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Armstrong B, Weaver RG, McAninch J, Smith MT, Parker H, Lane AD, Wang Y, Pate R, Rahman M, Matolak D, Chandrashekhar MVS. Development and Calibration of a PATCH Device for Monitoring Children's Heart Rate and Acceleration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1196-1207. [PMID: 38377012 PMCID: PMC11096080 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current wearables that collect heart rate and acceleration were not designed for children and/or do not allow access to raw signals, making them fundamentally unverifiable. This study describes the creation and calibration of an open-source multichannel platform (PATCH) designed to measure heart rate and acceleration in children ages 3-8 yr. METHODS Children (N = 63; mean age, 6.3 yr) participated in a 45-min protocol ranging in intensities from sedentary to vigorous activity. Actiheart-5 was used as a comparison measure. We calculated mean bias, mean absolute error (MAE) mean absolute percent error (MA%E), Pearson correlations, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). RESULTS Mean bias between PATCH and Actiheart heart rate was 2.26 bpm, MAE was 6.67 bpm, and M%E was 5.99%. The correlation between PATCH and Actiheart heart rate was 0.89, and CCC was 0.88. For acceleration, mean bias was 1.16 mg and MAE was 12.24 mg. The correlation between PATCH and Actiheart was 0.96, and CCC was 0.95. CONCLUSIONS The PATCH demonstrated clinically acceptable accuracies to measure heart rate and acceleration compared with a research-grade device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Armstrong
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - R. Glenn Weaver
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Jonas McAninch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Michal T. Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Hannah Parker
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Abbi D. Lane
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Yuan Wang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of South Carlina, Columbia, SC
| | - Russ Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Mafruda Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - David Matolak
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Haapala EA, Leppänen MH, Lee E, Savonen K, Laukkanen JA, Kähönen M, Brage S, Lakka TA. Accumulating Sedentary Time and Physical Activity From Childhood to Adolescence and Cardiac Function in Adolescence. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031837. [PMID: 38497441 PMCID: PMC11010014 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity (PA) may mitigate the negative cardiovascular health effects of sedentary behavior in adolescents. However, the relationship of PA and sedentary time from childhood with cardiac function in adolescence remains underexplored. Therefore, we investigated the associations of cumulative sedentary time and PA from childhood to adolescence with cardiac function in adolescence. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants were 153 adolescents (69 girls) who were aged 6 to 8 years at baseline, 8 to 10 years at 2-year follow-up, and 15 to 17 years at 8-year follow-up. Cumulative sedentary time and PA exposure between baseline and 2-year follow-up and between baseline and 8-year follow-up were measured using a combined accelerometer and heart rate monitor. Cardiac function was assessed using impedance cardiography at 8-year follow-up. The data were analyzed using linear regression analyses adjusted for age and sex. Cumulative moderate to vigorous PA (standardized regression coefficient [β]=-0.323 [95% CI, -0.527 to -0.119]) and vigorous PA (β=-0.295 [95% CI, -0.508 to -0.083]) from baseline to 8-year follow-up were inversely associated with cardiac work at 8-year follow-up. Conversely, cumulative sedentary time had a positive association (β=0.245 [95% CI, 0.092-0.398]). Cumulative vigorous PA from baseline to 8-year follow-up was inversely associated with cardiac work index at 8-year follow-up (β=-0.218 [95% CI, -0.436 to 0.000]). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of sedentary time and lower levels of PA during childhood were associated with higher cardiac work in adolescence, highlighting the importance of increasing PA and reducing sedentary time from childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Marja H. Leppänen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Earric Lee
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and NutritionKuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical NutritionUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Department of MedicineWellbeing Services County of Central FinlandJyväskyläFinland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and NutritionKuopio Research Institute of Exercise MedicineKuopioFinland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear ImagingUniversity of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University HospitalKuopioFinland
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Wójcik M, Alvarez-Pitti J, Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Brzeziński M, Gabbianelli R, Herceg-Čavrak V, Wühl E, Lucas I, Radovanović D, Melk A, González Lopez-Valcarcel B, Fernández-Aranda F, Mazur A, Lurbe E, Borghi C, Drożdż D. Psychosocial and environmental risk factors of obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents-a literature overview. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1268364. [PMID: 38054100 PMCID: PMC10694215 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1268364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity has become a worldwide epidemic in the 21st century. Its treatment is challenging and often ineffective, among others due to complex, often not obvious causes. Awareness of the existence and meaning of psychosocial and environmental risk factors seems to be an essential element in the prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications, especially arterial hypertension. In this review, we will discuss the role of that risk factors linking obesity and increased cardiovascular disorders including the role of nutritional factors (including the role of unhealthy diet, inadequate hydration), unhealthy behaviors (e.g. smoking, alcohol and drugs, sedentary behavior, low physical activity, disrupted circadian rhythms, sleep disorders, screen exposure), unfavorable social factors (such as dysfunctional family, bullying, chronic stress, mood disorders, depression, urbanization, noise, and environmental pollution), and finally differences in cardiovascular risk in girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wójcik
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Julio Alvarez-Pitti
- Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Brzeziński
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatric Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Vesna Herceg-Čavrak
- Faculty of Health Science, Libertas International University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elke Wühl
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviours Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dragan Radovanović
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
| | - Anette Melk
- Children’s Hospital, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beatriz González Lopez-Valcarcel
- Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Artur Mazur
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Empar Lurbe
- Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dorota Drożdż
- Interclinical Center for the Treatment of Childhood Obesity, University Children’s Hospital of Kraków, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Chair of Pediatrics, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Hibbing PR, Carlson JA, Steel C, Greenwood-Hickman MA, Nakandala S, Jankowska MM, Bellettiere J, Zou J, LaCroix AZ, Kumar A, Katzmarzyk PT, Natarajan L. Low movement, deep-learned sitting patterns, and sedentary behavior in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1100-1107. [PMID: 37580374 PMCID: PMC10714872 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sedentary behavior (SB) has both movement and postural components, but most SB research has only assessed low movement, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to compare estimates and health associations of SB when derived from a standard accelerometer cut-point, a novel sitting detection technique (CNN Hip Accelerometer Posture for Children; CHAP-Child), and both combined. METHODS Data were from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle, and the Environment (ISCOLE). Participants were 6103 children (mean ± SD age 10.4 ± 0.56 years) from 12 countries who wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the right hip for approximately one week. We calculated SB time, mean SB bout duration, and SB breaks using a cut-point (SBmovement), CHAP-Child (SBposture), and both methods combined (SBcombined). Mixed effects regression was used to test associations of SB variables with pediatric obesity variables (waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index z-score). RESULTS After adjusting for MVPA, SBposture showed several significant obesity associations favoring lower mean SB bout duration (b = 0.251-0.449; all p < 0.001) and higher SB breaks (b = -0.005--0.052; all p < 0.001). Lower total SB was unexpectedly related to greater obesity (b = -0.077--0.649; p from <0.001-0.02). For mean SB bout duration and SB breaks, more associations were observed for SBposture (n = 5) than for SBmovement (n = 3) or SBcombined (n = 1), and tended to have larger magnitude as well. CONCLUSIONS Using traditional measures of low movement as a surrogate for SB may lead to underestimated or undetected adverse associations between SB and obesity. CHAP-Child allows assessment of sitting posture using hip-worn accelerometers. Ongoing work is needed to understand how low movement and posture are related to one another, as well as their potential health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Jordan A Carlson
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Chelsea Steel
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Supun Nakandala
- Databricks Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marta M Jankowska
- Beckman Research Institute, Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Bellettiere
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jingjing Zou
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Loki Natarajan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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5
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Wong JP, Bachman J, Griggs S, Hartz J. Decreasing Sedentary Behaviors in Youth to Prevent and Manage Childhood Obesity: Is It Realistic? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:479-485. [PMID: 37378698 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Decreasing sedentary behaviors has been proposed as one approach to reduce the rate of obesity in youth. This review summarizes the contemporary literature examining the efficacy of these interventions in the school and community along with an additional focus on the role of socioeconomic status in these interventions. RECENT FINDINGS Studies that focus on decreasing sedentary behavior have utilized a wide variety of strategies in a number of settings. The effects of these interventions are often hindered by non-standard outcome measures, study infidelity, and subjective measures of sedentary time. However, interventions that incorporate engaged stakeholders and include younger subjects appear to be the most likely to succeed. Promising interventions to decrease sedentary behaviors have been shown in recent clinical trials; however, replicating and sustaining these results is challenging. From the available literature, school-based interventions have the potential of reaching the largest group of children. In contrast, interventions in younger children, particularly those with invested parents, seem to be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Wong
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bachman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Suzanne Griggs
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jacob Hartz
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Zink J, Yang CH, Alves JM, McAlister KL, Huh J, Pentz MA, Page KA, Dunton GF, Belcher BR. Time-Varying Associations Between Device-Based and Ecological Momentary Assessment-Reported Sedentary Behaviors and the Concurrent Affective States Among Adolescents: Proof-of-Concept Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e37743. [PMID: 35687383 PMCID: PMC9233247 DOI: 10.2196/37743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on affective state-sedentary behavior (SB) associations have not accounted for their potentially time-varying nature and have used inconsistent SB measurement modalities. We investigated whether the strength of the associations between affective states and SB varied as a function of the time of day and by SB measurement modality (device-measured SB vs ecological momentary assessment-reported screen-based SB) in youth. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a proof of concept that SB-affective state associations may not be static during the day. In addition, we aimed to inform the methodology of future work, which may need to model associations as functions of the time of day and carefully consider how SB is operationalized or measured. METHODS A total of 15 adolescents (age: mean 13.07, SD 1.03 years; 10/15, 67% female; 6/15, 40% Hispanic; 10/15, 67% healthy weight) wore thigh-mounted activPAL accelerometers and simultaneously reported their screen-based SBs and concurrent positive and negative affective states via ecological momentary assessment for 7 to 14 days (N=636 occasions). Time-varying effect models (varying slopes) examined how each measure of SB was associated with concurrent affective states from 7 AM to 8 PM. RESULTS Time-varying effect model plots revealed that these associations varied in strength throughout the day. Specifically, device-based SB was related to greater concurrent negative affect only after approximately 5 PM and was unrelated to concurrent positive affect. Screen-based SB was related to greater concurrent negative affect only from 7 AM to approximately 9 AM. This was also related to greater concurrent positive affect from 7 AM to approximately 9:30 AM and from approximately 3 PM to approximately 7 PM. CONCLUSIONS We provide preliminary evidence to suggest that future confirmatory studies investigating the SB-affective state relationship should consider the time-varying nature of these associations and SB measurement modality. There may be critical time windows when specific types of SBs co-occur with affect, suggesting that interventions may need tailoring to the time of day and type of SB if future studies using similar methodologies can replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zink
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chih-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jasmin M Alves
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kelsey L McAlister
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jimi Huh
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ebrahimian S, Zink J, Yang CH, Yu Q, Imm K, Nicolo M, Dunton GF, Belcher BR. Momentary intentions and perceived behavioral control are within-person predictors of sedentary leisure time: preliminary findings from an ecological momentary assessment study in adolescents. J Behav Med 2022; 45:391-403. [PMID: 35362807 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-022-00309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies among adolescents conceptualize behavioral cognitions [e.g., intentions and perceived behavioral control (PBC)] as stable trait-like factors despite evidence suggesting they vary momentarily. We examined whether intentions and PBC momentarily relate to subsequent sedentary time during non-school periods. Healthy adolescents (N = 15, ages 11-15) reported their intentions and PBC regarding sedentary leisure behaviors via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) up to seven times/day for 14 days. Sedentary time in the two hours following each EMA prompt was measured by ActivPAL accelerometers. When participants reported greater sedentary intentions (within-person β = 1.1, 95% CI 0.2, 2.1, p = 0.0213) and sedentary PBC (within-person β = 1.7, 95% CI 0.6, 2.8, p = 0.0029), they accumulated greater sedentary time. This demonstrates that sedentary intentions and PBC are acutely associated with sedentary time among adolescents. Our findings highlight the potential for implementing just-in-time activity interventions among adolescents during at-risk periods within the day, characterized by deviations from one's usual intentions and PBC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Ebrahimian
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jennifer Zink
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Chih-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Qihan Yu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kellie Imm
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michele Nicolo
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street; Room 302F, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA, 90032-9239, USA.
