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Chang Y, Chiang CK. The Impact of Thallium Exposure in Public Health and Molecular Toxicology: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4750. [PMID: 38731969 PMCID: PMC11084277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review offers a synthesis of the current understanding of the impact of low-dose thallium (Tl) on public health, specifically emphasizing its diverse effects on various populations and organs. The article integrates insights into the cytotoxic effects, genotoxic potential, and molecular mechanisms of thallium in mammalian cells. Thallium, a non-essential heavy metal present in up to 89 different minerals, has garnered attention due to its adverse effects on human health. As technology and metallurgical industries advance, various forms of thallium, including dust, vapor, and wastewater, can contaminate the environment, extending to the surrounding air, water sources, and soil. Moreover, the metal has been identified in beverages, tobacco, and vegetables, highlighting its pervasive presence in a wide array of food sources. Epidemiological findings underscore associations between thallium exposure and critical health aspects such as kidney function, pregnancy outcomes, smoking-related implications, and potential links to autism spectrum disorder. Thallium primarily exerts cellular toxicity on various tissues through mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This synthesis aims to shed light on the intricate web of thallium exposure and its potential implications for public health, emphasizing the need for vigilant consideration of its risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan;
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang C, Bin X, Jiang J, Huang C. Leukocyte telomere length mediates the association between cadmium exposure and cognitive function in US older adults. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:166-173. [PMID: 38039691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to cadmium-polluted environments may lead to shortened leukocyte telomere length and cognitive decline. This study aims to investigate (1) the associations among blood cadmium levels, leukocyte telomere length, and cognitive function, and (2) the mediating role of leukocyte telomere length between blood cadmium levels and cognitive function among older adults in the United States. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002. Cadmium exposure level was assessed by measuring cadmium levels in blood samples. Leukocyte telomere length was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cognitive function was measured by the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). RESULTS A total of 2185 older adults aged over 60 were included in this study, comprising 1109 (49.65%) males. Elevated blood cadmium levels were significantly associated with the risk of a decline in cognitive function (β = - 2.842, p = 0.018). Shorter leukocyte telomere lengths were significantly associated with a higher risk of a decline in cognitive function (β = 4.144, p = 0.020). The total indirect effect on the blood cadmium level and cognitive function via leukocyte telomere length was - 0.218 (p = 0.012). The mediation effect was estimated to be 0.218/2.084 × 100% = 10.46%. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that cadmium exposure may increase the risk of cognitive impairment by causing shortened leukocyte telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zhang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Caiyun Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xueqiong Bin
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jinghan Jiang
- Department of General Practice, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
| | - Changbao Huang
- Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
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George MF, Paff S, Rojo J, Powell M, Benz C, Pope K, Kerlikowske K, Shepard J, Willis M, Ereman R, Prebil L. Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6973. [PMID: 38379324 PMCID: PMC10831917 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine if salivary cadmium (Cd) levels had any association with breast density, hoping to establish a less invasive cost-effective method of stratifying Cd burden as an environmental breast cancer risk factor. METHODS Salivary Cd levels were quantified from the Marin Women's Study, a Marin County, California population composite. Volumetric compositional breast density (BDsxa ) data were measured by single x-ray absorptiometry techniques. Digital screening mammography was performed by the San Francisco Mammography Registry. Radiologists reviewed mammograms and assigned a Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System score. Early morning salivary Cd samples were assayed. Association analyses were then performed. RESULTS Cd was quantifiable in over 90% of saliva samples (mean = 55.7 pg/L, SD = 29). Women with higher saliva Cd levels had a non-significant odds ratio of 1.34 with BI-RAD scores (3 or 4) (95% CI 0.75-2.39, p = 0.329). Cd levels were higher in current smokers (mean = 61.4 pg/L, SD = 34.8) than former smokers or non-smokers. These results were non-significant. Pilot data revealed that higher age and higher BMI were associated with higher BI-RAD scores (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Salivary Cd is a viable quantification source in large epidemiologic studies. Association analyses between Cd levels and breast density may provide additional information for breast cancer risk assessment, risk reduction plans, and future research directions. Further work is needed to demonstrate a more robust testing protocol before the extent of its usefulness can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela F. George
- Global Public Health Department, School of Health and Natural SciencesDominican University of CaliforniaSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shayne Paff
- Epidemiology and Community HealthMarin County Department of Health and Human ServicesSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jenyse Rojo
- Global Public Health Department, School of Health and Natural SciencesDominican University of CaliforniaSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mark Powell
- Zero Breast CancerBuck Institute for Research on AgingSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christopher Benz
- Cancer & Developmental TherapeuticsBuck Institute for Research on AgingSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karl Pope
- Epidemiology and Community HealthMarin County Department of Health and Human ServicesSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Karla Kerlikowske
- Department of Medicine, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Shepard
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, Cancer EpidemiologyUniversity of Hawaii Cancer CenterHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Matthew Willis
- Epidemiology and Community HealthMarin County Department of Health and Human ServicesSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rochelle Ereman
- Global Public Health Department, School of Health and Natural SciencesDominican University of CaliforniaSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
- Epidemiology and Community HealthMarin County Department of Health and Human ServicesSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
| | - LeeAnn Prebil
- Epidemiology and Community HealthMarin County Department of Health and Human ServicesSan RafaelCaliforniaUSA
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Ji H, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhou X, Wang C, Jin Z. The Distribution of Selected Toxic Elements in Sauced Chicken during Their Feeding, Processing, and Storage Stages. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071404. [PMID: 37048224 PMCID: PMC10094016 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sauced chicken is popular food worldwide. However, the elemental pollution of poultry industrialization has led to an increasing health risk concern. In this study, four typical toxic elements, including chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), were selected and detected in whole industry chains of sauced chicken preparation by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The detection method was optimized and verified with an average recovery of 93.96% to 107.0%. Cr has the highest proportion among the elements during the three stages, while the content of Cd was the least. In the feeding stages, elements were at the highest level in the starter broiler, and the grower broiler was considered to have a good metabolic capacity of them. In addition, the elements were mainly distributed in the chicken kidney, gizzard, liver, leg, wing, and lung. In the processing stage, the elements continued to accumulate from the scalding to the sterilization process. The elements were mainly distributed in the chicken wing, leg, head, and breast. In the storage stage, the elements almost kept constant in the polyamide and polyethylene packaging, while it showed irregular small-range fluctuations in the other two packages. This study provides beneficial references for the toxic element risk management in the whole industry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyan Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Kim B, Rhie M, Park S, Kim HS, Kwon JA. Nonlinear Associations between Blood Cadmium Concentration and Thyroid Hormones According to Smoking Status in Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). TOXICS 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 36851004 PMCID: PMC9958680 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on the association between blood cadmium (BCd) exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the general population has been inconclusive. Therefore, we examined the associations between BCd and thyroid hormones according to smoking status in Korean adults (N = 1170, Men = 722, Women = 448) using multiple linear regression and restricted cubic splines analysis with data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013). The geometric mean of BCd was 0.74 μg/L in all study participants and was higher in smokers (1.01 μg/L) than in nonsmokers (0.65 μg/L). Restricted cubic splines analysis revealed nonlinear trends between BCd and free thyroxine in smokers (p for nonlinearity = 0.02). By contrast, there were no significant associations between BCd and thyroid hormones in either men or women. In conclusion, nonlinear associations may exist between BCd and free thyroxine in smokers. Our study provides empirical support for the future formulation of an acceptable concentration range of BCd and offers a new concept for preventing thyroid problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungmi Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
- Center of Tobacco Control, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Minshik Rhie
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Park
- Public Health at Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Seon Kim
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung A Kwon
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Gong R, Pu X, Cheng Z, Ding J, Chen Z, Wang Y. The association between serum cadmium and diabetes in the general population: A cross-sectional study from NHANES (1999-2020). Front Nutr 2022; 9:966500. [PMID: 36570173 PMCID: PMC9768494 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between serum cadmium and diabetes had been reported in previous studies, however there was still considerable controversy regarding associations. Studies in general population that investigated the effects of serum cadmium on diabetes were currently lacking. We designed this cross-sectional study among U.S. adults under high and low cadmium exposure to assess associations between serum cadmium and diabetes. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 52,593 adults who aged more than 20 years and participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2020. The missing values and extreme values in the covariables were filled by multiple interpolation. Univariate logistics regression, multivariate logistics regression and smooth fitting curves were used to analyze the association between serum cadmium and diabetes. Simultaneously, sensitivity analysis was carried out by converting the serum cadmium from continuous variable to categorical variable. The stratification logistics regression model was used to analyze whether there were special groups in each subgroup to test the stability of the results. Results In this cross-sectional study, serum cadmium levels were negatively correlated with the occurrence of diabetes in the low serum cadmium exposure group (OR = 0.811, 95% CI 0.698, 0.943; P = 0.007). There was no association between serum cadmium level and the occurrence of diabetes in the high serum cadmium exposure group (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.982, 1.037; P = 0.511). These results were consistent across all the subgroups (P for interaction >0.05). Conclusion Serum cadmium was negatively associated diabetes among the representative samples of the whole population in the United States under the normal level of serum cadmium exposure. However, there was no association between serum cadmium level and the occurrence of diabetes in the high serum cadmium exposure group. This study promoted an update of new preventative strategy targeting environment for the prevention and control of diabetes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolu Pu
- Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhenqian Cheng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenghao Chen
