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Angelin M, Kumar J, Vajravelu LK, Satheesan A, Chaithanya V, Murugesan R. Artificial sweeteners and their implications in diabetes: a review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1411560. [PMID: 38988858 PMCID: PMC11233937 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1411560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a significant global health concern, highlighting the critical role of dietary strategies in its management and prevention. Artificial sweeteners (ASs), due to their capacity to provide sweetness without contributing to caloric intake, have emerged as a potential tool in diabetes management. This review thoroughly examines the nuanced relationship between artificial sweeteners and diabetes, addressing their benefits and potential risks. ASs have been shown to aid in weight management, a key factor in reducing diabetes risk, and do not impact immediate blood glucose levels, offering improved glucose control for individuals with diabetes. Beyond these benefits, however, artificial sweeteners may interact complexly with gut microbiota, potentially altering its composition and affecting metabolic health. This interaction introduces concerns regarding insulin sensitivity and the risk of insulin resistance, with studies reporting conflicting findings. This comprehensive review highlights the importance of a nuanced approach to understanding the implications of artificial sweeteners in diabetes management. Given the mixed evidence on their health effects, there is a clear need for further research to fully elucidate the role of artificial sweeteners in metabolic health and their suitability as part of dietary interventions for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matcha Angelin
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Janardhanan Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Leela Kakithakara Vajravelu
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhishek Satheesan
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkata Chaithanya
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ria Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
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Antasouras G, Dakanalis A, Chrysafi M, Papadopoulou SK, Trifonidi I, Spanoudaki M, Alexatou O, Pritsa A, Louka A, Giaginis C. Could Insulin Be a Better Regulator of Appetite/Satiety Balance and Body Weight Maintenance in Response to Glucose Exposure Compared to Sucrose Substitutes? Unraveling Current Knowledge and Searching for More Appropriate Choices. Med Sci (Basel) 2024; 12:29. [PMID: 38921683 PMCID: PMC11205552 DOI: 10.3390/medsci12020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin exerts a crucial impact on glucose control, cellular growing, function, and metabolism. It is partially modulated by nutrients, especially as a response to the intake of foods, including carbohydrates. Moreover, insulin can exert an anorexigenic effect when inserted into the hypothalamus of the brain, in which a complex network of an appetite/hunger control system occurs. The current literature review aims at thoroughly summarizing and scrutinizing whether insulin release in response to glucose exposure may be a better choice to control body weight gain and related diseases compared to the use of sucrose substitutes (SSs) in combination with a long-term, well-balanced diet. METHODS This is a comprehensive literature review, which was performed through searching in-depth for the most accurate scientific databases and applying effective and relevant keywords. RESULTS The insulin action can be inserted into the hypothalamic orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, activating several anorexigenic peptides, increasing the hedonic aspect of food intake, and effectively controlling the human body weight. In contrast, SSs appear not to affect the orexigenic/anorexigenic complex system, resulting in more cases of uncontrolled body weight maintenance while also increasing the risk of developing related diseases. CONCLUSIONS Most evidence, mainly derived from in vitro and in vivo animal studies, has reinforced the insulin anorexigenic action in the hypothalamus of the brain. Simultaneously, most available clinical studies showed that SSs during a well-balanced diet either maintain or even increase body weight, which may indirectly be ascribed to the fact that they cannot cover the hedonic aspect of food intake. However, there is a strong demand for long-term longitudinal surveys to effectively specify the impact of SSs on human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Antasouras
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Maria Chrysafi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Ioulia Trifonidi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Spanoudaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Olga Alexatou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Agathi Pritsa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.K.P.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aikaterini Louka
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece; (G.A.); (M.C.); (O.A.); (A.L.)
