patients that ultimately dampens the protective innate and adaptive arms of immunity. Defining precisely the molecular mechanisms related to deregulated immuno-metabolism during HIV-1 infection could ultimately help in the development of novel clinical approaches to restore proper immune functions in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aounallah Mouna
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Bipath P, Levay PF, Viljoen M. The kynurenine pathway activities in a sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:346. [PMID: 26285873 PMCID: PMC4545362 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for the synthesis of proteins and important metabolites such as serotonin, melatonin, tryptamine and niacin. After protein synthesis, more than 90 % of tryptophan catabolism occurs along the kynurenine pathway. The inflammation-inducible enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is responsible for the first rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway, i.e., oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine. Excessive IDO activity in conditions such as HIV/AIDS may lead to tryptophan depletion and accumulation of metabolites downstream from kynurenine. Little is known about the kynurenine pathway of HIV/AIDS patients in sub-Saharan regions. This study, in a low income sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population, examined the effects of activities in the kynurenine pathway on plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and the neurotoxin quinolinic acid, and on de novo synthesis of nicotinamide. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from a cohort of 105 HIV patients and 60 controls. Kynurenine pathway metabolites were analysed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. ELISA and flow cytometry were used to assess plasma inflammatory markers. RESULTS IDO activity, depletion of tryptophan, as well as accumulation of kynurenine and the neurotoxin quinolinic acid, were not only significantly greater in the patients than in the controls, but also markedly greater than in HIV/AIDS patients from developed countries. Tryptophan levels were 12.3 % higher, kynurenine levels 16.2 % lower, quinolinic acid levels 43.2 % lower and nicotinamide levels 27,2 % lower in patients on antiretroviral treatment than in antiretroviral-naïve patients. Patients' kynurenine pathway metabolites correlated with the levels of inflammatory markers, including that of the major IDO-inducer, interferon-gamma. Indications are that the rate of de novo synthesis of nicotinamide in the kynurenine pathway correlates with increases in quinolinic acid levels up to a point where saturation of the enzyme quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase occurs. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of inflammatory activity in this low income sub-Saharan HIV/AIDS population than in patients from developed countries lead to greater tryptophan depletion and greater accumulation of metabolites downstream from tryptophan with quinolinic acid levels often reaching levels associated with the development of HIV/AIDS-associated neurocognitive dysfunction. De novo synthesis of nicotinamide from quinolinic acid contributes to the maintenance of nicotinamide, and by implication NAD levels, in HIV/AIDS patients from low income populations. Antiretroviral treatment partially corrects disturbances in the kynurenine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyesh Bipath
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Peter F Levay
- Department of Internal Medicine (Kalafong Hospital), School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Margaretha Viljoen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Mehraj V, Routy JP. Tryptophan Catabolism in Chronic Viral Infections: Handling Uninvited Guests. Int J Tryptophan Res 2015; 8:41-8. [PMID: 26309411 PMCID: PMC4527356 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s26862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Tryptophan (l-Trp) is an essential amino acid that possesses diverse metabolic, neurological, and immunological roles spanning from the synthesis of proteins, neurotransmitter serotonin, and neurohormone melatonin, to its degradation into immunosuppressive catabolites by indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the kynurenine pathway (KP). Trp catabolites, by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), play an important role in antimicrobial defense and immune regulation. IDO/AhR acts as a double-edged sword by both depleting l-Trp to starve the invaders and by contributing to the state of immunosuppression with microorganisms that were not cleared during acute infection. Pathogens experiencing Trp deprivation by IDO-mediated degradation include certain bacteria, parasites, and less likely viruses. However, chronic viral infections highjack the host immune response to create a state of disease tolerance via kynurenine catabolites. This review covers the latest data involving chronic viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and their cellular interplay with Trp catabolites. Strategies developed by viruses to escape immune control also represent new avenues for therapeutic interventions based on Trp metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. ; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Altered Monoamine and Acylcarnitine Metabolites in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Subjects With Depression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:18-28. [PMID: 25942456 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a frequent comorbidity in HIV infection that has been associated with worse treatment outcomes and increased mortality. Recent