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Zhenghao Chen
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China,National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China,Yongjun Wang
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Frappier J, Martinaud A, Barberet J, Bruno C, Guilleman M, Amblot C, Guilloteau A, Fauque P. Effect of paternal smoking on pre-implantation embryonic development: a prospective cohort study. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022; 34:971-979. [PMID: 36031716 DOI: 10.1071/rd22093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies have failed to demonstrate the negative impact of male tobacco smoking on embryo development, raising the question of its actual implication on natural fecundity and assisted reproductive techniques outcomes. AIMS To assess the impact of paternal smoking on embryo development. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 252 men from couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) were included. Each patient was interviewed and took a carbon monoxide breath-test, creating three groups: non-smokers (n=113), former smokers (n=81) and active smokers (n=58). The Top-grade embryo ratio (primary endpoint), embryo morphokinetic parameters and clinical outcomes were assessed. KEY RESULTS In a multivariate analyses based on 1521 embryos, no significant difference was found in the top-grade embryo ratio between the groups. Tobacco smoking had no impact on clinical outcomes. Compared to non-smokers the time to the pronuclei fading (tPNf, P=0.006) and the time to the first embryonic cleavage (t2, P=0.002) were shorter in smokers, and the t2 was also slightly shorter in former smokers (P=0.045). No other differences were found in the morphokinetic parameters. CONCLUSION Even if a few differences were observed in the first timing of embryonic events, this study did not highlight a major embryonic and clinical impact of the paternal smoking status. IMPLICATION The results obtained here are reassuring towards IVF outcomes. As maternal smoking is highly controlled in the IVF patients in this study, we speculate that the sperm selection process may limit the adverse effects of tobacco consumption on embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Frappier
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Martinaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
| | - Julie Barberet
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Bruno
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
| | - Magali Guilleman
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
| | - Céline Amblot
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | | | - Patricia Fauque
- Laboratoire de Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital François Mitterrand, Université de Bourgogne, 14 rue Gaffarel, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France; and INSERM UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche comté, Dijon, France
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Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous, smoking-related disease of significant global impact. The complex biology of COPD is ultimately driven by a few interrelated processes, including proteolytic tissue remodeling, innate immune inflammation, derangements of the host-pathogen response, aberrant cellular phenotype switching, and cellular senescence, among others. Each of these processes are engendered and perpetuated by cells modulating their environment or each other. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are powerful effectors that allow cells to perform a diverse array of functions on both adjacent and distant tissues, and their pleiotropic nature is only beginning to be appreciated. As such, EVs are candidates to play major roles in these fundamental mechanisms of disease behind COPD. Furthermore, some such roles for EVs are already established, and EVs are implicated in significant aspects of COPD pathogenesis. Here, we discuss known and potential ways that EVs modulate the environment of their originating cells to contribute to the processes that underlie COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Russell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kristopher R Genschmer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
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Thomas O, Le Bot B, Verrey D, Durand S, Harpet C, Froment A, Jégou B. High lead level in the Alps in XIXth century, learning from the analysis of 138 historical hair stands. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131658. [PMID: 34416585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of hair is known to provide useful information about environmental and toxic exposures. Very little historical use has been made of this type of investigation. Here we study 138 human hair samples from 19th century in France. In order to examine the potential association between contamination and historical health impacts, we characterized contamination by 33 elements in a set of hair strands sampled during the last quarter of the 19th century in the Savoy region of France. After a selected washing step on 138 hair strands conserved at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris (France), we assessed the presence of inorganics by ICP/MS, and lead level was higher than values reported in literature. We then compared concentrations and distributions between women and men, sampling locations and crossing gender and geographical origin. Hair lead level was high throughout Savoy at the end of the 19th century: significantly higher for people living in towns or industrial valleys, and lower for those of countryside and mountains areas. Environmental and economic changes (industrialization and urbanization with water adduction and leaded paints), living habits (kitchenware, cosmetics, wine, and tobacco), and local features (mines exploitation, railroad development, and industrialized narrow valleys) could be envisaged for explaining the level of lead contamination. In the same period, the two main industrial valleys of Savoy (Maurienne and Tarentaise) had high rates of endemic goiter and cretinism and among the highest hair lead levels. Other lines of evidence will need to be explore to investigate a possible link between historical Pb exposure and goiter in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Thomas
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - B Le Bot
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - D Verrey
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - S Durand
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - C Harpet
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France; Univ Rennes, EHESP, CNRS, ARENES-UMR_S 6051, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - A Froment
- Musée National d'histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Paris, France
| | - B Jégou
- Univ Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
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Topal S, Şaylan M, Zaman BT, Bakırdere S. Determination of trace cadmium in saliva samples using spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction prior to the measurement by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126859. [PMID: 34564028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective, green and rapid analytical strategy namely the simultaneous spray assisted droplet formation-liquid phase microextraction (S-SADF-LPME) method was developed for the determination of trace quantity of cadmium in saliva samples by using the slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS). By the developed method, external dispersive solvent usage for droplet formation was reduced to obtain a more environmental-friendly method. METHODS Method consists of a simultaneous complexing and extraction step, which was based on spraying an extraction solvent containing a solid ligand into the aqueous sample solution, forming fine droplets without the use of dispersive solvent. The procedure was implemented using a customized, cost effective and portable spray apparatus to minimize the consumption of reagent, analysis time and operation steps. Thus, this methodology ensures better repeatability and accuracy while minimizing the relative errors caused by the experimental steps. Parameters including the buffer amount, extractant/ligand concentration, extraction solvent type, extraction/ligand solution volume, spraying number and vortex period were systemically optimized to lower the detection limit. RESULTS Under the optimal extraction conditions, 96.9-folds enhancement in the detection power of the traditional FAAS was achieved. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values of presented method were calculated to be 0.65 and 2.17 ng mL-1, respectively. Accuracy and applicability of the optimized method was investigated by collecting saliva samples from smokers. Satisfactory percent recovery values wereachieved for cadmium with a low standard deviation in the acceptable range of 84.9-109.6 %. CONCLUSION The developed dispersive solvent-free S-SADF-LPME technique presents a fast, simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly microextraction method based on the use of an easily accessible and functional spray apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Topal
- Istanbul University, TEBİP Programme, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Şaylan
- Yıldız Technical University, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Chemistry Department, 34220, İstanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No:112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Mara A, Langasco I, Deidda S, Caredda M, Meloni P, Deroma M, Pilo MI, Spano N, Sanna G. ICP-MS Determination of 23 Elements of Potential Health Concern in Liquids of e-Cigarettes. Method Development, Validation, and Application to 37 Real Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:6680. [PMID: 34771088 PMCID: PMC8588553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of interest in the determination of toxic elements in liquids for electronic cigarettes (e-liquids) has so far been reflected in the scarce number of accurate and validated analytical methods devoted to this aim. Since the strong matrix effects observed for e-liquids constitute an exciting analytical challenge, the main goal of this study was to develop and validate an ICP-MS method aimed to quantify 23 elements in 37 e-liquids of different flavors. Great attention has been paid to the critical phases of sample pre-treatment, as well as to the optimization of the ICP-MS conditions for each element and of the quantification. All samples exhibited a very low amount of the elements under investigation. Indeed, the sum of their average concentration was of ca. 0.6 mg kg-1. Toxic elements were always below a few tens of a μg per kg-1 and, very often, their amount was below the relevant quantification limits. Tobacco and tonic flavors showed the highest and the lowest concentration of elements, respectively. The most abundant elements came frequently from propylene glycol and vegetal glycerin, as confirmed by PCA. A proper choice of these substances could further decrease the elemental concentration in e-liquids, which are probably barely involved as potential sources of toxic elements inhaled by vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mara
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Ilaria Langasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Sara Deidda
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Caredda
- AGRIS Sardegna, Loc. Bonassai, S.S. 291 Km 18.6, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Paola Meloni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Mario Deroma
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Maria I. Pilo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadia Spano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Gavino Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.M.); (I.L.); (S.D.); (P.M.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
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13
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Thallium Use, Toxicity, and Detoxification Therapy: An Overview. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is released into the environment, where is present at very low levels, from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Tl is considered as one of the most toxic heavy metals; it is a non-essential metal, present in low concentrations in humans. Tl toxicity causes dermatological and gastrointestinal diseases and disorders of the nervous system, and may even result in death. Many isotopes of Tl exist, with different uses. One of the isotopes of this metal (201Tl) is used in cardiovascular scintigraphy and for the diagnosis of malignant tumors such as breast or lung cancer and osteosarcoma bone cancer. Many Tl compounds are tasteless, colorless, and odorless. Due to these characteristics and their high toxicity, they have been used as poisons in suicides and murders for criminal purposes, as well as instances of accidental poisoning. Impaired glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, and disruption of potassium-regulated homeostasis may play a role in the mechanism of Tl toxicity. Solanum nigrum L. and Callitriche cophocarpa have been suggested as promising agents for the phytoremediation of Tl. In addition, macrocyclic compounds such as crown ethers (18-crown-6) are good candidates to absorb Tl from wastewater. Through this review, we present an update to general information about the uses and toxicity of Tl. Furthermore, the attention is focused on detoxification therapies.