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Khalil S, Haikal Y, Aoun A. Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Weight Loss or Weight Gain? Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:749-757. [PMID: 37817660 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303245646230926054352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) is on the rise among different populations. In parallel, the debate about their potential health benefits and risks remains inconclusive. Numerous published studies elucidate the impact of NNS on general health, weight control, and the risk of certain diseases. However, no definitive conclusions regarding the effect of chronic NNS use on weight have been reached in humans. This review summarizes current evidence related to the biological role of NNS and their subsequent effects on weight. The mechanisms of action through which NNS impact weight are discussed, including their effect on sweet taste receptors, cognition, metabolic and endocrine functions, intestinal microbiota, and adiposity. Conflicting evidence is hindering the formulation of precise recommendations, but the evidence opposing the use of NNS remains weak, and the ultimate impact on weight largely relies on several other behavioral patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Khalil
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, 72 Zouk Mikael, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Yara Haikal
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, 72 Zouk Mikael, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
| | - Antoine Aoun
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, 72 Zouk Mikael, Zouk Mosbeh, Lebanon
- Department of Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rouen, 76000, Rouen, France
- Department of Nutrition, Hôpital La Musse, 27180, Saint Sebastien de Morsent, Normandie, France
- INSERM U1073, UNIROUEN, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France
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Yin J, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li Z, Li C, Ban X, Zhu L, Gu Z. A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Glycemic Carbohydrates on the Neurocognitive Functions Based on Gut Microenvironment Regulation and Glycemic Fluctuation Control. Nutrients 2023; 15:5080. [PMID: 38140339 PMCID: PMC10745758 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Improper glycemic carbohydrates (GCs) consumption can be a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes, which may lead to cognitive impairment. Although several potential mechanisms have been studied, the biological relationship between carbohydrate consumption and neurocognitive impairment is still uncertain. In this review, the main effects and mechanisms of GCs' digestive characteristics on cognitive functions are comprehensively elucidated. Additionally, healthier carbohydrate selection, a reliable research model, and future directions are discussed. Individuals in their early and late lives and patients with metabolic diseases are highly susceptible to dietary-induced cognitive impairment. It is well known that gut function is closely related to dietary patterns. Unhealthy carbohydrate diet-induced gut microenvironment disorders negatively impact cognitive functions through the gut-brain axis. Moreover, severe glycemic fluctuations, due to rapidly digestible carbohydrate consumption or metabolic diseases, can impair neurocognitive functions by disrupting glucose metabolism, dysregulating calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and accumulating advanced glycation end products. Unstable glycemic status can lead to more severe neurological impairment than persistent hyperglycemia. Slow-digested or resistant carbohydrates might contribute to better neurocognitive functions due to stable glycemic response and healthier gut functions than fully gelatinized starch and nutritive sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.Y.); (Y.H.); (Z.L.); (C.L.); (X.B.); (L.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Ghusn W, Naik R, Yibirin M. The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Human Health and Cancer Association: A Comprehensive Clinical Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e51299. [PMID: 38288206 PMCID: PMC10822749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are sugar substitutes that provide high sweetening power associated with low accompanied calories. In this study, we aim to review the data on the use, benefits, side effects, and cancer risks of artificial sweeteners. We reviewed data in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases to search for studies about artificial sweeteners from the inception of the database to July 20, 2023, published in the English language. We discuss systematic reviews and meta-analyses, randomized clinical trials, and observational cohort studies that address the use of artificial sweeteners and their effect on health. In our review, we show that artificial sweeteners have been shown to impact various functions of the gastrointestinal system. Other studies have demonstrated an association with neurologic symptoms such as headache and taste alteration. Moreover, recent studies have established an association between artificial sweeteners and cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Importantly, the majority of research data show no link between the use of artificial sweeteners and cancer risk. Although most studies show that there is no established link between these products and cancer risk, artificial sweeteners are associated with multiple diseases. Hence, more studies are needed to better characterize the effect of artificial sweeteners on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Ghusn
