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Maurer JJ, Lin A, Jin X, Hong J, Sathi N, Cardis R, Osorio-Forero A, Lüthi A, Weber F, Chung S. Homeostatic regulation of rapid eye movement sleep by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. eLife 2024; 12:RP92095. [PMID: 38884573 PMCID: PMC11182646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMs) is characterized by activated electroencephalogram (EEG) and muscle atonia, accompanied by vivid dreams. REMs is homeostatically regulated, ensuring that any loss of REMs is compensated by a subsequent increase in its amount. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the homeostatic control of REMs are largely unknown. Here, we show that GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus projecting to the tuberomammillary nucleus (POAGAD2→TMN neurons) are crucial for the homeostatic regulation of REMs in mice. POAGAD2→TMN neurons are most active during REMs, and inhibiting them specifically decreases REMs. REMs restriction leads to an increased number and amplitude of calcium transients in POAGAD2→TMN neurons, reflecting the accumulation of REMs pressure. Inhibiting POAGAD2→TMN neurons during REMs restriction blocked the subsequent rebound of REMs. Our findings reveal a hypothalamic circuit whose activity mirrors the buildup of homeostatic REMs pressure during restriction and that is required for the ensuing rebound in REMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Alexandra Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jiso Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Nicholas Sathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Romain Cardis
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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2
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Smith SK, Kafashan M, Rios RL, Brown EN, Landsness EC, Guay CS, Palanca BJA. Daytime dexmedetomidine sedation with closed-loop acoustic stimulation alters slow wave sleep homeostasis in healthy adults. BJA OPEN 2024; 10:100276. [PMID: 38571816 PMCID: PMC10990715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjao.2024.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Background The alpha-2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine induces EEG patterns resembling those of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Fulfilment of slow wave sleep (SWS) homeostatic needs would address the assumption that dexmedetomidine induces functional biomimetic sleep states. Methods In-home sleep EEG recordings were obtained from 13 healthy participants before and after dexmedetomidine sedation. Dexmedetomidine target-controlled infusions and closed-loop acoustic stimulation were implemented to induce and enhance EEG slow waves, respectively. EEG recordings during sedation and sleep were staged using modified American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria. Slow wave activity (EEG power from 0.5 to 4 Hz) was computed for NREM stage 2 (N2) and NREM stage 3 (N3/SWS) epochs, with the aggregate partitioned into quintiles by time. The first slow wave activity quintile served as a surrogate for slow wave pressure, and the difference between the first and fifth quintiles as a measure of slow wave pressure dissipation. Results Compared with pre-sedation sleep, post-sedation sleep showed reduced N3 duration (mean difference of -17.1 min, 95% confidence interval -30.0 to -8.2, P=0.015). Dissipation of slow wave pressure was reduced (P=0.02). Changes in combined durations of N2 and N3 between pre- and post-sedation sleep correlated with total dexmedetomidine dose, (r=-0.61, P=0.03). Conclusions Daytime dexmedetomidine sedation and closed-loop acoustic stimulation targeting EEG slow waves reduced N3/SWS duration and measures of slow wave pressure dissipation on the post-sedation night in healthy young adults. Thus, the paired intervention induces sleep-like states that fulfil certain homeostatic NREM sleep needs in healthy young adults. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04206059.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kendall Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - MohammadMehdi Kafashan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel L. Rios
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emery N. Brown
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric C. Landsness
- Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christian S. Guay
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben Julian A. Palanca
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center on Biological Rhythms and Sleep, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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Rogers JF, Vandendoren M, Prather JF, Landen JG, Bedford NL, Nelson AC. Neural cell-types and circuits linking thermoregulation and social behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105667. [PMID: 38599356 PMCID: PMC11163828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how social and affective behavioral states are controlled by neural circuits is a fundamental challenge in neurobiology. Despite increasing understanding of central circuits governing prosocial and agonistic interactions, how bodily autonomic processes regulate these behaviors is less resolved. Thermoregulation is vital for maintaining homeostasis, but also associated with cognitive, physical, affective, and behavioral states. Here, we posit that adjusting body temperature may be integral to the appropriate expression of social behavior and argue that understanding neural links between behavior and thermoregulation is timely. First, changes in behavioral states-including social interaction-often accompany changes in body temperature. Second, recent work has uncovered neural populations controlling both thermoregulatory and social behavioral pathways. We identify additional neural populations that, in separate studies, control social behavior and thermoregulation, and highlight their relevance to human and animal studies. Third, dysregulation of body temperature is linked to human neuropsychiatric disorders. Although body temperature is a "hidden state" in many neurobiological studies, it likely plays an underappreciated role in regulating social and affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Rogers
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Morgane Vandendoren
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Jonathan F Prather
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Jason G Landen
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA
| | - Nicole L Bedford
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Adam C Nelson
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA; University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, USA.
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Guo X, Keenan BT, Reiner BC, Lian J, Pack AI. Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies one galanin neuronal subtype in mouse preoptic hypothalamus activated during recovery from sleep deprivation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114192. [PMID: 38703367 PMCID: PMC11197849 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) is essential for sleep regulation. However, the cellular makeup of the POA is heterogeneous, and the molecular identities of the sleep-promoting cells remain elusive. To address this question, this study compares mice during recovery sleep following sleep deprivation to mice allowed extended sleep. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (single-nucleus RNA-seq) identifies one galanin inhibitory neuronal subtype that shows upregulation of rapid and delayed activity-regulated genes during recovery sleep. This cell type expresses higher levels of growth hormone receptor and lower levels of estrogen receptor compared to other galanin subtypes. single-nucleus RNA-seq also reveals cell-type-specific upregulation of purinergic receptor (P2ry14) and serotonin receptor (Htr2a) during recovery sleep in this neuronal subtype, suggesting possible mechanisms for sleep regulation. Studies with RNAscope validate the single-nucleus RNA-seq findings. Thus, the combined use of single-nucleus RNA-seq and activity-regulated genes identifies a neuronal subtype functionally involved in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Guo
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Maurer J, Lin A, Jin X, Hong J, Sathi N, Cardis R, Osorio-Forero A, Lüthi A, Weber F, Chung S. Homeostatic regulation of REM sleep by the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.22.554341. [PMID: 37662417 PMCID: PMC10473649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMs) is characterized by activated electroencephalogram (EEG) and muscle atonia, accompanied by vivid dreams. REMs is homeostatically regulated, ensuring that any loss of REMs is compensated by a subsequent increase in its amount. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the homeostatic control of REMs are largely unknown. Here, we show that GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus projecting to the tuberomammillary nucleus (POAGAD2→TMN neurons) are crucial for the homeostatic regulation of REMs. POAGAD2→TMN neurons are most active during REMs, and inhibiting them specifically decreases REMs. REMs restriction leads to an increased number and amplitude of calcium transients in POAGAD2→TMN neurons, reflecting the accumulation of REMs pressure. Inhibiting POAGAD2→TMN neurons during REMs restriction blocked the subsequent rebound of REMs. Our findings reveal a hypothalamic circuit whose activity mirrors the buildup of homeostatic REMs pressure during restriction and that is required for the ensuing rebound in REMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alex Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiso Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Sathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Romain Cardis
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Osorio-Forero
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Wasilczuk AZ, Rinehart C, Aggarwal A, Stone ME, Mashour GA, Avidan MS, Kelz MB, Proekt A. Hormonal basis of sex differences in anesthetic sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312913120. [PMID: 38190526 PMCID: PMC10801881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312913120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia-a pharmacologically induced reversible state of unconsciousness-enables millions of life-saving procedures. Anesthetics induce unconsciousness in part by impinging upon sexually dimorphic and hormonally sensitive hypothalamic circuits regulating sleep and wakefulness. Thus, we hypothesized that anesthetic sensitivity should be sex-dependent and modulated by sex hormones. Using distinct behavioral measures, we show that at identical brain anesthetic concentrations, female mice are more resistant to volatile anesthetics than males. Anesthetic sensitivity is bidirectionally modulated by testosterone. Castration increases anesthetic resistance. Conversely, testosterone administration acutely increases anesthetic sensitivity. Conversion of testosterone to estradiol by aromatase is partially responsible for this effect. In contrast, oophorectomy has no effect. To identify the neuronal circuits underlying sex differences, we performed whole brain c-Fos activity mapping under anesthesia in male and female mice. Consistent with a key role of the hypothalamus, we found fewer active neurons in the ventral hypothalamic sleep-promoting regions in females than in males. In humans, we demonstrate that females regain consciousness and recover cognition faster than males after identical anesthetic exposures. Remarkably, while behavioral and neurocognitive measures in mice and humans point to increased anesthetic resistance in females, cortical activity fails to show sex differences under anesthesia in either species. Cumulatively, we demonstrate that sex differences in anesthetic sensitivity are evolutionarily conserved and not reflected in conventional electroencephalographic-based measures of anesthetic depth. This covert resistance to anesthesia may explain the higher incidence of unintended awareness under general anesthesia in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Z. Wasilczuk