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Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh A, Ataei M, Ataei H, Zardast M, Shariatmadari MR, Mousavi-Mirzaei SM, Mehrpour O. Comparison of serum concentrations of essential and toxic elements between cigarette smokers and non-smokers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37672-37678. [PMID: 33721162 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The habit of smoking remains a severe public health problem. Heavy metals in cigarettes and mainstream smoke have been extensively investigated. This study has attempted to determine the essential and toxic elements in a biological sample of smokers and non-smokers. In this case-control study, 100 smokers were compared with 100 age- and gender-matched non-smoker healthy subjects. The smoker group was selected via the snowball sampling method. Serum concentrations of trace elements were determined using ICP-MS (Agilent 7900) for subsequent analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t test or Mann-Whitney U test along with chi-square test at the significant level of less than 0.05. The results of this study indicated that subjects in the smoker group compared with non-smokers had a significantly higher median of manganese (Mn) (11.5 [5.7-17.2] versus 6 [4-12.5] (μg/L), p = 0.003), copper (Cu) (40 [34-47.2] versus 34 [29-42] (μg/L), p = 0.005), arsenic (As) (39 [9-49.2] versus 12 [5-42] (μg/L), p = 0.007), thallium (Tl) (0.54 [0.27-0.68] versus 0.34 [0.11-0.66] (μg/L), p = 0.04), and lower iron (Fe) concentration (218 [156-508] versus 429 [192-573] (μg/L), p = 0.03). This study found that the concentrations of Mn, Cu, As, and TI in cigarette smokers were significantly higher than those obtained from the control group. These results can provide health policymakers with the necessary information to take public health measures towards preventive interventions in the community, though further studies are still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ataei
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Homeira Ataei
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahmood Zardast
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | | | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Wang X, Wang B, Xiao L, Cui X, Cen X, Yang S, Mu G, Xu T, Zhou M, Chen W. Sources of 24-h personal exposure to PM 2.5-bound metals: results from a panel study in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27555-27564. [PMID: 33515145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound metals have been widely addressed, but research on the exposure levels and sources of personal PM2.5-bound metals among urban community residents is limited. The aim of this study is to explore the exposure levels and sources of 24-h personal PM2.5-bound metals among community inhabitants in Wuhan, China. We conducted a penal study of 216 observations with measurements of 16 metals bounded to 24-h personal PM2.5 samples in April-May, 2014, 2017. Analyses of covariance were used to compare PM2.5-bound metal levels across different living habits and ambient conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation was performed to explore PM2.5-bound metal sources. Personal PM2.5-bound aluminum (Al) (113.41 ng/m3) showed the highest geometric mean (GM) concentration, followed by lead (Pb) (90.89 ng/m3), zinc (Zn) (67.71 ng/m3), and iron (Fe) (51.85 ng/m3). The elevated levels of PM2.5-bound Al, vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), arsenic (As), rubidium (Rb), cadmium (Cd), and thallium (Tl) were found in participants with cigarette smoke exposure, compared with those without. The concentrations of Rb and strontium (Sr) were positively associated with the time spent outdoors. The increased concentration of nickel (Ni) was found in individuals who spent > 30 min/day in traffic. The elevated levels of V, Mn, and cobalt (Co) were associated with a short distance from dwellings to the main road. The results of PCA showed that PM2.5-bound metals might come from five sources: As, selenium (Se), Rb, Cd, Tl, and Pb from cigarette smoke exposure; Al, V, Mn, Fe, and Sr from crustal dust; copper (Cu) and antimony (Sb) from industrial activities; Ni and Co from traffic emission; and Zn from coal combustion. The concentrations of PM2.5-bound metals in this study were at moderate levels. Cigarette smoke exposure, industrial activities, traffic emission, and coal combustion might be major anthropogenic sources of personal PM2.5-bound metal exposures in Wuhan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xingzu Cen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ge Mu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cadmium has been recognized as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We present a review of cadmium toxicity, its effect on cellular activities, and a summary of reported association between environmental cadmium exposure and CVD. We also discuss the possible therapeutic benefit of cadmium chelation. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental data suggest that cadmium affects several signaling pathways which may lead to endothelial dysfunction and vascular tissue damage, promoting atherosclerosis. This is further supported by epidemiological studies that have shown an association of even low-level cadmium exposure with an increased risk of clinical cardiovascular events. The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) provided inferential evidence for the cardiovascular benefit of treating toxic metal burden. However, at the present time, there is no direct evidence, but suggestive findings from clinical trials indicating that removal of cadmium from body stores may be associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes. An evolving body of evidence supports environmental cadmium exposure as a pro-atherosclerosis risk factor in CVD; however, the mechanisms for the proatherogenic effect of cadmium are still not completely understood. Further studies in translational toxicology are needed to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the molecular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity and the promotion of atherosclerosis.