- Internal Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Roopa Naik
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
- Internal Medicine/Hospital Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, USA
| | - Marcel Yibirin
- Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Concha F, Sambra V, Cáceres P, López-Arana S, Carvajal B, Gotteland M. Maternal consumption and perinatal exposure to non-nutritive sweeteners: should we be concerned? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1200990. [PMID: 37377756 PMCID: PMC10291189 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1200990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The context for this review is the rapid increase in the use of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) instead of sugar in foods and beverages, a situation so prevalent in some countries that consumers are finding it increasingly challenging to access foods without NNSs. The benefits of consuming NNSs on obesity and diabetes are now being questioned, and studies have shown that they may exert physiological activities, sometimes independently of sweet taste receptor stimulation. Few studies, limited mainly to North American and European countries, have described the consumption of NNSs by pregnant or lactating women and infants. Most focus on beverages rather than foods, but all agree that consumption levels have increased dramatically. Although some studies report a negative impact of NNSs on the risk of preterm birth, increased birth weight and decreased gestational age, the level of evidence is low. Several studies have also reported increased weight gain in infancy, associated with maternal NNS intake. Interestingly, several NNSs have been detected in amniotic fluid and breast milk, usually (but not always) at concentrations below their established detection limit in humans. Unfortunately, the impact of chronic exposure of the fetus/infant to low levels of multiple NNSs is unknown. In conclusion, there is a stark contrast between the galloping increase in the consumption of NNSs and the small number of studies evaluating their impact in at-risk groups such as pregnant and lactating women and infants. Clearly, more studies are needed, especially in Latin America and Asia, to fill these gaps and update recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Concha
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Cáceres
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bielka Carvajal
- Department of Women and Newborn’s Health Promotion, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ayoub-Charette S, McGlynn ND, Lee D, Khan TA, Blanco Mejia S, Chiavaroli L, Kavanagh ME, Seider M, Taibi A, Chen CT, Ahmed A, Asbury R, Erlich M, Chen YT, Malik VS, Bazinet RP, Ramdath DD, Logue C, Hanley AJ, Kendall CWC, Leiter LA, Comelli EM, Sievenpiper JL. Rationale, Design and Participants Baseline Characteristics of a Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Replacing SSBs with NSBs versus Water on Glucose Tolerance, Gut Microbiome and Cardiometabolic Risk in Overweight or Obese Adult SSB Consumer: Strategies to Oppose SUGARS with Non-Nutritive Sweeteners or Water (STOP Sugars NOW) Trial and Ectopic Fat Sub-Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051238. [PMID: 36904237 PMCID: PMC10005063 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health authorities are near universal in their recommendation to replace sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with water. Non-nutritive sweetened beverages (NSBs) are not as widely recommended as a replacement strategy due to a lack of established benefits and concerns they may induce glucose intolerance through changes in the gut microbiome. The STOP Sugars NOW trial aims to assess the effect of the substitution of NSBs (the "intended substitution") versus water (the "standard of care substitution") for SSBs on glucose tolerance and microbiota diversity. DESIGN AND METHODS The STOP Sugars NOW trial (NCT03543644) is a pragmatic, "head-to-head", open-label, crossover, randomized controlled trial conducted in an outpatient setting. Participants were overweight or obese adults with a high waist circumference who regularly consumed ≥1 SSBs daily. Each participant completed three 4-week treatment phases (usual SSBs, matched NSBs, or water) in random order, which were separated by ≥4-week washout. Blocked randomization was performed centrally by computer with allocation concealment. Outcome assessment was blinded; however, blinding of participants and trial personnel was not possible. The two primary outcomes are oral glucose tolerance (incremental area under