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Casado S, Varela-Miguéns M, de Oliveira Diz T, Quintela-Vilariño C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Tovar S. The effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 in energy homeostasis are modulated by thermoneutrality, high-fat diet and aging. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:2061-2074. [PMID: 38337094 PMCID: PMC11266414 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) has been recently identified as the endogenous non-competitive allosteric antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). In rodents, LEAP-2 blunts ghrelin-induced feeding and its plasma levels are modulated in response to nutritional status, being decreased upon fasting and increased in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Clinical data support the regulation of circulating LEAP-2 by nutrient availability in humans. In this work, our primary objective was to examine the chronic effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 administration on food intake, adiposity, and energy expenditure in young mice subjected to standard and HFD at both room temperature and at thermoneutrality. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the impact of these two hormones on aging mice. RESULTS Our results indicate that LEAP-2 produces a significant decrease of body weight and adiposity, an increase in energy expenditure, and activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipose tissue depots. However, this effect is not maintained under HFD or under thermoneutral conditions and is only partially observed in aging mice. CONCLUSION In summary our studies describe the central effects of LEAP-2 within distinct experimental contexts, and contribute to the comprehension of LEAP-2's role in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casado
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Varela-Miguéns
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Oliveira Diz
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Quintela-Vilariño
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Diéguez
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Jacobsen JM, Petersen N, Torz L, Gerstenberg MK, Pedersen K, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Andersen B, Raun K, Christoffersen BØ, John LM, Reitman ML, Kuhre RE. Housing mice near vs. below thermoneutrality affects drug-induced weight loss but does not improve prediction of efficacy in humans. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114501. [PMID: 39067024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of weight loss drugs is usually performed in diet-induced obese mice housed at ∼22°C. This is a cold stress that increases energy expenditure by ∼35% compared to thermoneutrality (∼30°C), which may overestimate drug-induced weight loss. We investigated five anti-obesity mechanisms that have been in clinical development, comparing weight loss in mice housed at 22°C vs. 30°C. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), human fibroblast growth factor 21 (hFGF21), and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist induced similar weight losses. Peptide YY elicited greater vehicle-subtracted weight loss at 30°C (7.2% vs. 1.4%), whereas growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was more effective at 22°C (13% vs. 6%). Independent of ambient temperature, GLP-1 and hFGF21 prevented the reduction in metabolic rate caused by weight loss. There was no simple rule for a better prediction of human drug efficacy based on ambient temperature, but since humans live at thermoneutrality, drug testing using mice should include experiments near thermoneutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Jacobsen
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Natalia Petersen
- Liver and Gut Biology, Obesity & NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Lola Torz
- Liver and Gut Biology, Obesity & NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Kent Pedersen
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Diabetes, Obesity and NASH, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Lead Portfolio Projects, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Linu M John
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rune E Kuhre
- Obesity and Liver Pharmacology, Integrated Physiology Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sahin C, Melanson JR, Le Billan F, Magomedova L, Ferreira TAM, Oliveira AS, Pollock-Tahari E, Saikali MF, Cash SB, Woo M, Romeiro LAS, Cummins CL. A novel fatty acid mimetic with pan-PPAR partial agonist activity inhibits diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Mol Metab 2024; 85:101958. [PMID: 38763495 PMCID: PMC11170206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of metabolic diseases is increasing globally at an alarming rate; thus, it is essential that effective, accessible, low-cost therapeutics are developed. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that tightly regulate glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism and are important drug targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. We previously identified LDT409, a fatty acid-like compound derived from cashew nut shell liquid, as a novel pan-active PPARα/γ/δ compound. Herein, we aimed to assess the efficacy of LDT409 in vivo and investigate the molecular mechanisms governing the actions of the fatty acid mimetic LDT409 in diet-induced obese mice. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice (6-11-month-old) were fed a chow or high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks; mice thereafter received once daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle, 10 mg/kg Rosiglitazone, 40 mg/kg WY14643, or 40 mg/kg LDT409 for 18 days while continuing the HFD. During treatments, body weight, food intake, glucose and insulin tolerance, energy expenditure, and intestinal lipid absorption were measured. On day 18 of treatment, tissues and plasma were collected for histological, molecular, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS We found that treatment with LDT409 was effective at reversing HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities in mice. LDT409 lowered food intake and hyperlipidemia, while improving insulin tolerance. Despite being a substrate of both PPARα and PPARγ, LDT409 was crucial for promoting hepatic fatty acid oxidation and reducing hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed mice. We also highlighted a role for LDT409 in white and brown adipocytes in vitro and in vivo where it decreased fat accumulation, increased lipolysis, induced browning of WAT, and upregulated thermogenic gene Ucp1. Remarkably, LDT409 reversed HFD-induced weight gain back to chow-fed control levels. We determined that the LDT409-induced weight-loss was associated with a combination of increased energy expenditure (detectable before weight loss was apparent), decreased food intake, increased systemic fat utilization, and increased fecal lipid excretion in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, LDT409 represents a fatty acid mimetic that generates a uniquely favorable metabolic response for the treatment of multiple abnormalities including obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and diabetes. LDT409 is derived from a highly abundant natural product-based starting material and its development could be pursued as a therapeutic solution to the global metabolic health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jenna-Rose Melanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Florian Le Billan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Thais A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa S Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Evan Pollock-Tahari
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Michael F Saikali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sarah B Cash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Luiz A S Romeiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 71910-900, Brazil
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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Landen JG, Vandendoren M, Killmer S, Bedford NL, Nelson AC. Huddling substates in mice facilitate dynamic changes in body temperature and are modulated by Shank3b and Trpm8 mutation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3904829. [PMID: 38978581 PMCID: PMC11230468 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3904829/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Social thermoregulation is a means of maintaining homeostatic body temperature. While adult mice are a model organism for studying both social behavior and energy regulation, the relationship between huddling and core body temperature (Tb) is poorly understood. Here, we develop a behavioral paradigm and computational tools to identify active-huddling and quiescent-huddling as distinct thermal substates. We find that huddling is an effective thermoregulatory strategy in female but not male groups. At 23°C (room temperature), but not 30°C (near thermoneutrality), huddling facilitates large reductions in Tb and Tb-variance. Notably, active-huddling is associated with bidirectional changes in Tb, depending on its proximity to bouts of quiescent-huddling. Further, group-housed animals lacking the synaptic scaffolding gene Shank3b have hyperthermic Tb and spend less time huddling. In contrast, individuals lacking the cold-sensing gene Trpm8 have hypothermic Tb - a deficit that is rescued by increased huddling time. These results reveal how huddling behavior facilitates acute adjustments of Tb in a state-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G. Landen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Morgane Vandendoren
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Samantha Killmer
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Nicole L. Bedford
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Adam C. Nelson
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- University of Wyoming Sensory Biology Center, Laramie, WY, USA
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Škop V, Liu N, Xiao C, Stinson E, Chen KY, Hall KD, Piaggi P, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Beyond day and night: The importance of ultradian rhythms in mouse physiology. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101946. [PMID: 38657735 PMCID: PMC11070603 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Our circadian world shapes much of metabolic physiology. In mice ∼40% of the light and ∼80% of the dark phase time is characterized by bouts of increased energy expenditure (EE). These ultradian bouts have a higher body temperature (Tb) and thermal conductance and contain virtually all of the physical activity and awake time. Bout status is a better classifier of mouse physiology than photoperiod, with ultradian bouts superimposed on top of the circadian light/dark cycle. We suggest that the primary driver of ultradian bouts is a brain-initiated transition to a higher defended Tb of the active/awake state. Increased energy expenditure from brown adipose tissue, physical activity, and cardiac work combine to raise Tb from the lower defended Tb of the resting/sleeping state. Thus, unlike humans, much of mouse metabolic physiology is episodic with large ultradian increases in EE and Tb that correlate with the active/awake state and are poorly aligned with circadian cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Škop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emma Stinson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Brychta RJ, McGehee S, Huang S, Leitner BP, Duckworth CJ, Fletcher LA, Kim K, Cassimatis TM, Israni NS, Lea HJ, Lentz TN, Pierce AE, Jiang A, LaMunion SR, Thomas RJ, Ishihara A, Courville AB, Yang SB, Reitman ML, Cypess AM, Chen KY. The thermoneutral zone in women takes an "arctic" shift compared to men. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311116121. [PMID: 38683977 PMCID: PMC11087792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311116121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, women are perceived to feel colder than men, but controlled comparisons are sparse. We measured the response of healthy, lean, young women and men to a range of ambient temperatures typical of the daily environment (17 to 31 °C). The Scholander model of thermoregulation defines the lower critical temperature as threshold of the thermoneutral zone, below which additional heat production is required to defend core body temperature. This parameter can be used to characterize the thermoregulatory phenotypes of endotherms on a spectrum from "arctic" to "tropical." We found that women had a cooler lower critical temperature (mean ± SD: 21.9 ± 1.3 °C vs. 22.9 ± 1.2 °C, P = 0.047), resembling an "arctic" shift compared to men. The more arctic profile of women was predominantly driven by higher insulation associated with more body fat compared to men, countering the lower basal metabolic rate associated with their smaller body size, which typically favors a "tropical" shift. We did not detect sex-based differences in secondary measures of thermoregulation including brown adipose tissue glucose uptake, muscle electrical activity, skin temperatures, cold-induced thermogenesis, or self-reported thermal comfort. In conclusion, the principal contributors to individual differences in human thermoregulation are physical attributes, including body size and composition, which may be partly mediated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Suzanne McGehee
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Shan Huang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Brooks P. Leitner
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Courtney J. Duckworth
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Laura A. Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Katherine Kim
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Thomas M. Cassimatis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Nikita S. Israni