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Carriedo A, Cecchini JA. A Longitudinal Examination of Withholding All or Part of School Recess on Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION JOURNAL 2022; 51:605-614. [PMID: 35233160 PMCID: PMC8870077 DOI: 10.1007/s10643-022-01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
School recess is a daily opportunity for school-age students to be physically active. However, in some territories teachers often use recess for other purposes (e.g., children's poor classroom behavior might be punished with reduced time for recess). This study aimed to examine the impact of such practices on children's physical activity (PA) and the relationships between PA, gender, body mass index (BMI), and academic achievement. Forty-six first-grade students from two natural classrooms wore an accelerometer over the course of 6 weeks to measure their metabolic equivalent of task (METs) and sedentary behavior during school recess. Gender, age, BMI, the classroom to which students belonged, and academic achievement were also analyzed in two Generalized Estimating Equations models. Results revealed that boys achieved more METs and spent less time participating in sedentary behavior than girls during recess. Children within a healthy weight range of BMI yielded more METs than underweight and overweight/obese children. Academic achievement was positively associated with the METS and negatively with the sedentary behavior. Finally, withholding all or part of school recess significantly reduced children's PA and extended their sedentary behavior. The literature indicates that school recess plays an important role in promoting numerous children's health outcomes. Therefore, students should not be excluded from participation in all or part of recess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carriedo
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Oviedo, C/ Aniceto Sela, s/n, Office 215, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A. Cecchini
- Department of Education Sciences, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Welk GJ, Saint-Maurice PF, Dixon PM, Hibbing PR, Bai Y, McLoughlin GM, da Silva MP. Calibration of the Online Youth Activity Profile Assessment for School-Based Applications. JOURNAL FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR 2021; 4:236-246. [PMID: 38223785 PMCID: PMC10785831 DOI: 10.1123/jmpb.2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A balance between the feasibility and validity of measures is an important consideration for physical activity research - particularly in school-based research with youth. The present study extends previously tested calibration methods to develop and test new equations for an online version of the Youth Activity Profile (YAP) tool, a self-report tool designed for school applications. Data were collected across different regions and seasons to develop more robust, generalizable equations. The study involved a total of 717 youth from 33 schools (374 elementary (ages 9-11), 224 middle (ages 11-14), and 119 high school (ages 14-18)) in two different states in the U.S. Participants wore a Sensewear monitor for a full week and then completed the online YAP at school to report physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) in school and at home. Accelerometer data were processed using an R-based segmentation program to compute PA and SB levels. Quantile regression models were used with half of the sample to develop item-specific YAP calibration equations and these were cross validated with the remaining half of the sample. Computed values of Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE) ranged from 15-25% with slightly lower error observed for the middle school sample. The new equations had improved precision compared to the previous versions when tested on the same sample. The online version of the YAP provides an efficient and effective way to capture school level estimates of PA and SB in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Rhoads
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital; Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Lochbaum M, Kenyon J, Kim Y. Physical Activity Levels of 1053 Omani 4th Grade Children: The Importance of Gender and Sport Team Participation in Achieving 60 Minutes of Daily Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168504. [PMID: 34444253 PMCID: PMC8392377 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient daily physical activity is associated with many positive mental, physical, and societal benefits in children. Unfortunately, most children worldwide do not achieve recommended levels of daily physical activity (PA), and a majority of evidence is from Western countries and based on subjective measures. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of objectively measured PA levels among Omani children in 2017 (pre-pandemic). A two-stage cluster sampling was used to recruit the 4th grade children across five regions of Oman. A final analytic sample included 1053 children (504 boys, 549 girls) with a mean age of 9.21 years old. PA was objectively measured using a wrist-worn Polar Active Watch during three consecutive school days. Screen-based sedentary behaviors and other PA-related behaviors were subjectively measured. On average, boys were less sedentary and more active, with a greater likelihood of meeting current recommendations when compared with girls. The self-reported time spent in screen-based sedentary behaviors was relatively low for both boys and girls and was not associated with PA; however, sports team participation was associated with a greater likelihood of meeting the current recommendation. The present study provides empirical data on objectively measured PA in Omani children. The gender disparities concerning daily PA, including sports team participation, should receive further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Jonathan Kenyon
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (J.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (J.K.); (Y.K.)
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12
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Hartikainen J, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Associations of fitness, motor competence, and adiposity with the indicators of physical activity intensity during different physical activities in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12521. [PMID: 34131258 PMCID: PMC8206084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the associations of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak), ventilatory threshold (VT), muscle strength, motor competence (MC), and adiposity with the indicators of PA intensity during different physical activities used to create absolute PA intensity cut-offs among 35 children 7-11-years-of-age. V̇O2peak was defined as the highest V̇O2 achieved in the maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a cycle ergometer, self-paced running, or running on a treadmill at 8 km/h. VT was defined from the CPET data. Peak isometric knee extensor and flexor strength was assessed by a dynamometer, MC by the Körperkoordination test für Kinder tests, and body composition by the bioelectrical impedance analysis. PA intensity was assessed using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT, mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry, metabolic equivalent of task (MET), and muscle activity measured by textile electromyography during walking or running on a treadmill at 4, 6, and 8 km/h, playing hopscotch, walking up and down the stairs, self-paced walking, and self-paced running. Children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC operated at higher intensity level during given physical task than their peers with higher fitness and MC when PA intensity was expressed using relative PA intensity using V̇O2 as a % of V̇O2reserve or V̇O2 at VT (p < 0.05). MAD and METs during different tasks were not able to discriminate PA intensity between children with varying levels of physical fitness or MC. Traditionally used absolute measures of PA intensity based on accelerometry or MET underestimated PA intensity in children with lower V̇O2peak, V̇O2 at VT, and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jani Hartikainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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13
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Rantalainen T, Ridgers ND, Gao Y, Belavý DL, Haapala EA, Finni T. Physical activity accumulation along the intensity spectrum differs between children and adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2563-2571. [PMID: 34089371 PMCID: PMC8357734 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detailed exploration of physical activity accumulation with fine grading along the intensity spectrum has indicated the potential pragmatic utility of such an approach. However, it is currently unclear what sorts of accumulation patterns along particular intensity bands are found in the children and adult populations. Therefore, we conducted a comparison of activity accumulation in specific intensity bands between four distinct populations: children, adults with sedentary lifestyles, habitual joggers, habitual marathon runners. METHODS Free-living waist-worn accelerometry records from 28 children aged 7 to 11, and 61 adults aged 25 to 35 were analysed. Activity intensity was evaluated in 5 s non-overlapping epochs as mean amplitude deviation (MAD) and normalised to acceleration intensities corresponding to walking at 3 metabolic equivalents of a task (METs). Adult data were normalised to 0.091 g MAD based on literature, and data from children to 0.170 g MAD based on laboratory experimentation. The normalised epoch values were divided into 100 intensity gradations. RESULTS Children accumulated more activity in 0.74 to 1.58 normalised acceleration intensities (all p < 0.005) compared to adults. Adult joggers/runners accumulated more activity in normalised acceleration intensities from 7.1 to 11.1 compared to the other groups (p < 0.008). CONCLUSION The primary bulk of children's free-living activities are of relatively low intensity not likely to provoke cardiometabolic improvement. These sorts of explorations could be used in informing intervention development aiming at optimising healthy development. Evidence is mounting to justify randomised controlled trials based on intervention targets identified based on exploring the intensity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (viv 289), 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland. .,Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Nicola D Ridgers
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Daniel L Belavý
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Hochschule für Gesundheit (University of Applied Sciences), Division of Physiotherapy, Gesundheitscampus 6-8, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (viv 289), 40014, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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14
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Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Sleep Time:Association with Cardiovascular Hemodynamic Parameters, Blood Pressure and Structural and Functional Arterial Properties in Childhood. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8060062. [PMID: 34072999 PMCID: PMC8227229 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8060062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between movement behavior (MB) components (sleep time (ST), physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB)) and the state of the cardiovascular (CV) system in children has been postulated. However, it is still controversial whether MB components and/or sub-components (domains) during childhood are independently associated with aortic and peripheral blood pressure (BP), and structural or functional arterial properties. Aims: (1) to evaluate MB components and subcomponents associations with CV characteristics, (2) to analyze the explanatory capacity of interindividual variations in MB on CV properties inter-individual variations at the beginning of school age. Methods: Anthropometric, aortic and peripheral BP, hemodynamic levels (cardiac output, systemic vascular resistances), wave reflection indexes, and arterial structural (diameter, intima–media thickness) and functional (blood flow velocities, Doppler-indexes, local and regional arterial stiffness) parameters of elastic (carotids), transitional (brachial) and muscular (femoral) arteries and time spent in MB (PA questionnaires) were assessed in 816 children (5–6 years). Cardiovascular variables were standardized (z-scores), using age- and sex-related mean values and standard deviations obtained from subjects non-exposed to CV risk factors (CRFs) and who complied with 24 h MB recommendations (reference subgroup). Multiple linear regression models were constructed considering the CV z-scores as dependent variables and CRFs and MB components and subcomponents as independent variables. Results: CV variables showed independent association with MB variations. However, their explanatory capacity on CV characteristics was lesser than that of anthropometric indexes, sex and/or high BP. Conclusions: MB components and sub-components were associated with CV characteristics regardless of other factors, but their capacity to explain variations was lesser than that of anthropometric data, sex or high BP state. MB subcomponents (e.g., sedentary play and screen time in case of SB) showed different (even opposite) associations with CV parameters. ST was associated mainly with indexes of the ventricle ejective function, rather than with CV structural characteristics. SB component and subcomponents were associated with BP, but not with structural parameters. PA component and subcomponents were associated with both BP and structural parameters. The different arterial types, as well central and peripheral parameters showed independent associations with MB components and subcomponents. None of these were independently associated with arterial stiffness.
