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van Allen KA, Gang N, Hoyeck MP, Perera I, Zhang D, Atlas E, Lynn FC, Bruin JE. Characterizing the effects of Dechlorane Plus on β-cells: a comparative study across models and species. Islets 2024; 16:2361996. [PMID: 38833523 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2024.2361996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies consistently link environmental toxicant exposure with increased Type 2 diabetes risk. Our study investigated the diabetogenic effects of a widely used flame retardant, Dechlorane Plus (DP), on pancreatic β-cells using rodent and human model systems. We first examined pancreas tissues from male mice exposed daily to oral gavage of either vehicle (corn oil) or DP (10, 100, or 1000 μg/kg per day) and fed chow or high fat diet for 28-days in vivo. DP exposure did not affect islet size or endocrine cell composition in either diet group. Next, we assessed the effect of 48-hour exposure to vehicle (DMSO) or DP (1, 10, or 100 nM) in vitro using immortalized rat β-cells (INS-1 832/3), primary mouse and human islets, and human stem-cell derived islet-like cells (SC-islets). In INS-1 832/3 cells, DP did not impact glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) but significantly decreased intracellular insulin content. DP had no effect on GSIS in mouse islets or SC-islets but had variable effects on GSIS in human islets depending on the donor. DP alone did not affect insulin content in mouse islets, human islets, or SC-islets, but mouse islets co-exposed to DP and glucolipotoxic (GLT) stress conditions (28.7 mM glucose + 0.5 mM palmitate) had reduced insulin content compared to control conditions. Co-exposure of mouse islets to DP + GLT amplified the upregulation of Slc30a8 compared to GLT alone. Our study highlights the importance and challenges of using different in vitro models for studying chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A van Allen
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noa Gang
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Myriam P Hoyeck
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ineli Perera
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Bruin
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Tricò D, Chiriacò M, Nouws J, Vash-Margita A, Kursawe R, Tarabra E, Galderisi A, Natali A, Giannini C, Hellerstein M, Ferrannini E, Caprio S. Alterations in Adipose Tissue Distribution, Cell Morphology, and Function Mark Primary Insulin Hypersecretion in Youth With Obesity. Diabetes 2024; 73:941-952. [PMID: 37870826 PMCID: PMC11109779 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive insulin secretion independent of insulin resistance, defined as primary hypersecretion, is associated with obesity and an unfavorable metabolic phenotype. We examined the characteristics of adipose tissue of youth with primary insulin hypersecretion and the longitudinal metabolic alterations influenced by the complex adipo-insular interplay. In a multiethnic cohort of adolescents with obesity but without diabetes, primary insulin hypersecretors had enhanced model-derived β-cell glucose sensitivity and rate sensitivity but worse glucose tolerance, despite similar demographics, adiposity, and insulin resistance measured by both oral glucose tolerance test and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Hypersecretors had greater intrahepatic and visceral fat depots at abdominal MRI, hypertrophic abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes, higher free fatty acid and leptin serum levels per fat mass, and faster in vivo lipid turnover assessed by a long-term 2H2O labeling protocol. At 2-year follow-up, hypersecretors had greater fat accrual and a threefold higher risk for abnormal glucose tolerance, while individuals with hypertrophic adipocytes or higher leptin levels showed enhanced β-cell glucose sensitivity. Primary insulin hypersecretion is associated with marked alterations in adipose tissue distribution, cellularity, and lipid dynamics, independent of whole-body adiposity and insulin resistance. Pathogenetic insight into the metabolic crosstalk between β-cell and adipocyte may help to identify individuals at risk for chronic hyperinsulinemia, body weight gain, and glucose intolerance. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Chiriacò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jessica Nouws
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Alla Vash-Margita
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Romy Kursawe
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | | | | | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Nutrition, and Atherosclerosis, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cosimo Giannini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio,” Chieti, Italy
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Narimani B, Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Akhgarjand C, Gholizadeh M, Askarpour M, Hekmatdoost A. The effects of purslane consumption on blood pressure, body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled. J Nutr Sci 2023; 12:e129. [PMID: 38155802 PMCID: PMC10753486 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2023.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of purslane consumption on anthropometric measurements and blood pressure have been studied in numerous experiments. However, the research findings conflict with one another. In order to assess the impact of purslane on weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), this meta-analysis was carried out. Up until February 2023, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the reference lists of the identified pertinent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were all searched. The random-effects model was used to calculate the effect size and then to describe it as a weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) (CRD42023427955). The systematic review was able to incorporate seven RCTs. Meta-analysis showed that purslane significantly decreased body weight (WMD): -0⋅73 kg, 95 % confidence interval (CI): -1⋅37, -0⋅09, P=0⋅025), BMI (WMD: -0⋅35 kg/m2, 95 % CI: -0⋅64, -0⋅07, P=0⋅016), and SBP (WMD: -3⋅64 mmHg, 95 % CI: -6⋅42, -0⋅87, P = 0⋅01), and for WC, there was no discernible effect (WMD: -0⋅86 cm; 95 % CI, -1⋅80 to 0⋅07; P = 0⋅06) and DBP (WMD: -0⋅36 mmHg; 95 % CI, -1⋅75 to 1⋅03; P = 0⋅61). Purslane consumption, especially in participants with a BMI of <30, might play a role in decreasing SBP, body weight, BMI, and WC. Purslane consumption significantly reduced body weight, BMI, and SBP; however, WC and DBP did not experience a reduction. More investigation is needed to verify the impact of purslane consumption on anthropometric parameters and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Narimani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amini
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sheikhhossein
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Camellia Akhgarjand
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gholizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Askarpour
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang AMY, Xia YH, Lin JSH, Chu KH, Wang WCK, Ruiter TJJ, Yang JCC, Chen N, Chhuor J, Patil S, Cen HH, Rideout EJ, Richard VR, Schaeffer DF, Zahedi RP, Borchers CH, Johnson JD, Kopp JL. Hyperinsulinemia acts via acinar insulin receptors to initiate pancreatic cancer by increasing digestive enzyme production and inflammation. Cell Metab 2023; 35:2119-2135.e5. [PMID: 37913768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The rising pancreatic cancer incidence due to obesity and type 2 diabetes is closely tied to hyperinsulinemia, an independent cancer risk factor. Previous studies demonstrated reducing insulin production suppressed pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) pre-cancerous lesions in Kras-mutant mice. However, the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms remained unknown, and in particular it was unclear whether hyperinsulinemia affected PanIN precursor cells directly or indirectly. Here, we demonstrate that insulin receptors (Insr) in KrasG12D-expressing pancreatic acinar cells are dispensable for glucose homeostasis but necessary for hyperinsulinemia-driven PanIN formation in the context of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia and obesity. Mechanistically, this was attributed to amplified digestive enzyme protein translation, triggering of local inflammation, and PanIN metaplasia in vivo. In vitro, insulin dose-dependently increased acinar-to-ductal metaplasia formation in a trypsin- and Insr-dependent manner. Collectively, our data shed light on the mechanisms connecting obesity-driven hyperinsulinemia and pancreatic cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M Y Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yi Han Xia
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S H Lin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ken H Chu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Wei Chuan K Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Titine J J Ruiter
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jenny C C Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Justin Chhuor
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shilpa Patil
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vincent R Richard
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Rene P Zahedi
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada; Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Rathod YD, Abdelgawad R, Hübner CA, Di Fulvio M. Slc12a2 loss in insulin-secreting β-cells links development of overweight and metabolic dysregulation to impaired satiation control of feeding. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E581-E594. [PMID: 37819196 PMCID: PMC10864024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00197.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Male mice lacking the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter Slc12a2 (Nkcc1) specifically in insulin-secreting β-cells (Slc12a2βKO) have reduced β-cell mass and mild β-cell secretory dysfunction associated with overweight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Here, we confirmed and extended previous results to female Slc12a2βKO mice, which developed a similar metabolic syndrome-like phenotype as males, albeit milder. Notably, male and female Slc12a2βKO mice developed overweight without consuming excess calories. Analysis of the feeding microstructure revealed that young lean Slc12a2βKO male mice ate meals of higher caloric content and at a relatively lower frequency than normal mice, particularly during the night. In addition, overweight Slc12a2βKO mice consumed significantly larger meals than lean mice. Therefore, the reduced satiation control of feeding precedes the onset of overweight and is worsened in older Slc12a2βKO mice. However, the time spent between meals remained intact in lean and overweight Slc12a2βKO mice, indicating conserved satiety responses to ad libitum feeding. Nevertheless, satiety was intensified during and after refeeding only in overweight males. In lean females, satiety responses to refeeding were delayed relative to age- and body weight-matched control mice but normalized in overweight mice. Since meal size did not change during refeeding, these data suggested that the satiety control of eating after fasting is impaired in lean Slc12a2βKO mice before the onset of overweight and independently of their reduced satiation responses. Therefore, our results support the novel hypothesis that reduced satiation precedes the onset of overweight and the development of metabolic dysregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity, defined as excess fat accumulation, increases the absolute risk for metabolic diseases. Although obesity is usually attributed to increased food intake, we demonstrate that body weight gain can be hastened without consuming excess calories. In fact, impaired meal termination control, i.e., satiation, is detectable before the development of overweight in an animal model that develops a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakshkumar Dilipbhai Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Rana Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institut für Humangenetik Am Klinikum 1, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