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Hannah J. Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Taylor N. Lentz
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Anne E. Pierce
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Alex Jiang
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Samuel R. LaMunion
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Reed J. Thomas
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Asuka Ishihara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Amber B. Courville
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Shanna B. Yang
- Nutrition Department, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Marc L. Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Aaron M. Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Kong Y. Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD20892
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Kumari R, Ponte ME, Franczak E, Prom JC, O'Neil MF, Sardiu ME, Lutkewitte AJ, Christenson LK, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. VCD-induced menopause mouse model reveals reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. Mol Metab 2024; 82:101908. [PMID: 38432400 PMCID: PMC10944007 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menopause adversely impacts systemic energy metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disease(s) including hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Dosing female mice with vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) selectively causes follicular atresia in ovaries, leading to a murine menopause-like phenotype. METHODS In this study, we treated female C57BL6/J mice with VCD (160 mg/kg i.p. for 20 consecutive days followed by verification of the lack of estrous cycling) to investigate changes in body composition, energy expenditure (EE), hepatic mitochondrial function, and hepatic steatosis across different dietary conditions. RESULTS VCD treatment induced ovarian follicular loss and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in female mice, mimicking a menopause-like phenotype. VCD treatment did not affect body composition, or EE in mice on a low-fat diet (LFD) or in response to a short-term (1-week) high-fat, high sucrose diet (HFHS). However, the transition to a HFHS lowered cage activity in VCD mice. A chronic HFHS diet (16 weeks) significantly increased weight gain, fat mass, and hepatic steatosis in VCD-treated mice compared to HFHS-fed controls. In the liver, VCD mice showed suppressed hepatic mitochondrial respiration on LFD, while chronic HFHS resulted in compensatory increases in hepatic mitochondrial respiration. Also, liver RNA sequencing revealed that VCD promoted global upregulation of hepatic lipid/cholesterol synthesis pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the VCD-induced menopause model compromises hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis that sets the stage for HFHS diet-induced steatosis while also increasing susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumari
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael E Ponte
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edziu Franczak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John C Prom
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mihaela E Sardiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew J Lutkewitte
- KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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8
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Fu M, Lu S, Gong L, Zhou Y, Wei F, Duan Z, Xiang R, Gonzalez FJ, Li G. Intermittent fasting shifts the diurnal transcriptome atlas of transcription factors. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-04928-y. [PMID: 38528297 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-04928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting remains a safe and effective strategy to ameliorate various age-related diseases, but its specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Considering that transcription factors (TFs) determine the response to environmental signals, here, we profiled the diurnal expression of 600 samples across four metabolic tissues sampled every 4 over 24 h from mice placed on five different feeding regimens to provide an atlas of TFs in biological space, time, and feeding regimen. Results showed that 1218 TFs exhibited tissue-specific and temporal expression profiles in ad libitum mice, of which 974 displayed significant oscillations at least in one tissue. Intermittent fasting triggered more than 90% (1161 in 1234) of TFs to oscillate somewhere in the body and repartitioned their tissue-specific expression. A single round of fasting generally promoted TF expression, especially in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues, while intermittent fasting mainly suppressed TF expression. Intermittent fasting down-regulated aging pathway and upregulated the pathway responsible for the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Intermittent fasting shifts the diurnal transcriptome atlas of TFs, and mTOR inhibition may orchestrate intermittent fasting-induced health improvements. This atlas offers a reference and resource to understand how TFs and intermittent fasting may contribute to diurnal rhythm oscillation and bring about specific health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Lijun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Hospital of Changsha, Affiliated Changsha Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410006, Hunan, China.
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhigui Duan
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 41001, Hunan, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guolin Li
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
- Center for Aging Biomedicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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9
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Riera CE. Wiring the Brain for Wellness: Sensory Integration in Feeding and Thermogenesis: A Report on Research Supported by Pathway to Stop Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:338-347. [PMID: 38377445 PMCID: PMC10882152 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The recognition of sensory signals from within the body (interoceptive) and from the external environment (exteroceptive), along with the integration of these cues by the central nervous system, plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic balance. This orchestration is vital for regulating processes related to both food intake and energy expenditure. Animal model studies indicate that manipulating specific populations of neurons in the central nervous system which influence these processes can effectively modify energy balance. This body of work presents an opportunity for the development of innovative weight loss therapies for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this overview, we delve into the sensory cues and the neuronal populations responsible for their integration, exploring their potential in the development of weight loss treatments for obesity and type 2 diabetes. This article is the first in a series of Perspectives that report on research funded by the American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes program. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline E. Riera
- Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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10
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Farré R, Rodríguez-Lázaro MA, Otero J, Gavara N, Sunyer R, Farré N, Gozal D, Almendros I. Low-cost, open-source device for simultaneously subjecting rodents to different circadian cycles of light, food, and temperature. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1356787. [PMID: 38434139 PMCID: PMC10904513 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1356787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure of experimental rodents to controlled cycles of light, food, and temperature is important when investigating alterations in circadian cycles that profoundly influence health and disease. However, applying such stimuli simultaneously is difficult in practice. We aimed to design, build, test, and open-source describe a simple device that subjects a conventional mouse cage to independent cycles of physiologically relevant environmental variables. The device is based on a box enclosing the rodent cage to modify the light, feeding, and temperature environments. The device provides temperature-controlled air conditioning (heating or cooling) by a Peltier module and includes programmable feeding and illumination. All functions are set by a user-friendly front panel for independent cycle programming. Bench testing with a model simulating the CO2 production of mice in the cage showed: a) suitable air renewal (by measuring actual ambient CO2), b) controlled realistic illumination at the mouse enclosure (measured by a photometer), c) stable temperature control, and d) correct cycling of light, feeding, and temperature. The cost of all the supplies (retail purchased by e-commerce) was <300 US$. Detailed technical information is open-source provided, allowing for any user to reliably reproduce or modify the device. This approach can considerably facilitate circadian research since using one of the described low-cost devices for any mouse group with a given light-food-temperature paradigm allows for all the experiments to be performed simultaneously, thereby requiring no changes in the light/temperature of a general-use laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Farré
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Otero
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Gavara
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Sunyer
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Farré
- Discipline of Cardiology, Saolta University Healthcare Group, Galway, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - David Gozal
- Office of the Dean, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Gębczyński AK, Sadowska J, Konarzewski M. Differences in the range of thermoneutral zone between mouse strains: potential effects on translational research. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R91-R99. [PMID: 38009211 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00154.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mice are commonly used for studies emulating human metabolism. To render human energetics, their ratio of daily (DEE) to basal (BMR) energy expenditure of 1.7-1.8 should be maintained. However, the DEE/BMR ratio strongly depends on whether a given study using a mouse model is carried out above, or below the lower critical temperature (LCT) of the thermoneutral zone, which is rarely considered in translational research. Here, we used mice artificially selected for high or low rates of BMR along with literature data to analyze the effect of ambient temperature on possible systematic bias in DEE/BMR. We demonstrated that the estimated LCTs of mice from the high and low BMR lines differ by more than 7°C. Furthermore, the range of variation of LCTs of mouse strains used in translational research spans from 23 to 33°C. Differences between LCTs in our selected mice and other mouse strains are mirrored by differences in their DEE-to-BMR ratio, on average increasing it at the rate of 0.172°C-1 at temperatures below LCT. Given the wide range of LCTs in different mouse strains, we conclude that the energetic cost of thermoregulation may differ greatly for different mouse strains with a potentially large impact on translational outcomes. Thus, the LCT of a given mouse strain is an important factor that must be considered in designing translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julita Sadowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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12
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Kumari R, Ponte ME, Franczak E, Prom JC, O'Neil MF, Sardiu ME, Lutkewitte AJ, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. VCD-induced menopause mouse model reveals reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571644. [PMID: 38168213 PMCID: PMC10760158 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Menopause adversely impacts systemic energy metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disease(s) including hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Dosing female mice with vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) selectively causes follicular atresia in ovaries, leading to a murine menopause-like phenotype. In this study, we treated female C57BL6/J mice with VCD (160mg/kg i.p. for 20 consecutive days followed by verification of the lack of estrous cycling) to investigate changes in body composition, energy expenditure (EE), hepatic mitochondrial function, and hepatic steatosis across different dietary conditions. VCD treatment induced ovarian follicular loss and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in female mice, mimicking a menopause-like phenotype. VCD treatment did not affect body composition, or EE in mice on a low-fat diet or in response to a short-term (1-week) high-fat, high sucrose diet (HFHS). However, the transition to a HFHS lowered cage activity in VCD mice. A chronic HFHS diet (16 weeks) significantly increased weight gain, fat mass, and hepatic steatosis in VCD-treated mice compared to HFHS-fed controls. In the liver, VCD mice showed suppressed hepatic mitochondrial respiration on LFD, while chronic HFHS diet resulted in compensatory increases in hepatic mitochondrial respiration. Also, liver RNA sequencing revealed that VCD promoted global upregulation of hepatic lipid/cholesterol synthesis pathways. Our findings suggest that the VCD- induced menopause model compromises hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis that sets the stage for HFHS diet-induced steatosis while also increasing susceptibility to obesity.