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17
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Kurti M, He Y, Silver D, Giorgio M, von Lampe K, Macinko J, Ye H, Tan F, Mei V. Presence of Counterfeit Marlboro Gold Packs in Licensed Retail Stores in New York City: Evidence From Test Purchases. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1131-1134. [PMID: 29846723 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no independent studies measuring the availability of premium brand counterfeit cigarettes in New York City from licensed retailers. METHODS We forensically analyzed the cigarette packaging of Marlboro Gold (n = 1021) purchased from licensed tobacco retailers in New York City, using ultraviolet irradiation and light microscopy to determine whether they were counterfeit. RESULTS We find that while only 0.5% (n = 5) of our sample exhibits at least one characteristic synonymous with counterfeit packaging, none of our packs can be conclusively classified as counterfeit. CONCLUSIONS We do not find any counterfeit Marlboro Gold packs purchased at full price from licensed cigarette retailers throughout New York City. Future research using test purchases should include other venues (eg, street and online) and specifically ask for discounts to ascertain the overall presence of counterfeit cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to independently measure the availability of counterfeit cigarette packs purchased at full price from licensed retailers in New York City. We find that none of the Marlboro Gold packs purchased from licensed cigarette retailers are counterfeit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kurti
- Center for Tobacco Studies, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ.,Department of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Yi He
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
| | - Diana Silver
- Department of Public Health Policy, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Margaret Giorgio
- Department of Public Health Policy, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Klaus von Lampe
- Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
| | - James Macinko
- Department of Health Policy and Management, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
| | - Fidelis Tan
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
| | - Victoria Mei
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY
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18
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Halstead M, Gray N, Gonzalez-Jimenez N, Fresquez M, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson C, Pappas RS. Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using a Novel Trap Design. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:149-155. [PMID: 31588518 PMCID: PMC7948256 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2006 the domestic popularity and sales of electronic cigarettes (i.e., electronic nicotine delivery systems or ENDS) have grown rapidly. Although the constituents of the aerosol produced by ENDS have been previously investigated, differences in puff regimens and aerosol trapping schema in published literature often complicate result comparisons and data interpretation. As the ENDS product designs continue to evolve, there is a critical need to develop and validate robust methodologies for laboratory testing, appropriate aerosol generation and trapping media required for accurate determinations of ENDS aerosol metals deliveries. A simple, high metals purity, fluoropolymer trap was developed and validated that meets standard machine puffing regimen (CORESTA Recommended Method 81) specifications and exhibits negligible acid extractable metal backgrounds. Using a standard machine puffing regimen in combination with a fluoropolymer condensation trap, aerosol was generated and collected from select ENDS devices for analysis of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead with triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Devices tested spanned a range of commercial products, including flavored variants of JUUL pods, refillable tank systems, rechargeable cartridges, and single-use ENDs devices. Results showed that for aerosols generated under a fixed puffing regimen (50 puffs/collection), metal concentrations ranged from below the detection limits (LOD) to 614 ng copper and 339 ng zinc per 10 puffs. Cadmium concentrations were below LOD for all devices tested. Device specific aerosol levels of Sn and Pb ranged from below LOD to low nanogram levels. Cr and Ni were transported in aerosols at levels equivalent to, or slightly higher than in mainstream cigarette smoke using a standard smoking regimen. The generally lower levels of specific metals, Cd and Pb, transmitted in ENDS aerosols compared to mainstream cigarette smoke reflect possible reduction of harm for smokers who substitute the use of ENDS as cessation devices in place of smoking cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Halstead
- Battelle Analytical Services, 2987 Clairmont Road, Suite 450, Atlanta, USA
| | - Naudia Gray
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark Fresquez
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Clifford Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS S110-4, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kim K, Melough MM, Sakaki JR, Ha K, Marmash D, Noh H, Chun OK. Association between Urinary Cadmium to Zinc Intake Ratio with Adult Mortality in a Follow-Up Study of NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Nutrients 2019; 12:E56. [PMID: 31878194 PMCID: PMC7019386 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal associated with increased mortality, but the effect of zinc (Zn) intake on the association between Cd and mortality is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the association of urinary Cd to Zn intake ratio (Cd/Zn ratio) and mortality risk. In total, 15642 US adults in NHANES 1988-1994 and 1999-2004 were followed until 2011 (15-year mean follow-up). Of the 5367 total deaths, 1194 were attributed to cancer and 1677 were attributed to CVD. After adjustment for potential confounders, positive associations were observed between urinary Cd and all-cause mortality (HR for highest vs. lowest quartile: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.14-1.68) and cancer mortality (HR: 1.54; CI: 1.05-2.27). Urinary Cd was positively associated with cancer mortality among the lowest Zn consumers, and the association diminished among the highest Zn consumers. Positive relationships were observed between the Cd/Zn ratio and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.54; CI: 1.23-1.93), cancer mortality (HR: 1.65; CI: 1.11-2.47) and CVD mortality (HR: 1.49; CI: 1.18-1.88). In conclusion, these findings indicate that Zn intake may modify the association between Cd and mortality. Furthermore, the Cd/Zn ratio, which was positively associated with mortality from all causes, cancer, and CVD, may be an important predictor of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijoon Kim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Melissa M. Melough
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Junichi R. Sakaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Kyungho Ha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Dalia Marmash
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Hwayoung Noh
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics Group, Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC-WHO), 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Ock K. Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (K.K.); (M.M.M.); (J.R.S.); (K.H.); (D.M.)
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Scott SR, Smith KE, Dahman C, Gorski PR, Adams SV, Shafer MM. Cd isotope fractionation during tobacco combustion produces isotopic variation outside the range measured in dietary sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:600-608. [PMID: 31254826 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium production has risen 1000-fold in the past 100 years, from under 20 to over 20,000 tons per year, causing anthropogenically-mobilized Cd to overwhelm natural sources in global cycling. Cadmium has no known biological function in humans, yet has biochemical behaviors similar to zinc and manganese, making exposure detrimental to human health. Identifying and quantifying the sources of Cd for human sub-populations is key to reducing exposures. Cadmium stable isotopes may provide a method for tracing Cd sources throughout the environment and the human body, but at present the limited database for high precision Cd isotopic compositions is inadequate to support such an analysis. Here, we provide new Cd isotope data on dietary sources, cigarette smoking components, and environmentally relevant standard reference materials. Results indicated that minor but significant variations are observed in food products (e.g., peanuts, sunflower seeds, spinach, kale, lettuce, cocoa powder; ~0.9‰ at 4 amu) that may be useful for tracing contamination in agricultural soils. In contrast, Cd isotope fractionation during smoking is larger (~6‰ at 4 amu) and has implications for tracing cadmium sources from tobacco combustion in the environment and throughout the human body. The primary inhaled component of cigarette smoke contains highest delta values (δ116/112Cd or δ114/110Cd ~5.2‰), while the second-hand smoke and cigarette ash have the lowest delta values (δ116/112Cd or δ114/110Cd ~-0.9‰). Used cigarette butts have δ114/110Cd ~2.4‰, in between the values measured in ash/s hand smoke and the inhaled smoke components. The high delta values of the inhaled smoke indicate that Cd isotopes may be used to determine the extent of Cd exposure due to smoking in human biological samples. This study provides new data for previously uncharacterized isotopic reservoirs that can be included in future studies of Cd source-exposure tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Scott
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America.
| | - Kate E Smith
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America; Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020 - 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Christa Dahman
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America
| | - Patrick R Gorski
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America
| | - Scott V Adams
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Martin M Shafer
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53707-7996, United States of America.
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Effects of Model, Method of Collection, and Topography on Chemical Elements and Metals in the Aerosol of Tank-Style Electronic Cigarettes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13969. [PMID: 31562360 PMCID: PMC6765047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Our purpose was to examine the effect of model, puffing topography (voltage, air-flow, puff interval), and method of collection on 19 elements/metals in aerosols from six tank-style electronic cigarettes (EC). Aerosols were collected from six brands using a cold trap or impinger and various puffing topographies. 19 elements were quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. 16 elements/metals were present and quantified in the aerosols. The total concentrations of elements/metals ranged from 43 to 3,138 µg/L with the impinger method of collection and 226 to 6,767 µg/L with the cold trap method. The concentrations of individual elements were often similar across brands and across topographies. Some elements (e.g., zinc) were present in most aerosols, while others (e.g., cadmium, titanium, vanadium) were rarely found. Concentrations of some elements (e.g., lead) increased in aerosols as voltage/power increased. The model with fewest metal parts in the atomizer had the fewest metals in its aerosols. Most elements/metals in the aerosols have been found previously in the atomizers of EC. All tank-style aerosols had elements/metals that appeared to originate in the atomizers, and concentrations increased with increasing power. Concentrations of some elements were high enough to be a health concern.