studies suggest that increased innate immune activation and tryptophan catabolism are associated with higher risk of depression in HIV infection and other chronic inflammatory diseases, but the mechanisms leading to depression remain poorly understood. METHODS The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory or Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma from 104 subjects (68 HIV-positive and 36 HIV-negative) across 3 independent cohorts was performed using liquid or gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Cytokine profiling was by Bioplex array. Bioinformatic analysis was performed in Metaboanalyst and R. RESULTS Decreased monoamine metabolites (phenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate) and acylcarnitines (propionylcarnitine, isobutyrylcarnitine, isovalerylcarnitine, 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine) in plasma distinguished depressed subjects from controls in HIV-positive and HIV-negative cohorts, and these alterations correlated with the severity of depressive symptoms. In HIV-positive subjects, acylcarnitines and other markers of mitochondrial function correlated inversely with tryptophan catabolism, a marker of interferon responses, suggesting interrelationships between inflammatory pathways, tryptophan catabolism, and metabolic alterations associated with depression. Altered metabolites mapped to pathways involved in monoamine metabolism, mitochondrial function, and inflammation, suggesting a model in which complex relationships between monoamine metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics contribute to biological mechanisms involved in depression that may be augmented by inflammation during HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS Integrated approaches targeting inflammation, monoamine metabolism, and mitochondrial pathways may be important for prevention and treatment of depression in people with and without HIV.
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HIV and the gut microbiota, partners in crime: breaking the vicious cycle to unearth new therapeutic targets. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:614127. [PMID: 25759844 PMCID: PMC4352503 DOI: 10.1155/2015/614127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in health and immune system education and surveillance. The delicate balance between microbial growth and containment is controlled by the immune system. However, this balance is disrupted in cases of chronic viral infections such as HIV. This virus is capable of drastically altering the immune system and gastrointestinal environment leading to significant changes to the gut microbiota and mucosal permeability resulting in microbial translocation from the gut into the peripheral blood. The changes made locally in the gut have far-reaching consequences on the other organs of the body starting in the liver, where microbes and their products are normally filtered out, and extending to the blood and even brain. Microbial translocation and their downstream effects such as increased indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme expression and activity create a self-sustaining feedback loop which enhances HIV disease progression and constitute a vicious cycle of inflammation and immune activation combining viral and bacterial factors. Understanding this self-perpetuating cycle could be a key element in developing new therapies aimed at the gut microbiota and its fallout after infection.
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Jenabian MA, El-Far M, Vyboh K, Kema I, Costiniuk CT, Thomas R, Baril JG, LeBlanc R, Kanagaratham C, Radzioch D, Allam O, Ahmad A, Lebouché B, Tremblay C, Ancuta P, Routy JP. Immunosuppressive Tryptophan Catabolism and Gut Mucosal Dysfunction Following Early HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:355-66. [PMID: 25616404 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into kynurenine (Kyn) contributes to immune dysfunction in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To better define the relationship between Trp catabolism, inflammation, gut mucosal dysfunction, and the role of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), we prospectively assessed patients early after they acquired HIV. METHODS Forty patients in the early phase of infection were longitudinally followed for 12 months after receiving a diagnosis of HIV infection; 24 were untreated, and 16 were receiving ART. Kyn/Trp ratio, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) frequency, T-cell activation, dendritic cell counts, and plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and lipopolysaccharide were assessed. RESULTS Compared with healthy subjects, patients in the early phase of infection presented with elevated Kyn/Trp ratios, which further increased in untreated patients but normalized in ART recipients. Accordingly, in untreated subjects, the elevated Treg frequency observed at baseline continued to increase over time. The highest CD8(+) T-cell activation was observed during the early phase of infection and decreased in untreated patients, whereas activation normalized in ART recipients. The Kyn/Trp ratio was positively associated with CD8(+) T-cell activation and levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6, interferon γ-inducible protein 10, interleukin 18, and tumor necrosis factor α) and negatively associated with dendritic cell frequencies at baseline and in untreated patients. However, ART did not normalize plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers. CONCLUSIONS Early initiation of ART normalized enhanced Trp catabolism and immune activation but did not improve plasma levels of gut mucosal dysfunction markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ido Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Roger LeBlanc