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13
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Deem JD, Tingley D, Watts CA, Ogimoto K, Bryan CL, Phan BAN, Damian V, Bruchas MR, Scarlett JM, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. High-fat diet feeding disrupts the coupling of thermoregulation to energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2023; 78:101835. [PMID: 37931788 PMCID: PMC10681932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preserving core body temperature across a wide range of ambient temperatures requires adaptive changes of thermogenesis that must be offset by corresponding changes of energy intake if body fat stores are also to be preserved. Among neurons implicated in the integration of thermoregulation with energy homeostasis are those that express both neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) (referred to herein as AgRP neurons). Specifically, cold-induced activation of AgRP neurons was recently shown to be required for cold exposure to increase food intake in mice. Here, we investigated how consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) impacts various adaptive responses to cold exposure as well as the responsiveness of AgRP neurons to cold. METHODS To test this, we used immunohistochemistry, in vivo fiber photometry and indirect calorimetry for continuous measures of core temperature, energy expenditure, and energy intake in both chow- and HFD-fed mice housed at different ambient temperatures. RESULTS We show that while both core temperature and the thermogenic response to cold are maintained normally in HFD-fed mice, the increase of energy intake needed to preserve body fat stores is blunted, resulting in weight loss. Using both immunohistochemistry and in vivo fiber photometry, we show that although cold-induced AgRP neuron activation is detected regardless of diet, the number of cold-responsive neurons appears to be blunted in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HFD-feeding disrupts the integration of systems governing thermoregulation and energy homeostasis that protect body fat mass during cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Deem
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Tingley
- Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina A Watts
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kayoko Ogimoto
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Caeley L Bryan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bao Anh N Phan
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vincent Damian
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Grobe CC, Reho JJ, Brown-Williams D, Ziegler AA, Mathieu NM, Lawton SB, Fekete EM, Brozoski DT, Wackman KK, Burnett CM, Nakagawa P, Sigmund CD, Segar JL, Grobe JL. Cardiometabolic Effects of DOCA-Salt in Mice Depend on Ambient Temperature. Hypertension 2023; 80:1871-1880. [PMID: 37470185 PMCID: PMC10528934 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice prefer warmer environments than humans. For this reason, behavioral and physiological thermoregulatory responses are engaged by mice in response to a standard room temperature of 22 to 24 °C. Autonomic mechanisms mediating thermoregulatory responses overlap with mechanisms activated in hypertension, and, therefore, we hypothesized that housing at thermoneutral temperatures (TNs; 30 °C) would modify the cardiometabolic effects of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt in mice. METHODS The effects of DOCA-salt treatment upon ingestive behaviors, energy expenditure, blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and core temperature were assessed in C57BL/6J mice housed at room temperature or TN. RESULTS Housing at TN reduced food intake, energy expenditure, blood pressure, and HR and attenuated HR responses to acute autonomic blockade by chlorisondamine. At room temperature, DOCA-salt caused expected increases in fluid intake, sodium retention in osmotically inactive pools, blood pressure, core temperature, and also caused expected decreases in fat-free mass, total body water, and HR. At TN, the effects of DOCA-salt upon fluid intake, fat gains, hydration, and core temperature were exaggerated, but effects on energy expenditure and HR were blunted. Effects of DOCA-salt upon blood pressure were similar for 3 weeks and exaggerated by TN housing in the fourth week. CONCLUSIONS Ambient temperature robustly influences behavioral and physiological functions in mice, including metabolic and cardiovascular phenotype development in response to DOCA-salt treatment. Studying cardiometabolic responses of mice at optimal ambient temperatures promises to improve the translational relevance of rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C. Grobe
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - John J. Reho
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Alisha A. Ziegler
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Natalia M. Mathieu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Samuel B.R. Lawton
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Eva M. Fekete
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Daniel T. Brozoski
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Kelsey K. Wackman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Colin M.L. Burnett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Pablo Nakagawa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Curt D. Sigmund
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jeffrey L. Segar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Justin L. Grobe
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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15
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Yang WZ, Xie H, Du X, Zhou Q, Xiao Y, Zhao Z, Jia X, Xu J, Zhang W, Cai S, Li Z, Fu X, Hua R, Cai J, Chang S, Sun J, Sun H, Xu Q, Ni X, Tu H, Zheng R, Xu X, Wang H, Fu Y, Wang L, Li X, Yang H, Yao Q, Yu T, Shen Q, Shen WL. A parabrachial-hypothalamic parallel circuit governs cold defense in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4924. [PMID: 37582782 PMCID: PMC10427655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal homeostasis is vital for mammals and is controlled by brain neurocircuits. Yet, the neural pathways responsible for cold defense regulation are still unclear. Here, we found that a pathway from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), which runs parallel to the canonical LPB to preoptic area (POA) pathway, is also crucial for cold defense. Together, these pathways make an equivalent and cumulative contribution, forming a parallel circuit. Specifically, activation of the LPB → DMH pathway induced strong cold-defense responses, including increases in thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT), muscle shivering, heart rate, and locomotion. Further, we identified somatostatin neurons in the LPB that target DMH to promote BAT thermogenesis. Therefore, we reveal a parallel circuit governing cold defense in mice, which enables resilience to hypothermia and provides a scalable and robust network in heat production, reshaping our understanding of neural circuit regulation of homeostatic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Z Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hengchang Xie
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaosa Du
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiaoning Jia
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Thermoregulation and Inflammation Laboratory, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Zhangjie Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rong Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junhao Cai
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qingqing Xu
- Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hongqing Tu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ruimao Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of life sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiyuan Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China.
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies & School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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16
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Cone AL, Wu KK, Kravitz AV, Norris AJ. Kappa opioid receptor activation increases thermogenic energy expenditure which drives increased feeding. iScience 2023; 26:107241. [PMID: 37485355 PMCID: PMC10362357 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors, including the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), exert control over thermoregulation and feeding behavior. Notably, activation of KOR stimulates food intake, leading to postulation that KOR signaling plays a central role in managing energy intake. KOR has also been proposed as a target for treating obesity. Herein, we report studies examining how roles for KOR signaling in regulating thermogenesis, feeding, and energy balance may be interrelated using pharmacological interventions, genetic tools, quantitative thermal imaging, and metabolic profiling. Our findings demonstrate that activation of KOR in the central nervous system causes increased energy expenditure via brown adipose tissue activation. Importantly, pharmacologic, or genetic inhibition of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis prevented the elevated food intake triggered by KOR activation. Furthermore, our data reveal that KOR-mediated thermogenesis elevation is reversibly disrupted by chronic high-fat diet, implicating KOR signaling as a potential mediator in high-fat diet-induced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Cone
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kenny K. Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexxai V. Kravitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J. Norris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Neri D, Ramos-Lobo AM, Lee S, Lafond A, Zeltser LM. Rearing mice at 22°C programs increased capacity to respond to chronic exposure to cold but not high fat diet. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101740. [PMID: 37211277 PMCID: PMC10248272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rodent models raised at environmental temperatures of 21-22 °C are increasingly switched to thermoneutral housing conditions in adulthood to better capture human physiology. We quantified the developmental effects of rearing mice at an ambient temperature of 22 °C vs. 30 °C on metabolic responses to cold and high fat diet (HFD) in adulthood. METHODS Mice were reared from birth to 8 weeks of age at 22 °C or 30 °C, when they were acclimated to single housing at the same temperature for 2-3 weeks in indirect calorimetry cages. Energy expenditure attributable to basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermic effect of food, and adaptive cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis was calculated. Responses to cooling were evaluated by decreasing the ambient temperature from 22 °C to 14 °C, while responses to HFD feeding were assessed at 30 °C. Influences of rearing temperature on thermogenic responses that emerge over hours, days and weeks were assessed by maintaining mice in the indirect calorimetry cages throughout the study. RESULTS At an ambient temperature of 22 °C, total energy expenditure (TEE) was 12-16% higher in mice reared at 22 °C as compared to 30 °C. Rearing temperature had no effect on responses in the first hours or week of the 14 °C challenge. Differences emerged in the third week, when TEE increased an additional 10% in mice reared at 22 °C, but mice reared at 30 °C could not sustain this level of cold-induced thermogenesis. Rearing temperature only affected responses to HFD during the first week, due to differences in the timing but not the strength of metabolic adaptations. CONCLUSION Rearing at 22 °C does not have a lasting effect on metabolic adaptations to HFD at thermoneutrality, but it programs an enhanced capacity to respond to chronic cold challenges in adulthood. These findings highlight the need to consider rearing temperature when using mice to model cold-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Neri