the curve) and gut microbiota beta-diversity (weighted UniFrac distance). Secondary outcomes include related markers of adiposity and glucose and insulin regulation. Adherence was assessed by objective biomarkers of added sugars and non-nutritive sweeteners and self-report intake. A subset of participants was included in an Ectopic Fat sub-study in which the primary outcome is intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) by 1H-MRS. Analyses will be according to the intention to treat principle. BASELINE RESULTS Recruitment began on 1 June 2018, and the last participant completed the trial on 15 October 2020. We screened 1086 participants, of whom 80 were enrolled and randomized in the main trial and 32 of these were enrolled and randomized in the Ectopic Fat sub-study. The participants were predominantly middle-aged (mean age 41.8 ± SD 13.0 y) and had obesity (BMI of 33.7 ± 6.8 kg/m2) with a near equal ratio of female: male (51%:49%). The average baseline SSB intake was 1.9 servings/day. SSBs were replaced with matched NSB brands, sweetened with either a blend of aspartame and acesulfame-potassium (95%) or sucralose (5%). CONCLUSIONS Baseline characteristics for both the main and Ectopic Fat sub-study meet our inclusion criteria and represent a group with overweight or obesity, with characteristics putting them at risk for type 2 diabetes. Findings will be published in peer-reviewed open-access medical journals and provide high-level evidence to inform clinical practice guidelines and public health policy for the use NSBs in sugars reduction strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03543644.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ayoub-Charette
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Néma D. McGlynn
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Danielle Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Tauseef Ahmad Khan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Laura Chiavaroli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Meaghan E. Kavanagh
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Maxine Seider
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Amel Taibi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Chuck T. Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amna Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Rachel Asbury
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- College of Dietitians of Ontario, Ontario, ON M2M 4J1, Canada
| | - Madeline Erlich
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- College of Dietitians of Ontario, Ontario, ON M2M 4J1, Canada
| | - Yue-Tong Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Vasanti S. Malik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - D. Dan Ramdath
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Caomhan Logue
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Co., Londonderry BT52 1SA, BT52 1SA Coleraine, Ireland
| | - Anthony J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Cyril W. C. Kendall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Lawrence A. Leiter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Elena M. Comelli
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John L. Sievenpiper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5C 2T2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-867-3732
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Dietary Polysaccharide-Rich Extract from Noni ( Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Modified Ruminal Fermentation, Ruminal Bacterial Community and Nutrient Digestion in Cashmere Goats. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020221. [PMID: 36670760 PMCID: PMC9854603 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In two consecutive studies, we evaluated the effects of polysaccharide-rich noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit extract (NFP) on ruminal fermentation, ruminal microbes and nutrient digestion in cashmere goats. In Exp. 1, the effects of a diet containing NFP of 0, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.55% on in vitro ruminal fermentation at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h were determined, whereas in Exp. 2, fourteen cashmere goats (46.65 ± 3.36 kg of BW ± SD) were randomly assigned to two treatments: the basal diet with or without (CON) supplementation of NFP at 4 g per kg DM (0.4%). The in vitro results showed that NFP linearly increased concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA), quadratically decreased ammonia-N concentration, and changed pH, protozoa number, gas production and the microbial protein (MCP) concentration, and was more effective at 0.4% addition, which yielded similar results in ruminal fermentation in Exp. 2. In addition, NFP increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein and the abundance of Firmicutes, and reduced the abundance of Bacteroides and Actinobacteria. Ruminococcus_1 was positively associated with VFA concentration. The Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was positively correlated with protozoa and negatively correlated with MCP concentration. Thus, NFP has potential as a ruminal fermentation enhancer for cashmere goats.