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15
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McNarry MA, Stevens D, Stone M, Roberts S, Hall S, Mackintosh KA. Physical activity, sedentary time and sleep in cystic fibrosis youth: A bidirectional relationship? Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:450-456. [PMID: 33236848 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) and sleep are highly important for those with cystic fibrosis (CF), yet, despite this and suggestions of a bidirectional relationship between these factors in healthy children, their relationship is yet to be investigated. METHODS PA, sedentary time (SED), and sleep were objectively derived over seven days in 58 youth (11.9 ± 2.7 years; 29 CF). Generalized linear latent and mixed models with a random intercept and slope at child-level were adjusted for age, sex, wear-time, type of day, group and mean PA/SED and sleep. RESULTS Every additional 10 min sedentary was associated with 5.6 and 5.0 min less sleep and 10.6 and 12.0 min less wake after sleep onset (WASO) that night, in CF and healthy children, respectively. PA, regardless of intensity, was not associated with total sleep time but every additional 10 min of light PA (LPA) was associated with 3.0 min less WASO in healthy participants. Ten mins more sleep was associated with 3.1 and 1.7 min less SED in CF and healthy children, respectively. In CF, greater sleep time led to less LPA (3.6 min) the following day, whereas, in healthy children, poor sleep quality (greater WASO) was associated with more LPA (1.4 min) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (5.2 min) the following day. CONCLUSION A bidirectional relationship between SED and subsequent total sleep time was evident, irrespective of group, whereas the relationship between sleep and PA was group dependent. These findings have important implications regarding the reciprocal effects of promoting PA or sleep quantity or quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta A McNarry
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Daniel Stevens
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michelle Stone
- Division of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Spencer Roberts
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Hall
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Center (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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16
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Forseth B, Papanek PE, Polfuss ML. Feasibility and applicability of Evenson sedentary behavior cut points applied to children with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:1996-2001. [PMID: 32907409 PMCID: PMC7943654 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1817160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Sedentary behavior (SB) is widely studied as it is associated with cardiometabolic health and obesity issues. However, children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) have been understudied. Accelerometers are commonly used to measure SB in typically developing populations but may be inappropriate for IDD populations due to differences in body movement and physiologic responses to the activity. The use of Evenson sedentary cut-points, created based on typically developing children, has yet to be applied and/or examined in children with IDD. PURPOSE A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to (1) Assess the feasibility of applying Evenson sedentary cut-points in children with IDD (2) Describe SB over a two-week period between diagnosis groups. METHODS The SB of 22 participants (8 children with Down syndrome, 6 children with spina bifida, 8 children with no chronic illness) was assessed on two separate occasions: (1) during a 7-minute sedentary protocol, and (2) over a two-week period. RESULTS The study supports the preliminary efficacy of using Evenson cut-points for this population, with 100% of participants being within the Evenson counts per minute (0-100 cpm) during the 7-minute sedentary protocol. The total volume of SB over a two-week period was not significantly different between diagnosis groups (8.8 h, 8.6 h, and 7.1 h of SB for children with Down syndrome, spina bifida, or those with no chronic illness, respectively; p = 0.36). CONCLUSIONS Evenson sedentary cut-points can be used for children with IDD. Preliminary data suggest that children with IDD do not engage in significantly different SB than children without a chronic illness. Further study is warranted.Implications for rehabilitationObjective measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior for children with Down syndrome or spina bifida are rarely used due to potential differences in body movement (e.g., gait) during ambulation compared to typically developing peers that may influence the accuracy of cut-points.This study supports that Evenson sedentary cut-points can be used in children with Down syndrome or spina bifida to assess sedentary activity.Preliminary findings from this study demonstrate similarities in patterns of sedentary behaviors exhibited by our sample of children with Down syndrome, spina bifida, or no chronic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Forseth
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Paula E Papanek
- Exercise Science/CTRH, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michele L Polfuss
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Nursing Research, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Haapala EA, Gao Y, Vanhala A, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Validity of traditional physical activity intensity calibration methods and the feasibility of self-paced walking and running on individualised calibration of physical activity intensity in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11031. [PMID: 32620888 PMCID: PMC7335054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67983-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no practical and valid methods for the assessment of individualised physical activity (PA) intensity in observational studies. Therefore, we investigated the validity of commonly used metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) and pre-determined PA intensity classification methods against individualised PA intensity classification in 35 children 7–11-years-of-age. Then, we studied validity of mean amplitude deviation (MAD) measured by accelerometry during self-paced walking and running in assessment of individualised PA intensity. Individualised moderate PA (MPA) was defined as V̇O2 ≥ 40% of V̇O2reserve and V̇O2 < ventilatory threshold (VT) and vigorous PA (VPA) as V̇O2 ≥ VT. We classified > 3–6 (or alternatively > 4–7) METs as MPA and > 6 (> 7) METs as VPA. Task intensities were classified according to previous calibration studies. MET-categories correctly identified 25.9–83.3% of light PA, 85.9–90.3% of MPA, and 56.7–82.2% of VPA. Task-specific categories correctly classified 53.7% of light PA, 90.6% of MPA, and 57.8% of VPA. MAD during self-paced walking discriminated MVPA from light PA (sensitivity = 67.4, specificity = 88.0) and MAD during self-paced running discriminated VPA from MPA (sensitivity = 78.8, specificity = 79.3). In conclusion, commonly used methods may misclassify PA intensity in children. MAD during self-paced running may provide a novel and practical method for determining individualised VPA intensity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero A Haapala
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. .,Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ying Gao
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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18
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Crotti M, Foweather L, Rudd JR, Hurter L, Schwarz S, Boddy LM. Development of raw acceleration cut-points for wrist and hip accelerometers to assess sedentary behaviour and physical activity in 5-7-year-old children. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1036-1045. [PMID: 32228156 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1740469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study validated sedentary behaviour (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) accelerometer cut-points in 5-7-year-old children. Participants (n = 49, 55% girls) wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer, recording data at 100 Hz downloaded in 1 s epochs, on both wrists and the right hip during a standardised protocol and recess. Cut-points were generated using ROC analysis with direct observation as a criterion. Subsequently, cut-points were optimised using Confidence intervals equivalency analysis and then cross-validated in a cross-validation group. SB cut-points were 36 mg (Sensitivity (Sn) = 79.8%, Specificity (Sp) = 56.8%) for non-dominant wrist, 39 mg (Sn = 75.4%, Sp = 70.2%) for dominant wrist and 20 mg (Sn = 78%, Sp = 50.1%) for hip. MVPA cut-points were 189 mg (Sn = 82.6%, Sp = 78%) for non-dominant wrist, 181 mg (Sn = 79.1%, Sp = 76%) for dominant wrist and 95 mg (Sn = 79.3%, Sp = 75.6%) for hip. VPA cut-points were 536 mg (Sn = 75.1%, Sp = 68.7%) for non-dominant wrist, 534 mg (Sn = 67.6%, Sp = 95.6%) for dominant wrist and 325 mg (Sn = 78.2%, Sp = 96.1%) for hip. All placements demonstrated adequate levels of accuracy for SB and PA assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Crotti
- Department of Sport Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - James R Rudd
- Department of Sport Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liezel Hurter