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Angela M Ramos-Lobo
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seoeun Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alexandre Lafond
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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18
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Tao R, Stöhr O, Wang C, Qiu W, Copps KD, White MF. Hepatic follistatin increases basal metabolic rate and attenuates diet-induced obesity during hepatic insulin resistance. Mol Metab 2023; 71:101703. [PMID: 36906067 PMCID: PMC10033741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Body weight change and obesity follow the variance of excess energy input balanced against tightly controlled EE (energy expenditure). Since insulin resistance can reduce energy storage, we investigated whether genetic disruption of hepatic insulin signaling reduced adipose mass with increased EE. METHODS Insulin signaling was disrupted by genetic inactivation of Irs1 (Insulin receptor substrate 1) and Irs2 in hepatocytes of LDKO mice (Irs1L/L·Irs2L/L·CreAlb), creating a state of complete hepatic insulin resistance. We inactivated FoxO1 or the FoxO1-regulated hepatokine Fst (Follistatin) in the liver of LDKO mice by intercrossing LDKO mice with FoxO1L/L or FstL/L mice. We used DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) to assess total lean mass, fat mass and fat percentage, and metabolic cages to measure EE (energy expenditure) and estimate basal metabolic rate (BMR). High-fat diet was used to induce obesity. RESULTS Hepatic disruption of Irs1 and Irs2 (LDKO mice) attenuated HFD (high-fat diet)-induced obesity and increased whole-body EE in a FoxO1-dependent manner. Hepatic disruption of the FoxO1-regulated hepatokine Fst normalized EE in LDKO mice and restored adipose mass during HFD consumption; moreover, hepatic Fst disruption alone increased fat mass accumulation, whereas hepatic overexpression of Fst reduced HFD-induced obesity. Excess circulating Fst in overexpressing mice neutralized Mstn (Myostatin), activating mTORC1-promoted pathways of nutrient uptake and EE in skeletal muscle. Similar to Fst overexpression, direct activation of muscle mTORC1 also reduced adipose mass. CONCLUSIONS Thus, complete hepatic insulin resistance in LDKO mice fed a HFD revealed Fst-mediated communication between the liver and muscle, which might go unnoticed during ordinary hepatic insulin resistance as a mechanism to increase muscle EE and constrain obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongya Tao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Oliver Stöhr
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Caixia Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wei Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyle D Copps
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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19
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Yüzen D, Graf I, Diemert A, Arck PC. Climate change and pregnancy complications: From hormones to the immune response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1149284. [PMID: 37091849 PMCID: PMC10113645 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1149284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are highly vulnerable to adverse environments. Accumulating evidence highlights that increasing temperatures associated with the ongoing climate change pose a threat to successful reproduction. Heat stress caused by an increased ambient temperature can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes, e.g., preterm birth, stillbirth and low fetal weight. The pathomechanisms through which heat stress interferes with pregnancy maintenance still remain vague, but emerging evidence underscores that the endocrine system is severely affected. It is well known that the endocrine system pivotally contributes to the physiological progression of pregnancy. We review – sometimes speculate - how heat stress can offset hormonal dysregulations and subsequently derail other systems which interact with hormones, such as the immune response. This may account for the heat-stress related threat to successful pregnancy progression, fetal development and long-term children’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Yüzen
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Graf
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Diemert
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Clara Arck
- Laboratory for Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University Medical Center of Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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20
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The metabolic cost of physical activity in mice using a physiology-based model of energy expenditure. Mol Metab 2023; 71:101699. [PMID: 36858190 PMCID: PMC10090438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity is a major component of total energy expenditure (TEE) that exhibits extreme variability in mice. Our objective was to construct a general, physiology-based model of TEE to accurately quantify the energy cost of physical activity. METHODS Spontaneous home cage physical activity, body temperature, TEE, and energy intake were measured with frequent sampling. The energy cost of activity was modeled considering six contributors to TEE (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, body temperature, cold induced thermogenesis, physical activity, and body weight). An ambient temperature of 35 °C was required to remove the contribution from cold induced thermogenesis. Basal metabolic rate was adjusted for body temperature using a Q10 temperature coefficient. RESULTS We developed a TEE model that robustly explains 70-80% of the variance in TEE at 35 °C while fitting only two parameters, the basal metabolic rate and the mass-specific energy cost per unit of physical activity, which averaged 60 cal/km/g body weight. In Ucp1-/- mice the activity cost was elevated by 60%, indicating inefficiency and increased muscle thermogenesis. The diurnal rhythm in TEE was quantitatively explained by the combined diurnal differences in physical activity, body temperature, and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS The physiology-based model of TEE allows quantifying the energy cost of physical activity. While applied here to mice, the model should be generally valid across species. Due to the effect of body temperature, we suggest that basal metabolic rate measurements be corrected to a reference body temperature, including in humans. Having an accurate cost of physical activity allows mechanistic dissection of disorders of energy homeostasis, including obesity.
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21
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Janovska P, Zouhar P, Bardova K, Otahal J, Vrbacky M, Mracek T, Adamcova K, Lenkova L, Funda J, Cajka T, Drahota Z, Stanic S, Rustan AC, Horakova O, Houstek J, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J. Impairment of adrenergically-regulated thermogenesis in brown fat of obesity-resistant mice is compensated by non-shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2023; 69:101683. [PMID: 36720306 PMCID: PMC9922683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) can be activated via the adrenergic system in response to cold or diet, contributing to both thermal and energy homeostasis. Other mechanisms, including metabolism of skeletal muscle, may also be involved in NST. However, relative contribution of these energy dissipating pathways and their adaptability remain a matter of long-standing controversy. METHODS We used warm-acclimated (30 °C) mice to characterize the effect of an up to 7-day cold acclimation (6 °C; CA) on thermoregulatory thermogenesis, comparing inbred mice with a genetic background conferring resistance (A/J) or susceptibility (C57BL/6 J) to obesity. RESULTS Both warm-acclimated C57BL/6 J and A/J mice exhibited similar cold endurance, assessed as a capability to maintain core body temperature during acute exposure to cold, which improved in response to CA, resulting in comparable cold endurance and similar induction of UCP1 protein in BAT of mice of both genotypes. Despite this, adrenergic NST in BAT was induced only in C57BL/6 J, not in A/J mice subjected to CA. Cold tolerance phenotype of A/J mice subjected to CA was not based on increased shivering, improved insulation, or changes in physical activity. On the contrary, lipidomic, proteomic and gene expression analyses along with palmitoyl carnitine oxidation and cytochrome c oxidase activity revealed induction of lipid oxidation exclusively in skeletal muscle of A/J mice subjected to CA. These changes appear to be related to skeletal muscle NST, mediated by sarcolipin-induced uncoupling of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase pump activity and accentuated by changes in mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes assembly. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NST in skeletal muscle could be adaptively augmented in the face of insufficient adrenergic NST in BAT, depending on the genetic background of the mice. It may provide both protection from cold and resistance to obesity, more effectively than BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zouhar
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Otahal
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Vrbacky
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Mracek
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamcova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lenkova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Funda
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Laboratory of Translational Metabolism and Laboratory of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Drahota
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Stanic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 3, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olga Horakova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houstek
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Repeated short excursions from thermoneutrality suffice to restructure brown adipose tissue. Biochimie 2023:S0300-9084(23)00006-8. [PMID: 36657658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the presence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans, an important issue is whether human brown adipose tissue is recruitable. Cold exposure is the canonical recruitment treatment; however, in experimental animals (mice), recruitment of brown adipose tissue is normally induced by placing the mice in constant cold, a procedure not feasible in humans. For possible translational applications, we have therefore investigated whether shorter daily excursions from thermoneutrality would suffice to qualitatively and quantitatively induce recruitment in mice. Mice, housed at thermoneutrality (30 °C) to mimic human conditions, were transferred every day for 4 weeks to cool conditions (18 °C), for 0, 15, 30, 120 and 420 min (or placed constantly in 18 °C). On the examination day, the mice were not exposed to cold. Very short daily exposures (≤30 min) were sufficient to induce structural changes in the form of higher protein density in brown adipose tissue, changes that may affect the identification of the tissue in e.g. computer tomography and other scan studies. To estimate thermogenic capacity, UCP1 protein levels were followed. No UCP1 protein was detectable in inguinal white adipose tissue. In the interscapular brown adipose tissue, a remarkable two-phase reaction was seen. Very short daily exposures (≤30 min) were sufficient to induce a significant increase in total UCP1 levels. For attainment of full cold acclimation, the mice had, however, to remain exposed to the cold. The studies indicate that marked alterations in brown adipose tissue composition can be induced in mammals through relatively modest stimulation events.
