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Mensink M. Dietary protein, amino acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a short review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1445981. [PMID: 39114126 PMCID: PMC11305142 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1445981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a widespread metabolic disorder and results from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Modifiable factors like diet, physical activity, and body weight play crucial roles in diabetes prevention, with targeted interventions reducing diabetes risk by about 60%. High-protein consumption, above the recommended intake of 0.8 g/kg body weight per day, have often explored in relation to diabetes risk. However, the relationship between dietary protein and diabetes is multifaceted. Observational studies have linked high total and animal protein intake to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, particularly in obese women. Elevated levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), which can result from dietary intake, protein breakdown, as well as an impaired catabolism, are strong predictors of cardiometabolic risk and insulin resistance. With several mechanism linking BCAA to insulin resistance. On the other hand, intervention studies suggest that high-protein diets can support weight loss and improve cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the impact on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis is not straightforward. Proteins and amino acids stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion, influencing glucose levels, but chronic effects remain uncertain. This short narrative review aims to provide an update on the relationship between increased dietary protein intake, amino acids, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and to describe protein recommendations for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Chair Group Nutritional Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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2
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Conte C, Hall KD, Klein S. Is Weight Loss-Induced Muscle Mass Loss Clinically Relevant? JAMA 2024; 332:9-10. [PMID: 38829659 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint explores the effects of weight loss achieved through GLP-1–based antiobesity medications on weight regain, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass in people with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Conte
- San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy, and IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin D Hall
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samuel Klein
- Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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3
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Vilas-Boas EA, Kowaltowski AJ. Mitochondrial redox state, bioenergetics, and calcium transport in caloric restriction: A metabolic nexus. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 219:195-214. [PMID: 38677486 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria congregate central reactions in energy metabolism, many of which involve electron transfer. As such, they are expected to both respond to changes in nutrient supply and demand and also provide signals that integrate energy metabolism intracellularly. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial bioenergetics and reactive oxygen species production is impacted by dietary interventions that change nutrient availability and impact on aging, such as calorie restriction. We also discuss how dietary interventions alter mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, regulating both mitochondrial and cytosolic processes modulated by this ion. Overall, a plethora of literature data support the idea that mitochondrial oxidants and calcium transport act as integrating signals coordinating the response to changes in nutritional supply and demand in cells, tissues, and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa A Vilas-Boas
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Del Carmen Fernández-Fígares Jiménez M. Plant foods, healthy plant-based diets, and type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:929-948. [PMID: 37550262 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic chronic disease in which insulin resistance and insufficient insulin production lead to elevated blood glucose levels. The prevalence of T2D is growing worldwide, mainly due to obesity and the adoption of Western diets. Replacing animal foods with healthy plant foods is associated with a lower risk of T2D in prospective studies. In randomized controlled trials, the consumption of healthy plant foods in place of animal foods led to cardiometabolic improvements in patients with T2D or who were at high risk of the disease. Dietary patterns that limit or exclude animal foods and focus on healthy plant foods (eg, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, legumes), known as healthy, plant-based diets, are consistently associated with a lower risk of T2D in cohort studies. The aim of this review is to examine the differential effects of plant foods and animal foods on T2D risk and to describe the existing literature about the role of healthy, plant-based diets, particularly healthy vegan diets, in T2D prevention and management. The evidence from cohort studies and randomized controlled trials will be reported, in addition to the potential biological mechanisms that seem to be involved.
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5
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Campbell TM, Campbell EK, Culakova E, Blanchard LM, Wixom N, Guido JJ, Fetten J, Huston A, Shayne M, Janelsins MC, Mustian KM, Moore RG, Peppone LJ. A whole-food, plant-based randomized controlled trial in metastatic breast cancer: weight, cardiometabolic, and hormonal outcomes. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2024; 205:257-266. [PMID: 38446316 PMCID: PMC11101531 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-024-07266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer treatment is associated with weight gain, and obesity and its related cardiometabolic and hormonal risk factors have been associated with poorer outcomes. Dietary intervention may address these risk factors, but limited research has been done in the setting of metastatic breast cancer requiring systemic therapy. METHODS Women with metastatic breast cancer on stable treatment were randomized 2:1 to an 8-week intervention (n = 21) or control (n = 11). The intervention included weekly assessment visits and an ad libitum whole-food, plant-based (WFPB) diet with provided meals. Cardiometabolic, hormonal, and cancer markers were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. RESULTS Within the intervention group, mean weight decreased by 6.6% (p < 0.01) after 8 weeks. Fasting insulin decreased from 16.8 uIU/L to 11.2 uIU/L (p < 0.01), concurrent with significantly reduced insulin resistance. Total cholesterol decreased from 193.6 mg/dL to 159 mg/dL (p < 0.01), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased from 104.6 mg/dL to 82.2 mg/dL (p < 0.01). Total testosterone was unchanged, but free testosterone trended lower within the intervention group (p = 0.08) as sex hormone binding globulin increased from 74.3 nmol/L to 98.2 nmol/L (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in cancer progression markers at week 8, although mean CA 15-3, CA 27.29, and CEA were lower in the intervention group (p = 0.53, p = 0.23, and p = 0.54, respectively) compared to control, when adjusted for baseline. CONCLUSION WFPB dietary changes during treatment for metastatic breast cancer are well tolerated and significantly improve weight, cardiometabolic and hormonal parameters. Longer studies are warranted to assess the durability of changes. Trial registration First registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03045289) on February 7, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Campbell
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 777 South Clinton Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
| | - Erin K Campbell
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eva Culakova
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lisa M Blanchard
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 777 South Clinton Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - Nellie Wixom
- Clinical Research Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joseph J Guido
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - James Fetten
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Westchester, NY, USA
| | - Alissa Huston
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Shayne
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle C Janelsins
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karen M Mustian
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Luke J Peppone
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Control, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Huang SW, Lee YH, Liao CD, Escorpizo R, Liou TH, Lin HW. Association of physical functional activity impairment with severity of sarcopenic obesity: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3787. [PMID: 38360804 PMCID: PMC10869697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
We aim to clarify the relationship between low skeletal muscle mass and varying levels of adiposity and to identify the types of physical function impairments associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO). This study examined cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. The data included age, gender, DXA-assessed body composition, and physical functional activity with performing daily tasks by questionnaire. We subdivided the data by body composition into a non-SO group and a SO group (ASMI 0-49.99% and FMI of 50-100%), after which the SO data were subdivided into three classes. A higher class indicated higher adiposity and lower muscle mass. The physical function impairment of the two groups was compared. Our study examined 7161 individuals, of which 4907 did not have SO and 2254 had SO, and their data were further divided into three classes (i.e., class I, 826 individuals; class II, 1300 individuals; and class III, 128 individuals). Significant differences in demographics and DXA parameters were identified between the non-SO and SO groups (P < 0.001); the individuals with SO were older, included more women, and exhibited high adiposity and less lean muscle mass. The individuals with class III SO exhibited greater differences and reported more difficulty in performing daily activities. The individuals with class III SO exhibited the most severe physical function impairment. Our study highlights the considerable difficulties encountered by individuals with SO in performing daily activities. Given this finding, customized rehabilitation strategies should be implemented to improve the quality of life of individuals with SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hao Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-De Liao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Reuben Escorpizo
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.