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Sidhu SK, Aleman JO, Heffron SP. Obesity Duration and Cardiometabolic Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1764-1774. [PMID: 37650325 PMCID: PMC10544713 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease risk is known to be influenced by both the severity of a risk factor and the duration of exposure (eg, LDL [low-density lipoprotein] cholesterol, tobacco smoke). However, this concept has been largely neglected within the obesity literature. While obesity severity has been closely linked with cardiometabolic diseases, the risk of developing these conditions among those with obesity may be augmented by greater obesity duration over the life span. Few longitudinal or contemporary studies have investigated the influence of both factors in combination-cumulative obesity exposure-instead generally focusing on obesity severity, often at a single time point, given ease of use and lack of established methods to encapsulate duration. Our review focuses on what is known about the influence of the duration of exposure to excess adiposity within the obesity-associated cardiometabolic disease risk equation by means of summarizing the hypothesized mechanisms for and evidence surrounding the relationships of obesity duration with diverse cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Through the synthesis of the currently available data, we aim to highlight the importance of a better understanding of the influence of obesity duration in cardiovascular and metabolic disease pathogenesis. We underscore the clinical importance of aggressive early attention to obesity identification and intervention to prevent the development of chronic diseases that arise from exposure to excess body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharnendra K. Sidhu
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose O. Aleman
- Laboratory of Translational Obesity Research, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean P. Heffron
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ekperikpe US, Mandal S, Holt SJ, Daniels JK, Johnson TD, Cooper JS, Safir SM, Cornelius DC, Williams JM. Metformin reduces insulin resistance and attenuates progressive renal injury in prepubertal obese Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F363-F376. [PMID: 37498548 PMCID: PMC10639024 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00078.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prepubertal obesity is currently an epidemic and is considered as a major risk factor for renal injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance contributes to renal injury in obesity, independent of diabetes. However, studies examining the relationship between insulin resistance and renal injury in obese children are lacking. Recently, we reported that progressive renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) leptin receptor mutant (SSLepRmutant) rats was associated with insulin resistance before puberty. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine whether decreasing insulin resistance with metformin will reduce renal injury in SSLepRmutant rats. Four-wk-old SS and SSLepRmutant rats were separated into the following two groups: 1) vehicle and 2) metformin (300 mg/kg/day) via chow diet for 4 wk. Chronic administration of metformin markedly reduced insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in SSLepRmutant rats. We did not detect any differences in mean arterial pressure between vehicle and metformin-treated SS and SSLepRmutant rats. Proteinuria was significantly greater in SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats throughout the study, and metformin administration significantly reduced proteinuria in SSLepRmutant rats. At the end of the protocol, metformin prevented the renal hyperfiltration observed in SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats. Glomerular and tubular injury and renal inflammation and fibrosis were significantly higher in vehicle-treated SSLepRmutant rats versus SS rats, and metformin reduced these parameters in SSLepRmutant rats. These data suggest that reducing insulin resistance with metformin prevents renal hyperfiltration and progressive renal injury in SSLepRmutant rats before puberty and may be therapeutically useful in managing renal injury during prepubertal obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Childhood/prepubertal obesity is a public health concern that is associated with early signs of proteinuria. Insulin resistance has been described in obese children. However, studies investigating the role of insulin resistance during childhood obesity-associated renal injury are limited. This study provides evidence of an early relationship between insulin resistance and renal injury in a rat model of prepubertal obesity. These data also suggest that reducing insulin resistance with metformin may be renoprotective in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubong S Ekperikpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Sautan Mandal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Stephen J Holt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jacori K Daniels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Tyler D Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jonita S Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Sarah M Safir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
| | - Jan M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Yue Z, Qian L, Jin Y, Xia Y, Sha H, Wu Q, Hu K. Hyperinsulinemia Influences the Short-Term Efficiency of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy for Patients with Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1745-1753. [PMID: 37334184 PMCID: PMC10276567 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s411440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effect of hyperinsulinemia on short-term outcomes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with obesity combined with insulin resistance is unclear. Material and Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent LSG at our center between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. Patients were divided into hyperinsulinemia (HINS) and nonhyperinsulinemia (NHINS) groups based on fasting insulin levels. The primary endpoint was weight change. Metabolic disease outcomes, postoperative complications, and quality of life score changes were secondary endpoints. Results A total of 92 patients were included in this study, with 59 in the HINS group and 33 in the NHINS group. At 6 months postoperatively, the median (P25, P75) %EWL was 76.01 (64.40, 86.99)% in the HINS group and 92.02 (86.78, 100.88)% in the NHINS group (P<0.001). The mean %TWL (SD) was 23.26 (7.14)% in the HINS group and 26.80 (6.55)% in the NHINS group (P=0.021). The remission of dyslipidemia and hypertension in the NHINS group and the HINS group were not significantly different (P>0.05 for all). The differences in QOL between groups were not statistically significant (P=0.788). In terms of postoperative complications, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P>0.05 for all). Conclusion HINS negatively influences weight change in patients with obesity and insulin resistance, and the NHINS group had better postoperative weight loss. In terms of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and postoperative complications, there was no significant effect of HINS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Yue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Long Qian
- General Surgery Department, Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yabin Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sha
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaifeng Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Gagnon E, Mitchell PL, Arsenault BJ. Body Fat Distribution, Fasting Insulin Levels, and Insulin Secretion: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1308-1317. [PMID: 36585897 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperinsulinemia and adiposity are associated with one another, but the directionality of this relation is debated. OBJECTIVE Here, we tested the direction of the causal effects of fasting insulin (FI) levels and body fat accumulation/distribution using 2-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS We included summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies for body mass index (BMI, n = 806 834), waist to hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI, n = 694 649), abdominal subcutaneous, visceral and gluteofemoral adipose tissue (n = 38 965), FI levels (n = 98 210), pancreatic islets gene expression (n = 420), and hypothalamus gene expression (n = 155). We used inverse variance-weighted and robust MR methods that relied on statistically and biologically driven genetic instruments. RESULTS Both BMI and WHRadjBMI were positively associated with FI. Results were consistent across all robust MR methods and when variants mapped to the hypothalamus (presumably associated with food behavior) were included. In multivariable MR analyses, when waist circumference and BMI were mutually adjusted, the direct effect of waist circumference on FI was 2.43 times larger than the effect of BMI on FI. FI was not associated with adiposity. By contrast, using genetic instruments mapped to gene expression in pancreatic islets (presumably more specific to insulin secretion), insulin was positively associated with BMI and abdominal subcutaneous and gluteofemoral adipose tissue, but not with visceral adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Although these results will need to be supported by experimental investigations, results of this MR study suggest that abdominal adiposity may be a key determinant of circulating insulin levels. Alternatively, insulin secretion may promote peripheral adipose tissue accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gagnon
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 5C3, Canada
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10
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Di Giuseppe G, Ciccarelli G, Soldovieri L, Capece U, Cefalo CMA, Moffa S, Nista EC, Brunetti M, Cinti F, Gasbarrini A, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A, Mezza T. First-phase insulin secretion: can its evaluation direct therapeutic approaches? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:216-230. [PMID: 36858875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Our work is aimed at unraveling the role of the first-phase insulin secretion in the natural history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its interrelationship with insulin resistance and with β cell function and mass. Starting from pathophysiology, we investigate the impact of impaired secretion on glucose homeostasis and explore postmeal hyperglycemia as the main clinical feature, underlining its relevance in the management of the disease. We also review dietary and pharmacological approaches aimed at improving early secretory defects and restoring residual β cell function. Furthermore, we discuss possible approaches to detect early secretory defects in clinical practice. By providing a journey through human and animal data, we attempt a unification of the recent evidence in an effort to offer a new outlook on β cell secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Di Giuseppe
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gea Ciccarelli
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Soldovieri
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Capece
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara M A Cefalo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Rome - Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Moffa
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico C Nista
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Brunetti
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cinti
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Pontecorvi
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Wang C, Zhang X, Luo L, Luo Y, Wu D, Spilca D, Le Q, Yang X, Alvarez K, Hines WC, Yang XO, Liu M. COX-2 Deficiency Promotes White Adipogenesis via PGE2-Mediated Paracrine Mechanism and Exacerbates Diet-Induced Obesity. Cells 2022; 11:1819. [PMID: 35681514 PMCID: PMC9180646 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a critical role in regulating innate immunity and metabolism by producing prostaglandins (PGs) and other lipid mediators. However, the implication of adipose COX-2 in obesity remains largely unknown. Using adipocyte-specific COX-2 knockout (KO) mice, we showed that depleting COX-2 in adipocytes promoted white adipose tissue development accompanied with increased size and number of adipocytes and predisposed diet-induced adiposity, obesity, and insulin resistance. The increased size and number of adipocytes by COX-2 KO were reversed by the treatment of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) but not PGI2 and PGD2 during adipocyte differentiation. PGE2 suppresses PPARγ expression through the PKA pathway at the early phase of adipogenesis, and treatment of PGE2 or PKA activator isoproterenol diminished the increased lipid droplets in size and number in COX-2 KO primary adipocytes. Administration of PGE2 attenuated increased fat mass and fat percentage in COX-2 deficient mice. Taken together, our study demonstrated the suppressing effect of adipocyte COX-2 on adipogenesis and reveals that COX-2 restrains adipose tissue expansion via the PGE2-mediated paracrine mechanism and prevents the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Liping Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (D.W.); (X.O.Y.)
| | - Dianna Spilca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Que Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Katelyn Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - William Curtis Hines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
| | - Xuexian O. Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (D.W.); (X.O.Y.)
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (C.W.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (K.A.); (W.C.H.)