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23
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Gaitonde KD, Andrabi M, Burger CA, D'Souza SP, Vemaraju S, Koritala BSC, Smith DF, Lang RA. Diurnal regulation of metabolism by Gs-alpha in hypothalamic QPLOT neurons. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284824. [PMID: 37141220 PMCID: PMC10159165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) regulate multiple homeostatic processes, including thermoregulation and sleep, by sensing afferent input and modulating sympathetic nervous system output. The POA has an autonomous circadian clock and may also receive circadian signals indirectly from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. We have previously defined a subset of neurons in the POA termed QPLOT neurons that are identified by the expression of molecular markers (Qrfp, Ptger3, LepR, Opn5, Tacr3) that suggest receptivity to multiple stimuli. Because Ptger3, Opn5, and Tacr3 encode G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), we hypothesized that elucidating the G-protein signaling in these neurons is essential to understanding the interplay of inputs in the regulation of metabolism. Here, we describe how the stimulatory Gs-alpha subunit (Gnas) in QPLOT neurons regulates metabolism in mice. We analyzed Opn5cre; Gnasfl/fl mice using indirect calorimetry at ambient temperatures of 22°C (a historical standard), 10°C (a cold challenge), and 28°C (thermoneutrality) to assess the ability of QPLOT neurons to regulate metabolism. We observed a marked decrease in nocturnal locomotion of Opn5cre; Gnasfl/fl mice at both 28°C and 22°C, but no overall differences in energy expenditure, respiratory exchange, or food and water consumption. To analyze daily rhythmic patterns of metabolism, we assessed circadian parameters including amplitude, phase, and MESOR. Loss-of-function GNAS in QPLOT neurons resulted in several subtle rhythmic changes in multiple metabolic parameters. We observed that Opn5cre; Gnasfl/fl mice show a higher rhythm-adjusted mean energy expenditure at 22°C and 10°C, and an exaggerated respiratory exchange shift with temperature. At 28°C, Opn5cre; Gnasfl/fl mice have a significant delay in the phase of energy expenditure and respiratory exchange. Rhythmic analysis also showed limited increases in rhythm-adjusted means of food and water intake at 22°C and 28°C. Together, these data advance our understanding of Gαs-signaling in preoptic QPLOT neurons in regulating daily patterns of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gaitonde
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mutahar Andrabi
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Courtney A Burger
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shane P D'Souza
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Bala S C Koritala
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - David F Smith
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- The Center for Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Richard A Lang
- Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Visual Systems Group, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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Rubio WB, Cortopassi MD, Banks AS. Indirect Calorimetry to Assess Energy Balance in Mice: Measurement and Data Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2662:103-115. [PMID: 37076674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3167-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors affecting body weight regulation requires careful measurement of food intake and metabolic rates. Modern indirect calorimetry systems are designed to record these features. Here, we describe our approach for reproducible analysis of energy balance experiments performed using indirect calorimetry. CalR, a free online web tool, calculates both instantaneous and cumulative totals for metabolic variables including food intake, energy expenditure, and energy balance making it an excellent start for analyzing energy balance experiments. Energy balance may be one of the most important metrics that CalR calculates as it provides a clear picture of metabolic trends resulting from experimental interventions. Because of the complexity of indirect calorimetry devices and the frequency of mechanical breakdowns, we place a heavy emphasis on the importance of data refinement and visualization. Plots representing energy intake or energy expenditure versus body mass or physical activity can help to identify a malfunctioning apparatus. We also introduce a critical visualization of experimental quality control: a plot of the change in energy balance versus the change in body mass, which simultaneously represents many of the essential components of indirect calorimetry. These analyses and data visualizations allow the investigator to make inferences about experimental quality control and the validity of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bernard Rubio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marissa D Cortopassi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang L, Koller J, Gopalasingam G, Herzog H. NPFF signalling is critical for thermosensory and dietary regulation of thermogenesis. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102292. [PMID: 36155087 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenesis is a centrally regulated physiological process integral for thermoregulation and energy homeostasis. However, the mechanisms and pathways involved remain poorly understood. Importantly, in this study we uncovered that in an environment of 28 °C that is within the mouse thermoneutral zone, lack of NPFF signalling leads to significant increases in energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which is associated with decreased body weight gain and lean tissue mass. Interestingly, when exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD) at 28 °C, Npff-/- mice lost the high energy expenditure phenotype observed under chow condition and exhibited an impaired diet-induced thermogenesis. On the other hand, under conditions of increasing levels of thermal demands, Npff-/- mice exhibited an elevated BAT thermogenesis at mild cold condition (22 °C), but initiated comparable BAT thermogenic responses as WT mice when thermal demand increased, such as an exposure to 4 °C. Together, these results reveal NPFF signalling as a novel and critical player in the control of thermogenesis, where it regulates thermosensory thermogenesis at warm condition and adjusts thermoregulation under positive energy balance to regulate diet-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Julia Koller
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gopana Gopalasingam
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW SYDNEY, NSW 2052, Australia
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26
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Langer HT, Cantley LC, Goncalves MD. Live cold to grow old? Thermogenesis to fight cancer. Cell Res 2022; 32:1042-1043. [PMID: 36085369 PMCID: PMC9715683 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henning T Langer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcus D Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Effect of different masses, ages, and coats on the thermoregulation of dogs before and after exercise across different seasons. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:833-847. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Zhou Q, Liu C, Chen T, Liu Y, Cao R, Ni X, Yang WZ, Shen Q, Sun H, Shen WL. Cooling-activated dorsomedial hypothalamic BDNF neurons control cold defense in mice. J Neurochem 2022; 163:220-232. [PMID: 35862478 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BDNF and its expressing neurons in the brain critically control feeding and energy expenditure (EE) in both rodents and humans. However, whether BDNF neurons would function in thermoregulation during temperature challenges is unclear. Here, we show that BDNF neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMHBDNF ) of mice are activated by afferent cooling signals. These cooling-activated BDNF neurons are mainly GABAergic. Activation of DMHBDNF neurons or the GABAergic subpopulations is sufficient to increase body temperature, EE, and physical activity. Conversely, blocking DMHBDNF neurons substantially impairs cold defense and reduces energy expenditure, physical activity, and UCP1 expression in BAT, which eventually results in bodyweight gain and glucose/insulin intolerance. Therefore, we identify a subset of DMHBDNF neurons as a novel type of cooling-activated neurons to promote cold defense. Thus, we reveal a critical role of BDNF circuitry in thermoregulation, which deepens our understanding of BDNF in controlling energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Ni
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Z Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghaitech University, Shanghai, China
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Zeng W, Yang F, Shen WL, Zhan C, Zheng P, Hu J. Interactions between central nervous system and peripheral metabolic organs. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1929-1958. [PMID: 35771484 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to Descartes, minds and bodies are distinct kinds of "substance", and they cannot have causal interactions. However, in neuroscience, the two-way interaction between the brain and peripheral organs is an emerging field of research. Several lines of evidence highlight the importance of such interactions. For example, the peripheral metabolic systems are overwhelmingly regulated by the mind (brain), and anxiety and depression greatly affect the functioning of these systems. Also, psychological stress can cause a variety of physical symptoms, such as bone loss. Moreover, the gut microbiota appears to play a key role in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistically, as the command center of the body, the brain can regulate our internal organs and glands through the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system, although it is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control. The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division functions a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car, and the parasympathetic division functions as the brake. The high center of the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system is the hypothalamus, which contains several subnuclei that control several basic physiological functions, such as the digestion of food and regulation of body temperature. Also, numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation of brain functions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, insulin, and leptin are transported into the brain, where they regulate innate behaviors such as feeding, and they are also involved in emotional and cognitive functions. The brain can recognize peripheral inflammatory cytokines and induce a transient syndrome called sick behavior (SB), characterized by fatigue, reduced physical and social activity, and cognitive impairment. In summary, knowledge of the biological basis of the interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral organs will promote the full understanding of how our body works and the rational treatment of disorders. Thus, we summarize current development in our understanding of five types of central-peripheral interactions, including neural control of adipose tissues, energy expenditure, bone metabolism, feeding involving the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota. These interactions are essential for maintaining vital bodily functions, which result in homeostasis, i.e., a natural balance in the body's systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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John LM, Petersen N, Gerstenberg MK, Torz L, Pedersen K, Christoffersen BØ, Kuhre RE. Housing-temperature reveals energy intake counter-balances energy expenditure in normal-weight, but not diet-induced obese, male mice. Commun Biol 2022; 5:946. [PMID: 36088386 PMCID: PMC9464191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most metabolic studies on mice are performed at room temperature, although under these conditions mice, unlike humans, spend considerable energy to maintain core temperature. Here, we characterize the impact of housing temperature on energy expenditure (EE), energy homeostasis and plasma concentrations of appetite- and glucoregulatory hormones in normal-weight and diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6J mice fed chow or 45% high-fat-diet, respectively. Mice were housed for 33 days at 22, 25, 27.5, and 30 °C in an indirect-calorimetry-system. We show that energy expenditure increases linearly from 30 °C towards 22 °C and is ~30% higher at 22 °C in both mouse models. In normal-weight mice, food intake counter-balances EE. In contrast, DIO mice do not reduce food intake when EE is lowered. By end of study, mice at 30 °C, therefore, had higher body weight, fat mass and plasma glycerol and triglycerides than mice at 22 °C. Dysregulated counterbalancing in DIO mice may result from increased pleasure-based eating. The impact of ambient housing temperature on the interaction of energy intake, energy expenditure and glycemic control in normal and diet-induced obese mice is examined.