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Clinique Médicale OPUS
| | | | | | - Ossama Allam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cécile Tremblay
- CHUM Research Centre Department of Microbiology and Immunology
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service Research Institute Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre
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Gostner JM, Becker K, Kurz K, Fuchs D. Disturbed Amino Acid Metabolism in HIV: Association with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:97. [PMID: 26236243 PMCID: PMC4500866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine, as well as of the tryptophan breakdown product kynurenine, are found to be elevated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. Both essential amino acids, tryptophan and phenylalanine, are important precursor molecules for neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Thus, dysregulated amino acid metabolism may be related to disease-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as development of depression, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. Increased phenylalanine/tyrosine and kynurenine/tryptophan ratios are associated with immune activation in patients with HIV-1 infection and decrease upon effective antiretroviral therapy. Recent large-scale metabolic studies have confirmed the crucial involvement of tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism in HIV-associated disease. Herein, we summarize the current status of the role of tryptophan and phenylalanine metabolism in HIV disease and discuss how inflammatory stress-associated dysregulation of amino acid metabolism may be part of the pathophysiology of common HIV-associated neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Katharina Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
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Lebouché B, Jenabian MA, Singer J, Graziani GM, Engler K, Trottier B, Thomas R, Brouillette MJ, Routy JP. The role of extended-release niacin on immune activation and neurocognition in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy - CTN PT006: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:390. [PMID: 25293882 PMCID: PMC4283109 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy who achieve virologic control have unsatisfactory immune reconstitution, with CD4+ T-cell counts persistently below 350 cells/μL. These patients are at elevated risk for clinical progression to AIDS and non-AIDS events. CD4+ T-cell depletion following infection and persistent immune activation can partially explain this low CD4+ T-cell recovery. Recent data suggest a link between the tryptophan oxidation pathway, immune activation and HIV disease progression based on overstimulation of the tryptophan oxidation pathway by HIV antigens and by interferon-gamma. This overstimulation reduces levels of circulating tryptophan, resulting in inflammation which has been implicated in the development of neurocognitive dysfunction. Niacin (vitamin B3) is able to control the excess tryptophan oxidation, correcting tryptophan depletion, and therefore represents an interesting strategy to improve CD4 recovery.We aim to design a crossover proof-of-concept study to assess supplementation with an extended-release form of niacin (Niaspan FCT™) in combination with antiretroviral therapy, compared to antiretroviral therapy alone, on T-cell immune activation as defined by changes in the percentage of CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ T-cells. METHODS/DESIGN This randomized, open-label, interventional crossover study with an immediate versus deferred use of Niaspan FCT for 24 weeks will assess its ability to reduce immune activation and thus increase CD4 recovery in 20 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune responses despite sustained virologic suppression. A substudy evaluating neurocognitive function will also be conducted. DISCUSSION This randomized trial will provide an opportunity to evaluate the potential benefit of oral extended-release niacin, a drug that can indirectly increase tryptophan, to reduce immune activation and in turn increase CD4+ T-cell recovery. The study will also allow for the evaluation of the impact of Niaspan FCT on neurocognitive function in HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune responses despite sustained virologic suppression. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov on 17 December 2013 (registration number: NCT02018965).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Lebouché
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
- />Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858, chemin de la Côte-des-Neiges, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1 Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
| | - Gina M Graziani
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
- />Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - Kim Engler
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
| | - Benoit Trottier
- />Clinique médicale l’Actuel, 1001 boul. de Maisonneuve E, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- />Clinique médicale l’Actuel, 1001 boul. de Maisonneuve E, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9 Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- />Chronic Viral Illness Service, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University Health Centre, 3650 Saint Urbain St., Montreal, QC H2X 2P4 Canada
- />Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian HIV Trials Network (the CTN), 588-1081 Burrard St., Vancouver, BC V6B 3E6 Canada