- Department of Mathematics, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zhang X, Kapoor D, Jeong SJ, Fappi A, Stitham J, Shabrish V, Sergin I, Yousif E, Rodriguez-Velez A, Yeh YS, Park A, Yurdagul A, Rom O, Epelman S, Schilling JD, Sardiello M, Diwan A, Cho J, Stitziel NO, Javaheri A, Lodhi IJ, Mittendorfer B, Razani B. Identification of a leucine-mediated threshold effect governing macrophage mTOR signalling and cardiovascular risk. Nat Metab 2024; 6:359-377. [PMID: 38409323 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
High protein intake is common in western societies and is often promoted as part of a healthy lifestyle; however, amino-acid-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in macrophages has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischaemic cardiovascular disease. In a series of clinical studies on male and female participants ( NCT03946774 and NCT03994367 ) that involved graded amounts of protein ingestion together with detailed plasma amino acid analysis and human monocyte/macrophage experiments, we identify leucine as the key activator of mTOR signalling in macrophages. We describe a threshold effect of high protein intake and circulating leucine on monocytes/macrophages wherein only protein in excess of ∼25 g per meal induces mTOR activation and functional effects. By designing specific diets modified in protein and leucine content representative of the intake in the general population, we confirm this threshold effect in mouse models and find ingestion of protein in excess of ∼22% of dietary energy requirements drives atherosclerosis in male mice. These data demonstrate a mechanistic basis for the adverse impact of excessive dietary protein on cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Fappi
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vasavi Shabrish
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ismail Sergin
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eman Yousif
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Departments of Medicine and Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Babak Razani
- Department of Medicine and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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8
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Campbell TM, Campbell EK, Culakova E, Blanchard L, Wixom N, Guido J, Fetten J, Huston A, Shayne M, Janelsins MC, Mustian KM, Moore RG, Peppone LJ. A Whole-Food, Plant-Based Randomized Controlled Trial in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Weight, Cardiometabolic, and Hormonal Outcome. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3425125. [PMID: 37986940 PMCID: PMC10659540 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3425125/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Breast cancer treatment is associated with weight gain, and obesity and its related cardiometabolic and hormonal risk factors have been associated with poorer outcomes. Dietary intervention may address these risk factors, but limited research has been done in the setting of metastatic breast cancer requiring systemic therapy. Methods Women with metastatic breast cancer on stable treatment were randomized 2:1 to an 8-week intervention (n = 21) or control (n = 11). The intervention included weekly assessment visits and an ad libitum whole food, plant-based (WFPB) diet with provided meals. Cardiometabolic, hormonal, and cancer markers were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. Results Within the intervention group, mean weight decreased by 6.6% (p < 0.01) after 8 weeks. Fasting insulin decreased from 16.8 uIU/L to 11.2 uIU/L (p < 0.01), concurrent with significantly reduced insulin resistance. Total cholesterol decreased from 193.6 mg/dL to 159 mg/dL (p < 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreased from 104.6 mg/dL to 82.2 mg/dL (p < 0.01). Total testosterone was unchanged, but free testosterone trended lower within the intervention group (p = 0.08) as sex hormone binding globulin increased from 74.3 nmol/L to 98.2 nmol/L (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in cancer progression markers at week 8, although mean CA 15 - 3, CA 27.29, and CEA were lower in the intervention group (p = 0.53, p = 0.23, and p = 0.54, respectively) compared to control, when adjusted for baseline. Conclusion WFPB dietary changes during treatment for metastatic breast cancer are well tolerated and significantly improve weight and cardiometabolic and hormonal parameters. Longer studies are warranted to assess the durability of changes. Trial registration First registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03045289) on February 7, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Culakova
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Lisa Blanchard
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Nellie Wixom
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Joseph Guido
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Alissa Huston
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | | | | | | | - Luke J Peppone
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
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Zhang P, Jiang G, Wang Y, Yan E, He L, Guo J, Yin J, Zhang X. Maternal consumption of l-malic acid enriched diets improves antioxidant capacity and glucose metabolism in offspring by regulating the gut microbiota. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102889. [PMID: 37741046 PMCID: PMC10519833 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diets during pregnancy and lactation are key determinants that regulate the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in offspring. l-malic acid (MA) was previously reported to improve antioxidant capacity and aerobic metabolism. However, the effects of maternal MA consumption on the metabolic features of offspring remain largely unexplored. Herein, through pig models consuming MA-enriched diets during late pregnancy and lactation, we found that maternal MA consumption potentiated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity of sows, thereby improving their reproductive performance and the growth performance of piglets. Maternal MA consumption also induced a transition of slow-twitch to fast-twitch fibers in the early life of offspring. Along with muscle growth and fiber-type transition, insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, including aerobic metabolism and glycolysis, were improved in the skeletal muscle of offspring. An untargeted metabolomic analysis further revealed the contribution of modified amino acid metabolism to the improved aerobic metabolism. Mechanistically, maternal MA consumption remodeled colonic microbiota of their offspring. Briefly, the abundance of Colidextribacter, Romboutsia, and Family_XIII_AD3011_group increased, which were positively associated with the antioxidant capacity and glucose metabolism of skeletal muscles. A decreased abundance of Prevotella, Blautia, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, and Collinsella was also detected, which were involved in less insulin sensitivity. Notably, milk metabolites, such as ascorbic acid (AA) and granisetron (GS), were found as key effectors regulating the gut microbiota composition of piglets. The properties of AA and GS in alleviating insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress were further verified through mice treated with high-fat diets. Overall, this study revealed that maternal MA consumption could modulate the inflammatory response, antioxidant capacity, and glucose metabolism by regulating the gut microbiota of offspring through the vertical transmission of milk metabolites. These findings suggest the potential of MA in the prevention and treatment of MetS in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Enfa Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang T, Masedunskas A, Willett WC, Fontana L. Vegetarian and vegan diets: benefits and drawbacks. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3423-3439. [PMID: 37450568 PMCID: PMC10516628 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets have become increasingly popular thanks to their purported health benefits and more recently for their positive environmental impact. Prospective studies suggest that consuming vegetarian diets is associated with a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, dementia, and cancer. Data from randomized clinical trials have confirmed a protective effect of vegetarian diets for the prevention of diabetes and reductions in weight, blood pressure, glycosylated haemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but to date, no data are available for cardiovascular event rates and cognitive impairment, and there are very limited data for cancer. Moreover, not all plant-based foods are equally healthy. Unhealthy vegetarian diets poor in specific nutrients (vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and calcium) and/or rich in highly processed and refined foods increase morbidity and mortality. Further mechanistic studies are desirable to understand whether the advantages of healthy, minimally processed vegetarian diets represent an all-or-nothing phenomenon and whether consuming primarily plant-based diets containing small quantities of animal products (e.g. pesco-vegetarian or Mediterranean diets) has beneficial, detrimental, or neutral effects on cardiometabolic health outcomes. Further, mechanistic studies are warranted to enhance our understanding about healthy plant-based food patterns and the biological mechanisms linking dietary factors, CVD, and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Brescia, Lombardy, Italy
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11
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Attaye I, Lassen PB, Adriouch S, Steinbach E, Patiño-Navarrete R, Davids M, Alili R, Jacques F, Benzeguir S, Belda E, Nemet I, Anderson JT, Alexandre-Heymann L, Greyling A, Larger E, Hazen SL, van Oppenraaij SL, Tremaroli V, Beck K, Bergh PO, Bäckhed F, ten Brincke SP, Herrema H, Groen AK, Pinto-Sietsma SJ, Clément K, Nieuwdorp M. Protein supplementation changes gut microbial diversity and derived metabolites in subjects with type 2 diabetes. iScience 2023; 26:107471. [PMID: 37599833 PMCID: PMC10432813 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-protein diets are promoted for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, effects of dietary protein interventions on (gut-derived) metabolites in T2D remains understudied. We therefore performed a multi-center, randomized-controlled, isocaloric protein intervention with 151 participants following either 12-week high-protein (HP; 30Energy %, N = 78) vs. low-protein (LP; 10 Energy%, N = 73) diet. Primary objectives were dietary effects on glycemic control which were determined via glycemic excursions, continuous glucose monitors and HbA1c. Secondary objectives were impact of diet on gut microbiota composition and -derived metabolites which were determined by shotgun-metagenomics and mass spectrometry. Analyses were performed using delta changes adjusting for center, baseline, and kidney function when appropriate. This study found that a short-term 12-week isocaloric protein modulation does not affect glycemic parameters or weight in metformin-treated T2D. However, the HP diet slightly worsened kidney function, increased alpha-diversity, and production of potentially harmful microbiota-dependent metabolites, which may affect host metabolism upon prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Attaye
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pierre Bel Lassen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
| | - Solia Adriouch
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Emilie Steinbach
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Rafael Patiño-Navarrete
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Mark Davids
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rohia Alili
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Flavien Jacques
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Sara Benzeguir
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Eugeni Belda
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Ina Nemet
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James T. Anderson
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Arno Greyling
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Larger
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for Microbiome & Human Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sophie L. van Oppenraaij
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katharina Beck
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Bergh
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suzan P.M. ten Brincke
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert K. Groen
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities; Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nutrition Department, Paris, France
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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12