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Cole Rinehart
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Adeeti Aggarwal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Martha E. Stone
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - George A. Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105
| | - Michael S. Avidan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Max B. Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Alex Proekt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Neuroscience of Unconsciousness and Reanimation Research Alliance, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - ReCCognition Study Group
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI48105
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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7
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Smith J, Honig-Frand A, Antila H, Choi A, Kim H, Beier KT, Weber F, Chung S. Regulation of stress-induced sleep fragmentation by preoptic glutamatergic neurons. Curr Biol 2024; 34:12-23.e5. [PMID: 38096820 PMCID: PMC10872481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are detrimental to our behavioral and emotional well-being. Stressful events disrupt sleep, in particular by inducing brief awakenings (microarousals, MAs), resulting in sleep fragmentation. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) is crucial for sleep control. However, how POA neurons contribute to the regulation of MAs and thereby impact sleep quality is unknown. Using fiber photometry in mice, we examine the activity of genetically defined POA subpopulations during sleep. We find that POA glutamatergic neurons are rhythmically activated in synchrony with an infraslow rhythm in the spindle band of the electroencephalogram during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMs) and are transiently activated during MAs. Optogenetic stimulation of these neurons promotes MAs and wakefulness. Exposure to acute social defeat stress fragments NREMs and significantly increases the number of transients in the calcium activity of POA glutamatergic neurons during NREMs. By reducing MAs, optogenetic inhibition during spontaneous sleep and after stress consolidates NREMs. Monosynaptically restricted rabies tracing reveals that POA glutamatergic neurons are innervated by brain regions regulating stress and sleep. In particular, presynaptic glutamatergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus become activated after stress, and stimulating their projections to the POA promotes MAs and wakefulness. Our findings uncover a novel circuit mechanism by which POA excitatory neurons regulate sleep quality after stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Adam Honig-Frand
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hanna Antila
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ashley Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Franz Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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8
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Adamantidis AR, de Lecea L. Sleep and the hypothalamus. Science 2023; 382:405-412. [PMID: 37883555 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Neural substrates of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and non-REMS (NREMS) in the mammalian hypothalamus overlap both anatomically and functionally with cellular networks that support physiological and behavioral homeostasis. Here, we review the roles of sleep neurons of the hypothalamus in the homeostatic control of thermoregulation or goal-oriented behaviors during wakefulness. We address how hypothalamic circuits involved in opposing behaviors such as core body temperature and sleep compute conflicting information and provide a coherent vigilance state. Finally, we highlight some of the key unresolved questions and challenges, and the promise of a more granular view of the cellular and molecular diversity underlying the integrative role of the hypothalamus in physiological and behavioral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine R Adamantidis
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Zhang XW, Chen L, Chen CF, Cheng J, Zhang PP, Wang LC. Dexmedetomidine modulates neuronal activity of horizontal limbs of diagonal band via α2 adrenergic receptor in mice. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:327. [PMID: 37784079 PMCID: PMC10544551 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is widely used in clinical sedation which has little effect on cardiopulmonary inhibition, however the mechanism remains to be elucidated. The basal forebrain (BF) is a key nucleus that controls sleep-wake cycle. The horizontal limbs of diagonal bundle (HDB) is one subregions of the BF. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the possible mechanism of DEX is through the α2 adrenergic receptor of BF (HDB). METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of DEX on the BF (HDB) by using whole cell patch clamp recordings. The threshold stimulus intensity, the inter-spike-intervals (ISIs) and the frequency of action potential firing in the BF (HDB) neurons were recorded by application of DEX (2 µM) and co-application of a α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (PHEN) (10 µM). RESULTS DEX (2 µM) increased the threshold stimulus intensity, inhibited the frequency of action potential firing and enlarged the inter-spike-interval (ISI) in the BF (HDB) neurons. These effects were reversed by co-application of PHEN (10 µM). CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings revealed DEX decreased the discharge activity of BF (HDB) neuron via α2 adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Departments of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-Feng Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Lie-Cheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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Tossell K, Yu X, Giannos P, Anuncibay Soto B, Nollet M, Yustos R, Miracca G, Vicente M, Miao A, Hsieh B, Ma Y, Vyssotski AL, Constandinou T, Franks NP, Wisden W. Somatostatin neurons in prefrontal cortex initiate sleep-preparatory behavior and sleep via the preoptic and lateral hypothalamus. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1805-1819. [PMID: 37735497 PMCID: PMC10545541 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) enables mammals to respond to situations, including internal states, with appropriate actions. One such internal state could be 'tiredness'. Here, using activity tagging in the mouse PFC, we identified particularly excitable, fast-spiking, somatostatin-expressing, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (PFCSst-GABA) cells that responded to sleep deprivation. These cells projected to the lateral preoptic (LPO) hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Stimulating PFCSst-GABA terminals in the LPO hypothalamus caused sleep-preparatory behavior (nesting, elevated theta power and elevated temperature), and stimulating PFCSst-GABA terminals in the LH mimicked recovery sleep (non-rapid eye-movement sleep with higher delta power and lower body temperature). PFCSst-GABA terminals had enhanced activity during nesting and sleep, inducing inhibitory postsynaptic currents on diverse cells in the LPO hypothalamus and the LH. The PFC also might feature in deciding sleep location in the absence of excessive fatigue. These findings suggest that the PFC instructs the hypothalamus to ensure that optimal sleep takes place in a suitable place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Tossell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Berta Anuncibay Soto
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Nollet
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Raquel Yustos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Miracca
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mikal Vicente
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andawei Miao
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bryan Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich-ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Constandinou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Center for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Care Research and Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Center for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Center for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Oishi Y, Saito YC, Sakurai T. GABAergic modulation of sleep-wake states. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 249:108505. [PMID: 37541595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepine, a classical medication utilized in the treatment of insomnia, operates by augmenting the activity of the GABAA receptor. This underscores the significance of GABAergic neurotransmission in both the initiation and maintenance of sleep. Nevertheless, an increasing body of evidence substantiates the notion that GABA-mediated neurotransmission also assumes a vital role in promoting wakefulness in specific neuronal circuits. Despite the longstanding belief in the pivotal function of GABA in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, there exists a dearth of comprehensive documentation regarding the specific regions within the central nervous system where GABAergic neurons are crucial for these functions. In this review, we delve into the involvement of GABAergic neurons in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, with particular focus on those located in the preoptic area (POA) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Recent research, including our own, has further underscored the importance of GABAergic neurotransmission in these areas for the regulation of sleep-wake cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki C Saito
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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12