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center for Biomedical Research Excellence, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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12
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Halloun R, Galderisi A, Caprio S, Weiss R. Lack of Evidence for a Causal Role of Hyperinsulinemia in the Progression of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1400-1407. [PMID: 35235641 PMCID: PMC9210872 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) claims that chronic exposure to hyperinsulinemia induced by dietary carbohydrates explains development of obesity via direct effects of insulin and/or low postprandial metabolic fuel levels. We aimed at testing whether indices of hyperinsulinemia and postprandial glucose levels can predict increases in the degree of obesity over time. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Children and adolescents with obesity attending a pediatric obesity clinic performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and received standard obesity management. Indices of hyperinsulinemia and insulin secretion were derived from the OGTT and evaluated in the face of changes in the degree of obesity over time. RESULTS A total of 591 children (217 males and 374 females) participated, and the mean follow-up was 1.86 ± 1.29 years. OGTT-derived area under the curve of insulin, peak insulin, fasting insulin, the insulinogenic index, or insulin at 30 min were not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses (adjusted for baseline age, BMI z score, sex, and ethnicity). Low postprandial glucose <75 mg/dL was not associated with greater changes in the degree of obesity in univariate or multivariate analyses. In a subsample of 104 participants with a follow-up >4 years, none of these parameters was associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity. CONCLUSIONS In children and adolescents with obesity, exposure to hyperinsulinemia, greater insulin secretion, or low postprandial glucose is not associated with greater increases in the degree of obesity over 2-4 years. The CIM should be evaluated in children with lower BMI and for longer follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Halloun
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruth Children’s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alfonso Galderisi
- Department of Woman and Child’s Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ram Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruth Children’s Hospital, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Doan MT, Neinast MD, Varner EL, Bedi KC, Bartee D, Jiang H, Trefely S, Xu P, Singh JP, Jang C, Rame JE, Brady DC, Meier JL, Marguiles KB, Arany Z, Snyder NW. Direct anabolic metabolism of three carbon propionate to a six carbon metabolite occurs in vivo across tissues and species. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100224. [PMID: 35568254 PMCID: PMC9189226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic metabolism of carbon in mammals is mediated via the one- and two-carbon carriers S-adenosyl methionine and acetyl-coenzyme A. In contrast, anabolic metabolism of three-carbon units via propionate has not been shown to extensively occur. Mammals are primarily thought to oxidize the three-carbon short chain fatty acid propionate by shunting propionyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA for entry into the TCA cycle. Here, we found that this may not be absolute as, in mammals, one nonoxidative fate of propionyl-CoA is to condense to two three-carbon units into a six-carbon trans-2-methyl-2-pentenoyl-CoA (2M2PE-CoA). We confirmed this reaction pathway using purified protein extracts provided limited substrates and verified the product via LC-MS using a synthetic standard. In whole-body in vivo stable isotope tracing following infusion of 13C-labeled valine at steady state, 2M2PE-CoA was found to form via propionyl-CoA in multiple murine tissues, including heart, kidney, and to a lesser degree, in brown adipose tissue, liver, and tibialis anterior muscle. Using ex vivo isotope tracing, we found that 2M2PE-CoA also formed in human myocardial tissue incubated with propionate to a limited extent. While the complete enzymology of this pathway remains to be elucidated, these results confirm the in vivo existence of at least one anabolic three- to six-carbon reaction conserved in humans and mice that utilizes propionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Doan
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L Varner
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Bedi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Bartee
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Helen Jiang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peining Xu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay P Singh
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J Eduardo Rame
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donita C Brady
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Kenneth B Marguiles
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Zhang AMY, Chu KH, Daly BF, Ruiter T, Dou Y, Yang JCC, de Winter TJJ, Chhuor J, Wang S, Flibotte S, Zhao YB, Hu X, Li H, Rideout EJ, Schaeffer DF, Johnson JD, Kopp JL. Effects of hyperinsulinemia on pancreatic cancer development and the immune microenvironment revealed through single-cell transcriptomics. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:5. [PMID: 35189981 PMCID: PMC8862319 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperinsulinemia is independently associated with increased risk and mortality of pancreatic cancer. We recently reported that genetically reduced insulin production resulted in ~ 50% suppression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) precancerous lesions in mice. However, only female mice remained normoglycemic, and only the gene dosage of the rodent-specific Ins1 alleles was tested in our previous model. Moreover, we did not delve into the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with modulating hyperinsulinemia. METHODS We studied how reduced Ins2 gene dosage affects PanIN lesion development in both male and female Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D mice lacking the rodent-specific Ins1 gene (Ins1-/-). We generated control mice having two alleles of the wild-type Ins2 gene (Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D;Ins1-/-;Ins2+/+) and experimental mice having one allele of Ins2 gene (Ptf1aCreER;KrasLSL-G12D;Ins1-/-;Ins2+/-). We then performed thorough histopathological analyses and single-cell transcriptomics for both genotypes and sexes. RESULTS High-fat diet-induced hyperinsulinemia was transiently or modestly reduced in female and male mice, respectively, with only one allele of Ins2. This occurred without dramatically affecting glucose tolerance. Genetic reduction of insulin production resulted in mice with a tendency for less PanIN and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) lesions. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we found hyperinsulinemia affected multiple cell types in the pancreas, with the most statistically significant effects on local immune cell types that were highly represented in our sampled cell population. Specifically, hyperinsulinemia modulated pathways associated with protein translation, MAPK-ERK signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling, which were changed in epithelial cells and subsets of immune cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a potential role for the immune microenvironment in hyperinsulinemia-driven PanIN development. Together with our previous work, we propose that mild suppression of insulin levels may be useful in preventing pancreatic cancer by acting on multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M Y Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ken H Chu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian F Daly
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Titine Ruiter
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jenny C C Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Twan J J de Winter
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Justin Chhuor
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Core Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yiwei Bernie Zhao
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David F Schaeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory and Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Janel L Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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15
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Skovsø S, Panzhinskiy E, Kolic J, Cen HH, Dionne DA, Dai XQ, Sharma RB, Elghazi L, Ellis CE, Faulkner K, Marcil SAM, Overby P, Noursadeghi N, Hutchinson D, Hu X, Li H, Modi H, Wildi JS, Botezelli JD, Noh HL, Suk S, Gablaski B, Bautista A, Kim R, Cras-Méneur C, Flibotte S, Sinha S, Luciani DS, Nislow C, Rideout EJ, Cytrynbaum EN, Kim JK, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Alonso LC, MacDonald PE, Johnson JD. Beta-cell specific Insr deletion promotes insulin hypersecretion and improves glucose tolerance prior to global insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2022; 13:735. [PMID: 35136059 PMCID: PMC8826929 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (Insr) protein is present at higher levels in pancreatic β-cells than in most other tissues, but the consequences of β-cell insulin resistance remain enigmatic. Here, we use an Ins1cre knock-in allele to delete Insr specifically in β-cells of both female and male mice. We compare experimental mice to Ins1cre-containing littermate controls at multiple ages and on multiple diets. RNA-seq of purified recombined β-cells reveals transcriptomic consequences of Insr loss, which differ between female and male mice. Action potential and calcium oscillation frequencies are increased in Insr knockout β-cells from female, but not male mice, whereas only male βInsrKO islets have reduced ATP-coupled oxygen consumption rate and reduced expression of genes involved in ATP synthesis. Female βInsrKO and βInsrHET mice exhibit elevated insulin release in ex vivo perifusion experiments, during hyperglycemic clamps, and following i.p. glucose challenge. Deletion of Insr does not alter β-cell area up to 9 months of age, nor does it impair hyperglycemia-induced proliferation. Based on our data, we adapt a mathematical model to include β-cell insulin resistance, which predicts that β-cell Insr knockout improves glucose tolerance depending on the degree of whole-body insulin resistance. Indeed, glucose tolerance is significantly improved in female βInsrKO and βInsrHET mice compared to controls at 9, 21 and 39 weeks, and also in insulin-sensitive 4-week old males. We observe no improved glucose tolerance in older male mice or in high fat diet-fed mice, corroborating the prediction that global insulin resistance obscures the effects of β-cell specific insulin resistance. The propensity for hyperinsulinemia is associated with mildly reduced fasting glucose and increased body weight. We further validate our main in vivo findings using an Ins1-CreERT transgenic line and find that male mice have improved glucose tolerance 4 weeks after tamoxifen-mediated Insr deletion. Collectively, our data show that β-cell insulin resistance in the form of reduced β-cell Insr contributes to hyperinsulinemia in the context of glucose stimulation, thereby improving glucose homeostasis in otherwise insulin sensitive sex, dietary and age contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søs Skovsø
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evgeniy Panzhinskiy
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jelena Kolic
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Haoning Howard Cen
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Derek A Dionne
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Elghazi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cara E Ellis
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katharine Faulkner
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A M Marcil
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Overby
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nilou Noursadeghi
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daria Hutchinson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hong Li
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honey Modi
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Wildi
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Diego Botezelli
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hye Lim Noh
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Sujin Suk
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Brian Gablaski
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Austin Bautista
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ryekjang Kim
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Corentin Cras-Méneur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- UBC Life Sciences Institute Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sunita Sinha
- UBC Sequencing and Bioinformatics Consortium, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dan S Luciani
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- UBC Sequencing and Bioinformatics Consortium, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Rideout
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric N Cytrynbaum
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami VA Health Care System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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16
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Mirzadeh Z, Faber CL, Schwartz MW. Central Nervous System Control of Glucose Homeostasis: A Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 62:55-84. [PMID: 34990204 PMCID: PMC8900291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-052220-010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Historically, pancreatic islet beta cells have been viewed as principal regulators of glycemia, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) resulting when insulin secretion fails to compensate for peripheral tissue insulin resistance. However, glycemia is also regulated by insulin-independent mechanisms that are dysregulated in T2D. Based on evidence supporting its role both in adaptive coupling of insulin secretion to changes in insulin sensitivity and in the regulation of insulin-independent glucose disposal, the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a fundamental player in glucose homeostasis. Here, we review and expand upon an integrative model wherein the CNS, together with the islet, establishes and maintains the defended level of glycemia. We discuss the implications of this model for understanding both normal glucose homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis and highlight centrally targeted therapeutic approaches with the potential to restore normoglycemia to patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaman Mirzadeh
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- Ivy Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA;
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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17