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Chen J, Shao J, Cai R, Shen Y, Zhang R, Liu L, Qi T, Lu H. Anti-retroviral therapy decreases but does not normalize indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in HIV-infected patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100446. [PMID: 24983463 PMCID: PMC4077698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is mainly expressed in activated dendritic cells, catabolizes tryptophan to kynurenine and other downstream catabolites. It is known to be an immune mediator in HIV pathogenesis. The impact of anti-retroviral therapy on its activity has not been well established. Methods We measured systemic IDO activity (the ratio of plasma kynurenine to tryptophan) in HIV-infected patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and its association with a microbial translocation marker, soluble CD14 (sCD14). Results Among 76 participants, higher baseline IDO activity was associated with lower CD4+ T cell counts (P<0.05) and higher plasma sCD14 levels (P<0.001). After 1 year of HAART, IDO activity decreased significantly (P<0.01), but was still higher than in healthy controls (P<0.05). The baseline IDO activity did not predict CD4+ T cell recovery after 1 year of therapy. The percentages of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells were not correlated with IDO activity. Conclusions IDO activity is elevated in HIV-infected patients, which is partially associated with microbial translocation. HAART reduced, but did not normalize the activity of IDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rentian Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhong Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renfang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangkai Qi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Marañón C, Egui A, Fernández-Villegas A, Carrilero B, Thomas MC, Segovia M, López MC. Benznidazole treatment reduces the induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzymatic activity in Chagas disease symptomatic patients. Parasite Immunol 2014; 35:180-7. [PMID: 23473453 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) is critical for the regulation of immune responses in pro-tolerogenic antigen-presenting cell. To address the profile of immune responses associated with Chagas disease, we measured IDO activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 168 chronic patients and 13 healthy donors. We found that IDO activity was increased in patients with Chagas disease when compared with controls. Moreover, the IDO activity of patients with Chagas disease in the symptomatic chronic phase, involving cardiac or digestive alterations, was higher than that detected in asymptomatic patients and correlated with the severity of the symptoms. Furthermore, benznidazole treatment induced a long-lasting decrease in IDO activity in symptomatic patients, reaching levels comparable with those of healthy donors. These results suggest that a pro-tolerogenic state is associated with the severity of Chagas disease and that benznidazole treatment is a valuable tool for breaking the parasite-driven immune tolerance in the symptomatic chronic phase of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marañón
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN- CSIC), Granada, Spain.
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Martinez P, Tsai AC, Muzoora C, Kembabazi A, Weiser SD, Huang Y, Haberer JE, Martin JN, Bangsberg DR, Hunt PW. Reversal of the Kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism may improve depression in ART-treated HIV-infected Ugandans. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:456-62. [PMID: 24220289 PMCID: PMC3943704 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is highly prevalent among HIV-infected persons, and depression symptom severity improves during the course of HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART). The potential biologic pathways explaining these phenomena remain unclear. We investigated the extent to which ART-mediated suppression of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism (via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 and potentially other sources) may correlate with improvements in depression symptom severity in this setting. METHOD We used the first year of data from the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes Study, a prospective cohort of 504 HIV-infected individuals initiating their first ART regimen in rural Uganda. We fitted random-effects regression models to estimate the associations between plasma tryptophan, plasma kynurenine, dietary diversity, and self-reported depression symptom severity. RESULTS Greater depressive symptoms were associated with both lower plasma tryptophan and higher plasma kynurenine/tryptophan (KT) ratio over 12-month follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted models, declines in KT ratio and increases in plasma tryptophan levels partially explained ART-mediated improvements in depressive symptom severity. The association between KT ratio and depression symptom severity was stronger among persons with protein-deficient diets than among those with protein-rich diets. CONCLUSIONS Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1-mediated tryptophan catabolism may contribute to depression symptom severity among HIV-infected individuals, particularly among those with poor dietary protein intake. ART-mediated improvements in depressive symptom severity may also be at least partially mediated by immunologic mechanisms. Interventions to reduce immune activation, and dietary protein supplementation, may be promising strategies to further reduce depression in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Martinez
- Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Alcohol Research Group, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander C. Tsai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Chester M. Pierce MD Division of Global Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conrad Muzoora
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Annet Kembabazi
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Yong Huang
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica E. Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R. Bangsberg
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of HIV/AIDS, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
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Byakwaga H, Boum Y, Huang Y, Muzoora C, Kembabazi A, Weiser SD, Bennett J, Cao H, Haberer JE, Deeks SG, Bangsberg DR, McCune JM, Martin JN, Hunt PW. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism, CD4+ T-cell recovery, and mortality among HIV-infected Ugandans initiating antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:383-91. [PMID: 24585899 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO) expression in activated monocytes and dendritic cells catabolizes tryptophan to kynurenine and other downstream catabolites that inhibit T-cell proliferation and interleukin 17 (IL-17) production. The prognostic significance of this pathway in treated HIV disease is unknown. METHODS We measured systemic IDO activity (calculated as the ratio of plasma levels of kynurenine to tryptophan; hereafter, the "KT ratio") in HIV-infected Ugandans before and during antiretroviral therapy (ART)-mediated viral suppression and its association with the rate of subsequent CD4(+) T-cell count recovery and mortality. RESULTS Among 435 participants, a higher pre-ART KT ratio was associated with a higher plasma virus load (P < .001) and lipopolysaccharide level (P = .018), a lower CD4(+) T-cell count (P < .001), and female sex (P = .047). Through month 12 of ART-mediated viral suppression, the plasma KT ratio decreased by approximately 50% (P < .001). After adjustment for pre-ART CD4(+) T-cell count, virus load, age, and sex, a higher month 12 KT ratio predicted a slower rate of subsequent CD4(+) T-cell count recovery (P = .001). Thirty-nine participants died. After adjustment for pre-ART CD4(+) T-cell count, virus load, body mass index, sex, and age, a higher pre-ART and month 6 KT ratio predicted increased mortality (P ≤ .016). CONCLUSIONS The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism independently predicts poor CD4(+) T-cell count recovery and increased mortality among HIV-infected Ugandans initiating ART and may be an important target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Byakwaga
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology
| | - Yap Boum
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology Epicentre Mbarara research Base, Uganda
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences
| | - Conrad Muzoora
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology
| | - Annet Kembabazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Huyen Cao
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - David R Bangsberg
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Global Health and Populations, Harvard School of Public Health Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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A simple LC-MS/MS method for determination of kynurenine and tryptophan concentrations in human plasma from HIV-infected patients. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1397-407. [PMID: 23742309 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, catalyzing tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine (Kyn) metabolic pathway, plays important roles in immune suppression and the CNS. In this article, we report a simple, rapid and specific LC-MS/MS method for accurate determination of Kyn and Trp concentrations in human plasma from HIV-infected patients. RESULTS The human plasma sample (100 µl) was mixed with Kyn-d4 and Trp-d5 internal standards and then precipitated with trifluoroacetic acid. The supernatant was directly analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The assay using surrogate matrix calibrators was validated for precision, accuracy, matrix effect, extraction efficiency and stability. Some assay validation issues for endogenous substance bioanalysis using an LC-MS/MS method are discussed. CONCLUSION A simple, specific and reproducible LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for measuring Kyn and Trp in human plasma samples.
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43
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Animal models for depression associated with HIV-1 infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 9:195-208. [PMID: 24338381 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has greatly extended the lifespan of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). As a result, the long-term effects of HIV infection, in particular those originating in the central nervous system (CNS), such as HIV associated depression, have gained importance. Animal models for HIV infection have proved very useful for understanding the disease and developing treatment strategies. However, HIV associated depression remains poorly understood and so far there is neither a fully satisfactory animal model, nor a pathophysiologically guided treatment for this condition. Here we review the neuroimmunological, neuroendocrine, neurotoxic and neurodegenerative basis for HIV depression and discuss strategies for employing HIV animal models, in particular humanized mice which are susceptible to HIV infection, for the study of HIV depression.