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22
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Sayyed K, Aljebeai AK, Al-Nachar M, Chamieh H, Taha S, Abdel-Razzak Z. Interaction of cigarette smoke condensate and some of its components with chlorpromazine toxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 45:77-87. [PMID: 31514548 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1659809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an antipsychotic phenothiazine which is still commonly prescribed though it causes idiosyncratic toxicity such as cholestasis. CPZ toxicity mechanisms involve oxidative stress among others. Cigarette smoke (CS) causes deleterious effects through diverse mechanisms such as oxidative stress. CS alters drug metabolizing enzymes expression and drug transporters expression and activity in animal cell models as well as in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CS therefore alters pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of many drugs including CPZ and caffeine whose toxicity is promoted by CS condensate (CSC). CSC interaction with CPZ toxicity deserves investigation. In this study, CSC exerted mild toxicity on Saccharomyces cerevisiae which resisted to this chemical stress after several hours. CPZ toxicity on yeast was dose-dependent and the cells resisted to CPZ up to 40 µM after 24 h of treatment. Yeast cells treated simultaneously with CPZ and a nontoxic CSC dose were less sensitive to CPZ. CSC probably triggers cross-resistance to CPZ. Using Sod1 mutant strain, we showed that this gene is potentially involved in the potential cross-resistance. Other genes encoding stress-related transcription factors could be involved in this process. Nicotine and cadmium chloride, which caused a dose-dependent toxicity individually, acted with CPZ in an additive or synergistic manner in terms of toxicity. Although our results cannot be extrapolated to humans, they clearly show that CSC and its components interact with CPZ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Sayyed
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Abdel-Karim Aljebeai
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mariam Al-Nachar
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Hala Chamieh
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Samir Taha
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Ziad Abdel-Razzak
- EDST-AZM-center-LBA3B - Tripoli and Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University , Beirut , Lebanon
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23
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Du T, Huang W, Zheng S, Bao M, Huang Y, Li A, He M, Wu K. Blood Cadmium Level Is Associated with Short Progression-Free Survival in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2952. [PMID: 31426367 PMCID: PMC6721767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is poor with disease progression. Cadmium exposure is a risk factor for NPC. We aimed to investigate the effect of cadmium exposure, by measuring cadmium level, and clinicopathologic factors on NPC disease progression and prognosis. A total of 134 NPC cases were analyzed and venous blood samples were collected. Blood cadmium level was analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Clinical data were collected at baseline for patients and tumor characteristics from medical records. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed during follow-up. The effect of cadmium exposure and clinical factors on PFS was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. Blood cadmium level was associated with history of disease and smoking history and pack-years. On Kaplan-Meier analysis, a high blood cadmium level, male sex, smoking history and increasing pack-years, as well as advanced clinical stage were all associated with short PFS. On multivariate analysis, blood cadmium level was an independent risk factor and predictor of NPC prognosis and disease progression. Cadmium exposure and related clinical factors can affect the prognosis of NPC, which merits further study to clarify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taifeng Du
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shukai Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Mian Bao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yuanni Huang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Anna Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Meirong He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Kusheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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24
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Khandelwal N, Tiwari R, Saini R, Taneja A. Particulate and trace metal emission from mosquito coil and cigarette burning in environmental chamber. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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25
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Alshahrani S, Tripathi P, Alhazmi HA, Hussain SM, Siddiqui AH, Ahsan W, Bratty MA. Genotoxicity of yellow shammah (smokeless tobacco) in murine bone marrow cells in vivo. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019; 44:124-129. [PMID: 30871384 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2019.1566351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Shammah is a traditional form of smokeless tobacco (ST) that is manufactured and used locally by people of Middle East with highest usage in Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Sudan. In Saudi Arabia, shammah comes in three variants: white, brown and yellow. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxicity of yellow shammah (YS) on bone marrow (BM) cells in vivo using mice. Bone marrow (BM) chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assay were performed and hepatic markers of oxidative stress were determined. Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups (n = 6) including negative control (NC) and positive control (PC) groups. The three treated groups included YS-100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, doses freshly prepared in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and administered orally once a day for 2 weeks. PC animals were administered cyclophosphamide (CP) at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight, 24 h before termination. Two weeks continuous treatment of YS induced a dose dependent and significant increase in aberrant metaphases (AM), CA per cell and depression in mitotic activity. In micronucleus assay, YS treatment increased the percentage of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) frequency and showed statistically significant reduction in polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte ratio at all doses, as compared to NC. YS also markedly inhibited the activities of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and increased malondialdehyde content. CP was used as clastogen (positive control) and yielded the expected positive results. Therefore, it may be concluded that YS has genotoxic and cytotoxic effects for BM cells of mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pankaj Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Smokeless Tobacco Research Group, Substance Abuse Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mamoon Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Hakeem Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Smokeless Tobacco Research Group, Substance Abuse Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Smokeless Tobacco Research Group, Substance Abuse Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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26
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The relationship between zinc intake and cadmium burden is influenced by smoking status. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:210-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Zumbado M, Luzardo OP, Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Differential exposure to 33 toxic elements through cigarette smoking, based on the type of tobacco and rolling paper used. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:368-376. [PMID: 30513508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution due to various elements is increasing all across the planet owing to their use in industrial processes. The tobacco plants and the vegetables used in the manufacturing of smoking paper may accumulate these elements from the environment. Thus, tobacco and smoking paper may be relevant contributors among the content of elements in cigarettes, including some emerging pollutants such as rare earth elements (REEs). Thirty-two elements related to hi-tech industrial processes were analyzed in tobacco, rolling paper, and filters (n = 257 samples) by ICP-MS. A variety of industrial brands and "roll-your-own" cigarette papers were considered. The potential maximum daily exposure to these elements by a hypothetical heavy smoker was calculated for each type of cigarette. We found significant differences in the levels of most elements, both in the tobacco and in the paper. Black tobacco cigarettes contained the maximum levels. We found that the paper used in roll-your-own cigarettes may significantly modify their concentration of elements. Fast-burning, bleached, and flavored papers also contribute to higher levels of these pollutants. Thus, the differences in theoretical exposure depending on the type of cigarette consumed-either branded or hand-rolled-may be very striking, of up to 35-40 times. In addition to the number of cigarettes consumed per day, it is necessary to consider the type of cigarette consumed to assess the risk of exposure to toxic elements. Tobacco paper is a prominent source of exposure to toxic elements. Cigarette smoke is another source of exposure to emerging contaminants such as REE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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28
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Kim K, Melough MM, Vance TM, Noh H, Koo SI, Chun OK. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Sources in the US. Nutrients 2018; 11:E2. [PMID: 30577418 PMCID: PMC6356330 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can contribute to numerous diseases as well as increased mortality. Diet is the primary source of Cd exposure for most individuals, yet little is known about the foods and food groups that contribute most substantially to dietary Cd intake in the US. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate dietary Cd intake and identify major food sources of Cd in the US population and among subgroups of the population. Individuals aged 2 years and older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007⁻2012 were included in this study (n = 12,523). Cd intakes were estimated from two days of 24-h dietary recalls by matching intake data with the Cd database of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s Total Diet Study 2006 through 2013. The average dietary Cd consumption in the population was 4.63 μg/day, or 0.54 μg/kg body weight/week, which is 22% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2.5 μg/kg body weight/week. Greater daily Cd intakes were observed in older adults, males, those with higher income, higher education, or higher body mass index. The highest Cd intakes on a body weight basis were observed in children 10 years and younger (38% of TWI), underweight individuals (38% of TWI), and alcohol non-consumers (24% of TWI). The food groups that contributed most to Cd intake were cereals and bread (34%), leafy vegetables (20%), potatoes (11%), legumes and nuts (7%), and stem/root vegetables (6%). The foods that contributed most to total Cd intake were lettuce (14%), spaghetti (8%), bread (7%), and potatoes (6%). Lettuce was the major Cd source for Caucasians and Blacks, whereas tortillas were the top source for Hispanics, and rice was the top contributor among other ethnic subgroups including Asians. This study provides important information on the dietary Cd exposure of Americans, and identifies the groups with the greatest dietary Cd exposure as well as the major sources of dietary Cd among sociodemographic subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijoon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Melissa M Melough
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Terrence M Vance
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, SUNY College at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, NY 12901, USA.