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Zeng X, Li L, Xia Z, Zou L, Kwok T, Su Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle in Response to Aerobic Exercise and Protein Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3485. [PMID: 37571423 PMCID: PMC10421363 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive molecular insight into the effects of aerobic exercise (AE), protein intake (PI), and AE combined with PI on human skeletal muscle by comparing their transcriptomic profiles. Fourteen published datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used. The hub genes were identified in response to acute AE (ACTB, IL6), training AE (UBB, COL1A1), PI (EZH2), acute AE combined with PI (DDIT3), and training AE combined with PI (MYC). Both FOS and MYC were upregulated in response to acute AE, and they were, respectively, downregulated by higher PI and a combination of AE and PI. COL1A1 was upregulated by training AE but was downregulated by higher PI. Results from the gene set enrichment analysis (p < 0.05 and FDR < 25%) showed that AE and PI delivered their impacts on human skeletal muscle in analogous pathways, including aerobic respiration, mitochondrial complexes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic process, and immune/inflammatory responses, whereas, PI may attenuate the response of immune/inflammation and ECM remodeling which would be promoted by AE, irrespective of its types. Compared to PI alone, acute AE combined with PI would further promote protein turnover and synthesis, but suppress skeletal muscle contraction and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Linghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Zhilin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Lianhong Zou
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha 410009, China
| | - Timothy Kwok
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
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13
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Clina JG, Sayer RD, Pan Z, Cohen CW, McDermott MT, Catenacci VA, Wyatt HR, Hill JO. High- and normal-protein diets improve body composition and glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2021-2030. [PMID: 37475689 PMCID: PMC10421635 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight loss of ≥10% improves glucose control and may remit type 2 diabetes (T2D). High-protein (HP) diets are commonly used for weight loss, but whether protein sources, especially red meat, impact weight loss-induced T2D management is unknown. This trial compared an HP diet including beef and a normal-protein (NP) diet without red meat for weight loss, body composition changes, and glucose control in individuals with T2D. METHODS A total of 106 adults (80 female) with T2D consumed an HP (40% protein) diet with ≥4 weekly servings of lean beef or an NP (21% protein) diet excluding red meat during a 52-week weight loss intervention. Body weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic parameters were measured before and after intervention. RESULTS Weight loss was not different between the HP (-10.2 ± 1.6 kg) and NP (-12.7 ± 4.8 kg, p = 0.336) groups. Both groups reduced fat mass and increased fat-free mass percent. Hemoglobin A1c, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and triglycerides improved, with no differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS The lack of observed effects of dietary protein and red meat consumption on weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health suggests that achieved weight loss, rather than diet composition, should be the principal target of dietary interventions for T2D management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne G. Clina
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - R. Drew Sayer
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Caroline W. Cohen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Michael T. McDermott
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Holly R. Wyatt
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - James O. Hill
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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14
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Brunani A, Cancello R, Gobbi M, Lucchetti E, Di Guglielmo G, Maestrini S, Cattaldo S, Piterà P, Ruocco C, Milesi A, Valerio A, Capodaglio P, Nisoli E. Comparison of Protein- or Amino Acid-Based Supplements in the Rehabilitation of Men with Severe Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4257. [PMID: 37445292 PMCID: PMC10342837 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss is associated with a reduction in all body compartments, including muscle mass (MM), and this effect produces a decrease in function and muscle strength. Our objective was to assess the impact of protein or amino acid supplements on MM loss in middle-aged men (age < 65 years) with severe obesity (BMI > 35 kg/m2) during weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a single-site randomized controlled trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT05143398) with 40 in-patient male subjects with severe obesity. Participants underwent an intervention program consisting of a low-calorie balanced diet and structured physical activity. They were randomly assigned to 4-week treatment groups: (1) control (CTR, N = 10), (2) protein (P, N = 10), (3) branched-chain amino acid (BCAA, N = 10), and (4) essential amino acid mixture with tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (PD-E07, N = 10) supplementation. RESULTS Following 4 weeks of intervention, all groups showed similar reductions in body weight compared to baseline. When examining the delta values, a notable increase in muscle mass (MM) was observed in the PD-E07 intervention group [MM (kg): 2.84 ± 3.57; MM (%): 3.63 ± 3.14], in contrast to the CTR group [MM (kg): -2.46 ± 3.04; MM (%): -0.47 ± 2.28], with a statistical significance of p = 0.045 and p = 0.023, respectively. However, the MM values for the P group [MM (kg): -2.75 ± 5.98, p = 0.734; MM (%): -0.44 ± 4.02, p = 0.990] and the BCAA group [MM (kg): -1 ± 3.3, p = 0.734; MM (%): 0.34 ± 2.85, p = 0.956] did not exhibit a statistically significant difference when compared to the CTR group. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid-based supplements may effectively mitigate the loss of MM typically observed during weight reduction. Further validation through large-scale studies is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Brunani
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Raffaella Cancello
- Obesity Unit, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michele Gobbi
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Elisa Lucchetti
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Giulia Di Guglielmo
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Sabrina Maestrini
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Stefania Cattaldo
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Paolo Piterà
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.R.)
| | - Alessandra Milesi
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo, 28921 Verbania, Italy; (M.G.); (E.L.); (G.D.G.); (S.M.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (A.M.)
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Torino, 10121 Torino, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (C.R.)
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15
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de Souza Vilela DL, da Silva A, Pinto SL, Bressan J. Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition with weight loss after bariatric surgery: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13559. [PMID: 36890787 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review evaluated the relationship between macronutrient intake and weight loss after bariatric surgery (BS). The MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE, COCHRANE/CENTRAL, and SCOPUS databases were accessed in August 2021 to search for eligible articles: original publications with adults undergoing BS and indicating the relationship between macronutrients and weight loss. Titles that did not meet these criteria were excluded. The review was written according to the PRISMA guide, and the risk of bias was according to the Joanna Briggs manual. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by another. Eight articles with 2.378 subjects were included. The studies indicated a positive relationship between weight loss and protein intake after BS. Prioritization of protein followed by carbohydrates with a lower percentage of lipids favors weight loss and increases weight stability after BS. Among the results found, a 1% increase in protein intake raises the probability of obesity remission by 6%, and high-protein diet increase 50% weight loss success. Limitations are the methods of included studies and review process. It is concluded that high-protein intake >60 g a 90 g/day may favor weight loss and maintenance after BS, but it is relevant to balance the other macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Larissa de Souza Vilela
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC). Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Alessandra da Silva
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC). Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Sônia Lopes Pinto
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC). Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.,Nutrition Course, Universidade Federal de Tocantins, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism and Body Composition (LAMECC). Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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16
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Wang W, Liu Y, Li Y, Luo B, Lin Z, Chen K, Liu Y. Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e212. [PMID: 36776765 PMCID: PMC9899878 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries, the search for nutritional interventions to underpin cardiovascular treatment and prevention guidelines has contributed to the rapid development of the field of dietary patterns and cardiometabolic disease (CMD). Numerous studies have demonstrated that healthy dietary patterns with emphasis on food-based recommendations are the gold standard for extending lifespan and reducing the risks of CMD and mortality. Healthy dietary patterns include various permutations of energy restriction, macronutrients, and food intake patterns such as calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, Mediterranean diet, plant-based diets, etc. Early implementation of healthy dietary patterns in patients with CMD is encouraged, but an understanding of the mechanisms by which these patterns trigger cardiometabolic benefits remains incomplete. Hence, this review examined several dietary patterns that may improve cardiometabolic health, including restrictive dietary patterns, regional dietary patterns, and diets based on controlled macronutrients and food groups, summarizing cutting-edge evidence and potential mechanisms for CMD prevention and treatment. Particularly, considering individual differences in responses to dietary composition and nutritional changes in organ tissue diversity, we highlighted the critical role of individual gut microbiota in the crosstalk between diet and CMD and recommend a more precise and dynamic nutritional strategy for CMD by developing dietary patterns based on individual gut microbiota profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanfei Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yiwen Li
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Binyu Luo
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhixiu Lin
- Faculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Keji Chen
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yue Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Chinese Medicine CardiologyXiyuan HospitalChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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17
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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18
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Pérez-Rodríguez M, Huertas JR, Villalba JM, Casuso RA. Mitochondrial adaptations to calorie restriction and bariatric surgery in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Metabolism 2023; 138:155336. [PMID: 36302454 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a meta-analysis to determine the changes induced by calorie restriction (CR) and bariatric surgery on human skeletal muscle mitochondria. METHODS A systematic search of Medline and Web of Science was conducted. Controlled trials exploring CR (≥14 days) and mitochondrial function and/or content assessment were included. Moreover, studies analyzing weight loss following gastric surgery were included for comparison purposes. Human muscle data from 28 studies assessing CR (520 muscle samples) and from 10 studies assessing bariatric surgery (155 muscle samples) were analyzed in a random effect meta-analysis with three a priori chosen covariates. MAIN RESULTS We report a decrease (p < 0.05) (mean (95 % CI)) in maximal mitochondrial state 3 respiration in response to CR (-0.44 (-0.85, -0.03)) but not in response to surgery (-0.33 (-1.18, 0.52)). No changes in mitochondrial content were reported after CR (-0.05 (-0.12, 0.13)) or in response to surgery (0.23 (-0.05, 0.52)). Moreover, data from CR subjects showed a reduction in complex IV (CIV) activity (-0.29 (-0.56, -0.03)) but not in CIV content (-0.21 (-0.63, 0.22)). Similar results were obtained when the length of the protocol, the initial body mass index, and the estimated energy deficit were included in the model as covariates. CONCLUSION The observation of reduced maximal mitochondrial state 3, uncoupled respiration, and CIV activity without altering mitochondrial content suggests that, in human skeletal muscle, CR mainly modulates intrinsic mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, and ceiA3Campus of International Excellence in Agrifood, Spain
| | | | - José M Villalba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, and ceiA3Campus of International Excellence in Agrifood, Spain
| | - Rafael A Casuso
- Department of Physiology, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Spain.