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Benoit E, Lyons DG, Rihel J. Noradrenergic tone is not required for neuronal activity-induced rebound sleep in zebrafish. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01504-6. [PMID: 37480493 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Sleep pressure builds during wakefulness, but the mechanisms underlying this homeostatic process are poorly understood. One zebrafish model suggests that sleep pressure increases as a function of global neuronal activity, such as during sleep deprivation or acute exposure to drugs that induce widespread brain activation. Given that the arousal-promoting noradrenergic system is important for maintaining heightened neuronal activity during wakefulness, we hypothesised that genetic and pharmacological reduction of noradrenergic tone during drug-induced neuronal activation would dampen subsequent rebound sleep in zebrafish larvae. During stimulant drug treatment, dampening noradrenergic tone with the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine unexpectedly enhanced subsequent rebound sleep, whereas enhancing noradrenergic signalling with a cocktail of α1- and β-adrenoceptor agonists did not enhance rebound sleep. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated elimination of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (dbh) gene, which encodes an enzyme required for noradrenalin synthesis, enhanced baseline sleep in larvae but did not prevent additional rebound sleep following acute induction of neuronal activity. Across all drug conditions, c-fos expression immediately after drug exposure correlated strongly with the amount of induced rebound sleep, but was inversely related to the strength of noradrenergic modulatory tone. These results are consistent with a model in which increases in neuronal activity, as reflected by brain-wide levels of c-fos induction, drive a sleep pressure signal that promotes rebound sleep independently of noradrenergic tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Benoit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Declan G Lyons
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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13
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Prokofeva K, Saito YC, Niwa Y, Mizuno S, Takahashi S, Hirano A, Sakurai T. Structure and Function of Neuronal Circuits Linking Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus and Lateral Hypothalamic Area. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4075-4092. [PMID: 37117013 PMCID: PMC10255079 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1913-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how sleep-wakefulness cycles are regulated, it is essential to disentangle structural and functional relationships between the preoptic area (POA) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), since these regions play important yet opposing roles in the sleep-wakefulness regulation. GABA- and galanin (GAL)-producing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the POA (VLPOGABA and VLPOGAL neurons) are responsible for the maintenance of sleep, while the LHA contains orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) that are crucial for maintenance of wakefulness. Through the use of rabies virus-mediated neural tracing combined with in situ hybridization (ISH) in male and female orexin-iCre mice, we revealed that the vesicular GABA transporter (Vgat, Slc32a1)- and galanin (Gal)-expressing neurons in the VLPO directly synapse with orexin neurons in the LHA. A majority (56.3 ± 8.1%) of all VLPO input neurons connecting to orexin neurons were double-positive for Vgat and Gal Using projection-specific rabies virus-mediated tracing in male and female Vgat-ires-Cre and Gal-Cre mice, we discovered that VLPOGABA and VLPOGAL neurons that send projections to the LHA received innervations from similarly distributed input neurons in many brain regions, with the POA and LHA being among the main upstream areas. Additionally, we found that acute optogenetic excitation of axons of VLPOGABA neurons, but not VLPOGAL neurons, in the LHA of male Vgat-ires-Cre mice induced wakefulness. This study deciphers the connectivity between the VLPO and LHA, provides a large-scale map of upstream neuronal populations of VLPO→LHA neurons, and reveals a previously uncovered function of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identified neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) that are positive for vesicular GABA transporter (Vgat) and/or galanin (Gal) and serve as presynaptic partners of orexin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). We depicted monosynaptic input neurons of GABA- and galanin-producing neurons in the VLPO that send projections to the LHA throughout the entire brain. Their input neurons largely overlap, suggesting that they comprise a common neuronal population. However, acute excitatory optogenetic manipulation of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway, but not the VLPOGAL→LHA pathway, evoked wakefulness. This study shows the connectivity of major components of the sleep/wake circuitry in the hypothalamus and unveils a previously unrecognized function of the VLPOGABA→LHA pathway in sleep-wakefulness regulation. Furthermore, we suggest the existence of subpopulations of VLPOGABA neurons that innervate LHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniia Prokofeva
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki C Saito
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Niwa
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Arisa Hirano
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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14
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Ma HT, Zhang HC, Zuo ZF, Liu YX. Heterogeneous organization of Locus coeruleus: An intrinsic mechanism for functional complexity. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114231. [PMID: 37172640 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem that contains the majority of central noradrenergic neurons, which provide the primary source of noradrenaline (NA) throughout the entire central nervous system (CNS).The release of neurotransmitter NA is considered to modulate arousal, sensory processing, attention, aversive and adaptive stress responses as well as high-order cognitive function and memory, with the highly ramified axonal arborizations of LC-NA neurons sending wide projections to the targeted brain areas. For over 30 years, LC was thought to be a homogeneous nucleus in structure and function due to the widespread uniform release of NA by LC-NA neurons and simultaneous action in several CNS regions, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and spinal cord. However, recent advances in neuroscience tools have revealed that LC is probably not so homogeneous as we previous thought and exhibits heterogeneity in various aspects. Accumulating studies have shown that the functional complexity of LC may be attributed to its heterogeneity in developmental origin, projection patterns, topography distribution, morphology and molecular organization, electrophysiological properties and sex differences. This review will highlight the heterogeneity of LC and its critical role in modulating diverse behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Hao-Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhong-Fu Zuo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Ying-Xue Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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15
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Cao K, Qiu L, Lu X, Wu W, Hu Y, Cui Z, Jiang C, Luo Y, Shao Y, Xi W, Zeng LH, Xu H, Ma H, Zhang Z, Peng J, Duan S, Gao Z. Microglia modulate general anesthesia through P2Y 12 receptor. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00529-8. [PMID: 37167975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) is an unconscious state produced by anesthetic drugs, which act on neurons to cause overall suppression of neuronal activity in the brain. Recent studies have revealed that GA also substantially enhances the dynamics of microglia, the primary brain immune cells, with increased process motility and territory surveillance. However, whether microglia are actively involved in GA modulation remains unknown. Here, we report a previously unrecognized role for microglia engaging in multiple GA processes. We found that microglial ablation reduced the sensitivity of mice to anesthetics and substantially shortened duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) or unconsciousness induced by multiple anesthetics, thereby promoting earlier emergence from GA. Microglial repopulation restored the regular anesthetic recovery, and chemogenetic activation of microglia prolonged the duration of LORR. In addition, anesthesia-accompanying analgesia and hypothermia were also attenuated after microglial depletion. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses showed that anesthesia prominently affected the transcriptional levels of chemotaxis and migration-related genes in microglia. By pharmacologically targeting different microglial motility pathways, we found that blocking P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) reduced the duration of LORR of mice. Moreover, genetic ablation of P2Y12R in microglia also promoted quicker recovery in mice from anesthesia, verifying the importance of microglial P2Y12R in anesthetic regulation. Our work presents the first evidence that microglia actively participate in multiple processes of GA through P2Y12R-mediated signaling and expands the non-immune roles of microglia in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liyao Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weiying Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhicheng Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujin Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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16
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Zhou Q, Fu X, Xu J, Dong S, Liu C, Cheng D, Gao C, Huang M, Liu Z, Ni X, Hua R, Tu H, Sun H, Shen Q, Chen B, Zhang J, Zhang L, Yang H, Hu J, Yang W, Pei W, Yao Q, Sheng X, Zhang J, Yang WZ, Shen WL. Hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons require TRPC4 channel for detecting internal warmth and regulating body temperature in mice. Neuron 2023; 111:387-404.e8. [PMID: 36476978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of internal temperature is vital for thermal homeostasis in mammals. For decades, warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) within the preoptic area (POA) were thought to sense internal warmth, using this information as feedback to regulate body temperature (Tcore). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which WSNs measure temperature remain largely undefined. Via a pilot genetic screen, we found that silencing the TRPC4 channel in mice substantially attenuated hypothermia induced by light-mediated heating of the POA. Loss-of-function studies of TRPC4 confirmed its role in warm sensing in GABAergic WSNs, causing additional defects in basal temperature setting, warm defense, and fever responses. Furthermore, TRPC4 antagonists and agonists bidirectionally regulated Tcore. Thus, our data indicate that TRPC4 is essential for sensing internal warmth and that TRPC4-expressing GABAergic WSNs function as a novel cellular sensor for preventing Tcore from exceeding set-point temperatures. TRPC4 may represent a potential therapeutic target for managing Tcore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Shiming Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dali Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Cuicui Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minhua Huang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Baoting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Biophysics, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihua Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiyuan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China.