| | - Hwayoung Noh
- International Agency of Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Sung I Koo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Ock K Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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29
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Cuello-Nuñez S, Benning J, Liu C, Branton P, Hu J, McAdam KG, Coburn S, Braybrook J, Goenaga-Infante H. Fractionation of cadmium in tobacco and cigarette smoke condensate using XANES and sequential leaching with ICP-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6795-6806. [PMID: 30094791 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fractionation data for cadmium in tobacco products, as obtained by sequential leaching of cadmium species with ICP-MS/MS analysis, and separately by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) are presented here for the first time. The total amount of cadmium found in 3R4F cigarette cut tobacco was 1526 ± 42 μg kg-1, of which 5% was found in the smoke under ISO smoking conditions. XANES analysis showed that Cd in tobacco, cigarette smoke and ash was present in the + 2 oxidation state. Examination of the gas-particle partitioning of smoke cadmium suggests that Cd in mainstream smoke is best viewed as semi-volatile, existing in both particulate and gas phases. Sequential extraction of trapped tobacco smoke was carried out to get a deeper insight into the chemistry of cigarette smoke cadmium compounds. Consecutive extractions with ultrapure water, dilute (1%) nitric acid and 10% nitric acid led to extraction of a total amount of Cd which agreed with that obtained after microwave digestion of the whole sample, suggesting that cadmium was quantitatively leachable into aqueous/acidic solutions. Most Cd (~ 90% of the total Cd in the smoke condensate) was extracted into dilute nitric acid (likely as CdO, Cd(OH)2 and CdCO3) with a minor percentage (3%) extracted into water (likely as CdCl2) and in 10% nitric acid (likely as CdS). Extraction of trapped mainstream smoke with pentane, followed by ICP-MS/MS analysis, to examine the possible presence of organocadmium in 3R4F tobacco smoke, did not show the presence of organocadmium compounds above the method LOQ (2 μg kg-1), possibly due to their reactivity under the experimental conditions. The high selectivity with sufficient sensitivity achieved by ICP-MS/MS was invaluable to quantify Cd (at low μg kg-1levels) simultaneously with sulphur and chlorine in the tobacco smoke fractions of complex matrix. The cadmium chemistry in the smoke, identified in this study, is consistent with both relatively high lung absorption and DNA binding; both potentially important factors for disease progression in smokers. Graphical Abstract This paper provides quantitative fractionation data for cadmium in tobacco and smoke by using sequential leaching with ICPMS and XANES.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Benning
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Chuan Liu
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Peter Branton
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Jin Hu
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kevin G McAdam
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Steven Coburn
- Group R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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30
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Speciation analysis of thallium in tobaccos using liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Gunes S, Metin Mahmutoglu A, Arslan MA, Henkel R. Smoking-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in infertile men. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13124. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sezgin Gunes
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Asli Metin Mahmutoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Mehmet Alper Arslan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
- Department of Multidisciplinary Molecular Medicine, Health Sciences Institute; Ondokuz Mayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - Ralf Henkel
- Department of Medical Bioscience; University of the Western Cape; Bellville South Africa
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32
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Ghaderi A, NasehGhafoori P, Rasouli-Azad M, Sehat M, Mehrzad F, Nekuei M, Aaseth J, Banafshe HR, Mehrpour O. Examining of Thallium in Cigarette Smokers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:224-230. [PMID: 28766107 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is one of the sources of thallium which is considered as a toxic heavy metal. The aim of this study was to determine urinary thallium levels and related variables in smokers, compared to a control group. The study was conducted on 56 participants who had smoked continuously during the year before they were referred to Kashan Smoking Cessation Clinic. Fifty-three nonsmokers who were family members or friends of the smokers were selected as the control group. Urinary thallium was measured in both groups (n = 109) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean value (with SD) for urinary thallium in the smokers (10.16 ± 1.82 μg/L) was significantly higher than in the control group (2.39 ± 0.63 μg/L). There was a significant relationship between smoking duration and urinary thallium levels (P = 0.003). In a subgroup of smokers who was addicted to opium and opium residues (n = 9), the mean level of thallium (37.5 ± 13.09 μg/L) was significantly higher than in the other smokers (4.93 ± 4.45; P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed opioid abuse, insomnia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), together were strong predictors of urinary thallium levels in smokers. There was no significant difference in thallium level in hookah smokers (P = 0.299) or in those with COPD compared to other smokers (P = 0.375). Urinary thallium levels of smokers with clinical signs of depression, sleep disorders, memory loss, and sweating were higher than those of smokers without these signs. Since thallium, as other toxic metals is accumulated in the body, and cigarette smoking also involves carcinogenic exposures and health hazards for passively exposed people, the need for cigarette control policies is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Payam NasehGhafoori
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Morad Rasouli-Azad
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sehat
- Department of Community Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fateme Mehrzad
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mina Nekuei
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Elverum, and Research Department, Innlandet Hospital, Norway University of Applied Sciences, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ravand Street, Kashan, 87159-88141, Iran.
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Wallin C, Sholts SB, Österlund N, Luo J, Jarvet J, Roos PM, Ilag L, Gräslund A, Wärmländer SKTS. Alzheimer's disease and cigarette smoke components: effects of nicotine, PAHs, and Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), Pb(IV) ions on amyloid-β peptide aggregation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14423. [PMID: 29089568 PMCID: PMC5663743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is associated with extracellular brain deposits of amyloid plaques containing aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Aβ aggregation occurs via multiple pathways that can be influenced by various compounds. Here, we used AFM imaging and NMR, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry to monitor in vitro how Aβ aggregation is affected by the cigarette-related compounds nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with one to five aromatic rings, and the metal ions Cd(II), Cr(III), Pb(II), and Pb(IV). All PAHs and metal ions modulated the Aβ aggregation process. Cd(II), Cr(III), and Pb(II) ions displayed general electrostatic interactions with Aβ, whereas Pb(IV) ions showed specific transient binding coordination to the N-terminal Aβ segment. Thus, Pb(IV) ions are especially prone to interact with Aβ and affect its aggregation. While Pb(IV) ions affected mainly Aβ dimer and trimer formation, hydrophobic toluene mainly affected formation of larger aggregates such as tetramers. The uncharged and hydrophilic nicotine molecule showed no direct interactions with Aβ, nor did it affect Aβ aggregation. Our Aβ interaction results suggest a molecular rationale for the higher AD prevalence among smokers, and indicate that certain forms of lead in particular may constitute an environmental risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wallin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina B Sholts
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicklas Österlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford Ox, 1 3TA, UK
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- The National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Per M Roos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Capio St.Göran Hospital, St.Göransplan 1, 112 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian K T S Wärmländer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Cervantes A, Rodríguez R, Ferrer L, Cerdà V, Leal LO. Automatic solid phase extraction of cadmium exploiting a multicommutated flow system previous ICP-MS detection: Application to tobacco samples. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Demková L, Árvay J, Bobuľská L, Tomáš J, Stanovič R, Lošák T, Harangozo L, Vollmannová A, Bystrická J, Musilová J, Jobbágy J. Accumulation and environmental risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and plants of four different ecosystems in a former polymetallic ores mining and smelting area (Slovakia). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:479-490. [PMID: 28129047 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1274169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in soils and plants of four different ecosystems (forest, grassland, agro and urban ecosystem) at different distances from the source of the pollution were analyzed in order to assess and compare soil contamination in the various ecosystems and determine the potential accumulation of plants depending on the place they inhabit. Correlation relationships among heavy metals in soils differ depending on the ecosystem, and between soil and plant, the heavy metals showed significant correlation for Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd) and pollution load index (PLI) were used in order to determine the level of environmental contamination of the study area. All studied ecosystems were rated as moderately contaminated (except agroecosystem, which was found as low contamination ecosystem) according to Cd and extremely polluted according to PLI. The highest pollution in both cases was found in urban ecosystem, and Cd, Cu and Fe were determined as the biggest pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Demková
- a Department of Ecology , University of Prešov , Prešov , Slovak Republic
| | - Július Árvay
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Bobuľská
- a Department of Ecology , University of Prešov , Prešov , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Tomáš
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Radovan Stanovič
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Lošák
- c Department of Environmentalistics and Natural Resources , Mendel University in Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Luboš Harangozo
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Vollmannová
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Judita Bystrická
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Janette Musilová
- b Department of Chemistry , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Jobbágy
- d Department of Machines and Production Biosystems , Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Vimalraj S, Sumantran VN, Chatterjee S. MicroRNAs: Impaired vasculogenesis in metal induced teratogenicity. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:30-48. [PMID: 28249814 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Certain metals have been known for their toxic effects on embryos and fetal development. The vasculature in early pregnancy is extremely dynamic and plays an important role in organogenesis. Nascent blood vessels in early embryonic life are considered to be a primary and delicate target for many teratogens since the nascent blood islands follow a tightly controlled program to form vascular plexus around and inside the embryo for resourcing optimal ingredients for its development. The state of the distribution of toxic metals, their transport mechanisms and the molecular events by which they notch extra-embryonic and embryonic vasculatures are illustrated. In addition, pharmacological aspects of toxic metal induced teratogenicity have also been portrayed. The work reviewed state of the current knowledge of specific role of microRNAs (miRNAs) that are differentially expressed in response to toxic metals, and how they interfere with the vasculogenesis that manifests into embryonic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India.
| | | | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India; Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.