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Johnson JD. On the causal relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, obesity and dysglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2138-2146. [PMID: 34296322 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people are affected by hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, obesity and the dysglycaemia that mark a common progression from metabolic health to type 2 diabetes. Although the relative contribution of these features and the order in which they appear may differ between individuals, the common clustering and seemingly progressive nature of type 2 diabetes aetiology has guided research and clinical practice in this area for decades. At the same time, lively debate around the causal relationships between these features has continued, as new data from human trials and highly controlled animal studies are presented. This 'For debate' article was prompted by the review in Diabetologia by Esser, Utzschneider and Kahn ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05245-x ), with the purpose of reviewing established and emerging data that provide insight into the relative contributions of hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in progressive stages between health, obesity and diabetes. It is concluded that these beta cell defects are not mutually exclusive and that they are both important, but at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Institute for Personalized Therapeutic Nutrition, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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18
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Yong J, Parekh VS, Reilly SM, Nayak J, Chen Z, Lebeaupin C, Jang I, Zhang J, Prakash TP, Sun H, Murray S, Guo S, Ayala JE, Satin LS, Saltiel AR, Kaufman RJ. Chop/ Ddit3 depletion in β cells alleviates ER stress and corrects hepatic steatosis in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/604/eaba9796. [PMID: 34321322 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance (IR). During the early phase of T2D, insulin synthesis and secretion by pancreatic β cells is enhanced, which can lead to proinsulin misfolding that aggravates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein homeostasis in β cells. Moreover, increased circulating insulin may contribute to fatty liver disease. Medical interventions aimed at alleviating ER stress in β cells while maintaining optimal insulin secretion are therefore an attractive therapeutic strategy for T2D. Previously, we demonstrated that germline Chop gene deletion preserved β cells in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. In the current study, we further investigated whether targeting Chop/Ddit3 specifically in murine β cells conferred therapeutic benefits. First, we showed that Chop deletion in β cells alleviated β cell ER stress and delayed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in HFD-fed mice. Second, β cell-specific Chop deletion prevented liver steatosis and hepatomegaly in aged HFD-fed mice without affecting basal glucose homeostasis. Third, we provide mechanistic evidence that Chop depletion reduces ER Ca2+ buffering capacity and modulates glucose-induced islet Ca2+ oscillations, leading to transcriptional changes of ER chaperone profile ("ER remodeling"). Last, we demonstrated that a GLP1-conjugated Chop antisense oligonucleotide strategy recapitulated the reduction in liver triglycerides and pancreatic insulin content. In summary, our results demonstrate that Chop depletion in β cells provides a therapeutic strategy to alleviate dysregulated insulin secretion and consequent fatty liver disease in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yong
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. .,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vishal S Parekh
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonamani Nayak
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhouji Chen
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cynthia Lebeaupin
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Insook Jang
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Thazha P Prakash
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Sue Murray
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Shuling Guo
- Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Cardiometabolic Phenotyping Core, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 6400 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie S Satin
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Yong J, Johnson JD, Arvan P, Han J, Kaufman RJ. Therapeutic opportunities for pancreatic β-cell ER stress in diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:455-467. [PMID: 34163039 PMCID: PMC8765009 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the failure of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells (or β-cell death) due to either autoimmunity (type 1 diabetes mellitus) or failure to compensate for insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM). In addition, mutations of critical genes cause monogenic diabetes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary site for proinsulin folding; therefore, ER proteostasis is crucial for both β-cell function and survival under physiological and pathophysiological challenges. Importantly, the ER is also the major intracellular Ca2+ storage organelle, generating Ca2+ signals that contribute to insulin secretion. ER stress is associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we summarize the mutations in monogenic diabetes that play causal roles in promoting ER stress in β-cells. Furthermore, we discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for ER proteostasis imbalance with a focus on T2DM, in which both genetics and environment are considered important in promoting ER stress in β-cells. We also suggest that controlled insulin secretion from β-cells might reduce the progression of a key aspect of the metabolic syndrome, namely nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Finally, we evaluate potential therapeutic approaches to treat T2DM, including the optimization and protection of functional β-cell mass in individuals with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yong
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences & Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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20
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Janssen JAMJL. Hyperinsulinemia and Its Pivotal Role in Aging, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157797. [PMID: 34360563 PMCID: PMC8345990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the dogma has been that insulin resistance precedes the development of hyperinsulinemia. However, recent data suggest a reverse order and place hyperinsulinemia mechanistically upstream of insulin resistance. Genetic background, consumption of the “modern” Western diet and over-nutrition may increase insulin secretion, decrease insulin pulses and/or reduce hepatic insulin clearance, thereby causing hyperinsulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia disturbs the balance of the insulin–GH–IGF axis and shifts the insulin : GH ratio towards insulin and away from GH. This insulin–GH shift promotes energy storage and lipid synthesis and hinders lipid breakdown, resulting in obesity due to higher fat accumulation and lower energy expenditure. Hyperinsulinemia is an important etiological factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and premature mortality. It has been further hypothesized that nutritionally driven insulin exposure controls the rate of mammalian aging. Interventions that normalize/reduce plasma insulin concentrations might play a key role in the prevention and treatment of age-related decline, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Caloric restriction, increasing hepatic insulin clearance and maximizing insulin sensitivity are at present the three main strategies available for managing hyperinsulinemia. This may slow down age-related physiological decline and prevent age-related diseases. Drugs that reduce insulin (hyper) secretion, normalize pulsatile insulin secretion and/or increase hepatic insulin clearance may also have the potential to prevent or delay the progression of hyperinsulinemia-mediated diseases. Future research should focus on new strategies to minimize hyperinsulinemia at an early stage, aiming at successfully preventing and treating hyperinsulinemia-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Zhang AM, Wellberg EA, Kopp JL, Johnson JD. Hyperinsulinemia in Obesity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:285-311. [PMID: 33775061 PMCID: PMC8164941 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or insulin action causes diabetes. However, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus can be associated with an absolute increase in circulating insulin, a state known as hyperinsulinemia. Studies are beginning to elucidate the cause-effect relationships between hyperinsulinemia and numerous consequences of metabolic dysfunctions. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating that hyperinsulinemia may play a role in inflammation, aging and development of cancers. In this review, we will focus on the consequences and mechanisms of excess insulin production and action, placing recent findings that have challenged dogma in the context of the existing body of literature. Where relevant, we elaborate on the role of specific signal transduction components in the actions of insulin and consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia. By discussing the involvement of hyperinsulinemia in various metabolic and other chronic diseases, we may identify more effective therapeutics or lifestyle interventions for preventing or treating obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also seek to identify pertinent questions that are ripe for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni M.Y. Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janel L. Kopp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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22
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Liang C, Zhou XH, Gong PM, Niu HY, Lyu LZ, Wu YF, Han X, Zhang LW. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 prevents high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating bile acid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:4315-4324. [PMID: 34031676 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing bacteria are negatively related to the body weight gain and energy storage of the host. We aimed to obtain a novel BSH-producing strain with excellent anti-obesity effect and explained its mechanism. Here, we selected a strain named Lactiplantibacillus plantarum H-87 (H-87) with excellent ability to hydrolyze glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) and tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in vitro from 12 lactobacilli, and evaluated its anti-obesity effect in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. The results suggested that H-87 could inhibit HFD-induced body weight gain, fat accumulation, liver lipogenesis and injury, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. In addition, H-87 could colonize in the ileum and hydrolyze GCDCA and TUDCA, reflected as changes in the concentrations of GCDCA, TUDCA, CDCA and UDCA in the ileum or liver. Furthermore, the study identified that H-87 reduced TUDCA and GCDCA levels in the ileum, which decreased the GLP-1 secretion by L cells to alleviate insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, H-87 increased the CDCA level in the ileum and liver to activate FXR signaling pathways to inhibit liver lipogenesis in HFD-fed mice. In addition, the decrease of intestinal conjugated bile acids (TUDCA and GCDCA) also increased fecal lipid content and decreased intestinal lipid digestibility. In conclusion, H-87 could inhibit liver fat deposition, insulin resistance and lipid digestion by changing bile acid enterohepatic circulation, and eventually alleviate HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150010, China.
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23
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Wu D, Wong CK, Han JM, Orban PC, Huang Q, Gillies J, Mojibian M, Gibson WT, Levings MK. T reg-specific insulin receptor deletion prevents diet-induced and age-associated metabolic syndrome. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151826. [PMID: 32478834 PMCID: PMC7398165 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) regulatory T cells (T regs) control inflammation and metabolism. Diet-induced obesity causes hyperinsulinemia and diminishes visceral AT (VAT) T reg number and function, but whether these two phenomena were mechanistically linked was unknown. Using a T reg–specific insulin receptor (Insr) deletion model, we found that diet-induced T reg dysfunction is driven by T reg–intrinsic insulin signaling. Compared with Foxp3cre mice, after 13 wk of high-fat diet, Foxp3creInsrfl/fl mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, effects associated with lower AT inflammation and increased numbers of ST2+ T regs in brown AT, but not VAT. Similarly, Foxp3creInsrfl/fl mice were protected from the metabolic effects of aging, but surprisingly had reduced VAT T regs and increased VAT inflammation compared with Foxp3cre mice. Thus, in both diet- and aging-associated hyperinsulinemia, excessive Insr signaling in T regs leads to undesirable metabolic outcomes. Ablation of Insr signaling in T regs represents a novel approach to mitigate the detrimental effects of hyperinsulinemia on immunoregulation of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Han
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul C Orban
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jana Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William T Gibson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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24
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A multidimensional functional fitness score has a stronger association with type 2 diabetes than obesity parameters in cross sectional data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245093. [PMID: 33544739 PMCID: PMC7864668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We examine here the association of multidimensional functional fitness with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as compared to anthropometric indices of obesity such as body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in a sample of Indian population. Research design and method We analysed retrospective data of 663 volunteer participants (285 males and 378 females between age 28 and 84), from an exercise clinic in which every participant was required to undergo a health related physical fitness (HRPF) assessment consisting of 15 different tasks examining 8 different aspects of functional fitness. Results The odds of being diabetic in the highest quartile of BMI were not significantly higher than that in the lowest quartile in either of the sexes. The odds of being a diabetic in the highest WHR quartile were significantly greater than the lowest quartile in females (OR = 4.54 (1.95, 10.61) as well as in males (OR = 3.81 (1.75, 8.3). In both sexes the odds of being a diabetic were significantly greater in the lowest quartile of HRPF score than the highest (males OR = 10.52 (4.21, 26.13); females OR = 10.50 (3.53, 31.35)). After removing confounding, the predictive power of HRPF was significantly greater than that of WHR. HRPF was negatively correlated with WHR, however for individuals that had contradicting HRPF and WHR based predictions, HRPF was the stronger predictor of T2DM. Conclusion The association of multidimensional functional fitness score with type 2 diabetes was significantly stronger than obesity parameters in a cross sectional self-selected sample from an Indian city.