| | - Wen Z Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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17
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Kroeger D, Vetrivelan R. To sleep or not to sleep - Effects on memory in normal aging and disease. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100068. [PMID: 36911260 PMCID: PMC9997183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior undergoes significant changes across the lifespan, and aging is associated with marked alterations in sleep amounts and quality. The primary sleep changes in healthy older adults include a shift in sleep timing, reduced slow-wave sleep, and impaired sleep maintenance. However, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are more common among the elderly, which further worsen their sleep health. Irrespective of the cause, insufficient sleep adversely affects various bodily functions including energy metabolism, mood, and cognition. In this review, we will focus on the cognitive changes associated with inadequate sleep during normal aging and the underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kroeger
- Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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18
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Fan S, Cheng X, Zhang P, Wang Y, Wang L, Cheng J. The α 2 Adrenoceptor Agonist and Sedative/Anaesthetic Dexmedetomidine Excites Diverse Neuronal Types in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Area of Male Mice. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231191016. [PMID: 37499170 PMCID: PMC10388635 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231191016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Dexmedetomidine is an important ICU sedative. The mechanism of dexmedetomidine is not fully understood. Activating NA(-) and NA(+) neurons in the VLPO by dexmedetomidine using polysomnography and electrophysiological recording, this may explain the unique sedative properties with rapid arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinqi Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liecheng Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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19
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Luo M, Fei X, Liu X, Jin Z, Wang Y, Xu M. Divergent Neural Activity in the VLPO During Anesthesia and Sleep. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203395. [PMID: 36461756 PMCID: PMC9839870 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The invention of general anesthesia (GA) represents a significant advance in modern clinical practices. However, the exact mechanisms of GA are not entirely understood. Because of the multitude of similarities between GA and sleep, one intriguing hypothesis is that anesthesia may engage the sleep-wake regulation circuits. Here, using fiber photometry and micro-endoscopic imaging of Ca2+ signals at both population and single-cell levels, it investigates how various anesthetics modulate the neural activity in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (vLPO), a brain region essential for the initiation of sleep. It is found that different anesthetics primarily induced suppression of neural activity and tended to recruit a similar group of vLPO neurons; however, each anesthetic caused comparable modulations of both wake-active and sleep-active neurons. These results demonstrate that anesthesia creates a different state of neural activity in the vLPO than during natural sleep, suggesting that anesthesia may not engage the same vLPO circuits for sleep generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Luo
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Xiang Fei
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Zikang Jin
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200040China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCenter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence TechnologyShanghai201210China
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20
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Nakamura Y, Yahiro T, Fukushima A, Kataoka N, Hioki H, Nakamura K. Prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing preoptic neurons bidirectionally control body temperature via tonic GABAergic signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd5463. [PMID: 36563142 PMCID: PMC9788766 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add5463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional controller of the thermoregulatory center in the preoptic area (POA) is unknown. Using rats, here, we identify prostaglandin EP3 receptor-expressing POA neurons (POAEP3R neurons) as a pivotal bidirectional controller in the central thermoregulatory mechanism. POAEP3R neurons are activated in response to elevated ambient temperature but inhibited by prostaglandin E2, a pyrogenic mediator. Chemogenetic stimulation of POAEP3R neurons at room temperature reduces body temperature by enhancing heat dissipation, whereas inhibition of them elicits hyperthermia involving brown fat thermogenesis, mimicking fever. POAEP3R neurons innervate sympathoexcitatory neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) via tonic (ceaseless) inhibitory signaling. Although many POAEP3R neuronal cell bodies express a glutamatergic messenger RNA marker, their axons in the DMH predominantly release γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and their GABAergic terminals are increased by chronic heat exposure. These findings demonstrate that tonic GABAergic inhibitory signaling from POAEP3R neurons is a fundamental determinant of body temperature for thermal homeostasis and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takaki Yahiro
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukushima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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21
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Kinase signalling in excitatory neurons regulates sleep quantity and depth. Nature 2022; 612:512-518. [PMID: 36477539 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made in the elucidation of sleep and wakefulness regulation at the neurocircuit level1,2. However, the intracellular signalling pathways that regulate sleep and the neuron groups in which these intracellular mechanisms work remain largely unknown. Here, using a forward genetics approach in mice, we identify histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) as a sleep-regulating molecule. Haploinsufficiency of Hdac4, a substrate of salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3)3, increased sleep. By contrast, mice that lacked SIK3 or its upstream kinase LKB1 in neurons or with a Hdac4S245A mutation that confers resistance to phosphorylation by SIK3 showed decreased sleep. These findings indicate that LKB1-SIK3-HDAC4 constitute a signalling cascade that regulates sleep and wakefulness. We also performed targeted manipulation of SIK3 and HDAC4 in specific neurons and brain regions. This showed that SIK3 signalling in excitatory neurons located in the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus positively regulates EEG delta power during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and NREMS amount, respectively. A subset of transcripts biased towards synaptic functions was commonly regulated in cortical glutamatergic neurons through the expression of a gain-of-function allele of Sik3 and through sleep deprivation. These findings suggest that NREMS quantity and depth are regulated by distinct groups of excitatory neurons through common intracellular signals. This study provides a basis for linking intracellular events and circuit-level mechanisms that control NREMS.
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22
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Manjila SB, Betty R, Kim Y. Missing pieces in decoding the brain oxytocin puzzle: Functional insights from mouse brain wiring diagrams. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1044736. [PMID: 36389241 PMCID: PMC9643707 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1044736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic neuropeptide, oxytocin (Oxt), has been the focus of research for decades due to its effects on body physiology, neural circuits, and various behaviors. Oxt elicits a multitude of actions mainly through its receptor, the Oxt receptor (OxtR). Despite past research to understand the central projections of Oxt neurons and OxtR- coupled signaling pathways in different brain areas, it remains unclear how this nonapeptide exhibits such pleiotropic effects while integrating external and internal information. Most reviews in the field either focus on neuroanatomy of the Oxt-OxtR system, or on the functional effects of Oxt in specific brain areas. Here, we provide a review by integrating brain wide connectivity of Oxt neurons and their downstream circuits with OxtR expression in mice. We categorize Oxt connected brain regions into three functional modules that regulate the internal state, somatic visceral, and cognitive response. Each module contains three neural circuits that process distinct behavioral effects. Broad innervations on functional circuits (e.g., basal ganglia for motor behavior) enable Oxt signaling to exert coordinated modulation in functionally inter-connected circuits. Moreover, Oxt acts as a neuromodulator of neuromodulations to broadly control the overall state of the brain. Lastly, we discuss the mismatch between Oxt projections and OxtR expression across various regions of the mouse brain. In summary, this review brings forth functional circuit-based analysis of Oxt connectivity across the whole brain in light of Oxt release and OxtR expression and provides a perspective guide to future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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23
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Dissel S, Klose MK, van Swinderen B, Cao L, Ford M, Periandri EM, Jones JD, Li Z, Shaw PJ. Sleep-promoting neurons remodel their response properties to calibrate sleep drive with environmental demands. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001797. [PMID: 36173939 PMCID: PMC9521806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Falling asleep at the wrong time can place an individual at risk of immediate physical harm. However, not sleeping degrades cognition and adaptive behavior. To understand how animals match sleep need with environmental demands, we used live-brain imaging to examine the physiological response properties of the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) following interventions that modify sleep (sleep deprivation, starvation, time-restricted feeding, memory consolidation) in Drosophila. We report that dFB neurons change their physiological response-properties to dopamine (DA) and allatostatin-A (AstA) in response to different types of waking. That is, dFB neurons are not simply passive components of a hard-wired circuit. Rather, the dFB neurons intrinsically regulate their response to the activity from upstream circuits. Finally, we show that the dFB appears to contain a memory trace of prior exposure to metabolic challenges induced by starvation or time-restricted feeding. Together, these data highlight that the sleep homeostat is plastic and suggests an underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Dissel
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (PJS)
| | - Markus K. Klose
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Lijuan Cao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Melanie Ford
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erica M. Periandri
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Jones
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zhaoyi Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SD); (PJS)
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24
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Bergum N, Berezin CT, Vigh J. A retinal contribution to opioid-induced sleep disorders? Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981939. [PMID: 35992901 PMCID: PMC9388851 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic opioid use is linked to persistent and severe sleep/wake disturbances in patients. These opioid-related sleep problems increase risk for developing opioid dependence, mood disorders and in turn overdose in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Despite the well-established link between long-term opioid use and sleep disorders, the mechanism by which opioids perturb sleep remains unclear. Interestingly, animal studies indicate that opioids disrupt sleep/wake behaviors by altering an animal’s ability to synchronize their circadian rhythms to environmental light cycles (i.e., photoentrainment). A specific subset of retinal cells known as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that express μ-opioid receptors are exclusively responsible for transmitting environmental light information to sleep/circadian centers in the brain. Thus, this review will focus on the effect of opioids on ipRGCs and their projection regions that are involved in the photoentrainment of sleep/wake behaviors. Lastly, we discuss the viability of ipRGCs as a potential therapeutic target for treating opioid-related sleep/wake problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Bergum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Casey-Tyler Berezin
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jozsef Vigh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jozsef Vigh,
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25