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Meltzer HM, Alexander J, Brantsæter AL, Borch-Iohnsen B, Ellingsen DG, Thomassen Y, Holmen J, Ydersbond TA. The impact of iron status and smoking on blood divalent metal concentrations in Norwegian women in the HUNT2 Study. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:165-173. [PMID: 27108098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Low iron (Fe) stores may result in increased absorption of divalent metals, in particular cadmium (Cd). We have previously shown that in non-smoking women participating in the Norwegian HUNT2 cohort study this also included other divalent metals, e.g. manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co). The diet is the main source of metals in non-smoking individuals, whereas in smoking individuals tobacco smoke contributes significant amounts of Cd and lead (Pb). The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of smoking on the relationship between low iron status and divalent metals. Blood concentrations of the divalent metals Cd, Mn, Co, Pb, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), determined using an Element 2 sector field mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), were investigated in smoking women of fertile age (range 21-55 years) (n=267) from the HUNT2 cohort. Among these, 82 were iron-deplete (serum ferritin<12μg/L) and 28 had iron deficiency anaemia (serum ferritin<12μg/L & Hb<120g/L). 150 (56%) women smoked 10 or more cigarettes daily, 101 (38%) had smoked for more than 20 years, and 107 (40%) had smoked for 11-20 years. Results from the smoking population were compared with results from our previous study in non-smoking women (n=448) of which 132 were previous smokers, all from the same cohort. Increasing concentrations of Cd in blood were observed for previous smokers, low-to-moderate smokers and high intensity smokers in all subgroups compared to never smokers, and according to age groups, education level, BMI and serum ferritin. Smokers had higher Pb concentrations than non-smokers in all subgroups, but less pronounced than for Cd. Smoking was not associated with Mn and Co concentrations in blood. In multiple regression models, low ferritin was associated with increased blood concentrations of Cd, Pb, Mn and Co. Ferritin was strongly associated with Cd at low smoking intensity, but was not a significant factor in heavy smokers, where intensity and duration of smoking emerged as main determinants. Ferritin associations with Co and Pb varied with tertiles of blood Cd. Ferritin emerged as the main determinant of blood Co and Mn, while for blood Pb, age and smoking intensity had higher impact. Cu and Zn remained within reference values and no significant associations with ferritin were found. Strong positive associations between blood concentrations of Pb, Mn, Cd and Co were observed, also when controlled for their common association with ferritin. Apart from these associations, the models showed no significant interactions between the divalent metals studied. Mild anaemia (110<Hb<120g/L) did not seem to have any effect independent of low ferritin. The results indicate that low serum ferritin facilitates absorption of certain divalent metal ions in female smokers as well as the previously shown effect in non-smokers. Even if smoking provides Pb and Cd, the mutual associations between Cd and other divalent metals in blood persisted in medium and heavy smokers. This indicates that the interrelationship between Cd and divalent metals not only reflect effects on the absorption, but possibly also on kinetic processes such as transportation in blood and other compartments, including excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Meltzer
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - J Alexander
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - A L Brantsæter
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - B Borch-Iohnsen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046 Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - D G Ellingsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Y Thomassen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - J Holmen
- HUNT Research Center, Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Forskningsveien 2, N-7600, Levanger, Norway
| | - T A Ydersbond
- Statistics Norway, P.O. Box 8131 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Adams SV, Shafer MM, Bonner MR, LaCroix AZ, Manson JE, Meliker JR, Neuhouser ML, Newcomb PA. Urinary Cadmium and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Epidemiol 2016; 183:815-23. [PMID: 27037269 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that may act as an exogenous estrogenic hormone. Environmental cadmium exposure has been associated with risk of breast cancer in retrospective studies. We prospectively assessed the relationship between cadmium exposure, evaluated by creatinine-normalized urinary cadmium concentration, and invasive breast cancer among 12,701 postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in a Women's Health Initiative study of bone mineral density. After a median of 13.2 years of follow-up (1993-2010), 508 cases of invasive breast cancer and 1,050 comparison women were identified for a case-cohort analysis. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with urinary cadmium parameterized either in quartiles (comparing highest quartile with lowest, hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 1.14; P for trend = 0.20) or as a log-transformed continuous variable (per 2-fold higher urinary cadmium concentration, hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.03). We did not observe an association between urinary cadmium and breast cancer risk in any subgroup examined, including never smokers and women with body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) less than 25. Results were consistent in both estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Our results do not support the hypothesis that environmental cadmium exposure is associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Quraishi SM, Adams SV, Shafer M, Meliker JR, Li W, Luo J, Neuhouser ML, Newcomb PA. Urinary cadmium and estimated dietary cadmium in the Women's Health Initiative. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:303-8. [PMID: 26015077 PMCID: PMC5077304 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium, a heavy metal dispersed in the environment as a result of industrial and agricultural applications, has been implicated in several human diseases including renal disease, cancers, and compromised bone health. In the general population, the predominant sources of cadmium exposure are tobacco and diet. Urinary cadmium (uCd) reflects long-term exposure and has been frequently used to assess cadmium exposure in epidemiological studies; estimated dietary intake of cadmium (dCd) has also been used in several studies. The validity of dCd in comparison with uCd is unclear. This study aimed to compare dCd, estimated from food frequency questionnaires, to uCd measured in spot urine samples from 1,002 participants of the Women's Health Initiative. Using linear regression, we found that dCd was not statistically significantly associated with uCd (β=0.006, P-value=0.14). When stratified by smoking status, dCd was not significantly associated with uCd both in never smokers (β=0.006, P-value=0.09) and in ever smokers (β=0.003, P-value=0.67). Our results suggest that because of the lack of association between estimated dCd and measured uCd, dietary estimation of cadmium exposure should be used with caution in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah M Quraishi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Scott V Adams
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martin Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaymie R Meliker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Juhua Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Saha N, Rahman MS, Jolly YN, Rahman A, Sattar MA, Hai MA. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of six heavy metals in soils and their transfer into mature tobacco plants in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3414-26. [PMID: 26490917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the tobacco production and consumption rate in Bangladesh is very high and a substantial portion of premature deaths is caused by tobacco smoking, the status of heavy metals in tobacco plants has not yet determined. This study, therefore, investigated the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn in tobacco plants and their surrounding agricultural soils in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. The geochemical maps showed a similar spatial distribution pattern of the analyzed metals and identified Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga as metal hot spots. Geoanalytical indexes were applied to assess the extent of soil contamination, and the results depicted that the soils of Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga were moderately contaminated where Cd contributed the most to contamination degree (C d) in spite of its relative low content. However, other five areas in Kushtia District were suggested as uncontaminated according to both C d and pollution load index (PLI). The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) showed no possible indication of human health risks via ingestion of agricultural soils. This study also determined that human activities such as excess application of commercial fertilizers, animal manures, and metal-based pesticides were the sources of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Cr enrichment in soils and that the metals into tobacco plants were transported from the soils. The present study conclusively suggested that regulation of improper use of agrochemicals and continuous monitoring of heavy metals in tobacco plants are needed to reduce the tobacco-related detrimental health problems in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Saha
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, NRCD, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, BAEC, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Yeasmin Nahar Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdus Sattar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdul Hai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
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Lin B, Gao H, Lai H. Spatial Characterization of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Concentrations in Tobacco Leaves and Soil. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1113419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pappas RS, Gray N, Gonzalez-Jimenez N, Fresquez M, Watson CH. Triple Quad-ICP-MS Measurement of Toxic Metals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke from Spectrum Research Cigarettes. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:43-8. [PMID: 26359486 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported toxic metal concentrations in the mainstream smoke from 50 varieties of commercial cigarettes available in the USA using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). However, efforts to continue producing high quality data on select mainstream cigarette smoke constituents demand continued improvements in instrumentation and methodology and application of the methodology to cigarettes that differ in design or construction. Here we report a new application of 'triple quad'-ICP-MS instrumentation to analyze seven toxic metals in mainstream cigarette smoke from the Spectrum variable nicotine research cigarettes. The Spectrum cigarettes are available for research purposes in different configurations of low or conventional levels of nicotine, mentholated or nonmentholated, and tar delivery ranges described as 'low tar' or 'high tar'. Detailed characterizations of specific harmful or potentially harmful constituents delivered by these research cigarettes will help inform researchers using these cigarettes in exposure studies, cessation studies and studies related to nicotine addiction or compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steven Pappas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mail Stop F44, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Naudia Gray
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mail Stop F44, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mail Stop F44, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mark Fresquez
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mail Stop F44, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA Battelle Analytical Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy NE Mail Stop F44, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA