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25
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MacFarlane EM, Bruin JE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Unique Tool for Toxicity Testing in Pancreatic Progenitor and Endocrine Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 11:604998. [PMID: 33542706 PMCID: PMC7851047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, and epidemiological studies report an association between diabetes incidence and environmental pollutant exposure. There are >84,000 chemicals in commerce, many of which are released into the environment without a clear understanding of potential adverse health consequences. While in vivo rodent studies remain an important tool for testing chemical toxicity systemically, we urgently need high-throughput screening platforms in biologically relevant models to efficiently prioritize chemicals for in depth toxicity analysis. Given the increasing global burden of obesity and diabetes, identifying chemicals that disrupt metabolism should be a high priority. Pancreatic endocrine cells are key regulators of systemic metabolism, yet often overlooked as a target tissue in toxicology studies. Immortalized β-cell lines and primary human, porcine, and rodent islets are widely used for studying the endocrine pancreas in vitro, but each have important limitations in terms of scalability, lifespan, and/or biological relevance. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture is a powerful tool for in vitro toxicity testing that addresses many of the limitations with other β-cell models. Current in vitro differentiation protocols can efficiently generate glucose-responsive insulin-secreting β-like cells that are not fully mature, but still valuable for high-throughput toxicity screening in vitro. Furthermore, hPSCs can be applied as a model of developing pancreatic endocrine cells to screen for chemicals that influence endocrine cell formation during critical windows of differentiation. Given their versatility, we recommend using hPSCs to identify potential β-cell toxins, which can then be prioritized as chemicals of concern for metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer E. Bruin
- Department of Biology & Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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26
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Diwekar-Joshi M, Watve M. Driver versus navigator causation in biology: the case of insulin and fasting glucose. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10396. [PMID: 33365205 PMCID: PMC7735078 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In biomedicine, inferring causal relation from experimental intervention or perturbation is believed to be a more reliable approach than inferring causation from cross-sectional correlation. However, we point out here that even in interventional inference there are logical traps. In homeostatic systems, causality in a steady state can be qualitatively different from that in a perturbed state. On a broader scale there is a need to differentiate driver causality from navigator causality. A driver is essential for reaching a destination but may not have any role in deciding the destination. A navigator on the other hand has a role in deciding the destination and the path but may not be able to drive the system to the destination. The failure to differentiate between types of causalities is likely to have resulted into many misinterpretations in physiology and biomedicine. METHODS We illustrate this by critically re-examining a specific case of the causal role of insulin in glucose homeostasis using five different approaches (1) Systematic review of tissue specific insulin receptor knock-outs, (2) Systematic review of insulin suppression and insulin enhancement experiments, (3) Differentiating steady state and post-meal state glucose levels in streptozotocin treated rats in primary experiments, (4) Mathematical and theoretical considerations and (5) Glucose-insulin relationship in human epidemiological data. RESULTS All the approaches converge on the inference that although insulin action hastens the return to a steady state after a glucose load, there is no evidence that insulin action determines the steady state level of glucose. Insulin, unlike the popular belief in medicine, appears to be a driver but not a navigator for steady state glucose level. It is quite likely therefore that the current line of clinical action in the field of type 2 diabetes has limited success largely because it is based on a misinterpretation of glucose-insulin relationship. The insulin-glucose example suggests that we may have to carefully re-examine causal inferences from perturbation experiments and set up revised norms for experimental design for causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manawa Diwekar-Joshi
- Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Milind Watve
- Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Previate C, Malta A, Miranda RA, Martins IP, Pavanello A, de Oliveira JC, Prates KV, Alves VS, Francisco FA, Moreira VM, Matiusso CCI, de Moraes AMP, Mathias PCDF, Franco CCDS. Early metformin treatment improves pancreatic function and prevents metabolic dysfunction in early overfeeding male rats at adulthood. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2051-2060. [PMID: 33074581 DOI: 10.1113/ep088846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Studies reported the efficacy of metformin as a promising drug for preventing or treating of metabolic diseases. Nutrient stresses during neonatal life increase long-term risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Can early metformin treatment prevent the malprogramming effects of early overfeeding? What is the main finding and its importance? Neonatal metformin treatment prevented early overfeeding-induced metabolic dysfunction in adult rats. Inhibition of early hyperinsulinaemia and adult hyperphagia might be associated with decreased metabolic disease risk in these animals. Therefore, interventions during infant development offer a key area for future research to identify potential strategies to prevent the long-term metabolic diseases. We suggest that metformin is a potential tool for intervention. ABSTRACT Given the need for studies investigating the possible long-term effects of metformin use at crucial stages of development, and taking into account the concept of metabolic programming, the present work aimed to evaluate whether early metformin treatment might program rats to resist the development of adult metabolic dysfunctions caused by overnutrition during the neonatal suckling phase. Wistar rats raised in small litters (SLs, three pups per dam) and normal litters (NLs, nine pups per dam) were used as models of early overfeeding and normal feeding, respectively. During the first 12 days of suckling, animals from SL and NL groups received metformin, whereas the controls received saline injections. Food intake and body weight were monitored from weaning until 90 days of age, when biometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. The metformin treatment decreased insulin concentrations in pups from SL groups, and as adults, these animals showed improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, body weight gain, white fat pad stores and food intake. Low-glucose insulinotrophic effects were observed in pancreatic islets from both NL and SL groups. These results indicate that early postnatal treatment with metformin inhibits early overfeeding-induced metabolic dysfunctions in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Previate
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ananda Malta
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Aparecida Miranda
- Endocrine Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabela Peixoto Martins
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Audrei Pavanello
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Valério Prates
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vander Silva Alves
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávio Andrade Francisco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Mota Moreira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Ianoni Matiusso
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Praxedes de Moraes
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Claudinéia Conationi da Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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da Silva Rosa SC, Nayak N, Caymo AM, Gordon JW. Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross-talk with liver and adipose tissue. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14607. [PMID: 33038072 PMCID: PMC7547588 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an imperative need for research into insulin resistance to better understand the underlying mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms involved in insulin resistance include both whole body aspects, such as inflammation and metabolic inflexibility; as well as cellular phenomena, such as lipotoxicity, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite numerous studies emphasizing the role of lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, an understanding of the interplay between tissues and these proposed mechanisms is still emerging. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and unique responses each of the three major insulin target tissues and how each interconnect to regulate the whole body insulin response has become a new priority in metabolic research. With an emphasis on skeletal muscle, this mini-review highlights key similarities and differences in insulin signaling and resistance between different target-tissues, and presents the latest findings related to how these tissues communicate to control whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C. da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Nichole Nayak
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Andrei Miguel Caymo
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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Esser N, Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE. Early beta cell dysfunction vs insulin hypersecretion as the primary event in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia. Diabetologia 2020; 63:2007-2021. [PMID: 32894311 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. It is well accepted that beta cell dysfunction is required for hyperglycaemia to occur. The prevailing view is that, in the presence of insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction that occurs early in the course of the disease process is the critical abnormality. An alternative model has been proposed in which primary beta cell overstimulation results in insulin hypersecretion that then leads to the development of obesity and insulin resistance, and ultimately to beta cell exhaustion. In this review, data from preclinical and clinical studies, including intervention studies, are discussed in the context of these models. The preponderance of the data supports the view that an early beta cell functional defect is the more likely mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of hyperglycaemia in the majority of individuals who develop type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Esser
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (151), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Utzschneider
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (151), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (151), Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Botezelli JD, Overby P, Lindo L, Wang S, Haïda O, Lim GE, Templeman NM, Pauli JR, Johnson JD. Adipose depot-specific upregulation of Ucp1 or mitochondrial oxidative complex proteins are early consequences of genetic insulin reduction in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E529-E539. [PMID: 32715748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00128.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia plays a causal role in adipose tissue expansion. Mice with reduced insulin have increased energy expenditure, but the mechanisms remained unclear. Here we investigated the effects of genetically reducing insulin production on uncoupling and oxidative mitochondrial proteins in liver, skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Male Ins1+/+ or Ins1+/- littermates were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 wk, starting at 8 wk of age. Replicating our previous observations, HFD increased fasting hyperinsulinemia, and Ins1+/- mice had significantly lower circulating insulin compared with Ins1+/+ littermates. Fasting glucose and body weight were not different between genotypes. We did not observe robust significant differences in liver or skeletal muscle. In mesenteric WAT, Ins1+/- mice had reduced Ndufb8 and Sdhb, while Ucp1 was increased in the context of HFD. HFD alone had a dramatic inhibitory effect on Pparg abundance. In inguinal WAT, Ins1+/- mice exhibited significant increases in oxidative complex proteins, independent of diet, without affecting Ucp1, Pparg, or Prdm16:Pparg association. In BAT, lowered insulin increased Sdhb protein levels that had been reduced by HFD. Ucp1 protein, Prdm16:Pparg association, and Sirt3 abundance were all increased in the absence of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. Our data show that reducing insulin upregulates oxidative proteins in inguinal WAT without affecting Ucp1, whereas in mesenteric WAT and BAT, reducing insulin upregulates Ucp1 in the context of HFD. Preventing hyperinsulinemia has early depot-specific effects on adipose tissue metabolism and helps explain the increased energy expenditure previously reported in Ins1+/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Diego Botezelli