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De Luca R, Nardone S, Grace KP, Venner A, Cristofolini M, Bandaru SS, Sohn LT, Kong D, Mochizuki T, Viberti B, Zhu L, Zito A, Scammell TE, Saper CB, Lowell BB, Fuller PM, Arrigoni E. Orexin neurons inhibit sleep to promote arousal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4163. [PMID: 35851580 PMCID: PMC9293990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals lacking orexin neurons exhibit daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, and state instability. While the circuit basis by which orexin neurons contribute to consolidated wakefulness remains unclear, existing models posit that orexin neurons provide their wake-stabilizing influence by exerting excitatory tone on other brain arousal nodes. Here we show using in vivo optogenetics, in vitro optogenetic-based circuit mapping, and single-cell transcriptomics that orexin neurons also contribute to arousal maintenance through indirect inhibition of sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Activation of this subcortical circuit rapidly drives wakefulness from sleep by differentially modulating the activity of ventrolateral preoptic neurons. We further identify and characterize a feedforward circuit through which orexin (and co-released glutamate) acts to indirectly target and inhibit sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic neurons to produce arousal. This revealed circuitry provides an alternate framework for understanding how orexin neurons contribute to the maintenance of consolidated wakefulness and stabilize behavioral state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stefano Nardone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin P Grace
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michela Cristofolini
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lauren T Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Dong Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center. Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takatoshi Mochizuki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering. University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Bianca Viberti
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Antonino Zito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas E Scammell
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bradford B Lowell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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26
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Miracca G, Anuncibay-Soto B, Tossell K, Yustos R, Vyssotski AL, Franks NP, Wisden W. NMDA Receptors in the Lateral Preoptic Hypothalamus Are Essential for Sustaining NREM and REM Sleep. J Neurosci 2022; 42:5389-5409. [PMID: 35649726 PMCID: PMC7613025 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0350-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral preoptic (LPO) hypothalamus is a center for NREM and REM sleep induction and NREM sleep homeostasis. Although LPO is needed for NREM sleep, we found that calcium signals were, surprisingly, highest in REM sleep. Furthermore, and equally surprising, NMDA receptors in LPO were the main drivers of excitation. Deleting the NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit from LPO abolished calcium signals in all cells and produced insomnia. Mice of both sexes had highly fragmented NREM sleep-wake patterns and could not generate conventionally classified REM sleep. The sleep phenotype produced by deleting NMDA receptors depended on where in the hypothalamus the receptors were deleted. Deleting receptors from the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) did not influence sleep-wake states. The sleep fragmentation originated from NMDA receptors on GABA neurons in LPO. Sleep fragmentation could be transiently overcome with sleeping medication (zolpidem) or sedatives (dexmedetomidine; Dex). By contrast, fragmentation persisted under high sleep pressure produced by sleep deprivation (SD), mice had a high propensity to sleep but woke up. By analyzing changes in δ power, sleep homeostasis (also referred to as "sleep drive") remained intact after NMDA receptor ablation. We suggest NMDA glutamate receptor activation stabilizes firing of sleep-on neurons and that mechanisms of sleep maintenance differ from that of the sleep drive itself.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Insomnia is a common affliction. Most insomniacs feel that they do not get enough sleep, but in fact, often have good amounts of sleep. Their sleep, however, is fragmented, and sufferers wake up feeling unrefreshed. It is unknown how sleep is maintained once initiated. We find that in mice, NMDA-type glutamate receptors in the hypothalamus are the main drivers of excitation and are required for a range of sleep properties: they are, in fact, needed for both sustained NREM sleep periods, and REM sleep generation. When NMDA receptors are selectively reduced from inhibitory preoptic (PO) neurons, mice have normal total amounts of sleep but high sleep-wake fragmentation, providing a model for studying intractable insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Miracca
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Berta Anuncibay-Soto
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Tossell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Yustos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich/Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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27
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Harding EC, Zhang Z, Dong H, Yu X. Editorial: Behaviors and Neural Circuits in Sleep and Sedation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930591. [PMID: 35720722 PMCID: PMC9205239 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Harding
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Edward C. Harding
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK Dementia Research Institute, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Xiao Yu
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28
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Wu Y, Miao Y, Chen X, Wan X. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of dexmedetomidine on postoperative sleep quality in patients with endoscopic sinus surgery. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35650554 PMCID: PMC9158135 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative sleep disorder is common and may cause aggravated postoperative pain, delirium, and poor prognosis. We accessed the effect of intraoperative intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative sleep quality in patients with endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods This single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial enrolled a total of 110 participants aged 18 years to 65 years who were scheduled to receive endoscopic sinus surgery. Placebo (normal saline) or dexmedetomidine infusion (load dose 0.5 μg kg−1 over 10 min, followed by maintenance dose 0.2 ug kg−1 h−1) during surgery. The primary outcome was postoperative sleep quality. Secondary outcomes were postoperative Ramsay sedation scores, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, serum cortisol, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and hypocretin, delirium, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Results Among enrolled 110 patients, 55 were randomized to administer intraoperative dexmedetomidine and placebo. In total, 14 patients (7 in each group) were excluded because of protocol deviations, and 96 patients (48 in each group) were included in the per-protocol analysis. The dexmedetomidine group had a significantly higher sleep efficiency index(SEI) (66.85[3.00] vs 65.38[3.58]), the ratio of rapid eye movement sleep to total sleep(REM)(13.63[1.45] vs 12.38[2.11]) and lower arousal index (AI) (7.20[1.00] vs 8.07[1.29]), higher Ramsay sedation score at post-operation 1 h, 12 h point, lower VAS scores at post-operation 1 h, 12 h, 24 h point, lower cortisol, higher 5-HT and hypocretin in serum than the placebo group. Conclusion In this randomized clinical trial, dexmedetomidine can improve the sleep quality of patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. These results suggest that this therapy may be a viable strategy to enhance postoperative sleep quality in patients with endoscopic sinus surgery. Trial registration The study was approved by the Bethune International Peace Hospital Ethics Committee (2021-KY-129) and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051598, 28/09/2021).
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29
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Ambler M, Hitrec T, Pickering A. Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:313. [PMID: 35087956 PMCID: PMC8764563 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is a hypothermic, hypoactive, hypometabolic state entered into by a wide range of animals in response to environmental challenge. This review summarises the current understanding of torpor. We start by describing the characteristics of the wide-ranging physiological adaptations associated with torpor. Next follows a discussion of thermoregulation, control of food intake and energy expenditure, and the interactions of sleep and thermoregulation, with particular emphasis on how those processes pertain to torpor. We move on to review the evidence for the systems that control torpor entry, including both the efferent circulating factors that signal the need for torpor, and the central processes that orchestrate it. Finally, we consider how the putative circuits responsible for torpor induction integrate with the established understanding of thermoregulation under non-torpid conditions and highlight important areas of uncertainty for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ambler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Timna Hitrec
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anthony Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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30
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Yamagata T, Kahn MC, Prius-Mengual J, Meijer E, Šabanović M, Guillaumin MCC, van der Vinne V, Huang YG, McKillop LE, Jagannath A, Peirson SN, Mann EO, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV. The hypothalamic link between arousal and sleep homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101580118. [PMID: 34903646 PMCID: PMC8713782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are not simple, homogenous all-or-none states but represent a spectrum of substates, distinguished by behavior, levels of arousal, and brain activity at the local and global levels. Until now, the role of the hypothalamic circuitry in sleep-wake control was studied primarily with respect to its contribution to rapid state transitions. In contrast, whether the hypothalamus modulates within-state dynamics (state "quality") and the functional significance thereof remains unexplored. Here, we show that photoactivation of inhibitory neurons in the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the hypothalamus of adult male and female laboratory mice does not merely trigger awakening from sleep, but the resulting awake state is also characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, suggesting increased levels of arousal. This was associated with a faster build-up of sleep pressure, as reflected in higher EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during subsequent sleep. In contrast, photoinhibition of inhibitory LPO neurons did not result in changes in vigilance states but was associated with persistently increased EEG SWA during spontaneous sleep. These findings suggest a role of the LPO in regulating arousal levels, which we propose as a key variable shaping the daily architecture of sleep-wake states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamagata
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Kahn
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - José Prius-Mengual
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Meijer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Šabanović
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde C C Guillaumin
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ge Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O Mann
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
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31
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Yang Q, Zhou F, Li A, Dong H. Neural Substrates for Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:72-84. [PMID: 34906058 PMCID: PMC9199549 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211214144639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been successfully used in clinics for over 170 years, but its mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep as it produces a reversible transition between wakefulness and the state of being unaware of one’s surroundings. A discussion regarding the common circuits of sleep and general anesthesia has been ongoing as an increasing number of sleep-arousal regulatory nuclei are reported to participate in the consciousness shift occurring during general anesthesia. Recently, with progress in research technology, both positive and negative evidence for overlapping neural circuits between sleep and general anesthesia has emerged. This article provides a review of the latest evidence on the neural substrates for sleep and general anesthesia regulation by comparing the roles of pivotal nuclei in sleep and anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
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32
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Ambler M, Hitrec T, Pickering A. Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:313. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is a hypothermic, hypoactive, hypometabolic state entered into by a wide range of animals in response to environmental challenge. This review summarises the current understanding of torpor. We start by describing the characteristics of the wide-ranging physiological adaptations associated with torpor. Next follows a discussion of thermoregulation, control of food intake and energy expenditure, and the interactions of sleep and thermoregulation, with particular emphasis on how those processes pertain to torpor. We move on to take a critical view of the evidence for the systems that control torpor entry, including both the efferent circulating factors that signal the need for torpor, and the central processes that orchestrate it. Finally, we consider how the putative circuits responsible for torpor induction integrate with the established understanding of thermoregulation under non-torpid conditions and highlight important areas of uncertainty for future studies.