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19
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Magkos F, Rasmussen SI, Hjorth MF, Asping S, Rosenkrans MI, Sjödin AM, Astrup AV, Geiker NRW. Unprocessed red meat in the dietary treatment of obesity: a randomized controlled trial of beef supplementation during weight maintenance after successful weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1820-1830. [PMID: 36307956 PMCID: PMC9761757 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of unprocessed red meat in randomized trials has no adverse effects on cardiovascular risk factors and body weight, but its physiological effects during weight loss maintenance are not known. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the effects of healthy diets that include small or large amounts of red meat on the maintenance of lost weight after successful weight loss, and secondarily on body composition (DXA), resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry), and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS In this 5-mo parallel randomized intervention trial, 108 adults with BMI 28-40 kg/m2 (45 males/63 females) underwent an 8-wk rapid weight loss period, and those who lost ≥8% body weight (n = 80) continued to ad libitum weight maintenance diets for 12 wk: a moderate-protein diet with 25 g beef/d (B25, n = 45) or a high-protein diet with 150 g beef/d (B150, n = 35). RESULTS In per protocol analysis (n = 69), mean body weight (-1.2 kg; 95% CI: -2.1, -0.3 kg), mean fat mass (-2.7 kg; 95% CI: -3.4, -2.0 kg), and mean body fat content (-2.6%; 95% CI: -3.1, -2.1%) decreased during the maintenance phase, whereas mean lean mass (1.5 kg; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.0 kg) and mean REE (51 kcal/d; 95% CI: 15, 86 kcal/d) increased, with no differences between groups (all P > 0.05). Results were similar in intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputation for dropouts (20 from B150 compared with 19 from B25, P = 0.929). Changes in cardiometabolic risk factors were not different between groups, the general pattern being a decrease during weight loss and a return to baseline during weight maintenance (and despite the additional mild reduction in weight and fat mass). CONCLUSIONS Healthy diets consumed ad libitum that contain a little or a lot of unprocessed beef have similar effects on body weight, energy metabolism, and cardiovascular risk factors during the first 3 mo after clinically significant rapid weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidse I Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Sarah Asping
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria I Rosenkrans
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders M Sjödin
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nina R W Geiker
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Gut Microbiota Changes by an SGLT2 Inhibitor, Luseogliflozin, Alters Metabolites Compared with Those in a Low Carbohydrate Diet in db/db Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173531. [PMID: 36079789 PMCID: PMC9459736 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, sarcopenic obesity has been considered central pathological factors in diabetes. This study aimed to compare the effect of luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), on sarcopenic obesity in comparison to that of a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD). Twenty-week-old male db/db mice were fed a normal diet (Ctrl), LCD, and normal diet with 0.01% w/w luseogliflozin (SGLT2i) for eight weeks. Skeletal muscle mass and grip strength decreased in the LCD group mice compared to those in the control group, while they increased in the SGLT2i group mice. The amino acid content in the liver, skeletal muscle, and serum were lower in the LCD group than those in the Ctrl group but increased in the SGLT2i group mice. Short-chain fatty acids in rectal feces were lower in the LCD group mice than those in the Ctrl group, whereas they were higher in the SGLT2i group mice. The abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Enterobacterales, and Bacteroides caccae species increased in the LCD group compared to the other two groups, whereas the abundance of Syntrophothermus lipocalidus, Syntrophomonadaceae family, Parabacteroidesdistasonis distasonis, and the genus Anaerotignum increased in the SGLT2i group. Luseogliflozin could prevent sarcopenic obesity by improving amino acid metabolism.
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21
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Multiomics assessment of dietary protein titration reveals altered hepatic glucose utilization. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111187. [PMID: 35977507 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction (PR) has rapid effects on metabolism including improved glucose and lipid homeostasis, via multiple mechanisms. Here, we investigate responses of fecal microbiome, hepatic transcriptome, and hepatic metabolome to six diets with protein from 18% to 0% of energy in mice. PR alters fecal microbial composition, but metabolic effects are not transferable via fecal transplantation. Hepatic transcriptome and metabolome are significantly altered in diets with lower than 10% energy from protein. Changes upon PR correlate with calorie restriction but with a larger magnitude and specific changes in amino acid (AA) metabolism. PR increases steady-state aspartate, serine, and glutamate and decreases glucose and gluconeogenic intermediates. 13C6 glucose and glycerol tracing reveal increased fractional enrichment in aspartate, serine, and glutamate. Changes remain intact in hepatic ATF4 knockout mice. Together, this demonstrates an ATF4-independent shift in gluconeogenic substrate utilization toward specific AAs, with compensation from glycerol to promote a protein-sparing response.
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22
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Okamura T, Hamaguchi M, Mori J, Yamaguchi M, Mizushima K, Abe A, Ozeki M, Sasano R, Naito Y, Fukui M. Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum Suppresses the Development of Sarcopenic Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061157. [PMID: 35334814 PMCID: PMC8955723 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) is a soluble dietary fiber derived through controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of guar gum, a highly viscous galactomannan derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of dietary supplementation with PHGG against sarcopenic obesity using Db/Db mice. Db/Db mice fed a normal diet alone or a fiber-free diet, or supplemented with a diet containing PHGG (5%), were examined. PHGG increased grip strength and the weight of skeletal muscles. PHGG increased the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration in feces and sera. Concerning innate immunity, PHGG decreased the ratio of inflammatory cells, while increasing the ratio of anti-inflammatory cells in the small intestine. The present study demonstrated the preventive effect of PHGG on sarcopenic obesity. Changes in nutrient absorption might be involved through the promotion of an anti-inflammatory shift of innate immunity in the intestine accompanied by an increase in SCFA production by PHGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.O.); (M.H.)
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (J.M.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mihoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (J.M.); (M.Y.)
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Aya Abe
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan; (A.A.); (M.O.)
| | - Makoto Ozeki
- Nutrition Division, Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan; (A.A.); (M.O.)
| | | | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.M.); (Y.N.)
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (T.O.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-251-5505
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23
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Mthembu SXH, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Ziqubu K, Nyawo TA, Obonye N, Nyambuya TM, Nkambule BB, Silvestri S, Tiano L, Muller CJF, Dludla PV. Impact of physical exercise and caloric restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction as ideal therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2022; 297:120467. [PMID: 35271881 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are some of the major pathological defects implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, it has become necessary to understand how common interventions such as physical exercise and caloric restriction affect metabolic function, including physiological processes that implicate skeletal muscle dysfunction within a state of T2D. This review critically discusses evidence on the impact of physical exercise and caloric restriction on markers of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction within the skeletal muscle of patients with T2D or related metabolic complications. Importantly, relevant information from clinical studies was acquired through a systematic approach targeting major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library. The reported evidence suggests that interventions like physical exercise and caloric restriction, within a duration of approximately 2 to 4 months, can improve insulin sensitivity, in part by targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B pathway in patients with T2D. Furthermore, both physical exercise and caloric restriction can effectively modulate markers related to improved mitochondrial function and dynamics. This was consistent with an improved modulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity and reduced production of reactive oxygen species in patients with T2D or related metabolic complications. However, such conclusions are based on limited evidence, additional clinical trials are required to better understand these interventions on pathological mechanisms of T2D and related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla X H Mthembu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Thembeka A Nyawo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardiometabolic Research Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Nnini Obonye
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardiometabolic Research Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bongani B Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardiometabolic Research Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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24
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Lim JJ, Liu Y, Lu LW, Barnett D, Sequeira IR, Poppitt SD. Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030538. [PMID: 35276894 PMCID: PMC8838013 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both higher protein (HP) and lower carbohydrate (LC) diets may promote satiety and enhance body weight (BW) loss. This study investigated whether HP can promote these outcomes independent of carbohydrate (CHO) content. 121 women with obesity (BW: 95.1 ± 13.0 kg, BMI: 35.4 ± 3.9 kg/m2) were randomised to either HP (1.2 g/kg BW) or normal protein (NP, 0.8 g/kg BW) diets, in combination with either LC (28 en%) or normal CHO (NC, 40 en%) diets. A low-energy diet partial diet replacement (LEDpdr) regime was used for 8 weeks, where participants consumed fixed-energy meal replacements plus one ad libitum meal daily. Four-day dietary records showed that daily energy intake (EI) was similar between groups (p = 0.744), but the difference in protein and CHO between groups was lower than expected. Following multiple imputation (completion rate 77%), decrease in mean BW, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) at Week 8 in all was 7.5 ± 0.7 kg (p < 0.001), 5.7 ± 0.5 kg (p < 0.001), and 1.4 ± 0.7 kg (p = 0.054) respectively, but with no significant difference between diet groups. LC (CHO×Week, p < 0.05), but not HP, significantly promoted postprandial satiety during a preload challenge. Improvements in blood biomarkers were unrelated to LEDpdr macronutrient composition. In conclusion, HP did not promote satiety and BW loss compared to NP LEDpdr, irrespective of CHO content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Yutong Liu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Louise Weiwei Lu
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Barnett
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Ivana R. Sequeira
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Sally D. Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand; (Y.L.); (L.W.L.); (I.R.S.); (S.D.P.)