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Overby
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Lindo
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Obélia Haïda
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Cardiometabolic axis, Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Université of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jose Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Her TK, Lagakos WS, Brown MR, LeBrasseur NK, Rakshit K, Matveyenko AV. Dietary carbohydrates modulate metabolic and β-cell adaptation to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E856-E865. [PMID: 32315211 PMCID: PMC7311673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00539.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several chronic comorbidities, one of which is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of obesity and T2DM is influenced by alterations in diet macronutrient composition, which regulate energy expenditure, metabolic function, glucose homeostasis, and pancreatic islet cell biology. Recent studies suggest that increased intake of dietary carbohydrates plays a previously underappreciated role in the promotion of obesity and consequent metabolic dysfunction. Thus, in this study, we utilized mouse models to test the hypothesis that dietary carbohydrates modulate energetic, metabolic, and islet adaptions to high-fat diets. To address this, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to 12 wk of 3 eucaloric high-fat diets (>60% calories from fat) with varying total carbohydrate (1-20%) and sucrose (0-20%) content. Our results show that severe restriction of dietary carbohydrates characteristic of ketogenic diets reduces body fat accumulation, enhances energy expenditure, and reduces prevailing glycemia and insulin resistance compared with carbohydrate-rich, high-fat diets. Moreover, severe restriction of dietary carbohydrates also results in functional, morphological, and molecular changes in pancreatic islets highlighted by restricted capacity for β-cell mass expansion and alterations in insulin secretory response. These studies support the hypothesis that low-carbohydrate/high-fat diets provide antiobesogenic benefits and suggest further evaluation of the effects of these diets on β-cell biology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy K Her
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William S Lagakos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew R Brown
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kuntol Rakshit
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Munhoz AC, Vilas-Boas EA, Panveloski-Costa AC, Leite JSM, Lucena CF, Riva P, Emilio H, Carpinelli AR. Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1029. [PMID: 32283715 PMCID: PMC7230500 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting is known to cause physiological changes in the endocrine pancreas, including decreased insulin secretion and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, there is no consensus about the long-term effects of intermittent fasting (IF), which can involve up to 24 hours of fasting interspersed with normal feeding days. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of alternate-day IF for 12 weeks in a developing and healthy organism. Female 30-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, with free access to standard rodent chow; and IF, subjected to 24-hour fasts intercalated with 24-hours of free access to the same chow. Alternate-day IF decreased weight gain and food intake. Surprisingly, IF also elevated plasma insulin concentrations, both at baseline and after glucose administration collected during oGTT. After 12 weeks of dietary intervention, pancreatic islets displayed increased ROS production and apoptosis. Despite their lower body weight, IF animals had increased fat reserves and decreased muscle mass. Taken together, these findings suggest that alternate-day IF promote β -cell dysfunction, especially in developing animals. More long-term research is necessary to define the best IF protocol to reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Munhoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Eloisa Aparecida Vilas-Boas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Ana Carolina Panveloski-Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Santos Moreira Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Camila Ferraz Lucena
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Patrícia Riva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Henriette Emilio
- Department of General Biology, Ponta Grossa State University, 4748 General Carlos Cavalcanti avenue, Uvaranas, Parana, PR 84030-900, Brazil;
| | - Angelo R. Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
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Kopp W. Development of Obesity: The Driver and the Passenger. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4631-4642. [PMID: 33281458 PMCID: PMC7709141 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s280146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is one of the greatest challenges for public health in the twenty-first century. The macronutrient composition of diets, in particular the amount and ratio of carbohydrates, fat and protein, have received considerable attention in recent decades due to its potential relevance to the development of obesity and weight loss. The effects of various macronutrients on body weight regulation are still under debate. High-carbohydrate diets, and particularly high-fat diets, have been blamed for the increase in the prevalence of obesity. This paper shows that neither fat nor carbohydrates are fattening per se. Mixed diets with substantial amounts of fat and high-glycemic carbohydrates, like current WDs, are required to promote weight gain and obesity. High-glycemic carbohydrates are the active partner (the "driver"), which promotes fat storage through its insulinogenic effect, while fat is the passive partner (the "passenger") on the way to obesity. Elevated insulin levels (postprandial, but more importantly due to hypersecretion and hyperinsulinemia) promote fat storage and play a key role in obesogenesis and the obesity epidemic. Furthermore, mixed diets high in high-glycemic carbohydrates and fat promote fetal programming, with long-term adverse impacts on the offspring, including insulin hypersecretion, (childhood) obesity and metabolic diseases. Maternal obesity and high weight gain during pregnancy have also been linked to deleterious effects on fetal programming. As the global obesity epidemic increasingly affects women of reproductive age, a significant percentage of fetuses will experience fetal programming with a tendency towards obesity - a self-reinforcing process that further fuels the epidemic. A change in lifestyle and diet composition is needed to prevent or limit the development of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kopp
- Diagnostikzentrum Graz, Graz, 8043, Austria
- Correspondence: Wolfgang Kopp Former Head of Diagnostikzentrum (retired), Mariatrosterstraße 41, Graz8043, Austria Email
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Li X, Yang T, Sun Z. Hormesis in Health and Chronic Diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:944-958. [PMID: 31521464 PMCID: PMC6875627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
'What doesn't kill you makes you stronger'. Hormesis, the paradoxical beneficial effects of low-dose stressors, can be better defined as the biphasic dose-effect or time-effect relationship for any substance. Here we review hormesis-like phenomena in the context of chronic diseases for many substances, including lifestyle factors and endocrine factors. Intermittent or pulsatile exposure can generate opposite effects compared with continuous exposure. An initial exposure can elicit an adaptive stress response with long-lasting protection against subsequent exposures. Early-life stress can increase resilience in later life and lack of stress can lead to vulnerability. Many stressors are naturally occurring and are required for healthy growth or homeostasis, which exemplifies how 'illness is the doorway to health'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Hu S, Wang L, Togo J, Yang D, Xu Y, Wu Y, Douglas A, Speakman JR. The carbohydrate-insulin model does not explain the impact of varying dietary macronutrients on the body weight and adiposity of mice. Mol Metab 2019; 32:27-43. [PMID: 32029228 PMCID: PMC6938849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM) predicts that increases in fasting and post-prandial insulin in response to dietary carbohydrates stimulate energy intake and lower energy expenditures, leading to positive energy balance and weight gain. The objective of the present study was to directly test the CIM's predictions using C57BL/6 mice. Methods Diets were designed by altering dietary carbohydrates with either fixed protein or fat content and were fed to C57BL/6 mice acutely or chronically for 12 weeks. The body weight, body composition, food intake, and energy expenditures of the mice were measured. Their fasting and post-prandial glucose and insulin levels were also measured. RNA-seq was performed on RNA from the hypothalamus and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Pathway analysis was conducted using IPA. Results Only the post-prandial insulin and fasting glucose levels followed the CIM's predictions. The lipolysis and leptin signaling pathways in the sWAT were inhibited in relation to the elevated fasting insulin, supporting the CIM's predicted impact of high insulin. However, because higher fasting insulin was unrelated to carbohydrate intake, the overall pattern did not support the model. Moreover, the hypothalamic hunger pathways were inhibited in relation to the increased fasting insulin, and the energy intake was not increased. The browning pathway in the sWAT was inhibited at higher insulin levels, but the daily energy expenditure was not altered. Conclusions Two of the predictions were partially supported (and hence also partially not supported) and the other three predictions were not supported. We conclude that the CIM does not explain the impact of dietary macronutrients on adiposity in mice. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited lipolysis and leptin pathways in sWAT, supporting CIM. Higher fasting insulin related to inhibited hypothalamic hunger pathway, contrasting CIM. Fasting insulin decreased with higher dietary carbohydrate, overall contrasting CIM. Higher dietary carbohydrate did not lead to greater EI/adiposity, or lowered EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jacques Togo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Dengbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yingga Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alex Douglas
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics (CCEAEG), Kunming, PR China.
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Sharma AK, Khandelwal R, Kumar MJM, Ram NS, Chidananda AH, Raj TA, Sharma Y. Secretagogin Regulates Insulin Signaling by Direct Insulin Binding. iScience 2019; 21:736-753. [PMID: 31734536 PMCID: PMC6864339 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretagogin (SCGN) is a β-cell enriched, secretory/cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein with unknown secretory regulation and functions. Recent findings suggest that SCGN deficiency correlates with compromised insulin response and diabetes. However, the (patho)physiological SCGN-insulin nexus remains unexplored. We here report that SCGN is an insulin-interacting protein. The protein-protein interaction between SCGN and insulin regulates insulin stability and increases insulin potency in vitro and in vivo. Mutagenesis studies suggest an indispensable role for N-terminal domain of SCGN in modulating insulin stability and function. SCGN supplementation in diabetogenic-diet-fed mice preserves physiological insulin responsiveness while relieving obesity and cardiovascular risk. SCGN-insulin interaction mediated alleviation of hyperinsulinemia by increased insulin internalization, which translates to reduced body fat and hepatic lipid accumulation, emerges as a plausible mechanism for the preservation of insulin responsiveness. These findings establish SCGN as a functional insulin-binding protein (InsBP) with therapeutic potential against diabetes. SCGN is an insulin-interacting calcium sensor protein SCGN binding protects insulin from aggregation SCGN potentiates insulin action in vivo SCGN administration into HFD-fed animals impedes insulin resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Radhika Khandelwal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - M Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - N Sai Ram
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Amrutha H Chidananda
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - T Avinash Raj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Yogendra Sharma
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur, Odisha 760010, India.