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33
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Brain Clocks, Sleep, and Mood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34773227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus houses the master clock, but the genes which encode the circadian clock components are also expressed throughout the brain. Here, we review how circadian clock transcription factors regulate neuromodulator systems such as histamine, dopamine, and orexin that promote arousal. These circadian transcription factors all lead to repression of the histamine, dopamine, and orexin systems during the sleep period, so ensuring integration with the ecology of the animal. If these transcription factors are deleted or mutated, in addition to the global disturbances in circadian rhythms, this causes a chronic up-regulation of neuromodulators leading to hyperactivity, elevated mood, and reduced sleep, which have been suggested to be states resembling mania.
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34
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A hypothalamomedullary network for physiological responses to environmental stresses. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:35-52. [PMID: 34728833 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Various environmental stressors, such as extreme temperatures (hot and cold), pathogens, predators and insufficient food, can threaten life. Remarkable progress has recently been made in understanding the central circuit mechanisms of physiological responses to such stressors. A hypothalamomedullary neural pathway from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) to the rostral medullary raphe region (rMR) regulates sympathetic outflows to effector organs for homeostasis. Thermal and infection stress inputs to the preoptic area dynamically alter the DMH → rMR transmission to elicit thermoregulatory, febrile and cardiovascular responses. Psychological stress signalling from a ventromedial prefrontal cortical area to the DMH drives sympathetic and behavioural responses for stress coping, representing a psychosomatic connection from the corticolimbic emotion circuit to the autonomic and somatic motor systems. Under starvation stress, medullary reticular neurons activated by hunger signalling from the hypothalamus suppress thermogenic drive from the rMR for energy saving and prime mastication to promote food intake. This Perspective presents a combined neural network for environmental stress responses, providing insights into the central circuit mechanism for the integrative regulation of systemic organs.
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35
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Franks NP, Wisden W. The inescapable drive to sleep: Overlapping mechanisms of sleep and sedation. Science 2021; 374:556-559. [PMID: 34709918 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi8372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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36
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Circulating levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A orexigenic neuropeptides in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:1209-1218. [PMID: 34689311 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The orexigenic peptides, ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A, have an important role in food intake and energy homeostasis and regulate the higher brain functions including the sleep-wake state. Although the interactions of these neuropeptides affect neuroendocrine systems resulting in obesity, a major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of serum ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A levels with OSAS. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, patients who underwent one-night polysomnography and conformed to the inclusion criteria were asked to participate. A blood sample was obtained from all participants on the morning of the sleep test to evaluate the serum levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Demographic characteristics, polysomnography data, and serum levels of the participants were recorded and analyzed. Comparison between the OSAS groups was performed by independent sample t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc K-W test using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS Of 272 patients, those in the OSAS group (n=210) were older than patients in the non-OSAS group (n=62), p < 0.003, and had increased BMI, p < 0.006. Patients with, serum ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSAS (635.9 pg/mL vs. 420.7 pg/mL, 91.0 pg/mL vs. 60.0 pg/mL, 600.3 pg/mL vs. 485.6 pg/mL, respectively) and found to be higher in patients with severe OSAS than mild and moderate cases (p < 0.01). In multinomial logistic regression to predict the OSAS severity, levels of serum ghrelin (OR = 1.016 [1.010-1.021]; p < 0.001), galanin (OR = 1.050 [1.020-1.081]; p < 0.001), and orexin-A (OR = 1.021 [1.012-1.030]; p < 0.001) were significantly associated only with a moderate level of OSAS. CONCLUSION The orexigenic neuropeptides were found to be an independent determinant of the presence of OSAS and correlate with the severity of OSAS. Increased levels of ghrelin, galanin, and orexin-A were associated with the presence of moderate OSAS.
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37
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Harding EC, Ba W, Zahir R, Yu X, Yustos R, Hsieh B, Lignos L, Vyssotski AL, Merkle FT, Constandinou TG, Franks NP, Wisden W. Nitric Oxide Synthase Neurons in the Preoptic Hypothalamus Are NREM and REM Sleep-Active and Lower Body Temperature. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:709825. [PMID: 34720852 PMCID: PMC8551479 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.709825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When mice are exposed to external warmth, nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) neurons in the median and medial preoptic (MnPO/MPO) hypothalamus induce sleep and concomitant body cooling. However, how these neurons regulate baseline sleep and body temperature is unknown. Using calcium photometry, we show that NOS1 neurons in MnPO/MPO are predominantly NREM and REM active, especially at the boundary of wake to NREM transitions, and in the later parts of REM bouts, with lower activity during wakefulness. In addition to releasing nitric oxide, NOS1 neurons in MnPO/MPO can release GABA, glutamate and peptides. We expressed tetanus-toxin light-chain in MnPO/MPO NOS1 cells to reduce vesicular release of transmitters. This induced changes in sleep structure: over 24 h, mice had less NREM sleep in their dark (active) phase, and more NREM sleep in their light (sleep) phase. REM sleep episodes in the dark phase were longer, and there were fewer REM transitions between other vigilance states. REM sleep had less theta power. Mice with synaptically blocked MnPO/MPO NOS1 neurons were also warmer than control mice at the dark-light transition (ZT0), as well as during the dark phase siesta (ZT16-20), where there is usually a body temperature dip. Also, at this siesta point of cooled body temperature, mice usually have more NREM, but mice with synaptically blocked MnPO/MPO NOS1 cells showed reduced NREM sleep at this time. Overall, MnPO/MPO NOS1 neurons promote both NREM and REM sleep and contribute to chronically lowering body temperature, particularly at transitions where the mice normally enter NREM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reesha Zahir
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Yustos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Hsieh
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leda Lignos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei L. Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian T. Merkle
- Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy G. Constandinou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Huang YG, Flaherty SJ, Pothecary CA, Foster RG, Peirson SN, Vyazovskiy VV. The relationship between fasting-induced torpor, sleep, and wakefulness in laboratory mice. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab093. [PMID: 33838033 PMCID: PMC8436144 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Torpor is a regulated and reversible state of metabolic suppression used by many mammalian species to conserve energy. Whereas the relationship between torpor and sleep has been well-studied in seasonal hibernators, less is known about the effects of fasting-induced torpor on states of vigilance and brain activity in laboratory mice. METHODS Continuous monitoring of electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and surface body temperature was undertaken in adult, male C57BL/6 mice over consecutive days of scheduled restricted feeding. RESULTS All animals showed bouts of hypothermia that became progressively deeper and longer as fasting progressed. EEG and EMG were markedly affected by hypothermia, although the typical electrophysiological signatures of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and wakefulness enabled us to perform vigilance-state classification in all cases. Consistent with previous studies, hypothermic bouts were initiated from a state indistinguishable from NREM sleep, with EEG power decreasing gradually in parallel with decreasing surface body temperature. During deep hypothermia, REM sleep was largely abolished, and we observed shivering-associated intense bursts of muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights important similarities between EEG signatures of fasting-induced torpor in mice, daily torpor in Djungarian hamsters and hibernation in seasonally hibernating species. Future studies are necessary to clarify the effects on fasting-induced torpor on subsequent sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT,UK
| | - Sarah J Flaherty
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT,UK
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE,UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE,UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE,UK
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT,UK
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39
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Rothhaas R, Chung S. Role of the Preoptic Area in Sleep and Thermoregulation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:664781. [PMID: 34276287 PMCID: PMC8280336 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.664781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and body temperature are tightly interconnected in mammals: warming up our body helps to fall asleep and the body temperature in turn drops while falling asleep. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) serves as an essential brain region to coordinate sleep and body temperature. Understanding how these two behaviors are controlled within the POA requires the molecular identification of the involved circuits and mapping their local and brain-wide connectivity. Here, we review our current understanding of how sleep and body temperature are regulated with a focus on recently discovered sleep- and thermo-regulatory POA neurons. We further discuss unresolved key questions including the anatomical and functional overlap of sleep- and thermo-regulatory neurons, their pathways and the role of various signaling molecules. We suggest that analysis of genetically defined circuits will provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the coordinated regulation of sleep and body temperature in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rothhaas