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Vance TM, Chun OK. Zinc Intake Is Associated with Lower Cadmium Burden in U.S. Adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:2741-8. [PMID: 26491124 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.223099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is a toxic transition metal whose absorption and accumulation might depend on zinc intake. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether zinc intake and serum zinc would be inversely associated with cadmium exposure. METHODS This study used data from NHANES 2003-2012, from which there were 6678 and 6488 participants with urinary and blood cadmium data, respectively, and 1195 participants with serum zinc data. Mean blood and urinary cadmium were reported by quintiles of zinc intake and by the dose and duration of zinc supplement use. The associations between zinc intake from diet and supplements, serum zinc, and blood and urinary cadmium were determined using multiple regression. Analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, gender, income-to-poverty ratio, education, smoking status, and mean intakes of energy, calcium, and iron. RESULTS Urinary cadmium concentrations were 0.04 μg/g creatinine lower among participants in the highest compared with lowest quintile of total zinc intake (P-trend = 0.0041). Zinc supplement dose and duration were inversely associated with blood cadmium (P = 0.0372) and serum zinc (P-trend = 0.0017), respectively. In adjusted regression models, a 10% increase in total zinc intake corresponded to a predicted decrease in blood cadmium of 0.42% (95% CI: -0.79%, -0.06%; P = 0.0260) and in urinary cadmium of 0.42% (95% CI: -0.81%, -0.04%; P = 0.0340). A 10% increase in serum zinc was associated with a predicted 1.99% (95% CI: -3.17%, -0.81%; P = 0.0012) decrease in blood cadmium and a predicted 4.09% (95% CI: 2.14%, 6.04%, P = 0.0001) increase in urinary cadmium. CONCLUSIONS Dietary and serum zinc in US adults are associated with cadmium exposure, presumably by influencing the absorption and accumulation of cadmium. Whether the degree of reduction in cadmium exposure from greater zinc intake and status is causal or relevant from a public health perspective needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence M Vance
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Ock K Chun
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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Halstead MM, Watson CH, Pappas RS. Electron Microscopic Analysis of Surface Inorganic Substances on Oral and Combustible Tobacco Products. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:698-701. [PMID: 26286581 PMCID: PMC4637941 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although quantitative trace toxic metal analyses have been performed on tobacco products, little has been published on inorganic particulate constituents on and inside the products. We analyzed these constituents using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The nature of SEM-EDS instrumentation makes it an ideal choice for inorganic particulate analyses and yields relevant information to potential exposures during consumption of oral tobacco products, and possibly as a consequence of smoking. Aluminum silicates, silica and calcium compounds were common inorganic particulate constituents of tobacco products. Aluminum silicates and silica from soil were found on external leaf surfaces. Phytolithic silica, found in the lumen of the plant leaf, is of biogenic origin. Calcium oxalate was also apparently of biogenic origin. Small mineral deposits on tobacco could have health implications. Minerals found on the surfaces of smokeless tobacco products could possibly abrade the oral mucosa and contribute to the oral inflammatory responses observed with smokeless tobacco product use. If micron and sub-micron size calcium particles on cigarette filler were transported in mainstream smoke, they could potentially induce a pulmonary irritant inflammation when inhaled. The transport of aluminum silicate and silica in smoke could potentially also contribute to chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Pappas RS, Martone N, Gonzalez-Jimenez N, Fresquez MR, Watson CH. Determination of Toxic Metals in Little Cigar Tobacco with 'Triple Quad' ICP-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:347-52. [PMID: 25724197 PMCID: PMC4550080 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the USA. Much of the focus on harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products has been on cigarettes. Little cigars gained popularity over the last decade until tobacco taxes made cigarettes more expensive in the USA. Many little cigar brands are similar in size with cigarettes and may be smoked in a similar manner. Scant data are available on HPHC concentrations in little cigars, therefore we developed and applied a new analytical method to determine concentrations of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco. The method utilizes 'triple quadrupole' ICP-MS. By optimizing octapole bias, energy discrimination and cell gas flow settings, we were able to accurately quantify a range of elements including those for which the cell gas reactions were endothermic. All standard modes (Single Quad No Gas, MS-MS NH3/He and MS-MS O2) were utilized for the quantitation of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco, including uranium, which was added as an analyte in the new method. Because of the elimination of interfering ions at 'shifted analyte masses', detection limits were lower compared with a previous method. Tobacco selenium concentrations were below the limit of detection in the previous method, but the new technology made it possible to report all selenium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steven Pappas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Naudia Martone
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Yang O, Kim HL, Weon JI, Seo YR. Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals: Review of Toxicological Mechanisms Using Molecular Pathway Analysis. J Cancer Prev 2015; 20:12-24. [PMID: 25853100 PMCID: PMC4384711 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2015.20.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are known to cause harmful effects to human through various exposure routes. These chemicals mainly appear to interfere with the endocrine or hormone systems. As importantly, numerous studies have demonstrated that the accumulation of endocrine disruptors can induce fatal disorders including obesity and cancer. Using diverse biological tools, the potential molecular mechanisms related with these diseases by exposure of endocrine disruptors. Recently, pathway analysis, a bioinformatics tool, is being widely used to predict the potential mechanism or biological network of certain chemicals. In this review, we initially summarize the major molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of the above mentioned diseases by endocrine disruptors. Additionally, we provide the potential markers and signaling mechanisms discovered via pathway analysis under exposure to representative endocrine disruptors, bisphenol, diethylhexylphthalate, and nonylphenol. The review emphasizes the importance of pathway analysis using bioinformatics to finding the specific mechanisms of toxic chemicals, including endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oneyeol Yang
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang ; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Seoul
| | - Hye Lim Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang ; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Seoul
| | - Jong-Il Weon
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Seoul ; Department of Safety Engineering, Dongguk University College of Natural Science, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Young Rok Seo
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang ; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Seoul
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Assessing metal exposures in a community near a cement plant in the Northeast U.S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:952-69. [PMID: 25607604 PMCID: PMC4306904 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cement production is a major source of metals and metalloids in the environment, while exposures to metals and metalloids may impact human health in the surrounding communities. We recruited 185 participants living in the vicinity of a cement plant in the northeast U.S., and measured the levels of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se) in blood and Hg in hair samples from them. A questionnaire was used to assess potential sources of Hg exposure. Multivariate regressions and spatial analyses were performed to evaluate the relative importance of different routes of exposures. The metal concentrations in blood or hair samples of our study participants were comparable to the U.S. general or regional population. Smoking contributed significantly to Cd and Pb exposures, and seafood consumption contributed significantly to Hg and As exposures, while variables related to the cement plant were not significantly associated with metal concentrations. Our results suggest that our study population was not at elevated health risk due to metal exposures, and that the contribution of the cement plant to metal exposures in the surrounding community was minimal.
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Pappas RS, Fresquez MR, Watson CH. Cigarette smoke cadmium breakthrough from traditional filters: implications for exposure. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:45-51. [PMID: 25313385 PMCID: PMC4550081 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium, a carcinogenic metal, is highly toxic to renal, skeletal, nervous, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Accurate and precise quantification of mainstream smoke cadmium levels in cigarette smoke is important because of exposure concerns. The two most common trapping techniques for collecting mainstream tobacco smoke particulate for analysis are glass fiber filters and electrostatic precipitators. We observed that a significant portion of total cadmium passed through standard glass fiber filters that are used to trap particulate matter. We therefore developed platinum traps to collect the cadmium that passed through the filters and tested a variety of cigarettes with different physical parameters for quantities of cadmium that passed though the filters. We found <1% cadmium passed through electrostatic precipitators. In contrast, cadmium that passed through 92 mm glass fiber filters on a rotary smoking machine was significantly higher, ranging from 3.5 to 22.9% of total smoke cadmium deliveries. Cadmium passed through 44 mm filters typically used on linear smoking machines to an even greater degree, ranging from 13.6 to 30.4% of the total smoke cadmium deliveries. Differences in the cadmium that passed through from the glass fiber filters and electrostatic precipitator could be explained in part if cadmium resides in the smaller mainstream smoke aerosol particle sizes. Differences in particle size distribution could have toxicological implications and could help explain the pulmonary and cardiovascular cadmium uptake in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steven Pappas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Piadé JJ, Jaccard G, Dolka C, Belushkin M, Wajrock S. Differences in cadmium transfer from tobacco to cigarette smoke, compared to arsenic or lead. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:12-26. [PMID: 28962333 PMCID: PMC5598168 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, cadmium and lead levels in tobacco filler and cigarette smoke were determined in a 568-sample worldwide survey. Median tobacco levels for arsenic, cadmium and lead were 237, 769 and 397 ng/g respectively, comparable to those previously reported albeit somewhat lower for lead and cadmium. Median mainstream smoke yields for arsenic, cadmium and lead were <3.75, 18.2, and <12.8 ng/cig. under ISO, and <8.71, 75.1 and <45.7 ng/cig. under Health Canada Intense (HCI) smoking regime respectively. In the case of cigarettes with activated carbon, a selective retention of cadmium but not lead or arsenic was observed. This effect was more pronounced under ISO than under HCI smoking regimes. Cadmium selective retention by activated carbon was confirmed by testing specially designed prototype cigarettes and the causes for this selective filtration were investigated. The differences between cadmium, arsenic and lead in terms of their speciation in tobaccos and in cigarette smoke could be related to their distribution in the ash, butt, mainstream (in gas-phase and particulate-phase) and sidestream smoke of a smoked cigarette. The possible formation of organometallic cadmium derivatives in the smoke gas-phase is discussed, the presence of which could adequately explain the observed cadmium selective filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-J. Piadé
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G. Jaccard
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - C. Dolka
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. Belushkin
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - S. Wajrock
- Philip Morris International Management SA, Quai Jeanrenaud 3, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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