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- Department of Sport Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Sember V, Jurak G, Kovač M, Đurić S, Starc G. Decline of physical activity in early adolescence: A 3-year cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229305. [PMID: 32160216 PMCID: PMC7065740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the changes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a cohort of boys and girls aged 11 (n = 50) and 14 (n = 50). Physical activity was assessed with Bodymedia SenseWear Pro Armband monitor for 6 days in October 2013 and October 2016, considering 90% of daily wear time (21h and 40min). The initial sample (n = 160) included the children who wore the monitors at age 11 but the final analyzed sample included only those children from the initial sample (n = 50), whose data fulfilled the inclusion criteria at age 11 and 14. Physical fitness and somatic characteristics of the final sample (n = 50) were compared to a representative sample of Slovenian schoolchildren at ages 11 (n = 385) and 14 (n = 236) to detect possible bias. Changes in MVPA were controlled for maturity using the timing of adolescent growth spurt as its indicator. The average MVPA decreased more than one quarter (34.96 min) from age 11 to age 14. Children were significantly more active at age 11 than at age 14 (p < 0.01, d = 0.39). The timing of puberty onset in girls was significantly earlier (12.01 ± 1.0 years) (p < 0.01) than in boys (13.2 ± 0.75 years) (p < 0.01, d = 1.35). There was a significant gender difference in moderate-to vigorous physical activity at age 14 (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.12) and between moderate-to vigorous physical activity at age 11 and 14 (η2 = 0.11). After controlling for the timing of adolescent growth spurt the girls at age 11 showed significantly higher level of physical activity than at age 14 (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.17). Early adolescence is crucial for the development of physical activity behaviours, which is especially pronounced in girls. The significant decline of MVPA between ages 11 and 14 in Slovenia are likely influenced by environmental changes since the timing of adolescent growth spurt did not prove as a factor underlying the decline of MVPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Sember
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jurak
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Kovač
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Đurić
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Starc
- Laboratory for the Diagnostic of Somatic and Motor Development, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Hibbing PR, Bassett DR, Coe DP, Lamunion SR, Crouter SE. Youth Metabolic Equivalents Differ Depending on Operational Definitions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1846-1853. [PMID: 32079923 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Youth metabolic equivalents (METy) are sometimes operationally defined as multiples of predicted basal metabolic rate (METyBMR) and other times as multiples of measured resting metabolic rate (METyRMR). PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the comparability of METyBMR and METyRMR. METHODS Indirect calorimetry data (Cosmed K4b) were analyzed from two studies, with a total sample of 245 youth (125 male participants, 6-18 yr old, 37.4% overweight or obese). The Schofield equations were used to predict BMR, and K4b data from 30 min of supine rest were used to assess RMR. Participants performed structured physical activities (PA) of various intensities, and steady-state oxygen consumption was divided by predicted BMR and measured RMR to calculate METyBMR and METyRMR, respectively. Two-way (activity-METy calculation) analysis of variance was used to compare METyBMR and METyRMR (α = 0.05), with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests. Intensity classifications were also compared after encoding METyBMR and METyRMR as sedentary behavior (≤1.50 METy), light PA (1.51-2.99 METy), moderate PA (3.00-5.99 METy), or vigorous PA (≥6.00 METy). RESULTS There was a significant interaction (F(30) = 3.6, P < 0.001), and METyBMR was significantly higher than METyRMR for 28 of 31 activities (P < 0.04), by 15.6% (watching television) to 23.1% (basketball). Intensity classifications were the same for both METy calculations in 69.0% of cases. CONCLUSIONS METyBMR and METyRMR differ considerably. Greater consensus is needed regarding how metabolic equivalents should be operationally defined in youth, and in the meantime, careful distinction is necessary between METyBMR and METyRMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Kamiya T, Onishi R, Kodera S, Hirata A. Estimation of Time-Course Core Temperature and Water Loss in Realistic Adult and Child Models with Urban Micrometeorology Prediction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E5097. [PMID: 31847195 PMCID: PMC6950469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ambient conditions may change rapidly and notably over time in urban areas. Conventional indices, such as the heat index and wet bulb globe temperature, are useful only in stationary ambient conditions. To estimate the risks of heat-related illness, human thermophysiological responses should be followed for ambient conditions in the time domain. We develop a computational method for estimating the time course of core temperature and water loss by combining micrometeorology and human thermal response. We firstly utilize an urban micrometeorology prediction to reproduce the environment surrounding walkers. The temperature elevations and sweating in a standard adult and child are then estimated for meteorological conditions. With the integrated computational method, we estimate the body temperature and thermophysiological responses for an adult and child walking along a street with two routes (sunny and shaded) in Tokyo on 7 August 2015. The difference in the core temperature elevation in the adult between the two routes was 0.11 °C, suggesting the necessity for a micrometeorology simulation. The differences in the computed body core temperatures and water loss of the adult and child were notable, and were mainly characterized by the surface area-to-mass ratio. The computational techniques will be useful for the selection of actions to manage the risk of heat-related illness and for thermal comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kamiya
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Ryo Onishi
- Center for Earth Information Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Kodera
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (T.K.); (S.K.)
- Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute of Information Science, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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Calibration and Validation of the Youth Activity Profile as a Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Surveillance Tool for English Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193711. [PMID: 31581617 PMCID: PMC6801945 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Self-reported youth physical activity (PA) is typically overestimated. We aimed to calibrate and validate a self-report tool among English youth. Four-hundred-and-two participants (aged 9-16 years; 212 boys) wore SenseWear Armband Mini devices (SWA) for eight days and completed the self-report Youth Activity Profile (YAP) on the eighth day. Calibration algorithms for temporally matched segments were generated from the YAP data using quantile regression. The algorithms were applied in an independent cross-validation sample, and student- and school-level agreement were assessed. The utility of the YAP algorithms to assess compliance to PA guidelines was also examined. The school-level bias for the YAP estimates of in-school, out-of-school, and weekend moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were 17.2 (34.4), 31.6 (14.0), and -4.9 (3.6) min·week-1, respectively. Out-of-school sedentary behaviour (SB) was over-predicted by 109.2 (11.8) min·week-1. Predicted YAP values were within 15%-20% equivalence of the SWA estimates. The classification accuracy of the YAP MVPA estimates for compliance to 60 min·day-1 and 30 min·school-day-1 MVPA recommendations were 91%/37% and 89%/57% sensitivity/specificity, respectively. The YAP generated robust school-level estimates of MVPA and SB and has potential for surveillance to monitor compliance with PA guidelines. The accuracy of the YAP may be further improved through research with more representative UK samples to enhance the calibration process and to refine the resultant algorithms.
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Barnett TA, Kelly AS, Young DR, Perry CK, Pratt CA, Edwards NM, Rao G, Vos MB. Sedentary Behaviors in Today's Youth: Approaches to the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 138:e142-e159. [PMID: 30354382 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This scientific statement is about sedentary behavior and its relationship to obesity and other cardiometabolic outcomes in youth. A deleterious effect of sedentary behavior on cardiometabolic health is most notable for screen-based behaviors and adiposity; however, this relation is less apparent for other cardiometabolic outcomes or when sedentary time is measured with objective movement counters or position monitors. Increasing trends of screen time are concerning; the portability of screen-based devices and abundant access to unlimited programming and online content may be leading to new patterns of consumption that are exposing youth to multiple pathways harmful to cardiometabolic health. This American Heart Association scientific statement provides an updated perspective on sedentary behaviors specific to modern youth and their impact on cardiometabolic health and obesity. As we reflect on implications for practice, research, and policy, what emerges is the importance of understanding the context in which sedentary behaviors occur. There is also a need to capture the nature of sedentary behavior more accurately, both quantitatively and qualitatively, especially with respect to recreational screen-based devices. Further evidence is required to better inform public health interventions and to establish detailed quantitative guidelines on specific sedentary behaviors in youth. In the meantime, we suggest that televisions and other recreational screen-based devices be removed from bedrooms and absent during meal times. Daily device-free social interactions and outdoor play should be encouraged. In addition, parents/guardians should be supported to devise and enforce appropriate screen time regulations and to model healthy screen-based behaviors.