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Kolbe T, Lassnig C, Poelzl A, Palme R, Auer KE, Rülicke T. Effect of Different Ambient Temperatures on Reproductive Outcome and Stress Level of Lactating Females in Two Mouse Strains. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162141. [PMID: 36009730 PMCID: PMC9405067 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The optimal temperature for laboratory mice has been under discussion for some time. Current standard temperature is 20 °C–24 °C but it has been suggested to elevate the standard to 30 °C, which is the thermoneutral zone for mice. In this study, the effect of different cage temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C) on reproduction and stress hormone metabolite excretion was evaluated in lactating females of two commonly used mouse strains. Pup loss was higher, and weights of mothers and pups were reduced at 30 °C compared to the lower temperatures. In addition, pups showed increased tail length at weaning under the high temperature (30 °C). There was no difference in stress hormone metabolite excretion in mice between temperature groups. We could not show any detrimental effects of the lower or higher cage temperature on stress hormone metabolite excretion, but found decreased reproductive outcome under the higher temperature. Abstract Ambient temperature is an important non-biotic environmental factor influencing immunological and oncological parameters in laboratory mice. It is under discussion which temperature is more appropriate and whether the commonly used room temperature in rodent facilities of about 21 °C represents a chronic cold stress or the 30 °C of the thermoneutral zone constitutes heat stress for the animals. In this study, we selected the physiological challenging period of lactation to investigate the influence of a cage temperature of 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C, respectively, on reproductive performance and stress hormone levels in two frequently used mouse strains. We found that B6D2F1 hybrid mothers weaned more pups compared to C57BL/6N mothers, and that the number of weaned pups was reduced when mothers of both strains were kept at 30 °C. Furthermore, at 30 °C, mothers and pups showed reduced body weight at weaning and offspring had longer tails. Despite pronounced temperature effects on reproductive parameters, we did not find any temperature effects on adrenocortical activity in breeding and control mice. Independent of the ambient temperature, however, we found that females raising pups showed elevated levels of faecal corticosterone metabolites (FCMs) compared to controls. Peak levels of stress hormone metabolites were measured around birth and during the third week of lactation. Our results provide no evidence of an advantage for keeping lactating mice in ambient temperatures near the thermoneutral zone. In contrast, we found that a 30 °C cage temperature during lactation reduced body mass in females and their offspring and declined female reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Poelzl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Palme
- Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin E. Auer
- Institute of in vivo and in vitro Models, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Queiroz AL, Dantas E, Ramsamooj S, Murthy A, Ahmed M, Zunica ERM, Liang RJ, Murphy J, Holman CD, Bare CJ, Ghahramani G, Wu Z, Cohen DE, Kirwan JP, Cantley LC, Axelrod CL, Goncalves MD. Blocking ActRIIB and restoring appetite reverses cachexia and improves survival in mice with lung cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4633. [PMID: 35941104 PMCID: PMC9360437 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a common, debilitating condition with limited therapeutic options. Using an established mouse model of lung cancer, we find that cachexia is characterized by reduced food intake, spontaneous activity, and energy expenditure accompanied by muscle metabolic dysfunction and atrophy. We identify Activin A as a purported driver of cachexia and treat with ActRIIB-Fc, a decoy ligand for TGF-β/activin family members, together with anamorelin (Ana), a ghrelin receptor agonist, to reverse muscle dysfunction and anorexia, respectively. Ana effectively increases food intake but only the combination of drugs increases lean mass, restores spontaneous activity, and improves overall survival. These beneficial effects are limited to female mice and are dependent on ovarian function. In agreement, high expression of Activin A in human lung adenocarcinoma correlates with unfavorable prognosis only in female patients, despite similar expression levels in both sexes. This study suggests that multimodal, sex-specific, therapies are needed to reverse cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Lima Queiroz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Ezequiel Dantas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shakti Ramsamooj
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anirudh Murthy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mujmmail Ahmed
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Roger J Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Murphy
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Corey D Holman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Curtis J Bare
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gregory Ghahramani
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global R&D, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Marcus D Goncalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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33
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Zhao Z, Yang R, Li M, Bao M, Huo D, Cao J, Speakman JR. Effects of ambient temperatures between 5 and 35 oC on energy balance, body mass and body composition in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101551. [PMID: 35870706 PMCID: PMC9382332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable attention is currently focused on the potential to switch on brown adipose tissue (BAT), or promote browning of white adipose tissue, to elevate energy expenditure and thereby reduce obesity levels. These processes are already known to be switched on by cold exposure. Yet humans living in colder regions do not show lower levels of obesity. This could be because humans shield themselves from external temperatures, or because the resultant changes in BAT and thermogenesis are offset by elevated food intake, or reductions in other components of expenditure. Scope of Review We exposed mice to 11 different ambient temperatures between 5 and 35 °C and characterized their energy balance and body weight/composition. As it got colder mice progressively increased their energy expenditure coincident with changes in thyroid hormone levels and increased BAT activity. Simultaneously, these increases in expenditure were matched by elevated food intake, and body mass remained stable. Nevertheless, within this envelope of unchanged body mass there were significant changes in body composition – with increases in the sizes of the liver and small intestine, presumably to support the greater food intake, and reductions in the level of stored fat – maximally providing about 10% of the total elevated energy demands. Major Conclusions Elevating activity of BAT may be a valid strategy to reduce fat storage even if overall body mass is unchanged but if it is mostly offset by elevated food intake, as found here, then the impacts may be small. Male and female mice were exposed to 11 different ambient temperatures between 5 and 35 °C. As it got colder mice increased both energy expenditure and food intake. Increased energy expenditure was coincident with increased THs and BAT activity. Stored fat was considerably reduced in colder conditions, providing about 10% of the elevated energy requirements. Elevating activity of BAT may be a valid strategy to reduce fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Min Li
- Shenzhen key laboratory of metabolic health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Menghuan Bao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Daliang Huo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen key laboratory of metabolic health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100100, China.