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Jenabian MA, Patel M, Kema I, Kanagaratham C, Radzioch D, Thébault P, Lapointe R, Tremblay C, Gilmore N, Ancuta P, Routy JP. Distinct tryptophan catabolism and Th17/Treg balance in HIV progressors and elite controllers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78146. [PMID: 24147117 PMCID: PMC3797729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism into immunosuppressive kynurenine (Kyn) by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was previously linked to Th17/Treg differentiation and immune activation. Here we examined Trp catabolism and its impact on Th17/Treg balance in uninfected healthy subjects (HS) and a large cohort of HIV-infected patients with different clinical outcomes: ART-naïve, Successfully Treated (ST), and elite controllers (EC). In ART-naïve patients, increased IDO activity/expression, together with elevated levels of TNF-α and sCD40L, were associated with Treg expansion and an altered Th17/Treg balance. These alterations were normalized under ART. In contrast, Trp 2,3-dioxegenase (TDO) expression was dramatically lower in EC when compared to all other groups. Interestingly, EC displayed a distinctive Trp metabolism characterized by low Trp plasma levels similar to ART-naïve patients without accumulating immunosuppressive Kyn levels which was accompanied by a preserved Th17/Treg balance. These results suggest a distinctive Trp catabolism and Th17/Treg balance in HIV progressors and EC. Thus, IDO-induced immune-metabolism may be considered as a new inflammation-related marker for HIV-1 disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Blankfield A. Kynurenine Pathway Pathologies: do Nicotinamide and Other Pathway Co-Factors have a Therapeutic Role in Reduction of Symptom Severity, Including Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Fibromyalgia (FM). Int J Tryptophan Res 2013; 6:39-45. [PMID: 23922501 PMCID: PMC3729338 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of dual tryptophan pathways has increased the understanding of the mind-body, body-mind dichotomy. The serotonergic pathway highlights the primary (endogenous) psychiatric disorders. The up-regulation of the kynurenine pathway by physical illnesses can cause neuropathic and immunological disorders1 associated with secondary neuropsychiatric symptoms. Tryptophan and nicotinamide deficiencies fall within the protein energy malnutrition (PEM) spectrum. They can arise if the kynurenine pathway is stressed by primary or secondary inflammatory conditions and the consequent imbalance of available catabolic/anabolic substrates may adversely influence convalescent phase efficiency. The replacement of depleted or reduced NAD+ levels and other cofactors can perhaps improve the clinical management of these disorders. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM) appear to meet the criteria of a tryptophan-kynurenine pathway disorder with potential neuroimmunological sequelae. Aspects of some of the putative precipitating factors have been previously outlined.2,3 An analysis of the areas of metabolic dysfunction will focus on future directions for research and management.
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Devereux D, Ikomi-Kumm J. Hypothesis: the regulation of the partial pressure of oxygen by the serotonergic nervous system in hypoxia. Med Hypotheses 2013; 80:292-6. [PMID: 23312111 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of the partial pressure of oxygen by the serotonergic nervous system in hypoxia is a hypothesis, which proposes an inherent operative system in homo sapiens that allows central nervous system and endocrine-mediated vascular system adaption to variables in partial pressure of oxygen, pH and body composition, while maintaining sufficient oxygen saturation for the immune system and ensuring protection of major organs in hypoxic and suboptimal conditions. While acknowledging the importance of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in the regulation of acid base balance, the hypothesis seeks to define the specific neuroendocrine/vascular mechanisms at work in regulating acid base balance in hypoxia and infection. The SIA (serotonin-immune-adrenergic) system is proposed as a working model, which allows central nervous system and endocrine-mediated macro- and micro vascular 'fine tuning'. The neurotransmitter serotonin serves as a 'hypoxic sensor' in concert with other operators to orchestrate homeostatic balance in normal and pathological states. The SIA system finely regulates oxygen, fuel and metabolic buffering systems at local sites to ensure optimum conditions for the immune response. The SIA system is fragile and its operation may be affected by infection, stress, diet, environmental toxins and lack of exercise. The hypothesis provides new insight in the area of neuro-gastroenterology, and emphasizes the importance of diet and nutrition as a complement in the treatment of infection, as well as the normalization of intestinal flora following antibiotic therapy.