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Gao Y, Haapala EA, Vanhala A, Sääkslahti A, Rantakokko M, Laukkanen A, Pesola AJ, Rantalainen T, Finni T. Sedentary Thresholds for Accelerometry-Based Mean Amplitude Deviation and Electromyography Amplitude in 7-11 Years Old Children. Front Physiol 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31440167 PMCID: PMC6693354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of energy expenditure, movement sensing, and muscle activity to discriminate sedentary and non-sedentary activities in children. Thirty-five 7–11-year-old children participated in the study. Simultaneous assessment of oxygen uptake (V̇O2), triaxial accelerometry, and thigh muscle electromyography (EMG) were performed during eight different sedentary and non-sedentary activities including lying down, sitting-, standing-, and walking-related activities, which were performed in a random order. Mean values of V̇O2, accelerometry, and EMG from the concurrent 2 min epochs during each activity were computed. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured during 30 min supine rest. Directly measured metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs, V̇O2 in activities/V̇O2 in REE) were calculated for each activity. Mean amplitude deviation (MAD) was computed for accelerometry. EMG was normalized for mean muscle activity during self-paced walking. The classification accuracy of METs, MAD, and EMG to discriminate sedentary activities from physical activities was investigated by receiver operating characteristic curves and optimal cut-offs based on maximal sensitivity and specificity. Mean (SD) REE was 5.0 ± 0.8 ml/kg/min. MET, MAD, and EMG values ranged from 1.0 to 4.9, 0.0020 to 0.4146 g, and 4.3 to 133.9% during lying down and walking at 6 km/h, respectively. Optimal cut-offs to discriminate sedentary activities from non-sedentary activities were 1.3 for METs (sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 88%), 0.0033 g for MAD (sensitivity = 80%, specificity = 91%), and 11.9% for EMG (sensitivity = 79%, specificity = 92%). In conclusion, this study provides applicable thresholds to differentiate sitting and standing and sedentary and non-sedentary activities based on METs, MAD, and EMG in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eero A Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Vanhala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Merja Rantakokko
- School of Health and Social Studies, JAMK University of Applied Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto J Pesola
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Hurter L, Rowlands AV, Fairclough SJ, Gibbon KC, Knowles ZR, Porcellato LA, Cooper-Ryan AM, Boddy LM. Validating the Sedentary Sphere method in children: Does wrist or accelerometer brand matter? J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1910-1918. [PMID: 31012798 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1605647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the Sedentary Sphere posture classification method from wrist-worn accelerometers in children. Twenty-seven 9-10-year-old children wore ActiGraph GT9X (AG) and GENEActiv (GA) accelerometers on both wrists, and activPAL on the thigh while completing prescribed activities: five sedentary activities, standing with a phone, walking (criterion for all 7: observation) and 10-min free-living play (criterion: activPAL). In an independent sample, 21 children wore AG and GA accelerometers on the non-dominant wrist and activPAL for two days of free-living. Per cent accuracy, pairwise 95% equivalence tests (±10% equivalence zone) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) analyses were completed. Accuracy was similar, for prescribed activities irrespective of brand (non-dominant wrist: 77-78%; dominant wrist: 79%). Posture estimates were equivalent between wrists within brand (±6%, ICC > 0.81, lower 95% CI ≥ 0.75), between brands worn on the same wrist (±5%, ICC ≥ 0.84, lower 95% CI ≥ 0.80) and between brands worn on opposing wrists (±6%, ICC ≥ 0.78, lower 95% CI ≥ 0.72). Agreement with activPAL during free-living was 77%, but sedentary time was underestimated by 7% (GA) and 10% (AG). The Sedentary Sphere can be used to classify posture from wrist-worn AG and GA accelerometers for group-level estimates in children, but future work is needed to improve the algorithm for better individual-level results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezel Hurter
- a Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- b Diabetes Research Centre , University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital , Leicester , UK.,c NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre , Leicester General Hospital , Leicester , UK.,d Division of Health Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research , University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- e Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Karl C Gibbon
- a Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- a Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Lorna A Porcellato
- f Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | | | - Lynne M Boddy
- a Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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26
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Hansen BH, Anderssen SA, Andersen LB, Hildebrand M, Kolle E, Steene-Johannessen J, Kriemler S, Page AS, Puder JJ, Reilly JJ, Sardinha LB, van Sluijs EMF, Wedderkopp N, Ekelund U. Cross-Sectional Associations of Reallocating Time Between Sedentary and Active Behaviours on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Young People: An International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 48:2401-2412. [PMID: 29626333 PMCID: PMC6132434 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Sedentary time and time spent in various intensity-specific physical activity are co-dependent, and increasing time spent in one behaviour requires decreased time in another. Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the theoretical associations with reallocating time between categories of intensities and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large and heterogeneous sample of children and adolescents. Methods We analysed pooled data from 13 studies comprising 18,200 children and adolescents aged 4–18 years from the International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD). Waist-mounted accelerometers measured sedentary time, light physical activity (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Cardiometabolic risk factors included waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C), triglycerides, insulin, and glucose. Associations of reallocating time between the various intensity categories with cardiometabolic risk factors were explored using isotemporal substitution modelling. Results Replacing 10 min of sedentary time with 10 min of MVPA showed favourable associations with WC, SBP, LDL-C, insulin, triglycerides, and glucose; the greatest magnitude was observed for insulin (reduction of 2–4%), WC (reduction of 0.5–1%), and triglycerides (1–2%). In addition, replacing 10 min of sedentary time with an equal amount of LPA showed beneficial associations with WC, although only in adolescents. Conclusions Replacing sedentary time and/or LPA with MVPA in children and adolescents is favourably associated with most markers of cardiometabolic risk. Efforts aimed at replacing sedentary time with active behaviours, particularly those of at least moderate intensity, appear to be an effective strategy to reduce cardiometabolic risk in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørge Herman Hansen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sigmund Alfred Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Western Norwegian University of Applied Sciences, Campus Sogndal, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Maria Hildebrand
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Kolle
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angie S Page
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jardena J Puder
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health Group, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esther M F van Sluijs
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR) and MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, 0806, Oslo, Norway
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Sedentary behavior and physical activity classification using accelerometer cut points in 9–11-year-old children. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hibbing PR, Ellingson LD, Dixon PM, Welk GJ. Adapted Sojourn Models to Estimate Activity Intensity in Youth: A Suite of Tools. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:846-854. [PMID: 29135657 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of using physical activity data from accelerometers have been compounded with the recent focus on wrist-worn monitors and raw acceleration (as opposed to activity counts). PURPOSE This study developed and systematically evaluated a suite of new accelerometer processing models for youth. METHODS Four adaptations of the Sojourn method were developed using data from a laboratory-based experiment in which youth (N = 54) performed structured activity routines. The adaptations corresponded to all possible pairings of hip or wrist attachment with activity counts (AC) or raw acceleration (RA), and they estimated time in sedentary behavior, light activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Criterion validity was assessed using direct observation in an independent free-living sample (N = 27). Monitors were worn on both wrists to evaluate the effect of handedness on accuracy, and status quo methods for each configuration were also evaluated as benchmarks for comparison. Tests of classification accuracy (percent accuracy, κ statistics, and sensitivity and specificity) were used to summarize utility. RESULTS In the development sample, percent accuracy ranged from 68.5% (wrist-worn AC, κ = 0.42) to 71.6% (hip-worn RA, κ = 0.50). Accuracy was lower in the free-living evaluation, with values ranging from 49.3% (hip-worn RA, κ = 0.25) to 56.7% (hip-worn AC, κ = 0.36). Collectively, the suite predicted moderate-to-vigorous physical activity well, with the models averaging 96.5% sensitivity and 67.5% specificity. However, in terms of overall accuracy, the new models performed similarly to the status quo methods. There were no meaningful differences in performance at either wrist. CONCLUSIONS The new models offered minimal improvements over existing methods, but a major advantage is that further tuning of the models is possible with continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Philip M Dixon
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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VAN Loo CMT, Okely AD, Batterham MJ, Hinkley T, Ekelund U, Brage S, Reilly JJ, Trost SG, Jones RA, Janssen X, Cliff DP. Wrist Acceleration Cut Points for Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:609-616. [PMID: 29023358 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the validity of wrist acceleration cut points for classifying moderate (MPA), vigorous (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) physical activity. METHODS Fifty-seven children (5-12 yr) completed 15 semistructured activities. Three sets of wrist cut points (>192 mg, >250 mg, and >314 mg), previously developed using Euclidian norm minus one (ENMO192+), GENEActiv software (GENEA250+), and band-pass filter followed by Euclidian norm (BFEN314+), were evaluated against indirect calorimetry. Analyses included classification accuracy, equivalence testing, and Bland-Altman procedures. RESULTS All cut points classified MPA, VPA, and MVPA with substantial accuracy (ENMO192+: κ = 0.72 [95% confidence interval = 0.72-0.73], MVPA: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; GENEA250+: κ = 0.75 [0.74-0.76], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.85 [0.85-0.86]; BFEN314+: κ = 0.73 [0.72-0.74], MVPA: ROC-AUC = 0.86 [0.86-0.87]). BFEN314+ misclassified 19.7% non-MVPA epochs as MPA, whereas ENMO192+ and GENEA250+ misclassified 32.6% and 26.5% of MPA epochs as non-MVPA, respectively. Group estimates of MPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the BFEN314+ MPA cut point (mean bias = -1.5%, limits of agreement [LoA] = -57.5% to 60.6%), whereas estimates of MVPA time were equivalent (P < 0.01) to indirect calorimetry for the ENMO192+ (mean bias = -1.1%, LoA = -53.7% to 55.9%) and GENEA250+ (mean bias = 2.2%, LoA = -56.5% to 52.2%) cut points. Individual variability (LoA) was large for MPA (min: BFEN314+, -60.6% to 57.5%; max: GENEA250+, -42.0% to 104.1%), VPA (min: BFEN314+, -238.9% to 54.6%; max: ENMO192+, -244.5% to 127.4%), and MVPA (min: ENMO192+, -53.7% to 55.0%; max: BFEN314+, -83.9% to 25.3%). CONCLUSION Wrist acceleration cut points misclassified a considerable proportion of non-MVPA and MVPA. Group-level estimates of MVPA were acceptable; however, error for individual-level prediction was larger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Marijka J Batterham
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Trina Hinkley
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA.,Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Søren Brage
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - John J Reilly
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Stewart G Trost
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Rachel A Jones
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Xanne Janssen
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
| | - Dylan P Cliff
- Early Start Research Institute and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, AUSTRALIA
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Hurter L, Fairclough SJ, Knowles ZR, Porcellato LA, Cooper-Ryan AM, Boddy LM. Establishing Raw Acceleration Thresholds to Classify Sedentary and Stationary Behaviour in Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5120172. [PMID: 30572683 PMCID: PMC6306859 DOI: 10.3390/children5120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to: (1) compare acceleration output between ActiGraph (AG) hip and wrist monitors and GENEActiv (GA) wrist monitors; (2) identify raw acceleration sedentary and stationary thresholds for the two brands and placements; and (3) validate the thresholds during a free-living period. Twenty-seven from 9- to 10-year-old children wore AG accelerometers on the right hip, dominant- and non-dominant wrists, GA accelerometers on both wrists, and an activPAL on the thigh, while completing seven sedentary and light-intensity physical activities, followed by 10 minutes of school recess. In a subsequent study, 21 children wore AG and GA wrist monitors and activPAL for two days of free-living. The main effects of activity and brand and a significant activity × brand × placement interaction were observed (all p < 0.0001). Output from the AG hip was lower than the AG wrist monitors (both p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves established AG sedentary thresholds of 32.6 mg for the hip, 55.6 mg and 48.1 mg for dominant and non-dominant wrists respectively. GA wrist thresholds were 56.5 mg (dominant) and 51.6 mg (non-dominant). Similar thresholds were observed for stationary behaviours. The AG non-dominant threshold came closest to achieving equivalency with activPAL during free-living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezel Hurter
- Physical Activity Exchange, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK.
| | - Lorna A Porcellato
- Public Health Institute, Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK.
| | - Anna M Cooper-Ryan
- School of Health and Society, Salford University, Manchester M6 6PU, UK.
| | - Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2EX, UK.