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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25
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Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L. Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:56-73. [PMID: 34518687 PMCID: PMC8692439 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction with adequate nutrition is the gold standard for delaying ageing and extending healthspan and lifespan in diverse species, including rodents and non-human primates. In this Review, we discuss the effects of dietary restriction in these mammalian model organisms and discuss accumulating data that suggest that dietary restriction results in many of the same physiological, metabolic and molecular changes responsible for the prevention of multiple ageing-associated diseases in humans. We further discuss how different forms of fasting, protein restriction and specific reductions in the levels of essential amino acids such as methionine and the branched-chain amino acids selectively impact the activity of AKT, FOXO, mTOR, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which are key components of some of the most important nutrient-sensing geroprotective signalling pathways that promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy.
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26
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Koh HCE, van Vliet S, Pietka TA, Meyer GA, Razani B, Laforest R, Gropler RJ, Mittendorfer B. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Metabolic Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With Obesity. Diabetes 2021; 70:2225-2236. [PMID: 34266892 PMCID: PMC8576507 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used stable isotope-labeled glucose and palmitate tracer infusions, a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, positron emission tomography of muscles and adipose tissue after [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [15O]water injections, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsy to test the hypotheses that 1) increased glucose uptake in SAT is responsible for high insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake in people with obesity who are insulin sensitive and 2) putative SAT factors thought to cause insulin resistance are present in people with obesity who are insulin resistant but not in those who are insulin sensitive. We found that high insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive participants with obesity was not due to channeling of glucose into SAT but, rather, was due to high insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake was not different between insulin-sensitive obese and lean participants even though adipocytes were larger, SAT perfusion and oxygenation were lower, and markers of SAT inflammation, fatty acid appearance in plasma in relation to fat-free mass, and plasma fatty acid concentration were higher in the insulin-sensitive obese than in lean participants. In addition, we observed only marginal or no differences in adipocyte size, SAT perfusion and oxygenation, and markers of SAT inflammation between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive obese participants. Plasma fatty acid concentration was also not different between insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant obese participants, even though SAT was resistant to the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis in the insulin-resistant obese group. These data suggest that several putative SAT factors commonly implicated in causing insulin resistance are normal consequences of SAT expansion unrelated to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Terri A Pietka
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Babak Razani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Richard Laforest
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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27
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Dewansingh P, Reckman GAR, Mijlius CF, Krijnen WP, van der Schans CP, Jager-Wittenaar H, van den Heuvel EGHM. Protein, Calcium, Vitamin D Intake and 25(OH)D Status in Normal Weight, Overweight, and Obese Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718658. [PMID: 34568405 PMCID: PMC8461258 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is often accompanied by increase in body weight. Older adults with overweight or obesity might have an overconsumption in energy that is accompanied by inadequate intake of protein, vitamin D, and calcium. It is unclear if intake of protein and vitamin D and calcium is sufficient in older adults with overweight/obesity, and whether it differs from older adults with normal weight, since a recent overview of the literature review is lacking. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the current evidence on differences in nutrient intake/status of protein, vitamin D and calcium between older adults with different body mass index (BMI) categories. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies were identified from PubMed and EMBASE. Studies reporting nutrient intake/status in older adults aged ≥50 years with overweight/obesity and studies comparing between overweight/obesity and normal weight were included. Nutrient intake/status baseline values were reviewed and when possible calculated for one BMI category (single-group meta-analysis), or compared between BMI categories (meta-analysis). Nutrient intake/status was compared with international recommendations. Mean protein (N = 8) and calcium intake (N = 5) was 0.98 gram/kilogram body weight/day (g/kg/d) [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.89-1.08] and 965 mg [95% CI: 704-1225] in overweight/obese. Vitamin D intake was insufficient in all BMI categories (N = 5). The pooled mean for vitamin D intake was 6 ug [95% CI 4-9]. For 25(OH)D, the pooled mean was 54 nmol/L [95% CI 45-62], 52 nmol/L [95% CI 46-58], and 48 nmol/l [95% CI 33-62] in normal (N = 7), combined overweight and obese (N = 12), and obese older adults (N = 4), respectively. In conclusion, older adults with overweight and obesity have a borderline sufficient protein and sufficient calcium intake, but insufficient vitamin D intake. The 25(OH)D concentration is deficient for the obese older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dewansingh
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gerlof A. R. Reckman
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Caspar F. Mijlius
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim P. Krijnen
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Cees P. van der Schans
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Health Psychology Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harriët Jager-Wittenaar
- Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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28
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Total protein, not amino acid composition, differs in plant-based versus omnivorous dietary patterns and determines metabolic health effects in mice. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1808-1819.e2. [PMID: 34270927 PMCID: PMC8478138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based dietary patterns are associated with improved cardiometabolic health, but causal dietary components are unclear. Protein has been proposed to play a role, but the importance of protein quantity versus quality remains unknown. We investigated the contributions of total protein amount, amino acid (AA) composition, and plant versus animal source. Analysis of total protein and AA composition of food items and dietary patterns revealed differences between individual food items, but few differences between AA profiles of vegan versus omnivorous dietary patterns. Effects of protein quantity, but not quality, on cardiometabolic health markers were observed in mice using semi-purified diets with crystalline AAs in plant versus animal-based ratios and naturally sourced diets with whole-food ingredients. Our data show relatively little difference in protein quality between plant-based and omnivorous dietary patterns and that reduced total protein intake in plant-based dietary patterns may be a contributor to the benefits of plant-based diets.
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29
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Effects of Quality and Quantity of Protein Intake for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Prevention and Metabolic Control. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 9:329-337. [PMID: 32572702 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to evaluate the ideal protein quality and quantity and the dietary composition for the prevention and metabolic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). INTRODUCTION Although some reviews demonstrate the advantages of a diet with a higher protein intake, other reviews have observed that a diet high in carbohydrates, with low-glycaemic index carbohydrates and good fibre intake, is equally effective in improving insulin sensitivity. METHODS Over 2831 articles were screened, and 24 from the last 5 years were analysed and summarised for this review, using the protein, diabetes and insulin glucose metabolic keywords in Pubmed in June 2019. RESULTS Eleven studies demonstrate that a higher consumption of proteins has a positive effect on insulin sensitivity. A higher intake of animal protein seems to be related to an increased risk of T2DM. Four studies show that consumption of meat has a deleterious effect. Higher intake of plant protein and dairy products is associated with a modestly reduced risk. DISCUSSION Based on the results obtained, for the prevention of T2DM and all disorders related to metabolic syndrome, no ideal dietary composition has yet been found. The advantage of plant protein sources may be related to the foods' low-glycaemic index due to the high fibre content. However, the right protein quality (animal and plant) and the quantity for T2DM prevention and metabolic control are unclear and need to be investigated with further long-term studies.