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34
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Onogi Y, Ussar S. Regulatory networks determining substrate utilization in brown adipocytes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:493-506. [PMID: 35491296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is often considered as a sink for nutrients to generate heat. However, when the complex hormonal and nervous inputs and intracellular signaling networks regulating substrate utilization are considered, BAT appears much more as a tightly controlled rheostat, regulating body temperature and balancing circulating nutrient levels. Here we provide an overview of key regulatory circuits, including the diurnal rhythm, determining glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid utilization and the interdependency of these nutrients in thermogenesis. Moreover, we discuss additional factors mediating sympathetic BAT activation beyond β-adrenergic signaling and the limitations of glucose-based BAT activity measurements to foster a better understanding and interpretation of BAT activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Onogi
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Siegfried Ussar
- RG Adipocytes & Metabolism, Institute for Diabetes & Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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35
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Rutaecarpine Promotes Adipose Thermogenesis and Protects against HFD-Induced Obesity via AMPK/PGC-1α Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040469. [PMID: 35455466 PMCID: PMC9027001 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of adaptive thermogenesis to increase energy expenditure is considered to be a novel strategy for obesity. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), which serves as an inducible co-activator in energy expenditure, is highly expressed in brown adipose tissues (BAT). In this study, we found a PGC-1α transcriptional activator, natural compound rutaecarpine (Rut), which promoted brown adipocytes mitochondrial biogenesis and thermogenesis in vitro. Chronic Rut treatment reduced the body weight gain and mitigated insulin sensitivity through brown and beige adipocyte thermogenesis. Mechanistic study showed that Rut activated the energy metabolic pathway AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PGC-1α axis, and deficiency of AMPK abolished the beneficial metabolic phenotype of the Rut treatment in vitro and in vivo. In summary, a PGC-1α transcriptional activator Rut was found to activate brown and beige adipose thermogenesis to resist diet-induced obesity through AMPK pathway. Our findings serve as a further understanding of the natural compound in adipose tissue and provides a possible strategy to combat obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Ambler M, Hitrec T, Pickering A. Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:313. [PMID: 35087956 PMCID: PMC8764563 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is a hypothermic, hypoactive, hypometabolic state entered into by a wide range of animals in response to environmental challenge. This review summarises the current understanding of torpor. We start by describing the characteristics of the wide-ranging physiological adaptations associated with torpor. Next follows a discussion of thermoregulation, control of food intake and energy expenditure, and the interactions of sleep and thermoregulation, with particular emphasis on how those processes pertain to torpor. We move on to review the evidence for the systems that control torpor entry, including both the efferent circulating factors that signal the need for torpor, and the central processes that orchestrate it. Finally, we consider how the putative circuits responsible for torpor induction integrate with the established understanding of thermoregulation under non-torpid conditions and highlight important areas of uncertainty for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ambler
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Timna Hitrec
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Anthony Pickering
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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37
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Tran LT, Park S, Kim SK, Lee JS, Kim KW, Kwon O. Hypothalamic control of energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:358-369. [PMID: 35301430 PMCID: PMC9076616 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy expenditure and energy intake need to be balanced to maintain proper energy homeostasis. Energy homeostasis is tightly regulated by the central nervous system, and the hypothalamus is the primary center for the regulation of energy balance. The hypothalamus exerts its effect through both humoral and neuronal mechanisms, and each hypothalamic area has a distinct role in the regulation of energy expenditure. Recent studies have advanced the understanding of the molecular regulation of energy expenditure and thermogenesis in the hypothalamus with targeted manipulation techniques of the mouse genome and neuronal function. In this review, we elucidate recent progress in understanding the mechanism of how the hypothalamus affects basal metabolism, modulates physical activity, and adapts to environmental temperature and food intake changes. The hypothalamus is a key regulator of metabolism, controlling resting metabolism, activity levels, and responses to external temperature and food intake. The balance between energy intake and expenditure must be tightly controlled, with imbalances resulting in metabolic disorders such as obesity or diabetes. Obin Kwon at Seoul National University College of Medicine and Ki Woo Kim at Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, both in South Korea, and coworkers reviewed how metabolism is regulated by the hypothalamus, a small hormone-producing brain region. They report that hormonal and neuronal signals from the hypothalamus influence the ratio of lean to fatty tissue, gender-based differences in metabolism, activity levels, and weight gain in response to food intake. They note that further studies to untangle cause-and-effect relationships and other genetic factors will improve our understanding of metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Trung Tran
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 Four, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 Four, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Departments of Oral Biology and Applied Biological Science, BK21 Four, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
| | - Obin Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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Križančić Bombek L, Čater M. Skeletal Muscle Uncoupling Proteins in Mice Models of Obesity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12030259. [PMID: 35323702 PMCID: PMC8955650 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes are among major and increasing worldwide problems that occur fundamentally due to excessive energy intake during its expenditure. Endotherms continuously consume a certain amount of energy to maintain core body temperature via thermogenic processes, mainly in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle glucose utilization and heat production are significant and directly linked to body glucose homeostasis at rest, and especially during physical activity. However, this glucose balance is impaired in diabetic and obese states in humans and mice, and manifests as glucose resistance and altered muscle cell metabolism. Uncoupling proteins have a significant role in converting electrochemical energy into thermal energy without ATP generation. Different homologs of uncoupling proteins were identified, and their roles were linked to antioxidative activity and boosting glucose and lipid metabolism. From this perspective, uncoupling proteins were studied in correlation to the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity and their possible treatments. Mice were extensively used as model organisms to study the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis. However, we should be aware of interstrain differences in mice models of obesity regarding thermogenesis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. Therefore, in this review, we gathered up-to-date knowledge on skeletal muscle uncoupling proteins and their effect on insulin sensitivity in mouse models of obesity and diabetes.
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39
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Kuibida VV, Kohanets PP, Lopatynska VV. Temperature, heat shock proteins and growth regulation of the bone tissue. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.15421/022205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient heat modulates the elongation of bones in mammals, and the mechanism of such a plasticity has not been studied completely. The influence of heat on growth and development of bone depends on its values. Five zones of temperature influence on the bone tissue with different biological effects have been distinguished : a) under-threshold thermal zone < 36.6 ºС, insufficient amount of heat is a limiting factor for osteogenesis; b) normal temperature zone 36.6‒37.5 ºС, the processes of breakdown and development of bone in this temperature range is balanced; b) zone of mild thermal shock 39‒41 ºС, the processes of functioning of osteoblasts, osteocytes and formation of the bone tissue intensify; d) the zone of sublethal thermal shock > 42 ºС, growth of bone slows; e) zone of non-critical shock > 50 ºС, bone tissue cells die. We propose a model of the mechanism of influence of heat shock on bone growth. Mild heat shock is a type of stress to which membrane enzymes adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-protein kinase react. Protein kinase A phosphorylates the gene factors of thermal shock proteins, stress proteins and enzymes of energy-generating processes – glycolysis and lipolysis. Heat shock protein HSP70 activates alkaline phosphatase and promotes the process of mineralization of the bone tissue. In the cells, there is intensification in syntheses of insulin-like growth factor-I, factors of mitogenic action, signals of intensification of blood circulation (NO) and synthesis of somatotropin. The affinity between insulin-like growth factor I and its acid-labile subunit decreases, leading to increased free and active insulin-like growth factor I. Against the background of acceleration of the capillarization process, energy generation and the level of stimulators of growth of bone tissue, mitotic and functional activities of producer cells of the bone – osteoblasts and osteocytes – activate. The generally known Allen’s rule has been developed and expanded: “Warm-blooded animals of different species have longer distal body parts (tails) if after birth the young have developed in the conditions of higher temperature”. The indicated tendency is realized through increased biosynthesis of heat shock proteins and other stimulators of growth processes in the bone tissue.
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Hao X, Zhu B, Yang P, Dong D, Sahbaie P, Oliver PL, Shen WJ, Azhar S, Kraemer FB. SNAP25 mutation disrupts metabolic homeostasis, steroid hormone production and central neurobehavior. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166304. [PMID: 34826585 PMCID: PMC8759409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SNAP-25 is one of the key proteins involved in formation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes that are at the core of hormonal secretion and synaptic transmission. Altered expression or function of SNAP-25 can contribute to the development of neuropsychiatric and metabolic disease. A dominant negative (DN) I67T missense mutation in the b-isoform of SNAP-25 (DN-SNAP25mut) mice leads to abnormal interactions within the SNARE complex and impaired exocytotic vesicle recycling, yet the significance of this mutation to any association between the central nervous system and metabolic homeostasis is unknown. METHODS Here we explored aspects of metabolism, steroid hormone production and neurobehavior of DN-SNAP25mut mice. RESULTS DN-SNAP25mut mice displayed enhanced insulin function through increased Akt phosphorylation, alongside increased adrenal and gonadal hormone production. In addition, increased anxiety behavior and beigeing of white adipose tissue with increased energy expenditure were observed in mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that SNAP25 plays an important role in bridging central neurological systems with peripheral metabolic homeostasis, and provide potential insights between metabolic disease and neuropsychiatric disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hao
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinglin Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Peyman Sahbaie
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
| | - Salman Azhar
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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Abdeen A, Agnani P, Careau V. The active mouse rests within: Energy management among and within individuals. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Abdeen
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Paul Agnani
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Vincent Careau
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
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Wallace M. Metabolic balance-a masterclass in mass action. Nat Metab 2022; 4:17-18. [PMID: 35058632 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Li M, Speakman JR. Setting Ambient Temperature Conditions to Optimize Translation of Molecular Work from the Mouse to Human: The "Goldilocks Solution". Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2448:235-250. [PMID: 35167101 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2087-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature has a profound effect on many aspects of murine physiology. This raises the question of the best temperature at which mice should be housed to maximize the translational potential to humans. The temperatures at which mice have been routinely kept for studies of molecular physiology (20-21 °C) maximize the comfort of animal handling staff. There is a widespread movement suggesting we should perform experiments instead on mice housed at 30 °C. This often produces very different outcomes. Here we analyze the basis of this suggestion and show that while 20-21 °C is too cold, 30 °C is probably too hot. Rather we suggest an intermediate temperature "the Goldilocks solution" of 25-26 °C is probably optimal. This should be combined with providing animals with nesting material so that they can construct nests to generate microclimates that are within their own control. Providing copious nesting material has additional spin-off advantages in terms of increasing environmental enrichment. Ultimately, however, advocating a single temperature to mimic human physiology is plagued by the problem that humans vary widely in the temperature environments they experience, with consequences for human disease. Hence studying responses at a range of temperatures may provide the greatest insights and translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen, Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
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Ambler M, Hitrec T, Pickering A. Turn it off and on again: characteristics and control of torpor. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:313. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17379.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torpor is a hypothermic, hypoactive, hypometabolic state entered into by a wide range of animals in response to environmental challenge. This review summarises the current understanding of torpor. We start by describing the characteristics of the wide-ranging physiological adaptations associated with torpor. Next follows a discussion of thermoregulation, control of food intake and energy expenditure, and the interactions of sleep and thermoregulation, with particular emphasis on how those processes pertain to torpor. We move on to take a critical view of the evidence for the systems that control torpor entry, including both the efferent circulating factors that signal the need for torpor, and the central processes that orchestrate it. Finally, we consider how the putative circuits responsible for torpor induction integrate with the established understanding of thermoregulation under non-torpid conditions and highlight important areas of uncertainty for future studies.