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shinjae Chung
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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40
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Zhou X, Risold PY, Alvarez-Bolado G. Development of the GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 116:101997. [PMID: 34182088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years we assist to an unexpected deluge of genomic data on hypothalamic development and structure. Perhaps most surprisingly, the Lateral Zone has received much attention too. The new information focuses first of all on transcriptional heterogeneity. Many already known and a number of hitherto unknown lateral hypothalamic neurons have been described to an enormous degree of detail. Maybe the most surprising novel discoveries are two: First, some restricted regions of the embryonic forebrain neuroepithelium generate specific LHA neurons, either GABAergic or glutamatergic. Second, evidence is mounting that supports the existence of numerous kinds of "bilingual" lateral hypothalamic neurons, expressing (and releasing) glutamate and GABA both as well as assorted neuropeptides. This is not accepted by all, and it could be that genomic researchers need a common set of rules to interpret their data (sensitivity, significance, age of analysis). In any case, some of the new results appear to confirm hypotheses about the ability of the hypothalamus and in particular its Lateral Zone to achieve physiological flexibility on a fixed connectivity ("biochemical switching"). Furthermore, the results succinctly reviewed here are the basis for future advances, since the transcriptional databases generated can now be mined e.g. for adhesion genes, to figure out the causes of the peculiar histology of the Lateral Zone; or for ion channel genes, to clarify present and future electrophysiological data. And with the specific expression data about small subpopulations of neurons, their connections can now be specifically labeled, revealing novel relations with functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlei Zhou
- Dept. Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Neurosciences Intégratives et Cliniques EA481, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez-Bolado
- Dept. Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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41
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Kato R, Zhang ER, Mallari OG, Moody OA, Vincent KF, Melonakos ED, Siegmann MJ, Nehs CJ, Houle TT, Akeju O, Solt K. D-Amphetamine Rapidly Reverses Dexmedetomidine-Induced Unconsciousness in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668285. [PMID: 34084141 PMCID: PMC8167047 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amphetamine induces emergence from sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia in rats. Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist that is commonly used for procedural sedation, whereas ketamine is an anesthetic that acts primarily by inhibiting NMDA-type glutamate receptors. These drugs have different molecular mechanisms of action from propofol and volatile anesthetics that enhance inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABAA receptors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that d-amphetamine accelerates recovery of consciousness after dexmedetomidine and ketamine. Sixteen rats (Eight males, eight females) were used in a randomized, blinded, crossover experimental design and all drugs were administered intravenously. Six additional rats with pre-implanted electrodes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were used to analyze changes in neurophysiology. After dexmedetomidine, d-amphetamine dramatically decreased mean time to emergence compared to saline (saline:112.8 ± 37.2 min; d-amphetamine:1.8 ± 0.6 min, p < 0.0001). This arousal effect was abolished by pre-administration of the D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390. After ketamine, d-amphetamine did not significantly accelerate time to emergence compared to saline (saline:19.7 ± 18.0 min; d-amphetamine:20.3 ± 16.5 min, p = 1.00). Prefrontal cortex local field potential recordings revealed that d-amphetamine broadly decreased spectral power at frequencies <25 Hz and restored an awake-like pattern after dexmedetomidine. However, d-amphetamine did not produce significant spectral changes after ketamine. The duration of unconsciousness was significantly longer in females for both dexmedetomidine and ketamine. In conclusion, d-amphetamine rapidly restores consciousness following dexmedetomidine, but not ketamine. Dexmedetomidine reversal by d-amphetamine is inhibited by SCH-23390, suggesting that the arousal effect is mediated by D1 and/or D5 receptors. These findings suggest that d-amphetamine may be clinically useful as a reversal agent for dexmedetomidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Kato
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Edlyn R Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivia G Mallari
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Olivia A Moody
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathleen F Vincent
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric D Melonakos
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Morgan J Siegmann
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Christa J Nehs
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Timothy T Houle
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Oluwaseun Akeju
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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42
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Upton BA, D'Souza SP, Lang RA. QPLOT Neurons-Converging on a Thermoregulatory Preoptic Neuronal Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665762. [PMID: 34017237 PMCID: PMC8130930 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a homeostatic control center. The heterogeneous neurons in this nucleus function to regulate the sleep/wake cycle, reproduction, thirst and hydration, as well as thermogenesis and other metabolic responses. Several recent studies have analyzed preoptic neuronal populations and demonstrated neuronal subtype-specific roles in suppression of thermogenesis. These studies showed similar thermogenesis responses to chemogenetic modulation, and similar synaptic tracing patterns for neurons that were responsive to cold, to inflammatory stimuli, and to violet light. A reanalysis of single-cell/nucleus RNA-sequencing datasets of the preoptic nucleus indicate that these studies have converged on a common neuronal population that when activated, are sufficient to suppress thermogenesis. Expanding on a previous name for these neurons (Q neurons, which reflect their ability to promote quiescence and expression of Qrfp), we propose a new name: QPLOT neurons, to reflect numerous molecular markers of this population and to capture its broader roles in metabolic regulation. Here, we summarize previous findings on this population and present a unified description of QPLOT neurons, the excitatory preoptic neuronal population that integrate a variety of thermal, metabolic, hormonal and environmental stimuli in order to regulate metabolism and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Upton
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shane P D'Souza
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Richard A Lang
- The Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Center for Chronobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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43
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Glutamatergic Neurons in the Preoptic Hypothalamus Promote Wakefulness, Destabilize NREM Sleep, Suppress REM Sleep, and Regulate Cortical Dynamics. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3462-3478. [PMID: 33664133 PMCID: PMC8051693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2718-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data from the last nine decades indicate that the preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a critical node in a brain network that controls sleep onset and homeostasis. By contrast, we recently reported that a group of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral and medial preoptic area increases wakefulness, challenging the long-standing notion in sleep neurobiology that the preoptic area is exclusively somnogenic. Clinical and experimental data from the last nine decades indicate that the preoptic area of the hypothalamus is a critical node in a brain network that controls sleep onset and homeostasis. By contrast, we recently reported that a group of glutamatergic neurons in the lateral and medial preoptic area increases wakefulness, challenging the long-standing notion in sleep neurobiology that the preoptic area is exclusively somnogenic. However, the precise role of these subcortical neurons in the control of behavioral state transitions and cortical dynamics remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we used conditional expression of excitatory hM3Dq receptors in these preoptic glutamatergic (Vglut2+) neurons and show that their activation initiates wakefulness, decreases non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and causes a persistent suppression of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that activation of these preoptic glutamatergic neurons causes a high degree of NREM sleep fragmentation, promotes state instability with frequent arousals from sleep, decreases body temperature, and shifts cortical dynamics (including oscillations, connectivity, and complexity) to a more wake-like state. We conclude that a subset of preoptic glutamatergic neurons can initiate, but not maintain, arousals from sleep, and their inactivation may be required for NREM stability and REM sleep generation. Further, these data provide novel empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that the preoptic area causally contributes to the regulation of both sleep and wakefulness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Historically, the preoptic area of the hypothalamus has been considered a key site for sleep generation. However, emerging modeling and empirical data suggest that this region might play a dual role in sleep-wake control. We demonstrate that chemogenetic stimulation of preoptic glutamatergic neurons produces brief arousals that fragment sleep, persistently suppresses REM sleep, causes hypothermia, and shifts EEG patterns toward a “lighter” NREM sleep state. We propose that preoptic glutamatergic neurons can initiate, but not maintain, arousal from sleep and gate REM sleep generation, possibly to block REM-like intrusions during NREM-to-wake transitions. In contrast to the long-standing notion in sleep neurobiology that the preoptic area is exclusively somnogenic, we provide further evidence that preoptic neurons also generate wakefulness.