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Beasley MM, Gunawan T, Tunstall BJ, Kearns DN. Intermittent access training produces greater motivation for a non-drug reinforcer than long access training. Learn Behav 2022; 50:509-523. [PMID: 35132517 PMCID: PMC10237344 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-022-00512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been proposed that the intermittent access (IntA) drug self-administration procedure better produces behavioral changes relevant to addiction than the long access (LgA) procedure. In this version of the IntA procedure, the drug is made available for a 5-min period during each half hour of a 6-h session. In contrast, on the LgA procedure, the drug is available continuously for 6 h. Previous studies have found that IntA drug self-administration produces greater drug motivation, measured by increased progressive ratio breakpoints, than LgA self-administration. It has been hypothesized that this effect is due to the rapid, "spiking" brain levels of the drug, and consequent neuroadaptations, experienced by rats during IntA sessions. However, no study has compared the effects of IntA versus LgA training on reinforcer motivation when using a non-drug reinforcer. The present study compared motivation for a saccharin reinforcer after IntA or LgA training. In Experiment 1, separate groups of rats lever-pressed for saccharin on the IntA or LgA procedures. In Experiment 2, a within-subjects design was used where rats pressed one lever on the IntA procedure and another lever on the LgA procedure for saccharin. In both experiments, IntA training produced greater breakpoints than LgA training. As no drug was used here, spiking drug levels could not have been responsible for the increased saccharin motivation observed after IntA training. Instead, it is proposed that differences in stimulus-reinforcer associations learned during IntA versus LgA training may be responsible for the effect. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which such learning factors may contribute to the increased motivation observed after IntA training with drug reinforcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Beasley
- Psychology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA.
| | - Tommy Gunawan
- Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, NIH/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brendan J Tunstall
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David N Kearns
- Psychology Department, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
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10
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Richardson IL, Frese SA. Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology. Front Nutr 2022; 9:988144. [PMID: 36091255 PMCID: PMC9453245 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.988144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are broadly incorporated into foods, especially those representing a growing share of the beverage market. NNS are viewed as a noncaloric and desirable alternative to sugar-based sweeteners and are thought to contribute to reducing overall caloric intake. While these compounds have been studied extensively and have long been considered inert, new research has presented a different view and raises new questions about the effects of NNS on human physiology. Namely, the influence on glucose responses, the gastrointestinal epithelium, and the gut microbiome. As the gut microbiome is now recognized as a major mediator of human health and perturbations to this community are generally associated with negative health trajectories or overt disease, interactions between NNS and the gut microbiome are of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. Several NNS compounds are now hypothesized to affect human physiology by modulating the gut microbiome, though the mechanism for this action remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to discuss the history and current knowledge of NNS, their reported utility and effects on host physiology and the gut microbiome, and describes a model for investigating the underlying mechanism behind reported effects of NNS on the gut microbiome.
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11
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Morales-Ríos EI, García-Machorro J, Briones-Aranda A, Gómez-Pliego R, Espinosa-Raya J. Effect of Long-term Intake of Nutritive and Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Metabolic Health and Cognition in Adult Male Rats. J Med Food 2022; 25:1059-1065. [PMID: 35951019 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of long-term intake of nutritive sweeteners (NSs) and non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on body weight, food and energy intake, blood pressure, metabolic parameters, and memory retention in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10 per group): control (water),10% sucrose (SUC), aspartame (ASP), sucralose (SCA), stevia (STV), and 5% xylitol (XYL). Pure NSs (SUC and XYL) and NNSs were added to the drinking water for 18 weeks. ASP, SCA, and STV dosage was based on the estimated daily intake limit: 4.1, 2.0, and 3.4 mg/kg/day, respectively. Chronic access to NNSs did not result in any difference in total weight gain of the rats, while it was significantly elevated in the SUC group compared with the control and NNSs groups. Food intake was significantly lower in all NNSs groups compared with SUC and control groups. Sweetened beverage intake volumes were significantly diminished in all NNSs groups compared with intake in SUC and control groups. Total calories consumed were lower for the STV and XYL groups compared with all other groups. Blood pressure and glucose metabolism did not differ significantly between the groups. All sweeteners increased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels. Short-term memory was significantly impaired in the ASP group in the novel object recognition task, while long-term memory was impaired in SUC and STV groups. These metabolic and behavioral results suggest that the long-term intake of NSs or NNSs can be associated with peripheral and central effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Iván Morales-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Briones-Aranda