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37
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Najjar SM, Perdomo G. Hepatic Insulin Clearance: Mechanism and Physiology. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:198-215. [PMID: 30968756 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00048.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon its secretion from pancreatic β-cells, insulin reaches the liver through the portal circulation to exert its action and eventually undergo clearance in the hepatocytes. In addition to insulin secretion, hepatic insulin clearance regulates the homeostatic level of insulin that is required to reach peripheral insulin target tissues to elicit proper insulin action. Receptor-mediated insulin uptake followed by its degradation constitutes the basic mechanism of insulin clearance. Upon its phosphorylation by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) takes part in the insulin-insulin receptor complex to increase the rate of its endocytosis and targeting to the degradation pathways. This review summarizes how this process is regulated and how it is associated with insulin-degrading enzyme in the liver. It also discusses the physiological implications of impaired hepatic insulin clearance: Whereas reduced insulin clearance cooperates with increased insulin secretion to compensate for insulin resistance, it can also cause hepatic insulin resistance. Because chronic hyperinsulinemia stimulates hepatic de novo lipogenesis, impaired insulin clearance also causes hepatic steatosis. Thus impaired insulin clearance can underlie the link between hepatic insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Delineating these regulatory pathways should lead to building more effective therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio.,Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio
| | - Germán Perdomo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Burgos , Burgos , Spain
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38
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Rasool SUA, Ashraf S, Nabi M, Rashid F, Fazili KM, Amin S. Elevated fasting insulin is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2098-2105. [PMID: 31235143 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS PCOS is associated with various immediate and long term health complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of serum fasting insulin concentration with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. METHODS A total of 349 women, 249 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 100 age-matched healthy controls, were recruited in this case-control study. Fasting insulin and various other biochemical, hormonal and clinical parameters were measured in all participants. The correlation of insulin with cardiometabolic risk factors was evaluated in PCOS women with normal and high serum insulin concentration. RESULTS Fasting Insulin, BMI, WHR, FAI, LH: FSH, HOMA, QUICKI were significantly higher in PCOS women compared with healthy controls (p < 0.01). Fasting insulin showed a positive correlation with more cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in PCOS compared to controls. The BMI, BAI, LAP, HOMA IR, QUICKI and FAI were significantly higher (all p < 0.05) in PCOS patients with higher insulin levels than with PCOS women with normal levels. CONCLUSION Fasting insulin is an important determinant in the pathogenesis of obesity and hyperandrogenism in PCOS. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sairish Ashraf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India.
| | - Mudasar Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India.
| | - Fouzia Rashid
- Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India.
| | | | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, India.
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39
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Tirosh A, Calay ES, Tuncman G, Claiborn KC, Inouye KE, Eguchi K, Alcala M, Rathaus M, Hollander KS, Ron I, Livne R, Heianza Y, Qi L, Shai I, Garg R, Hotamisligil GS. The short-chain fatty acid propionate increases glucagon and FABP4 production, impairing insulin action in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaav0120. [PMID: 31019023 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid propionate is a potent inhibitor of molds that is widely used as a food preservative and endogenously produced by gut microbiota. Although generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the metabolic effects of propionate consumption in humans are unclear. Here, we report that propionate stimulates glycogenolysis and hyperglycemia in mice by increasing plasma concentrations of glucagon and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4). Fabp4-deficient mice and mice lacking liver glucagon receptor were protected from the effects of propionate. Although propionate did not directly promote glucagon or FABP4 secretion in ex vivo rodent pancreatic islets and adipose tissue models, respectively, it activated the sympathetic nervous system in mice, leading to secretion of these hormones in vivo. This effect could be blocked by the pharmacological inhibition of norepinephrine, which prevented propionate-induced hyperglycemia in mice. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in humans, consumption of a propionate-containing mixed meal resulted in a postprandial increase in plasma glucagon, FABP4, and norepinephrine, leading to insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. Chronic exposure of mice to a propionate dose equivalent to that used for food preservation resulted in gradual weight gain. In humans, plasma propionate decreased with weight loss in the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) and served as an independent predictor of improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, propionate may activate a catecholamine-mediated increase in insulin counter-regulatory signals, leading to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, which, over time, may promote adiposity and metabolic abnormalities. Further evaluation of the metabolic consequences of propionate consumption is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tirosh
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ediz S Calay
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gurol Tuncman
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn C Claiborn
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosei Eguchi
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Alcala
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moran Rathaus
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kenneth S Hollander
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Idit Ron
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rinat Livne
- Dalia and David Arabov Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Iris Shai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rajesh Garg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 5555 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases & Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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40
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Tricò D, Natali A, Arslanian S, Mari A, Ferrannini E. Identification, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of primary insulin hypersecretion in nondiabetic adults and adolescents. JCI Insight 2018; 3:124912. [PMID: 30568042 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive insulin secretion may lead to glucose dysregulation. Our aim was to identify primary (independent of insulin resistance) insulin hypersecretion in subjects with normal glucose tolerance and its role in the progression of dysglycemia. METHODS In 1,168 adults, insulin secretion rate (ISR) and β cell function were estimated by C-peptide modeling during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an i.v. glucose tolerance test. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. After regressing ISR on insulin sensitivity, subjects in the upper tertile of the distribution of residuals were defined as primary hypersecretors. This approach was applied to a biethnic cohort of 182 obese adolescents, who received an OGTT, a hyperglycemic, and a euglycemic clamp. RESULTS Adult hypersecretors showed older age, more familial diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, increased fat mass, and worse lipid profile compared with the rest of the cohort, despite virtually identical BMI and insulin sensitivity. Insulin secretion was increased by 53% due to enhanced (+23%) β cell glucose sensitivity. Despite the resulting hyperinsulinemia, glucose tolerance was worse in hypersecretors among both adults and adolescents, coupled with higher indices of liver insulin resistance and increased availability of gluconeogenic substrates. At the 3-year follow-up, adult hypersecretors had increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance/type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Primary insulin hypersecretion, independent of insulin resistance, is associated with a worse clinical and metabolic phenotype in adults and adolescents and predicts deterioration of glucose control over time. FUNDING The relationship between insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease (RISC) Study was partly supported by EU grant QLG1-CT-2001-01252.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Natali
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Center for Pediatric Research in Obesity and Metabolism, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea Mari
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Padua, Italy
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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41
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Kolb H, Stumvoll M, Kramer W, Kempf K, Martin S. Insulin translates unfavourable lifestyle into obesity. BMC Med 2018; 16:232. [PMID: 30541568 PMCID: PMC6292073 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle factors conferring increased diabetes risk are associated with elevated basal insulin levels (hyperinsulinaemia). The latter predicts later obesity in children and adolescents.A causal role of hyperinsulinaemia for adipose tissue growth is probable because pharmacological reduction of insulin secretion lowers body weight in people who are obese. Genetic inactivation of insulin gene alleles in mice also lowers their systemic insulin levels and prevents or ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity. Hyperinsulinaemia causes weight gain because of a physiological property of insulin. Insulin levels that are on the high side of normal, or which are slightly elevated, are sufficient to suppress lipolysis and promote lipogenesis in adipocytes. The effect of insulin on glucose transport or hepatic glucose production requires six or two times higher hormone levels, respectively.It seems justified to suggest a lifestyle that avoids high insulin levels in order to limit anabolic fat tissue activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 18, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Kramer
- Biomedical and Scientific Consulting, 55130, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
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42
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Page MM, Johnson JD. Mild Suppression of Hyperinsulinemia to Treat Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:389-399. [PMID: 29665988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin plays roles in lipid uptake, lipolysis, and lipogenesis, in addition to controlling blood glucose levels. Excessive circulating insulin is associated with adipose tissue expansion and obesity, yet a causal role for hyperinsulinemia in the development of mammalian obesity has proven controversial, with many researchers suggesting it as a consequence of insulin resistance. Recently, evidence that specifically reducing hyperinsulinemia can prevent and reverse obesity in animal models has been presented. Our experiments, and others in this field, question the current dogma that hyperinsulinemia is a response to obesity and/or insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss preclinical evidence in the context of the broader literature and speculate on the possibility of clinical translation of alternative approaches for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Page
- Life Sciences Institute Diabetes Research Group and the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - James D Johnson
- Life Sciences Institute Diabetes Research Group and the Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. https://twitter.com/JimJohnsonSci
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43
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Templeman NM, Flibotte S, Chik JHL, Sinha S, Lim GE, Foster LJ, Nislow C, Johnson JD. Reduced Circulating Insulin Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Old Mice and Extends Lifespan. Cell Rep 2018; 20:451-463. [PMID: 28700945 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal relationships between insulin levels, insulin resistance, and longevity are not fully elucidated. Genetic downregulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) signaling components can extend invertebrate and mammalian lifespan, but insulin resistance, a natural form of decreased insulin signaling, is associated with greater risk of age-related disease in mammals. We compared Ins2+/- mice to Ins2+/+ littermate controls, on a genetically stable Ins1 null background. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of livers from 25-week-old mice suggested potential for healthier aging and altered insulin sensitivity in Ins2+/- mice. Halving Ins2 lowered circulating insulin by 25%-34% in aged female mice, without altering Igf1 or circulating Igf1. Remarkably, decreased insulin led to lower fasting glucose and improved insulin sensitivity in aged mice. Moreover, lowered insulin caused significant lifespan extension, observed across two diverse diets. Our study indicates that elevated insulin contributes to age-dependent insulin resistance and that limiting basal insulin levels can extend lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Templeman
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jenny H L Chik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sunita Sinha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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44