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White DA, Oh Y, Willis EA. The Effect of Physical Activity Bout Patterns on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Youth: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006. J Phys Act Health 2018; 16:1-10. [PMID: 30526223 PMCID: PMC6715542 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that accumulating moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in longer continuous bouts may have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome risk factors. The objective of this study was to examine the independent associations of MVPA bout patterns on metabolic syndrome risk factors among a nationally representative sample of youth. METHODS Results are based on 3165 children and adolescents (6-18 y old) from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Accelerometers measured MVPA accumulated in bouts of: <5, 5 to 10, and ≥10 minutes over 7 days. Participants were categorized into quartiles based on percentage of each bout duration. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using 3 versions of MVPA cut points for youth. A series of general linear models were used to compare metabolic syndrome risk factors between groups. RESULTS Youth participating in longer continuous bouts of MVPA had lower body mass index percentile (P < .02), waist circumference (WC) (P < .01), WC percentile (P < .02), and waist to height ratio (P < .01) than youth participating in shorter bouts of MVPA. When analyzed for interactions between MVPA and bout pattern quartile, only 1 cut point showed a significant interaction for WC and WC percentile. CONCLUSION Longer continuous bouts of MVPA had beneficial effects on body anthropometrics and weight status, although these effects may be moderated by total MVPA.
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Kim Y, Lochbaum M. Comparison of Polar Active Watch and Waist- and Wrist-Worn ActiGraph Accelerometers for Measuring Children's Physical Activity Levels during Unstructured Afterschool Programs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2268. [PMID: 30332785 PMCID: PMC6209975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity of the Polar Active Watch (PAW), a consumer-grade wrist-worn activity monitor, against waist- and wrist-worn research-grade monitors, the ActiGraph GT3X+/GT9X accelerometers, in children. Methods: Fifty-one children (18 boys; mean age = 10.30 ± 0.91 years) wore the three monitors (PAW, GT3X+, and GT9X) during an 80-min afterschool program across five school days. Time spent in sedentary, light-intensity (LPA), and moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were estimated from each monitor. The correlation, mixed model, mean absolute percentage error, equivalence testing, and Bland-Altman analyses were used to examine the comparability of PA estimates of the PAW with GT3X+/GT9X accelerometers. Results: Moderate to strong correlations for sedentary and MVPA minutes, and weak correlation for LPA were observed between the PAW and GT3X+/GT9X accelerometers. Significant mean differences were found, where the PAW tended to overestimate time in sedentary and MVPA and underestimate LPA minutes, compared to the GT3X+/GT9X accelerometers. However, a non-significant mean difference in MVPA minutes was observed when using an adjusted MET threshold (≥4 METs) for the PAW, compared to the GT3X+ accelerometer. Conclusions: The PAW showed moderate convergent validity for sedentary and MVPA minutes against the GT3X+/GT9X accelerometers. However, caution is needed in the direct comparison between the monitors due to relatively large mean differences and within-group variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
- The Academy of Education, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas LT-44248, Lithuania.
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Wrist-Based Accelerometer Cut-Points to Identify Sedentary Time in 5⁻11-Year-Old Children. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5100137. [PMID: 30261646 PMCID: PMC6210293 DOI: 10.3390/children5100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The objective of this paper is to derive a wrist-placed cut-point threshold for distinguishing sedentary behaviors from light-intensity walking using the ActiGraph GT3X+ in children. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study design, typically used in measurement-related studies. A sample of 167 children, ages 5–11 years (mean ± SD: 8.0 ± 1.8 years), performed up to eight seated sedentary activities while wearing accelerometers on both wrists. Activities included: reading books, sorting cards, cutting and pasting, playing board games, eating snacks, playing with tablets, watching TV, and writing. Direct observation verified sedentary behavior from light activity. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to determine optimal cut-point thresholds. Quantile regression models estimated differences between dominant and non-dominant placement. Results: The optimal cut-point threshold for the non-dominant wrist was 203 counts/5 s with sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of 71.56, 70.83, and 0.72, respectively. A 10-fold cross-validation revealed an average AUC of 0.70. Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in median counts ranging from 7 to 46 counts/5 s were found between dominant and non-dominant placement in five out of eight sedentary activities, with the dominant wrist eliciting higher counts/5 s. Conclusion: Results from this study support the recommendation to place accelerometers on the non-dominant wrist to minimize “noise” during seated sedentary behaviors.
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Fairclough SJ, Dumuid D, Mackintosh KA, Stone G, Dagger R, Stratton G, Davies I, Boddy LM. Adiposity, fitness, health-related quality of life and the reallocation of time between children's school day activity behaviours: A compositional data analysis. Prev Med Rep 2018; 11:254-261. [PMID: 30109170 PMCID: PMC6080199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedentary time (ST), light (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) constitute the range of school day activity behaviours. This study investigated whether the composition of school activity behaviours was associated with health indicators, and the predicted changes in health when time was reallocated between activity behaviours. Accelerometers were worn for 7-days between October and December 2010 by 318 UK children aged 10-11, to provide estimates of school day ST, LPA, and MVPA. BMI z-scores and percent waist-to-height ratio were calculated as indicators of adiposity. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was assessed using the 20-m shuttle run test. The PedsQL™ questionnaire was completed to assess psychosocial and physical health-related quality of life (HRQL). Log-ratio multiple linear regression models predicted health indicators for the mean school day activity composition, and for new compositions where fixed durations of time were reallocated from one activity behaviour to another, while the remaining behaviours were unchanged. The school day activity composition significantly predicted adiposity and CRF (p = 0.04-0.002), but not HRQL. Replacing MVPA with ST or LPA around the mean activity composition predicted higher adiposity and lower CRF. When ST or LPA were substituted with MVPA, the relationships with adiposity and CRF were asymmetrical with favourable, but smaller predicted changes in adiposity and CRF than when MVPA was replaced. Predicted changes in HRQL were negligible. The school day activity composition significantly predicted adiposity and CRF but not HRQL. Reallocating time from ST and LPA to MVPA is advocated through comprehensive school physical activity promotion approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN03863885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Fairclough
- Movement Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kelly A. Mackintosh
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Genevieve Stone
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Rebecca Dagger
- Department of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ian Davies
- School of Sport Studies, Leisure and Nutrition, Liverpool John Moores University, IM Marsh, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Lynne M. Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
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Gao Y, Melin M, Mäkäräinen K, Rantalainen T, Pesola AJ, Laukkanen A, Sääkslahti A, Finni T. Children's physical activity and sedentary time compared using assessments of accelerometry counts and muscle activity level. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5437. [PMID: 30155355 PMCID: PMC6108314 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research compared accelerometry (ACC)-derived and muscle electromyography (EMG)-based estimates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time in typical PA tasks and during the daily lives of children. Methods Data was included from two exploratory studies. In Study I, 6–7-year-old children (n = 11, 64% girls) were assessed for eight PA tasks (walking, stair negotiation, climbing, crawling, swinging, balancing, trampoline jumping and a game of tag). In Study II, 7–9-year-old children (n = 14, 38% girls) were assessed for six PA tasks (walking, sitting, static squat, single leg hops, jump for height and standing long jump), and daily PA during one day with and one day without structured exercise. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle activity and inactivity using EMG shorts and acceleration by waist-mounted accelerometer were simultaneously measured and classified as sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous activity. Data from ACC was further analyzed using five different published cut-off points and varying time windows (1−60 s) for comparison with EMG. Results In the PA tasks ACC counts and EMG amplitude showed marked differences in swinging, trampoline jumping, crawling, static squat, single leg hops, standing long jump and jump for height, the difference being over 170% when signals were normalized to that during walking. Furthermore, in walking, swinging, trampoline jumping, stair negotiation and crawling ACC classified over 60% of the time as vigorous-intensity activity, while EMG indicated primarily light- and moderate-intensity activities. During both days with and without exercise, ACC resulted in greater proportion of light activity (p < 0.01) and smaller proportion of moderate activity compared to EMG (p < 0.05). The choice of cut-off points and epoch length in ACC analysis influenced the classification of PA level and sedentary time. In the analysis of daily activities the cut-off points by Evenson et al. (2008) with epochs of 7.5 s and 15 s yielded the smallest difference (less than 10% of recording time at each intensity) against EMG-derived PA levels. Discussion This research provides novel insight on muscle activity and thereby on neuromuscular loading of major locomotor muscles during normal daily activities of children. While EMG and ACC provided similar estimates of sedentary time in 13 typical PA tasks, duration of light, moderate and vigorous PA varied considerably between the methods especially during walking, stair negotiation, crawling, swinging and trampoline jumping. Evenson et al.’s (2008) cut-off points with ≤15 s epoch provided similar classification of PA than EMG during daily life. Compared to impacts recorded using ACC, EMG can provide understanding on children’s neuromuscular loading during motor tasks that is useful when studying effects of PA interventions on, and development of, motor competence and coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Martti Melin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Karoliina Mäkäräinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arto J Pesola
- Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Arto Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arja Sääkslahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Boddy LM, Noonan RJ, Kim Y, Rowlands AV, Welk GJ, Knowles ZR, Fairclough SJ. Comparability of children's sedentary time estimates derived from wrist worn GENEActiv and hip worn ActiGraph accelerometer thresholds. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1045-1049. [PMID: 29650338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the comparability of children's free-living sedentary time (ST) derived from raw acceleration thresholds for wrist mounted GENEActiv accelerometer data, with ST estimated using the waist mounted ActiGraph 100count·min-1 threshold. DESIGN Secondary data analysis. METHOD 108 10-11-year-old children (n=43 boys) from Liverpool, UK wore one ActiGraph GT3X+ and one GENEActiv accelerometer on their right hip and left wrist, respectively for seven days. Signal vector magnitude (SVM; mg) was calculated using the ENMO approach for GENEActiv data. ST was estimated from hip-worn ActiGraph data, applying the widely used 100count·min-1 threshold. ROC analysis using 10-fold hold-out cross-validation was conducted to establish a wrist-worn GENEActiv threshold comparable to the hip ActiGraph 100count·min-1 threshold. GENEActiv data were also classified using three empirical wrist thresholds and equivalence testing was completed. RESULTS Analysis indicated that a GENEActiv SVM value of 51mg demonstrated fair to moderate agreement (Kappa: 0.32-0.41) with the 100count·min-1 threshold. However, the generated and empirical thresholds for GENEActiv devices were not significantly equivalent to ActiGraph 100count·min-1. GENEActiv data classified using the 35.6mg threshold intended for ActiGraph devices generated significantly equivalent ST estimates as the ActiGraph 100count·min-1. CONCLUSIONS The newly generated and empirical GENEActiv wrist thresholds do not provide equivalent estimates of ST to the ActiGraph 100count·min-1 approach. More investigation is required to assess the validity of applying ActiGraph cutpoints to GENEActiv data. Future studies are needed to examine the backward compatibility of ST data and to produce a robust method of classifying SVM-derived ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, UK
| | - Youngwon Kim
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Recreation, College of Health, University of Utah, United States; MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, UK; NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, UK; Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Human Sciences, Iowa State University, United States
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, UK; Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland
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McLellan G, Arthur R, Buchan DS. Wear compliance, sedentary behaviour and activity in free-living children from hip-and wrist-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2424-2430. [PMID: 29620970 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1461322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The GT3X+ worn at the wrist promotes greater compliance than at the hip. Minutes in SB and PA calculated from raw accelerations at the hip and wrist provide contrasting estimates and cannot be directly compared. Wear-time for the wrist (15.6 to 17.4 h.d-1) was greater than the hip (15.2 to 16.8 h.d-1) across several wear-time criteria (all P < 0.05). Moderate-strong associations were found between time spent in SB (r = 0.39), LPA (r = 0.33), MPA (r = 0.99), VPA (r = 0.82) and MVPA (r = 0.81) between the two device placements (All P < 0.001). The wrist device detected more minutes in LPA, MPA, VPA and MVPA whereas the hip detected more SB (all P = 0.001). Estimates of time in SB and all activity outcomes from the wrist and hip lacked equivalence. One hundred and eighty-eight 9-12-year-old children wore a wrist- and hip-mounted accelerometer for 7 days. Data were available for 160 (hip) and 161 (wrist) participants. Time spent in SB and PA was calculated using GGIR. This study examined the compliance of children wearing wrist- and hip-mounted ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers and compared estimates of sedentary behaviour (SB) and physical activity (PA) between devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian McLellan
- a Department of Sport and Exercise , The University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Rosie Arthur
- a Department of Sport and Exercise , The University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
| | - Duncan S Buchan
- a Department of Sport and Exercise , The University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton , UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the energy cost of common physical activities in preschoolers and to compare it with the Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth (CEEY). METHODS In total, 42 children [age: 4.8 (0.8) y; body mass index: 15.3 (2.0) kg/m2; 22 boys] completed 13 common physical activities covering sedentary to vigorous intensities, while energy expenditure (EE) was measured continuously by indirect calorimetry. Activity-specific metabolic equivalents (AME) were calculated as the EE observed during each single activity divided by the EE during observed rest. Independent t tests were applied to analyze differences between boys and girls and between AME and CEEY. RESULTS No significant differences in AME were observed between girls and boys. Except for playing hide-and-seek, all indoor activities revealed significantly higher energy costs compared with those stated in the compendium. Significant differences in outdoor activities were found for riding a tricycle [5.67 (95% confidence interval, 4.94-6.4) AME vs 6.2 metabolic equivalents, riding a bike, P < .05] and for fast walking [5.42 (95% confidence interval, 4.84-6.0) AME vs 4.6 metabolic equivalents, P < .05]. CONCLUSIONS Applying the CEEY to preschoolers will lead to a substantial underestimation of EE. Therefore, we recommend that a CEEY for preschool children be developed if measurement of EE is not feasible.
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Hoffmann B, Kettner S, Wirt T, Wartha O, Hermeling L, Steinacker JM, Kobel S. Sedentary time among primary school children in south-west Germany: amounts and correlates. Arch Public Health 2017; 75:63. [PMID: 29046786 PMCID: PMC5637270 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-017-0230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviour in children is related to different health consequences such as overweight and cardio-metabolic diseases that can track into adulthood. Previous studies have shown that children spend hours being sedentary, but no data of sedentary time (ST) among German children has been available, yet. Therefore, this study investigated objectively measured amounts and correlates of ST in a sample of German primary school children. METHODS Children's physical activity (PA) was objectively assessed for 6 days using a multi-sensor device (Actiheart®; CamNtech, Cambridge, UK). Activity levels were categorized on the basis of energy expenditure (MET) into sedentary, light PA (LPA), and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). ST excluding sleeping hours was assessed for 231 children (7.1 ± 0.6 years, male: 45.9%) and analysed for independent groups. Examined factors (parental education, household income, and migration background) were assessed by parental questionnaire. Children's weight, height and gender were collected in schools. Weight status was calculated on the basis of BMI percentiles. RESULTS On average, children spent 3.5 ± 1.5 h daily being sedentary, excluding sleeping hours. Significantly higher ST was found in girls (t = -4.6; p < 0.01), in children with migration background (t = -6.9; p < 0.01), at the weekend (t = -2.8; p < 0.01), and among inactive children (t = 6.8; p < 0.01). Additionally, significant correlations with ST in this sample were identified for MVPA (B = -0.99; [-1.09;-0.88], p < 0.01), LPA (B = -0.89; [-0.97;-0.82], p < 0.01), migration background (B = -17.64; [5.24;30.04], p < 0.01), gender (B = -13.48; [-25.94;-1.01], p < 0.05) and household income (B = -4.80; [-9.07; -0.53], p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Girls, children with migration background, and inactive children were identified as potential risk groups. A higher income was associated with less ST. In general, ST was higher at the weekend. Furthermore, as PA was found to be negatively correlated to ST, these activities may replace each other. Therefore, these findings should be considered in future health interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494 DATE: 25/08/2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Hoffmann
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Kettner
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Wirt
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Olivia Wartha
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lina Hermeling
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M. Steinacker
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Kobel
- Division of Sports- and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center of Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Leimgrubenweg 14, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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Roscoe CMP, James RS, Duncan MJ. Calibration of GENEActiv accelerometer wrist cut-points for the assessment of physical activity intensity of preschool aged children. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:1093-1098. [PMID: 28674825 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-2948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study sought to validate cut-points for use of wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer data, to analyse preschool children's (4 to 5 year olds) physical activity (PA) levels via calibration with oxygen consumption values (VO2). This was a laboratory-based calibration study. Twenty-one preschool children, aged 4.7 ± 0.5 years old, completed six activities (ranging from lying supine to running) whilst wearing the GENEActiv accelerometers at two locations (left and right wrist), these being the participants' non-dominant and dominant wrist, and a Cortex face mask for gas analysis. VO2 data was used for the assessment of criterion validity. Location specific activity intensity cut-points were established via receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. The GENEActiv accelerometers, irrespective of their location, accurately discriminated between all PA intensities (sedentary, light, and moderate and above), with the dominant wrist monitor providing a slightly more precise discrimination at light PA and the non-dominant at the sedentary behaviour and moderate and above intensity levels (area under the curve (AUC) for non-dominant = 0.749-0.993, compared to AUC dominant = 0.760-0.988). CONCLUSION This study establishes wrist-worn physical activity cut-points for the GENEActiv accelerometer in preschoolers. What is Known: • GENEActiv accelerometers have been validated as a PA measurement tool in adolescents and adults. • No study to date has validated the GENEActiv accelerometers in preschoolers. What is New: • Cut-points were determined for the wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer in preschoolers. • These cut-points can be used in future research to help classify and increase preschoolers' compliance rates with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M P Roscoe
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK. .,Sport, Exercise and Outdoor Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK.