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30
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McCarthy D, Berg A. Weight Loss Strategies and the Risk of Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss. Nutrients 2021; 13:2473. [PMID: 34371981 PMCID: PMC8308821 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With energy intake restriction and exercise remaining the key diet and lifestyle approaches to weight loss, this is not without potential negative implications for body composition, metabolic health, and quality and quantity of life. Ideally, weight loss should be derived almost exclusively from the fat mass compartment as this is the main driver of metabolic disease, however, several studies have shown that there is an accompanying loss of tissue from the fat-free compartment, especially skeletal muscle. Population groups including post-menopausal women, the elderly, those with metabolic disease and athletes may be particularly at risk of skeletal muscle loss when following a weight management programme. Research studies that have addressed this issue across a range of population groups are reviewed with a focus upon the contribution of resistance and endurance forms of exercise and a higher intake dietary protein above the current guideline of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day. While findings can be contradictory, overall, the consensus appears that fat-free and skeletal muscle masses can be preserved, albeit to varying degrees by including both forms of exercise (but especially resistance forms) in the weight management intervention. Equally, higher intakes of protein can protect loss of these body compartments, acting either separately or synergistically with exercise. Elderly individuals in particular may benefit most from this approach. Thus, the evidence supports the recommendations for intakes of protein above the current guidelines of 0.8 g/kg body weight/d for the healthy elderly population to also be incorporated into the dietary prescription for weight management in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McCarthy
- Public Health Nutrition Research Group, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Aloys Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany;
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31
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Paulussen KJM, McKenna CF, Beals JW, Wilund KR, Salvador AF, Burd NA. Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:615849. [PMID: 34026802 PMCID: PMC8131552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.615849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Koh HCE, van Vliet S, Meyer GA, Laforest R, Gropler RJ, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Heterogeneity in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake among different muscle groups in healthy lean people and people with obesity. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1158-1168. [PMID: 33511440 PMCID: PMC8336476 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It has been proposed that muscle fibre type composition and perfusion are key determinants of insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake, and alterations in muscle fibre type composition and perfusion contribute to muscle, and consequently whole-body, insulin resistance in people with obesity. The goal of the study was to evaluate the relationships among muscle fibre type composition, perfusion and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake rates in healthy, lean people and people with obesity. METHODS We measured insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal and glucose uptake and perfusion rates in five major muscle groups (erector spinae, obliques, rectus abdominis, hamstrings, quadriceps) in 15 healthy lean people and 37 people with obesity by using the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp procedure in conjunction with [2H]glucose tracer infusion (to assess whole-body glucose disposal) and positron emission tomography after injections of [15O]H2O (to assess muscle perfusion) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (to assess muscle glucose uptake). A biopsy from the vastus lateralis was obtained to assess fibre type composition. RESULTS We found: (1) a twofold difference in glucose uptake rates among muscles in both the lean and obese groups (rectus abdominis: 67 [51, 78] and 32 [21, 55] μmol kg-1 min-1 in the lean and obese groups, respectively; erector spinae: 134 [103, 160] and 66 [24, 129] μmol kg-1 min-1, respectively; median [IQR]) that was unrelated to perfusion or fibre type composition (assessed in the vastus only); (2) the impairment in insulin action in the obese compared with the lean group was not different among muscle groups; and (3) insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal expressed per kg fat-free mass was linearly related with muscle glucose uptake rate (r2 = 0.65, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Obesity-associated insulin resistance is generalised across all major muscles, and is not caused by alterations in muscle fibre type composition or perfusion. In addition, insulin-stimulated whole-body glucose disposal relative to fat-free mass provides a reliable index of muscle glucose uptake rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chow E Koh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gretchen A Meyer
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Richard Laforest
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Bittel DC, Bittel AJ, Varadhachary AS, Pietka T, Sinacore DR. Deficits in the Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome and Mitochondrial Coupling in Progressive Diabetes-Induced CKD Relate to Functional Decline. Diabetes 2021; 70:1130-1144. [PMID: 33526590 PMCID: PMC8173802 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two-thirds of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have or will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is characterized by rapid renal decline that, together with superimposed T2DM-related metabolic sequelae, synergistically promotes early frailty and mobility deficits that increase the risk of mortality. Distinguishing the mechanisms linking renal decline to mobility deficits in CKD progression and/or increasing severity in T2DM is instrumental both in identifying those at high risk for functional decline and in formulating effective treatment strategies to prevent renal failure. While evidence suggests that skeletal muscle energetics may relate to the development of these comorbidities in advanced CKD, this has never been assessed across the spectrum of CKD progression, especially in T2DM-induced CKD. Here, using next-generation sequencing, we first report significant downregulation in transcriptional networks governing oxidative phosphorylation, coupled electron transport, electron transport chain (ETC) complex assembly, and mitochondrial organization in both middle- and late-stage CKD in T2DM. Furthermore, muscle mitochondrial coupling is impaired as early as stage 3 CKD, with additional deficits in ETC respiration, enzymatic activity, and increased redox leak. Moreover, mitochondrial ETC function and coupling strongly relate to muscle performance and physical function. Our results indicate that T2DM-induced CKD progression impairs physical function, with implications for altered metabolic transcriptional networks and mitochondrial functional deficits as primary mechanistic factors early in CKD progression in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Bittel
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adam J Bittel
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Arun S Varadhachary
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Terri Pietka
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David R Sinacore
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Physical Therapy, Congdon School of Health Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC
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Ooi DSQ, Ling JQR, Sadananthan SA, Velan SS, Ong FY, Khoo CM, Tai ES, Henry CJ, Leow MKS, Khoo EYH, Tan CS, Lee YS, Chong MFF. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Preserve Lean Mass or Affect Metabolic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity in a Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Intervention. J Nutr 2021; 151:911-920. [PMID: 33537760 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation has been shown to increase muscle mass or prevent muscle loss during weight loss. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of a BCAA-supplemented hypocaloric diet on lean mass preservation and insulin sensitivity. METHODS A total of 132 Chinese adults (63 men and 69 women aged 21-45 y, BMI 25-36 kg/m2) were block randomly assigned by gender and BMI into 3 hypocaloric diet (deficit of 500 kcal/d) groups: standard-protein (14%) with placebo (control, CT) or BCAA supplements at 0.1 g · kg-1 body weight · d-1 (BCAA) or high-protein (27%) with placebo (HP). The subjects underwent 16 wk of dietary intervention with provision of meals and supplements, followed by 8 wk of weight maintenance with provision of supplements only. One-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to analyze the primary (lean mass and insulin sensitivity) and secondary outcomes (anthropometric and metabolic parameters) among the 3 groups. Paired t-test was used to analyze the change in each group. RESULTS The 3 groups demonstrated similar significant reductions in body weight (7.97%), fat mass (13.8%), and waist circumference (7.27%) after 16 wk of energy deficit. Lean mass loss in BCAA (4.39%) tended to be lower than in CT (5.39%) and higher compared with HP (3.67%) (P = 0.06). Calf muscle volume increased 3.4% in BCAA and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) decreased in BCAA (17%) and HP (18%) (P < 0.05) over 16 wk. During the 8 wk weight maintenance period, lean mass gain in BCAA (1.03%) tended to be lower compared with CT (1.58%) and higher than in HP (-0.002%) (P = 0.04). Lean mass gain differed significantly between CT and HP (P = 0.03). Insulin sensitivity and metabolic profiles did not differ among the groups throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS BCAA supplementation does not preserve lean mass or affect insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults during weight loss. A higher protein diet may be more advantageous for lean mass preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delicia S Q Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jennifer Q R Ling
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fang Yi Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Melvin K S Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eric Y H Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuen Seng Tan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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de Melo CM, Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Del Re MP, Ribeiro SML, Moreira Antunes HK, Togeiro SM, Tufik S, de Mello MT. One-month of a low-energy diet, with no additional effect of high-protein, reduces Obstructive Sleep Apnea severity and improve metabolic parameters in obese males. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42:82-89. [PMID: 33745625 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is closely associated with obesity. Weight loss ameliorates OSA and its associated metabolic disorders. A high protein intake may improve weight loss through increased energy expenditure, and fat-free mass maintenance during weight loss. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of a low-energy, high-protein diet on OSA severity and metabolic parameters in obese men. METHODS Forty-five OSA obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) males were included in this randomized study and submitted to nocturnal polysomnography, body composition measured by plethysmography, biochemical analyses of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, and food intake evaluations before and after one month of a low-energy diet. Diets were designed to create a 30% deficit in total energy expenditure with 1.6 g of protein/kg/day (High Protein group - HP) or 0.8 g of protein/kg/day (Low Protein group - LP). RESULTS Only a time effect of the intervention was observed in body mass (-3.7 ± 2.0% for the LP group and -4.0 ± 1.5% for the HP group; p < 0.001), Body Mass Index (p < 0.001), fat mass in kg (p < 0.01) and fat-free mass in kg (p < 0.01). Significant improvements in Apnea Hypopnea Index were observed in both groups (54.0 ± 25.0 to 33.7 ± 31.7 in LP group; 39.7 ± 24.3 to 21.4 ± 25.9 in HP group; p = 0.06). Improvements of 38% and 46% in the Apnea-Hypopnea Index were observed in the LP and HP groups, respectively. Both interventions provided equivalent metabolic benefits as reductions in glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), HOMA-IR (p = 0.005), triglycerides (p = 0.002), and in total cholesterol (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION One month of a low-energy diet resulted in significant improvements in OSA severity in obese men. Increased protein intake during a short period of low-energy diet had no further beneficial effects on OSA severity or biochemical parameters than a standard protein diet. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT01985035.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria de Melo