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Dommerholt MB, Dionne DA, Hutchinson DF, Kruit JK, Johnson JD. Metabolic effects of short-term caloric restriction in mice with reduced insulin gene dosage. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:59-71. [PMID: 29439088 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the only environmental intervention with robust evidence that it extends lifespan and delays the symptoms of aging, but its mechanisms are incompletely understood. Based on the prolonged longevity of knockout models, it was hypothesized that the insulin-IGF pathway could be a target for developing a CR mimic. This study aimed to test whether CR has additive effects on glucose homeostasis and beta-cell function in mice with reduced insulin gene dosage. To study models with a range of basal insulin levels, wild-type C57BL/6J and mice on an Ins2-/- background, were put on 8 weeks of 40% CR at various ages. Both male and female mice rapidly lost weight due to a reduced WAT mass. Glucose tolerance was improved and fasting glucose levels were reduced by CR in both wild type and 45- and 70-week-old Ins2-/- mice. The effects of CR and reduced insulin on glucose tolerance were non-additive in 20-week-old mice. Interestingly, mice on CR generally exhibited an inability to further depress blood glucose after insulin injection, pointing to possible alterations in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CR can cause weight loss in the context of reduced insulin production, but that CR-improved glucose homeostasis does not occur near the 'insulin floor' in young mice. Collectively, these data shed further light on the relationships between CR, insulin and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen B Dommerholt
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Derek A Dionne
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daria F Hutchinson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Janine K Kruit
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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45
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Page MM, Skovsø S, Cen H, Chiu AP, Dionne DA, Hutchinson DF, Lim GE, Szabat M, Flibotte S, Sinha S, Nislow C, Rodrigues B, Johnson JD. Reducing insulin via conditional partial gene ablation in adults reverses diet-induced weight gain. FASEB J 2018; 32:1196-1206. [PMID: 29122848 PMCID: PMC5892722 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700518r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Excess circulating insulin is associated with obesity in humans and in animal models. However, the physiologic causality of hyperinsulinemia in adult obesity has rightfully been questioned because of the absence of clear evidence that weight loss can be induced by acutely reversing diet-induced hyperinsulinemia. Herein, we describe the consequences of inducible, partial insulin gene deletion in a mouse model in which animals have already been made obese by consuming a high-fat diet. A modest reduction in insulin production/secretion was sufficient to cause significant weight loss within 5 wk, with a specific effect on visceral adipose tissue. This result was associated with a reduction in the protein abundance of the lipodystrophy gene polymerase I and transcript release factor ( Ptrf; Cavin) in gonadal adipose tissue. RNAseq analysis showed that reduced insulin and weight loss also associated with a signature of reduced innate immunity. This study demonstrates that changes in circulating insulin that are too fine to adversely affect glucose homeostasis nonetheless exert control over adiposity.-Page, M. M., Skovsø, S., Cen, H., Chiu, A. P., Dionne, D. A., Hutchinson, D. F., Lim, G. E., Szabat, M., Flibotte, S., Sinha, S., Nislow, C., Rodrigues, B., Johnson, J. D. Reducing insulin via conditional partial gene ablation in adults reverses diet-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Page
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Søs Skovsø
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haoning Cen
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy P Chiu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek A Dionne
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daria F Hutchinson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marta Szabat
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sunita Sinha
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Corey Nislow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Diabetes Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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46
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Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nat Med 2017; 23:804-814. [PMID: 28697184 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional excess is a major forerunner of type 2 diabetes. It enhances the secretion of insulin, but attenuates insulin's metabolic actions in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. However, conflicting evidence indicates a lack of knowledge of the timing of these events during the development of obesity and diabetes, pointing to a key gap in our understanding of metabolic disease. This Perspective reviews alternate viewpoints and recent results on the temporal and mechanistic connections between hyperinsulinemia, obesity and insulin resistance. Although much attention has addressed early steps in the insulin signaling cascade, insulin resistance in obesity seems to be largely elicited downstream of these steps. New findings also connect insulin resistance to extensive metabolic cross-talk between the liver, adipose tissue, pancreas and skeletal muscle. These and other advances over the past 5 years offer exciting opportunities and daunting challenges for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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47
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This perspective is motivated by the need to question dogma that does not work: that the problem is insulin resistance (IR). We highlight the need to investigate potential environmental obesogens and toxins. RECENT FINDINGS The prequel to severe metabolic disease includes three interacting components that are abnormal: (a) IR, (b) elevated lipids and (c) elevated basal insulin (HI). HI is more common than IR and is a significant independent predictor of diabetes. We hypothesize that (1) the initiating defect is HI that increases nutrient consumption and hyperlipidemia (HL); (2) the cause of HI may include food additives, environmental obesogens or toxins that have entered our food supply since 1980; and (3) HI is sustained by HL derived from increased adipose mass and leads to IR. We suggest that HI and HL are early indicators of metabolic dysfunction and treating and reversing these abnormalities may prevent the development of more serious metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel A. Erion
- 0000 0004 0367 5222grid.475010.7Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- 0000 0000 9632 6718grid.19006.3eDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Barbara E. Corkey
- 0000 0004 0367 5222grid.475010.7Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Li Q, Li B, Miao X, Ramgattie C, Gao ZH, Liu JL. Reg2 Expression Is Required for Pancreatic Islet Compensation in Response to Aging and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1634-1644. [PMID: 28009527 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining pancreatic β-cell mass and function is essential for normal insulin production and glucose homeostasis. Regenerating islet-derived 2 (Reg2, Reg II, human ortholog Reg1B) gene is normally expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and is significantly induced in response to diabetes, pancreatitis, and high-fat diet (HFD) and during pancreatic regeneration. To evaluate the role of endogenous Reg2 production in normal β-cell function, we characterized Reg2 gene-deficient (Reg2-/-) mice under normal conditions and when subjected to several pathological challenges. At a young age, Reg2 gene deficiency caused no obvious change in normal islet morphology or glucose tolerance. There was no change in the severity of streptozotocin-induced diabetes or caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the Reg2-/- mice, indicating that the increased Reg2 expression under those conditions was not essential to protect the islet or acinar cells. However, 13- to 14-month-old Reg2-/- mice developed glucose intolerance associated with significantly decreased islet β-cell ratio and serum insulin level. Similarly, after young mice were fed an HFD for 19 weeks, diminished islet mass expansion and serum insulin level were observed in Reg2-/- vs wild-type mice. This was associated with a decline in the rate of individual β-cell proliferation measured by Ki67 labeling. In both conditions, the β-cells were smaller in gene-deficient vs wild-type mice. Our results indicate that normal expression of Reg2 gene is required for appropriate compensations in pancreatic islet proliferation and expansion in response to obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bing Li
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Xiaoliang Miao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21009, China
| | - Christopher Ramgattie
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
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Escudero CA, Herlitz K, Troncoso F, Guevara K, Acurio J, Aguayo C, Godoy AS, González M. Pro-angiogenic Role of Insulin: From Physiology to Pathology. Front Physiol 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28424632 PMCID: PMC5380736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanisms involve in the regulation of the angiogenic process by insulin are not well understood. In this review article, we aim to describe the role of insulin and insulin receptor activation on the control of angiogenesis and how these mechanisms can be deregulated in human diseases. Functional expression of insulin receptors and their signaling pathways has been described on endothelial cells and pericytes, both of the main cells involved in vessel formation and maturation. Consequently, insulin has been shown to regulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and in vitro tubular structure formation through binding to its receptors and activation of intracellular phosphorylation cascades. Furthermore, insulin-mediated pro-angiogenic state is potentiated by generation of vascular growth factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor, produced by endothelial cells. Additionally, diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and cancer may be associated with the deregulation of insulin-mediated angiogenesis. Despite this knowledge, the underlying molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated in order to provide new insights into the role of insulin on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Escudero
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Bío BíoChillán, Chile.,Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Kurt Herlitz
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Bío BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Felipe Troncoso
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Bío BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Katherine Guevara
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Bío BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Jesenia Acurio
- Group of Investigation in Tumor Angiogenesis, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Universidad del Bío BíoChillán, Chile
| | - Claudio Aguayo
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro S Godoy
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile.,Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marcelo González
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad del Bío-BíoChillán, Chile.,Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad of ConcepciónConcepción, Chile
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50
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Morita I, Tanimoto K, Akiyama N, Naya N, Fujieda K, Iwasaki T, Yukioka H. Chronic hyperinsulinemia contributes to insulin resistance under dietary restriction in association with altered lipid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E264-E272. [PMID: 28143857 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00342.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is widely thought to be a compensatory response to insulin resistance, whereas its potentially causal role in the progression of insulin resistance remains to be established. Here, we aimed to examine whether hyperinsulinemia could affect the progression of insulin resistance in Zucker fatty diabetic (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats at 8 wk of age were fed a diet ad libitum (AL) or dietary restriction (DR) of either 15 or 30% from AL feeding over 6 wk. Insulin sensitivity was determined by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. ZDF rats in the AL group progressively developed hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia by 10 wk of age, and then plasma insulin rapidly declined to nearly normal levels by 12 wk of age. Compared with AL group, DR groups showed delayed onset of hyperglycemia and persistent hyperinsulinemia, leading to weight gain and raised plasma triglycerides and free fatty acids by 14 wk of age. Notably, insulin sensitivity was significantly reduced in the DR group rather than the AL group and inversely correlated with plasma levels of insulin and triglyceride but not glucose. Moreover, enhanced lipid deposition and upregulation of genes involved in lipogenesis were detected in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues of the DR group rather than the AL group. Alternatively, continuous hyperinsulinemia induced by insulin pellet implantation produced a decrease in insulin sensitivity in ZDF rats. These results suggest that chronic hyperinsulinemia may lead to the progression of insulin resistance under DR conditions in association with altered lipid metabolism in peripheral tissues in ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ippei Morita
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Tanimoto
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Akiyama
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Naya
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fujieda
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwasaki
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Yukioka
- Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi and Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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