| | - Rob S James
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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Tremblay MS, Aubert S, Barnes JD, Saunders TJ, Carson V, Latimer-Cheung AE, Chastin SF, Altenburg TM, Chinapaw MJ. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) - Terminology Consensus Project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:75. [PMID: 28599680 PMCID: PMC5466781 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1822] [Impact Index Per Article: 260.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prominence of sedentary behavior research in health science has grown rapidly. With this growth there is increasing urgency for clear, common and accepted terminology and definitions. Such standardization is difficult to achieve, especially across multi-disciplinary researchers, practitioners, and industries. The Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) undertook a Terminology Consensus Project to address this need. METHOD First, a literature review was completed to identify key terms in sedentary behavior research. These key terms were then reviewed and modified by a Steering Committee formed by SBRN. Next, SBRN members were invited to contribute to this project and interested participants reviewed and provided feedback on the proposed list of terms and draft definitions through an online survey. Finally, a conceptual model and consensus definitions (including caveats and examples for all age groups and functional abilities) were finalized based on the feedback received from the 87 SBRN member participants who responded to the original invitation and survey. RESULTS Consensus definitions for the terms physical inactivity, stationary behavior, sedentary behavior, standing, screen time, non-screen-based sedentary time, sitting, reclining, lying, sedentary behavior pattern, as well as how the terms bouts, breaks, and interruptions should be used in this context are provided. CONCLUSION It is hoped that the definitions resulting from this comprehensive, transparent, and broad-based participatory process will result in standardized terminology that is widely supported and adopted, thereby advancing future research, interventions, policies, and practices related to sedentary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Salomé Aubert
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Joel D. Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Travis J. Saunders
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Valerie Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H9 Canada
| | - Amy E. Latimer-Cheung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Sebastien F.M. Chastin
- Institute of Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, Scotland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Teatske M. Altenburg
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mai J.M. Chinapaw
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Kim Y, Hibbing P, Saint-Maurice PF, Ellingson LD, Hennessy E, Wolff-Hughes DL, Perna FM, Welk GJ. Surveillance of Youth Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Wrist Accelerometry. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:872-879. [PMID: 28526364 PMCID: PMC5497761 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate tracking of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) is important to advance public health, but little is known about how to interpret wrist-worn accelerometer data. This study compares youth estimates of SB and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) obtained using raw and count-based processing methods. METHODS Data were collected between April and October 2014 for the National Cancer Institute's Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study: a cross-sectional Internet-based study of youth/family cancer prevention behaviors. A subsample of 628 adolescents (aged 12-17 years) wore the ActiGraph GT3X+ on the wrist for 7 days. In 2015-2016, SB and MVPA time were calculated from raw data using R-package GGIR and from activity counts data using published cutpoints (Crouter and Chandler). Estimates were compared across age, sex, and weight status to examine the impact of processing methods on behavioral outcomes. RESULTS ActiGraph data were available for 408 participants. Large differences in SB and MVPA time were observed between processing methods, but age and gender patterns were similar. Younger children (aged 12-14 years) had lower sedentary time and greater MVPA time (p-values <0.05) than older children (aged 15-17 years), consistent across methods. The proportion of youth with ≥60 minutes of MVPA/day was highest with the Crouter methods (~50%) and lowest with GGIR (~0%). CONCLUSIONS Conclusions about youth PA and SB are influenced by the wrist-worn accelerometer data processing method. Efforts to harmonize processing methods are needed to promote standardization and facilitate reporting of monitor-based PA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwon Kim
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
| | - Paul Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | | | - Erin Hennessy
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dana L Wolff-Hughes
- Science of Research and Technology Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank M Perna
- Health Behaviors Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory J Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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Taylor SL, Curry WB, Knowles ZR, Noonan RJ, McGrane B, Fairclough SJ. Predictors of Segmented School Day Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Children from a Northwest England Low-Income Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050534. [PMID: 28509887 PMCID: PMC5451985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Schools have been identified as important settings for health promotion through physical activity participation, particularly as children are insufficiently active for health. The aim of this study was to investigate the child and school-level influences on children′s physical activity levels and sedentary time during school hours in a sample of children from a low-income community; Methods: One hundred and eighty-six children (110 boys) aged 9–10 years wore accelerometers for 7 days, with 169 meeting the inclusion criteria of 16 h∙day−1 for a minimum of three week days. Multilevel prediction models were constructed to identify significant predictors of sedentary time, light, and moderate to vigorous physical activity during school hour segments. Child-level predictors (sex, weight status, maturity offset, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity self-efficacy, physical activity enjoyment) and school-level predictors (number on roll, playground area, provision score) were entered into the models; Results: Maturity offset, fitness, weight status, waist circumference-to-height ratio, sedentary time, moderate to vigorous physical activity, number of children on roll and playground area significantly predicted physical activity and sedentary time; Conclusions: Research should move towards considering context-specific physical activity and its correlates to better inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Taylor
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Whitney B Curry
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Zoe R Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Robert J Noonan
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
| | - Bronagh McGrane
- School of Arts Education & Movement, Dublin City University Institute of Education, St. Patrick's Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancs L39 4QP, UK.
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Fairclough SJ, Dumuid D, Taylor S, Curry W, McGrane B, Stratton G, Maher C, Olds T. Fitness, fatness and the reallocation of time between children's daily movement behaviours: an analysis of compositional data. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:64. [PMID: 28486972 PMCID: PMC5424384 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement behaviours performed over a finite period such as a 24 h day are compositional data. Compositional data exist in a constrained simplex geometry that is incongruent with traditional multivariate analytical techniques. However, the expression of compositional data as log-ratio co-ordinate systems transfers them to the unconstrained real space, where standard multivariate statistics can be used. This study aimed to use a compositional data analysis approach to examine the adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness predictions of time reallocations between children's daily movement behaviours. METHODS This study used cross-sectional data from the Active Schools: Skelmersdale study, which involved Year 5 children from a low-income community in northwest England (n = 169). Measures included accelerometer-derived 24 h activity (sedentary time [ST], light physical activity [LPA], moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], and sleep), cardiorespiratory fitness determined by the 20 m shuttle run test, objectively measured height, weight and waist circumference (from which zBMI and percent waist circumference-to-height ratio (%WHtR) were derived) and sociodemographic covariates. Log-ratio multiple linear regression models were used to predict adiposity and fitness for the mean movement behaviour composition, and for new compositions where fixed durations of time had been reallocated from one behaviour to another, while the remaining behaviours were unchanged. Predictions were also made for reallocations of fixed durations of time using the mean composition of three different weight status categories (underweight, normal-weight, and overweight/obese) as the starting point. RESULTS Replacing MVPA with any other movement behaviour around the mean movement composition predicted higher adiposity and lower CRF. The log-ratio model predictions were asymmetrical: when time was reallocated to MVPA from sleep, ST, or LPA, the estimated detriments to fitness and adiposity were larger in magnitude than the estimated benefits of time reallocation from MVPA to sleep, ST or LPA. The greatest differences in fitness and fatness for reallocation of fixed duration of MVPA were predicted at the mean composition of overweight/obese children. CONCLUSIONS Findings reinforce the key role of MVPA for children's health. Reallocating time from ST and LPA to MVPA in children is advocated in school, home, and community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Fairclough
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK. .,Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Dorothea Dumuid
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah Taylor
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Whitney Curry
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK
| | - Bronagh McGrane
- School of Arts Education and Movement, Dublin City University, Institute of Education, St Patrick's Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Carol Maher
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy Olds
- Alliance for Research in Exercise Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Batterman S. Review and Extension of CO₂-Based Methods to Determine Ventilation Rates with Application to School Classrooms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14020145. [PMID: 28165398 PMCID: PMC5334699 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ventilation rate (VR) is a key parameter affecting indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and the energy consumption of buildings. This paper reviews the use of CO2 as a “natural” tracer gas for estimating VRs, focusing on applications in school classrooms. It provides details and guidance for the steady-state, build-up, decay and transient mass balance methods. An extension to the build-up method and an analysis of the post-exercise recovery period that can increase CO2 generation rates are presented. Measurements in four mechanically-ventilated school buildings demonstrate the methods and highlight issues affecting their applicability. VRs during the school day fell below recommended minimum levels, and VRs during evening and early morning were on the order of 0.1 h−1, reflecting shutdown of the ventilation systems. The transient mass balance method was the most flexible and advantageous method given the low air change rates and dynamic occupancy patterns observed in the classrooms. While the extension to the build-up method improved stability and consistency, the accuracy of this and the steady-state method may be limited. Decay-based methods did not reflect the VR during the school day due to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system shutdown. Since the number of occupants in classrooms changes over the day, the VR expressed on a per person basis (e.g., L·s−1·person−1) depends on the occupancy metric. If occupancy measurements can be obtained, then the transient mass balance method likely will provide the most consistent and accurate results among the CO2-based methods. Improved VR measurements can benefit many applications, including research examining the linkage between ventilation and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Batterman
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Noonan RJ, Boddy LM, Kim Y, Knowles ZR, Fairclough SJ. Comparison of children’s free-living physical activity derived from wrist and hip raw accelerations during the segmented week. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2067-2072. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1255347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Noonan
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lynne M. Boddy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Youngwon Kim
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoe R. Knowles
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stuart J. Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ. Validity and Calibration of the Youth Activity Profile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143949. [PMID: 26630346 PMCID: PMC4668067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to calibrate and cross-validate the Youth Activity Profile (YAP), a self-report tool designed to capture physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) in youth. METHODS Eight schools in the Midwest part of the U.S. were involved and a total of 291 participants from grades 4-12 agreed to wear an accelerometer (SWA Armband) and complete the YAP in two separate weeks (5-7 days apart). Individual YAP items capture PA behavior during specific segments of the week and these items were combined with temporally matched estimates of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary time from the SWA to enable calibration. Quantile regression procedures yielded YAP prediction algorithms that estimated MVPA at School, MVPA at Out-of-School, MVPA on Weekend, as well as time spent in SB. The YAP estimates of time spent in MVPA and SB were cross-validated using Pearson product correlations and limits of agreement, as indicative of individual error and, equivalence testing techniques as indicative of group-level error. RESULT Following calibration, the correlations between YAP and SWA estimates of MVPA were low to moderate (rrange = .19 to .58) and individual-level YAP estimates of MVPA ranged from -134.9% to +110.0% of SWA MVPA values. Differences between aggregated YAP and SWA MVPA ranged from -3.4 to 21.7 minutes of MVPA at the group-level and predicted YAP MVPA estimates were within 15%, 20%, and 30%, of values from the SWA for the School, Out-of-School, and Weekend time periods, respectively. Estimates of time spent in SB were highly correlated with each other (r = .75). The individual estimates of SB ranged from -54.0% to +44.0% of SWA sedentary time, and the aggregated group-level estimates differed by 49.7 minutes (within 10% of the SWA aggregated estimates). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that the calibration procedures enabled the YAP to provide estimates of MVPA and SB that approximated values from an objective monitor. The YAP provides a simple, low-cost and educationally sound method to accurately estimate children's MVPA and SB at the group level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F. Saint-Maurice
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory J. Welk
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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