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Tsuneoka Y, Funato H. Cellular Composition of the Preoptic Area Regulating Sleep, Parental, and Sexual Behavior. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:649159. [PMID: 33867927 PMCID: PMC8044373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.649159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The preoptic area (POA) has long been recognized as a sleep center, first proposed by von Economo. The POA, especially the medial POA (MPOA), is also involved in the regulation of various innate functions such as sexual and parental behaviors. Consistent with its many roles, the MPOA is composed of subregions that are identified by different gene and protein expressions. This review addresses the current understanding of the molecular and cellular architecture of POA neurons in relation to sleep and reproductive behavior. Optogenetic and pharmacogenetic studies have revealed a diverse group of neurons within the POA that exhibit different neural activity patterns depending on vigilance states and whose activity can enhance or suppress wake, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These sleep-regulating neurons are not restricted to the ventrolateral POA (VLPO) region but are widespread in the lateral MPOA and LPOA as well. Neurons expressing galanin also express gonadal steroid receptors and regulate motivational aspects of reproductive behaviors. Moxd1, a novel marker of sexually dimorphic nuclei (SDN), visualizes the SDN of the POA (SDN-POA). The role of the POA in sleep and other innate behaviors has been addressed separately; more integrated observation will be necessary to obtain physiologically relevant insight that penetrates the different dimensions of animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Tsuneoka
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Deurveilher S, Shewchuk SM, Semba K. Homeostatic sleep and body temperature responses to acute sleep deprivation are preserved following chronic sleep restriction in rats. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13348. [PMID: 33783043 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sleep insufficiency is common in our society and has negative cognitive and health impacts. It can also alter sleep regulation, yet whether it affects subsequent homeostatic responses to acute sleep loss is unclear. We assessed sleep and thermoregulatory responses to acute sleep deprivation before and after a '3/1' chronic sleep restriction protocol in adult male Wistar rats. The 3/1 protocol consisted of continuous cycles of wheel rotations (3 h on/1 h off) for 4 days. Sleep latency in a 2-h multiple sleep latency test starting 26 h post-3/1 was unchanged, whereas non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and associated electroencephalogram delta power (a measure of sleep need) over a 24-h period beginning 54 h post-3/1 were reduced, compared to respective pre-3/1 baseline levels. However, in response to acute sleep deprivation (6 h by 'gentle handling') starting 78 h post-3/1, the compensatory rebounds in NREMS and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) amounts and NREMS delta power were unaltered. Body temperature increased progressively across the 3/1 protocol and returned to baseline levels on the second day post-3/1. The acute sleep deprivation also increased body temperature, followed by a decline below baseline levels, with no difference between before and after 3/1 sleep restriction. Non-sleep-restricted control rats showed responses to acute sleep deprivation similar to those observed in the sleep-restricted animals. These results suggest that the process of sleep homeostasis is altered on the third recovery day after a 4-day 3/1 sleep restriction protocol, whereas subsequent homeostatic sleep and temperature responses to brief sleep deprivation are not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Wu J, Liu D, Li J, Sun J, Huang Y, Zhang S, Gao S, Mei W. Central Neural Circuits Orchestrating Thermogenesis, Sleep-Wakefulness States and General Anesthesia States. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:223-253. [PMID: 33632102 PMCID: PMC9199556 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210225152728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in specifically identifying the central neural circuits (CNCs) of the core body temperature (Tcore), sleep-wakefulness states (SWs), and general anesthesia states (GAs), mainly utilizing optogenetic or chemogenetic manipulations. We summarize the neuronal populations and neural pathways of these three CNCs, which gives evidence for the orchestration within these three CNCs, and the integrative regulation of these three CNCs by different environmental light signals. We also outline some transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that function in the CNCs-Tcore and are modulated by some general anesthetics, which makes TRP channels possible targets for addressing the general-anesthetics-induced-hypothermia (GAIH). We suggest this review will provide new orientations for further consummating these CNCs and elucidating the central mechanisms of GAIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Daiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Shaojie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030. China
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Ave 1095, Wuhan 430030. China
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Maywood ES, Chesham JE, Winsky-Sommerer R, Smyllie NJ, Hastings MH. Circadian Chimeric Mice Reveal an Interplay Between the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Local Brain Clocks in the Control of Sleep and Memory. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:639281. [PMID: 33679317 PMCID: PMC7935531 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.639281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by circadian and homeostatic processes. Whereas the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is viewed as the principal mediator of circadian control, the contributions of sub-ordinate local circadian clocks distributed across the brain are unknown. To test whether the SCN and local brain clocks interact to regulate sleep, we used intersectional genetics to create temporally chimeric CK1ε Tau mice, in which dopamine 1a receptor (Drd1a)-expressing cells, a powerful pacemaking sub-population of the SCN, had a cell-autonomous circadian period of 24 h whereas the rest of the SCN and the brain had intrinsic periods of 20 h. We compared these mice with non-chimeric 24 h wild-types (WT) and 20 h CK1ε Tau mutants. The periods of the SCN ex vivo and the in vivo circadian behavior of chimeric mice were 24 h, as with WT, whereas other tissues in the chimeras had ex vivo periods of 20 h, as did all tissues from Tau mice. Nevertheless, the chimeric SCN imposed its 24 h period on the circadian patterning of sleep. When compared to 24 h WT and 20 h Tau mice, however, the sleep/wake cycle of chimeric mice under free-running conditions was disrupted, with more fragmented sleep and an increased number of short NREMS and REMS episodes. Even though the chimeras could entrain to 20 h light:dark cycles, the onset of activity and wakefulness was delayed, suggesting that SCN Drd1a-Cre cells regulate the sleep/wake transition. Chimeric mice also displayed a blunted homeostatic response to 6 h sleep deprivation (SD) with an impaired ability to recover lost sleep. Furthermore, sleep-dependent memory was compromised in chimeras, which performed significantly worse than 24 h WT and 20 h Tau mice. These results demonstrate a central role for the circadian clocks of SCN Drd1a cells in circadian sleep regulation, but they also indicate a role for extra-SCN clocks. In circumstances where the SCN and sub-ordinate local clocks are temporally mis-aligned, the SCN can maintain overall circadian control, but sleep consolidation and recovery from SD are compromised. The importance of temporal alignment between SCN and extra-SCN clocks for maintaining vigilance state, restorative sleep and memory may have relevance to circadian misalignment in humans, with environmental (e.g., shift work) causes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphaelle Winsky-Sommerer
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Jane Smyllie
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Reitz SL, Kelz MB. Preoptic Area Modulation of Arousal in Natural and Drug Induced Unconscious States. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:644330. [PMID: 33642991 PMCID: PMC7907457 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.644330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) in arousal state regulation has been studied since Constantin von Economo first recognized its importance in the early twentieth century. Over the intervening decades, the POA has been shown to modulate arousal in both natural (sleep and wake) as well as drug-induced (anesthetic-induced unconsciousness) states. While the POA is well known for its role in sleep promotion, populations of wake-promoting neurons within the region have also been identified. However, the complexity and molecular heterogeneity of the POA has made distinguishing these two populations difficult. Though multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that general anesthetics modulate the activity of the POA, the region's heterogeneity has also made it challenging to determine whether the same neurons involved in sleep/wake regulation also modulate arousal in response to general anesthetics. While a number of studies show that sleep-promoting POA neurons are activated by various anesthetics, recent work suggests this is not universal to all arousal-regulating POA neurons. Technical innovations are making it increasingly possible to classify and distinguish the molecular identities of neurons involved in sleep/wake regulation as well as anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Here, we review the current understanding of the POA's role in arousal state regulation of both natural and drug-induced forms of unconsciousness, including its molecular organization and connectivity to other known sleep and wake promoting regions. Further insights into the molecular identities and connectivity of arousal-regulating POA neurons will be critical in fully understanding how this complex region regulates arousal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Reitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Circadian and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Max B. Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Circadian and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Eikermann M, Akeju O, Chamberlin NL. Sleep and Anesthesia: The Shared Circuit Hypothesis Has Been Put to Bed. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R219-R221. [PMID: 32155424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute activation of genetically defined sleep-promoting neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus does not facilitate anesthesia. This finding supports the notion that a mechanistic overlap between sleep and anesthesia does not explain the anesthetized brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Universitaet Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Oluwaseun Akeju
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nancy L Chamberlin
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Honda T, Takata Y, Cherasse Y, Mizuno S, Sugiyama F, Takahashi S, Funato H, Yanagisawa M, Lazarus M, Oishi Y. Ablation of Ventral Midbrain/Pons GABA Neurons Induces Mania-like Behaviors with Altered Sleep Homeostasis and Dopamine D 2R-mediated Sleep Reduction. iScience 2020; 23:101240. [PMID: 32563157 PMCID: PMC7305386 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with the neuropsychiatric disorder mania exhibit hyperactivity, elevated mood, and a decreased need for sleep. The brain areas and neuronal populations involved in mania-like behaviors, however, have not been elucidated. In this study, we found that ablating the ventral medial midbrain/pons (VMP) GABAergic neurons induced mania-like behaviors in mice, including hyperactivity, anti-depressive behaviors, reduced anxiety, increased risk-taking behaviors, distractibility, and an extremely shortened sleep time. Strikingly, these mice also showed no rebound sleep after sleep deprivation, suggesting abnormal sleep homeostatic regulation. Dopamine D2 receptor deficiency largely abolished the sleep reduction induced by ablating the VMP GABAergic neurons without affecting the hyperactivity and anti-depressive behaviors. Our data demonstrate that VMP GABAergic neurons are involved in the expression of mania-like behaviors, which can be segregated to the short-sleep and other phenotypes on the basis of the dopamine D2 receptors. Hyperactivity and anti-depressive behaviors are induced by loss of VMP GABA neurons Homeostatic sleep rebound is lost together with largely shorten daily sleep Dopamine D2 receptors mediate the daytime sleep loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Honda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yohko Takata
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center and Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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