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinicius Lúcio Dos Santos Quaresma
- Department of Biocsciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; School of Public Health and School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro
- School of Public Health and School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sonia M Togeiro
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo; Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Terapia Ocupacional, Departamento de Esportes, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Zhang X, Xu D, Chen M, Wang Y, He L, Wang L, Wu J, Yin J. Impacts of Selected Dietary Nutrient Intakes on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity and Applications to Early Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1305-1316. [PMID: 33418570 PMCID: PMC8321846 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest tissue in the body, skeletal muscle not only plays key roles in movement and glucose uptake and utilization but also mediates insulin sensitivity in the body by myokines. Insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle is a major feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D). A weakened response to insulin could lead to muscle mass loss and dysfunction. Increasing evidence in skeletal muscle cells, rodents, nonhuman primates, and humans has shown that restriction of caloric or protein intake positively mediates insulin sensitivity. Restriction of essential or nonessential amino acids was reported to facilitate glucose utilization and regulate protein turnover in skeletal muscle under certain conditions. Furthermore, some minerals, such as zinc, chromium, vitamins, and some natural phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, berberine, astragalus polysaccharide, emodin, and genistein, have been shown recently to protect skeletal muscle cells, mice, or humans with or without diabetes from insulin resistance. In this review, we discuss the roles of nutritional interventions in the regulation of skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. A comprehensive understanding of the nutritional regulation of insulin signaling would contribute to the development of tools and treatment programs for improving skeletal muscle health and for preventing T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Doudou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangwei Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
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Kase NG, Gretz Friedman E, Brodman M. The midlife transition and the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer Part II: strategies to maximize quality of life and limit dysfunction and disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020; 223:834-847.e2. [PMID: 32533929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic dysfunction, disabilities, and complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis and certain cancers, among other burdens, emerge and accelerate in midlife women. Previously in part l, we described the clinical and laboratory research findings that more readily explain and clarify the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms driving these clinical burdens, including new findings on how in particular visceral obesity and the emergence and acceleration of various components of metabolic syndrome-glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity-and a chronic systemic inflammatory state abetted by the loss of ovarian production of estradiol and the inevitable inroads of aging generate this spectrum of clinical problems. These research insights translate into opportunities for effective care strategies leading to prevention, amelioration, possible correction, and enhanced quality of life. To achieve these goals, updated detailed diagnostic, management, and therapeutic guidelines implemented by a reprogrammed and repurposed "menopause" office visit are described. A triage mechanism-when to refer to other specialists for further care-is emphasized. The previously polarized views of menopausal hormone therapy have narrowed significantly, leading to the construction of a more confident, unified, and wider clinical application. Accordingly, a menopausal hormone therapy program providing maximum benefit and minimum risk, accompanied by an algorithm for enhanced shared decision making, is included.
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González-Salazar LE, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Palacios-González B, Vigil-Martínez A, Granados-Portillo O, Guizar-Heredia R, Flores-López A, Medina-Vera I, Heredia-G-Cantón PK, Hernández-Gómez KG, Castelán-Licona G, Arteaga-Sánchez L, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Ávila-Nava A, Noriega-López LG, Reyes-García JG, Zerrweck C, Torres N, Tovar AR, Guevara-Cruz M. Effect of the intake of dietary protein on insulin resistance in subjects with obesity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2435-2447. [PMID: 33145643 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the effect of diets with different amounts and sources of dietary protein on insulin sensitivity (IS) in subjects with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). METHODS Eighty subjects with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and IR (Matsuda index < 4.3 and HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5) over 18 years old were randomized to four groups for a one-month period: a normal protein diet (< 20%) with a predominance of animal protein (Animal NP) or vegetable protein (Vegetable NP) and a high-protein diet (25-30%) with a predominance of animal protein (Animal HP) or vegetable protein (Vegetable HP). Baseline and final measurements of body weight, body composition, biochemical parameters, blood pressure (BP), resting energy expenditure and plasma amino acid profiles were performed. RESULTS Body weight, BMI and waist circumference decreased in all groups. Interestingly, the IS improved more in the Animal HP (Matsuda index; 1.39 vs 2.58, P = 0.003) and in the Vegetable HP groups (Matsuda index; 1.44 vs 3.14, P < 0.0001) after one month. The fat mass, triglyceride levels, C-reactive protein levels and the leptin/adiponectin index decreased; while, the skeletal muscle mass increased in the Animal and Vegetable HP groups. The BP decreased in all groups except the Animal NP group. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that a high-protein hypocaloric diets improves IS by 60-90% after one month in subjects with obesity and IR, regardless of weight loss and the source of protein, either animal or vegetable. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03627104), August 13, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E González-Salazar
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Pichardo-Ontiveros
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Vigil-Martínez
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Guizar-Heredia
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-López
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina-Vera
- Research Methodology Department, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pamela K Heredia-G-Cantón
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla G Hernández-Gómez
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Liliana Arteaga-Sánchez
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aurora E Serralde-Zúñiga
- Clinical Nutrition Service, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Azalia Ávila-Nava
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega-López
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan G Reyes-García
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Zerrweck
- Obesity Clinic, Hospital General Tláhuac, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Martha Guevara-Cruz
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-protein intake is commonly recommended to help people manage body weight. However, high-protein intake could have adverse health consequences. Here we review the latest findings concerning the effect of high-protein intake on cardiometabolic health. RECENT FINDINGS Calorie-reduced, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets lower plasma glucose in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, when carbohydrate intake is not markedly reduced, high-protein intake often does not alter plasma glucose and increases insulin and glucagon concentrations, which are risk factors for T2D and ischemic heart disease. High-protein intake does not alter plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations but promotes atherogenesis in animal models. The effect of high-protein intake on liver fat remains unclear. In population studies, high-protein intake is associated with increased risk for T2D, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and possibly cardiovascular diseases. SUMMARY The relationship between protein intake and cardiometabolic health is complex and influenced by concomitant changes in body weight and overall diet composition. Although a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, reduced-energy diet can have beneficial effects on body weight and plasma glucose, habitual high-protein intake, without marked carbohydrate and energy restriction, is associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk, presumably mediated by the changes in the hormonal milieu after high-protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Fappi
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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van Vliet S, Koh HCE, Patterson BW, Yoshino M, LaForest R, Gropler RJ, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Obesity Is Associated With Increased Basal and Postprandial β-Cell Insulin Secretion Even in the Absence of Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2020; 69:2112-2119. [PMID: 32651241 PMCID: PMC7506835 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that obesity, independent of insulin resistance, is associated with increased insulin secretion. We compared insulin kinetics before and after glucose ingestion in lean healthy people and people with obesity who were matched on multiorgan insulin sensitivity (inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis and glucose production and stimulation of muscle glucose uptake) as assessed by using a two-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic pancreatic clamp procedure in conjunction with glucose and palmitate tracer infusions and positron emission tomography. We also evaluated the effect of diet-induced weight loss on insulin secretion in people with obesity who did not improve insulin sensitivity despite marked (∼20%) weight loss. Basal and postprandial insulin secretion rates were >50% greater in people with obesity than lean people even though insulin sensitivity was not different between groups. Weight loss in people with obesity decreased insulin secretion by 35% even though insulin sensitivity did not change. These results demonstrate that increased insulin secretion in people with obesity is associated with excess adiposity itself and is not simply a compensatory response to insulin resistance. These findings have important implications regarding the pathogenesis of diabetes because hyperinsulinemia causes insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion is an independent risk factor for developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Han-Chow E Koh
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mihoko Yoshino
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Richard LaForest
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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41
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Ancu O, Mickute M, Guess ND, Hurren NM, Burd NA, Mackenzie RW. Does high dietary protein intake contribute to the increased risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes? Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:1-9. [PMID: 32755490 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder implicated in the development of many chronic diseases. While it is generally accepted that body mass loss should be the primary approach for the management of insulin resistance-related disorders in overweight and obese individuals, there is no consensus among researchers regarding optimal protein intake during dietary restriction. Recently, it has been suggested that increased plasma branched-chain amino acids concentrations are associated with the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The exact mechanism by which excessive amino acid availability may contribute to insulin resistance has not been fully investigated. However, it has been hypothesised that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 hyperactivation in the presence of amino acid overload contributes to reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake because of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) degradation and reduced Akt-AS160 activity. In addition, the long-term effects of high-protein diets on insulin sensitivity during both weight-stable and weight-loss conditions require more research. This review focusses on the effects of high-protein diets on insulin sensitivity and discusses the potential mechanisms by which dietary amino acids can affect insulin signalling. Novelty: Excess amino acids may over-activate mTOR, resulting in desensitisation of IRS-1 and reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Ancu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK