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Pak HH, Haws SA, Green CL, Koller M, Lavarias MT, Richardson NE, Yang SE, Dumas SN, Sonsalla M, Bray L, Johnson M, Barnes S, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J, Yen CLE, Denu JM, Lamming DW. Fasting drives the metabolic, molecular and geroprotective effects of a calorie-restricted diet in mice. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1327-1341. [PMID: 34663973 PMCID: PMC8544824 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) promotes healthy ageing in diverse species. Recently, it has been shown that fasting for a portion of each day has metabolic benefits and promotes lifespan. These findings complicate the interpretation of rodent CR studies, in which animals typically eat only once per day and rapidly consume their food, which collaterally imposes fasting. Here we show that a prolonged fast is necessary for key metabolic, molecular and geroprotective effects of a CR diet. Using a series of feeding regimens, we dissect the effects of calories and fasting, and proceed to demonstrate that fasting alone recapitulates many of the physiological and molecular effects of CR. Our results shed new light on how both when and how much we eat regulate metabolic health and longevity, and demonstrate that daily prolonged fasting, and not solely reduced caloric intake, is likely responsible for the metabolic and geroprotective benefits of a CR diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi H Pak
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Spencer A Haws
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikaela Koller
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mitchell T Lavarias
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Richardson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shany E Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sabrina N Dumas
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsey Bray
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John M Denu
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Brzęk P, Gębczyński A, Selewestruk P, Książek A, Sadowska J, Konarzewski M. Significance of variation in basal metabolic rate in laboratory mice for translational experiments. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 192:161-169. [PMID: 34595579 PMCID: PMC8816319 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01410-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) accounts for 60–70% of the daily energy expenditure (DEE) in sedentary humans and at least 50% of the DEE in laboratory mice in the thermoneutral zone. Surprisingly, however, the significance of the variation in the BMR is largely overlooked in translational research using such indices as physical activity level (PAL), i.e., the ratio of DEE/BMR. In particular, it is unclear whether emulation of human PAL in mouse models should be carried out within or below the thermoneutral zone. It is also unclear whether physical activity within the thermoneutral zone is limited by the capacity to dissipate heat generated by exercise and obligatory metabolic processes contributing to BMR. We measured PAL and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in laboratory mice from two lines, divergently selected towards either high or low level of BMR, and acclimated to 30 °C (i.e., the thermoneutral zone), 23 or 4 °C. The mean PAL did not differ between both lines in the mice acclimated to 30 °C but became significantly higher in the low BMR mouse line at the lower ambient temperatures. Acclimation to 30 °C reduced the mean locomotor activity but did not affect the significant difference observed between the selected lines. We conclude that carrying out experiments within the thermoneutral zone can increase the consistency of translational studies aimed at the emulation of human energetics, without affecting the variation in physical activity correlated with BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Brzęk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Gębczyński
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Selewestruk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Aneta Książek
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Julita Sadowska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marek Konarzewski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
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Geneva II, Javaid W. Disruption of the Body Temperature Circadian Rhythm in Hospitalized Patients. Am J Med Sci 2021; 362:578-585. [PMID: 34551353 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the circadian rhythm is linked to immune response deficiencies. Diurnal temperature variation-a surrogate for the circadian rhythm, exists in humans, yet its preservation during illness is not well understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS Temperatures measured within one-half hour of 8 am, 12 pm, 4 pm, 8 pm, 12 am, and 4 am from 16,245 hospitalized patients were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Although we found a diurnal pattern when analyzing the ensemble of temperatures from all patients, stratified by measurement site, the trough-to-peak difference was only 0.2°F, while that for healthy volunteers had been in the 0.5°F to 1.9°F range. The peaks occurred at 8 pm for all patients, regardless of age or sex, which is similar to healthy people. However, the troughs were shifted to later times compared with the 6 am in healthy people-for young patients (age 20-30 years) the trough was at 8 am and for elderly patients (age 70-80 years), at 12 pm, again regardless of patients' sex. Analysis of individual patients showed that less than 20% of patients exhibited diurnal variation and among those showing variation, the trend was present only on the minority of hospitalization days. The presence or absence of an infectious process or fever did not influence the proportion of patients showing diurnal variation. CONCLUSIONS Hospitalization is associated with disruption in the circadian rhythm as reflected by patients' body temperature. Since abnormality in body temperature is known to affect patient outcomes, an understanding of the diurnal cycle during hospitalization is the first step towards devising approaches to re-establish the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla I Geneva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
| | - Waleed Javaid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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Diurnal variations of cold-induced thermogenesis in young, healthy adults: A randomized crossover trial. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5311-5321. [PMID: 34536639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been proposed as a means of counteracting a positive energy balance, and thus of combating obesity and its related comorbidities. However, it has remained unclear whether CIT and BAT activity show diurnal variation in humans - knowledge that might allow treatments based on these factors to be time-optimized. METHODS A randomized crossover experiment was designed to examine whether CIT shows morning/evening variation in young, healthy adults (n = 14, 5 women). On the first experimental day, subjects' shivering thresholds were determined following a cooling protocol. After ≈96 h had elapsed, the subjects then returned on two further days (approx. 48 h apart) at 08:00 h or 18:00 in random order. On both the latter days, the resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured before the subjects underwent personalized cold exposure (i.e., according to their shivering threshold). CIT was then assessed for 60 min by indirect calorimetry. In an independent cross-sectional study (n = 133, 88 women), subjects came to the laboratory between 8:00 and 18:00 h and their BAT 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake was assessed after personalized cold stimulation. RESULTS Both the REE and CIT were similar in the morning and evening (all P > 0.05). Indeed, 60 min of personalized-mild cold exposure in the morning or evening elicited a similar change in energy expenditure (16.8 ± 12.8 vs. 15.7 ± 15.1% increase above REE, P = 0.72). BAT 18F-FDG uptake was also similar in the morning, evening and afternoon (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CIT does not appear to show morning/evening variation in young healthy adults, with the current study design and methodology. BAT 18F-FDG uptake appears not to change across the day either, although experiments with a within-subject study design are needed to confirm these findings. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT02365129.
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Colella JP, Blumstein DM, MacManes MD. Disentangling environmental drivers of circadian metabolism in desert-adapted mice. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242529. [PMID: 34495305 PMCID: PMC8502254 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is a complex phenotype shaped by natural environmental rhythms, as well as behavioral, morphological and physiological adaptations. Metabolism has been historically studied under constant environmental conditions, but new methods of continuous metabolic phenotyping now offer a window into organismal responses to dynamic environments, and enable identification of abiotic controls and the timing of physiological responses relative to environmental change. We used indirect calorimetry to characterize metabolic phenotypes of the desert-adapted cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus) in response to variable environmental conditions that mimic their native environment versus those recorded under constant warm and constant cool conditions, with a constant photoperiod and full access to resources. We found significant sexual dimorphism, with males being more prone to dehydration than females. Under circadian environmental variation, most metabolic shifts occurred prior to physical environmental change and the timing was disrupted under both constant treatments. The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed (the respiratory quotient) reached greater than 1.0 only during the light phase under diurnally variable conditions, a pattern that strongly suggests that lipogenesis contributes to the production of energy and endogenous water. Our results are consistent with historical descriptions of circadian torpor in this species (torpid by day, active by night), but reject the hypothesis that torpor is initiated by food restriction or negative water balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew D. MacManes
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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50
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Zouhar P, Janovska P, Stanic S, Bardova K, Funda J, Haberlova B, Andersen B, Rossmeisl M, Cannon B, Kopecky J, Nedergaard J. A pyrexic effect of FGF21 independent of energy expenditure and UCP1. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101324. [PMID: 34418595 PMCID: PMC8452799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Administration of FGF21 to mice reduces body weight and increases body temperature. The increase in body temperature is generally interpreted as hyperthermia, i.e. a condition secondary to the increase in energy expenditure (heat production). Here, we examine an alternative hypothesis: that FGF21 has a direct pyrexic effect, i.e. FGF21 increases body temperature independently of any effect on energy expenditure. METHODS We studied the effects of FGF21 treatment on body temperature and energy expenditure in high-fat-diet-fed and chow-fed mice exposed acutely to various ambient temperatures, in high-fat diet-fed mice housed at 30 °C (i.e. at thermoneutrality), and in mice lacking uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). RESULTS In every model studied, FGF21 increased body temperature, but energy expenditure was increased only in some models. The effect of FGF21 on body temperature was more (not less, as expected in hyperthermia) pronounced at lower ambient temperatures. Effects on body temperature and energy expenditure were temporally distinct (daytime versus nighttime). FGF21 enhanced UCP1 protein content in brown adipose tissue (BAT); there was no measurable UCP1 protein in inguinal brite/beige adipose tissue. FGF21 increased energy expenditure through adrenergic stimulation of BAT. In mice lacking UCP1, FGF21 did not increase energy expenditure but increased body temperature by reducing heat loss, e.g. a reduced tail surface temperature. CONCLUSION The effect of FGF21 on body temperature is independent of UCP1 and can be achieved in the absence of any change in energy expenditure. Since elevated body temperature is a primary effect of FGF21 and can be achieved without increasing energy expenditure, only limited body weight-lowering effects of FGF21 may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Zouhar
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Janovska
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sara Stanic
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Funda
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Haberlova
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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