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Capron DW, Gonzalez A, Parent J, Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB. Suicidality and anxiety sensitivity in adults with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2012; 26:298-303. [PMID: 22401761 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2011.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide rates among HIV-positive individuals are more than three times higher than in the general population. Anxiety sensitivity (AS) may be clinically relevant to increasing our understanding of suicide among individuals with HIV. Specifically, relations between AS cognitive concerns and suicide related outcomes have been observed across a range of populations. The current investigation sought to examine the effect of AS and individual AS subfactors (i.e., cognitive, physical, and social concerns) in relation to suicidality in a sample of adults with HIV. Participants were 164 adults with HIV (17.1% women; mean age=48.40) recruited from AIDS service organizations in Vermont/New Hampshire and New York City. Findings from the current study indicate that AS cognitive concerns (β=0.46, p=0.001), but not the global AS factor, are positively associated with elevated rates of suicidality among persons with HIV above and beyond demographics, HIV relevant factors, and negative affectivity. There was also a negative trend for AS physical concerns in terms of suicidality (β=-0.25, p=0.07). Clinicians may benefit from implementing AS reduction strategies with HIV-positive persons who endorse elevated suicide risk as well as elevated AS cognitive concerns. The current study is limited by a cross-sectional design and lack of suicide attempt history. Future work would benefit from longitudinal examination of the observed relations, further inquiry regarding the relation between AS physical concerns and suicidality and a more comprehensive assessment of suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Capron
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Adam Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Parent
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Norman B. Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Abstract
We meta-analyzed the relationship between depression and HIV medication nonadherence to calculate the overall effect size and examine potential moderators. Overall, across 95 independent samples, depression was significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with nonadherence (r = 0.19; 95% confidence interval = 0.14 to 0.25). Studies evaluating medication adherence via interview found significantly larger effects than those using self-administered questionnaires. Studies measuring adherence along a continuum found significantly stronger effects than studies comparing dichotomies. Effect size was not significantly related to other aspects of adherence or depression measurement, assessment interval (ie, cross-sectional vs. longitudinal), sex, IV drug use, sexual orientation, or study location. The relationship between depression and HIV treatment nonadherence is consistent across samples and over time, is not limited to those with clinical depression, and is not inflated by self-report bias. Our results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing depressive symptom severity, even at subclinical levels, should be a behavioral research priority.
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Darcy CJ, Davis JS, Woodberry T, McNeil YR, Stephens DP, Yeo TW, Anstey NM. An observational cohort study of the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio in sepsis: association with impaired immune and microvascular function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21185. [PMID: 21731667 PMCID: PMC3120841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both endothelial and immune dysfunction contribute to the high mortality rate in human sepsis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In response to infection, interferon-γ activates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) which metabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan to the toxic metabolite kynurenine. IDO can be expressed in endothelial cells, hepatocytes and mononuclear leukocytes, all of which contribute to sepsis pathophysiology. Increased IDO activity (measured by the kynurenine to tryptophan [KT] ratio in plasma) causes T-cell apoptosis, vasodilation and nitric oxide synthase inhibition. We hypothesized that IDO activity in sepsis would be related to plasma interferon-γ, interleukin-10, T cell lymphopenia and impairment of microvascular reactivity, a measure of endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability. In an observational cohort study of 80 sepsis patients (50 severe and 30 non-severe) and 40 hospital controls, we determined the relationship between IDO activity (plasma KT ratio) and selected plasma cytokines, sepsis severity, nitric oxide-dependent microvascular reactivity and lymphocyte subsets in sepsis. Plasma amino acids were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and microvascular reactivity by peripheral arterial tonometry. The plasma KT ratio was increased in sepsis (median 141 [IQR 64–235]) compared to controls (36 [28–52]); p<0.0001), and correlated with plasma interferon-γ and interleukin-10, and inversely with total lymphocyte count, CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocytes, systolic blood pressure and microvascular reactivity. In response to treatment of severe sepsis, the median KT ratio decreased from 162 [IQR 100–286] on day 0 to 89 [65–139] by day 7; p = 0.0006) and this decrease in KT ratio correlated with a decrease in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (p<0.0001). IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism is associated with dysregulated immune responses and impaired microvascular reactivity in sepsis and may link these two fundamental processes in sepsis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabelle J Darcy
- Global Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research and Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the present review article is to present the recent data on the cardiovascular complications in patients infected with HIV as well as the preventive strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease in those patients. RECENT FINDINGS Individuals infected with HIV frequently demonstrate a metabolic syndrome associated with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Extensive functional and structural arterial wall changes have been observed in these individuals. It is documented that these vascular changes are closely related to highly active antiretroviral treatment-induced metabolic disorders as well as characteristics of the HIV infection itself. Intensive treatment of vascular dysfunction might be helpful in preventing or retarding the atherosclerotic process in HIV patients. SUMMARY Marked changes in arterial function and structure are observed in HIV patients leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Early antiretroviral therapy and aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors might be helpful.
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