| | - Monika Mickute
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester and the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, LE17RH, UK
| | - Nicola D Guess
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R2LS, UK
| | - Nicholas M Hurren
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4DJ, UK
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
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42
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Lynch GM, Murphy CH, Castro EDM, Roche HM. Inflammation and metabolism: the role of adiposity in sarcopenic obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-13. [PMID: 32669148 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is characterised by the double burden of diminished skeletal muscle mass and the presence of excess adiposity. From a mechanistic perspective, both obesity and sarcopenia are associated with sub-acute, chronic pro-inflammatory states that impede metabolic processes, disrupting adipose and skeletal functionality, which may potentiate disease. Recent evidence suggests that there is an important cross-talk between metabolism and inflammation, which has shifted focus upon metabolic-inflammation as a key emerging biological interaction. Dietary intake, physical activity and nutritional status are important environmental factors that may modulate metabolic-inflammation. This paradigm will be discussed within the context of sarcopenic obesity risk. There is a paucity of data in relation to the nature and the extent to which nutritional status affects metabolic-inflammation in sarcopenic obesity. Research suggests that there may be scope for the modulation of sarcopenic obesity with alterations in diet. The potential impact of increasing protein consumption and reconfiguration of dietary fat composition in human dietary interventions are evaluated. This review will explore emerging data with respect to if and how different dietary components may modulate metabolic-inflammation, particularly with respect to adiposity, within the context of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lynch
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C H Murphy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E de Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, UCD Institute of Food and Health, Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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43
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Kazemi A, Speakman JR, Soltani S, Djafarian K. Effect of calorie restriction or protein intake on circulating levels of insulin like growth factor I in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1705-1716. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Allman BR, Williams DK, Børsheim E, Andres A. Dietary Protein Intake during Pregnancy Is Not Associated with Offspring Insulin Sensitivity during the First Two Years of Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051338. [PMID: 32397092 PMCID: PMC7284765 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature describing a relationship between dietary protein intake during pregnancy and offspring insulin resistance are equivocal perhaps because of the lapse between maternal and offspring measurements (~9–40 years). Thus, we evaluated protein intake in healthy women [n = 182, mean ± SD; body mass index (BMI): 26.2 ± 4.2 kg/m2] in early pregnancy (8.4 ± 1.6 weeks, EP), late pregnancy (30.1 ± 0.4 weeks, LP), and averaged throughout pregnancy, and determined the relationship between protein intake and offspring homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) at 12 (12mo) and 24 (24mo) months. EP protein (g·kg−1·day−1) did not associate with HOMA2-IR at 12mo (β = 0.153, p = 0.429) or 24mo (β = −0.349, p = 0.098). LP protein did not associate with HOMA2-IR at 12mo (β = 0.023, p = 0.916) or 24mo (β = −0.442, p = 0.085). Finally, average protein did not associate with HOMA2-IR at 12mo (β = 0.711, p = 0.05) or 24mo (β = −0.445, p = 0.294). Results remained unchanged after adjusting for plant protein intake quartiles during pregnancy, maternal BMI, and offspring sex and body fat percentage. Additionally, these relationships did not change after quartile analysis of average protein intake, even after considering offspring fasting time and HOMA2-IR outliers, and maternal under-reporters of energy intake. Protein intake during pregnancy is not associated with indirect measurements of insulin sensitivity in offspring during the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R. Allman
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (B.R.A.); (D.K.W.)
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - D. Keith Williams
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (B.R.A.); (D.K.W.)
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (B.R.A.); (D.K.W.)
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.A.); Tel.: +1-501-364-3053 (E.B.); +1-501-364-3301 (A.A.)
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (B.R.A.); (D.K.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (A.A.); Tel.: +1-501-364-3053 (E.B.); +1-501-364-3301 (A.A.)
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Chakravarthy MV, Waddell T, Banerjee R, Guess N. Nutrition and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Current Perspectives. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2020; 49:63-94. [PMID: 32033765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are diseases in their own right as well as modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. With expanding knowledge on NAFLD pathogenesis, insights have been gleaned into molecular targets for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. Lifestyle modifications constitute a cornerstone of NAFLD management. This article reviews roles of key dietary macronutrients and micronutrients in NAFLD pathogenesis and their effects on molecular targets shared with established or emerging pharmacotherapies. Based on current evidence, a recommendation for a dietary framework as part of the comprehensive management strategy for NAFLD is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Waddell
- Perspectum Diagnostics, 23-38 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2ET, UK
| | - Rajarshi Banerjee
- Perspectum Diagnostics, 23-38 Hythe Bridge Street, Oxford OX1 2ET, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicola Guess
- King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; University of Westminster, 101 New Cavendish St, Fitzrovia, London W1W 6XH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Dietary protein is crucial for human health because it provides essential amino acids for protein synthesis. In addition, dietary protein is more satiating than carbohydrate and fat. Accordingly, many people consider the protein content when purchasing food and beverages and report 'trying to eat more protein'. The global market for protein ingredients is projected to reach approximately US$90 billion by 2021, largely driven by the growing demand for protein-fortified food products. This Perspective serves as a caution against the trend of protein-enriched diets and provides an evidence-based counterpoint that underscores the potential adverse public health consequences of high protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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47
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Dietary habits contribute to define the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 34:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Obesity Status Affects the Relationship Between Protein Intake and Insulin Sensitivity in Late Pregnancy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092190. [PMID: 31514469 PMCID: PMC6769608 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between amount and type of dietary protein intake and insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy, in normal weight and overweight women (29.8 ± 0.2 weeks gestation, n = 173). A 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered following an overnight fast to estimate the metabolic clearance rate of glucose (MCR, mg·kg−1·min−1) using four different equations accounting for the availability of blood samples. Total (TP), animal (AP), and plant (PP) protein intakes were assessed using a 3-day food record. Two linear models with MCR as the response variable were fitted to the data to estimate the relationship of protein intake to insulin sensitivity either unadjusted or adjusted for early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) because of the potential of BMI to influence this relationship. There was a positive association between TP (β = 1.37, p = 0.002) and PP (β = 4.44, p < 0.001) intake in the last trimester of pregnancy and insulin sensitivity that weakened when accounting for early pregnancy BMI. However, there was no relationship between AP intake and insulin sensitivity (β = 0.95, p = 0.08). Therefore, early pregnancy BMI may be a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than dietary protein intake in late pregnancy.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular ageing and the atherosclerotic process begin very early in life, most likely in utero. They progress over decades of exposure to suboptimal or abnormal metabolic and hormonal risk factors, eventually culminating in very common, costly, and mostly preventable target-organ pathologies, including coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease, and vascular dementia. In this Review, we discuss findings from preclinical and clinical studies showing that calorie restriction (CR), intermittent fasting, and adjusted diurnal rhythm of feeding, with adequate intake of specific macronutrients and micronutrients, are powerful interventions not only for the prevention of cardiovascular disease but also for slowing the accumulation of molecular damage leading to cardiometabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms through which a number of other nondietary interventions, such as regular physical activity, mindfulness-based stress-reduction exercises, and some CR-mimetic drugs that target pro-ageing pathways, can potentiate the beneficial effects of a healthy diet in promoting cardiometabolic health.
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Effect of diet composition on insulin sensitivity in humans. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 33:29-38. [PMID: 31451269 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diet composition has a marked impact on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Prospective studies show that dietary patterns with elevated amount of animal products and low quantity of vegetable food items raise the risk of these diseases. In healthy subjects, animal protein intake intensifies insulin resistance whereas plant-based foods enhance insulin sensitivity. Similar effects have been documented in patients with diabetes. Accordingly, pre-pregnancy intake of meat (processed and unprocessed) has been strongly associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes whereas greater pre-pregnancy vegetable protein consumption is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes. Population groups that modify their traditional dietary habit increasing the amount of animal products while reducing plant-based foods experience a remarkable rise in the frequency of type 2 diabetes. The association of animal protein intake with insulin resistance is independent of body mass index. In obese individuals that consume high animal protein diets, insulin sensitivity does not improve following weight loss. Diets aimed to lose weight that encourage restriction of carbohydrates and elevated consumption of animal protein intensify insulin resistance increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The effect of dietary components on insulin sensitivity may contribute to explain the striking impact of eating habits on the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance predisposes to type 2 diabetes in healthy subjects and deteriorates metabolic control in patients with diabetes. In nondiabetic and diabetic individuals, insulin resistance is a major cardiovascular risk factor.
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