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas, México
| | - Raquel Gómez-Pliego
- Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México
| | - Judith Espinosa-Raya
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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12
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Buso MEC, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Naomi ND, Harrold JA, Halford JCG, Raben A, Feskens EJM. Dose-Response and Substitution Analyzes of Sweet Beverage Consumption and Body Weight in Dutch Adults: The Lifelines Cohort Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:889042. [PMID: 35832052 PMCID: PMC9272075 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.889042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Methods Prospective studies investigating sweet beverages and body weight associations show inconsistent results. Within the SWEET project, we examined prospective dose-response associations of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), low/no-calorie beverages (LNCB), and fruit juice with body weight-related outcomes among 78,286 Dutch adults followed for ~4 years. Baseline intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 150 ml representing a standard serving. Outcome variables were body weight change, waist circumference change, overweight/obesity, and abdominal obesity. Associations were investigated by using linear and non-linear dose-response analysis, as well as substitution models while adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, lifestyle, health, and dietary variables. Results Participants were 46 ± 13 (mean ± SD) years old and 60% were women. Adjusted dose-response analyzes indicated an association between SSB and LNCB, and both body weight (+0.02 kg/year; SE 0.01 and +0.06 kg/year; SE 0.01) and waist circumference changes (+0.04 cm/year; SE: 0.01 and +0.11 cm/year; SE: 0.01). Associations for overweight/obesity and abdominal obesity incidence were +3% (95%CI: 1.00–1.06) and +2% (95%CI: 0.99–1.06) for SSB and +8% (95%CI: 1.06–1.11) and +5% (95%CI: 1.03–1.07) for LNCB, respectively. Substitution of SSB with LNCB was associated with higher weight change (+0.04 kg/year), waist circumference change (+0.09 cm/year), overweight/obesity incidence (+6%), but not abdominal obesity incidence. For fruit juice, we observed beneficial associations for intake levels below ~1 serving/day with weight, waist circumference change, and overweight/obesity incidence, and no association with abdominal obesity. Subsequent substitution analyzes indicated a small beneficial association for the replacement of SSB with fruit juice on weight (−0.04 kg/year) and waist circumference (−0.04 cm/year), but not with other outcomes. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that habitual consumption of both SSB and LNCB may adversely affect weight-related outcomes. In contrast, fruit juice consumption <150 ml may be beneficial with respect to weight and waist circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E. C. Buso
- Division of Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Novita D. Naomi
- Division of Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Joanne A. Harrold
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason C. G. Halford
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Division of Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Edith J. M. Feskens
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BAYINDIR GÜMÜŞ A, KESER A, TUNÇER E, ALTUNTAŞ YILDIZ T, KEPENEKCİ BAYRAM İ. Sakarinin İştah, Enerji Alımı ve Serum Ghrelin Üzerinde Etkisi Var mı? Sağlıklı Erkeklerde Randomize, Kontrollü, Çapraz Bir Çalışma. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.1057978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amaç: Günümüzde şeker yerine enerji içermeyen yapay tatlandırıcılar yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bilinenin aksine yapay tatlandırıcıların metabolizmayı çeşitli yönlerden etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sakarinin serum ghrelin düzeyi, iştah ve besin tüketimi üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir.
Metod: Randomize, kontrollü ve çapraz olarak yapılan çalışmaya 20-29 yaşları arasında dokuz sağlıklı erkek katılmıştır. Her katılımcıya 300 ml su, 75 gram sakaroz içeren 300 ml su ve 240 miligram sakarin içeren 300 ml su verilmiştir. Başlangıç, 30., 60., 90., 120. ve 180. dakikalarda iştahı değerlendirmek için Görsel Analog Skala uygulanmış ve ghrelin analizi için kan örnekleri alınmıştır. Yüzsekseninci sonra katılımcılar ad libitum beslenmişler ve her uygulama günün sonuna kadar 24 saatlik diyet besin tüketim kaydı tutmuşlardır.
Bulgular: Altmışıncı ve 120. dakikalarda sadece su ve sakarinli içeceklerde ortalama ghrelin düzeyi sükroz içeren içeceğe kıyasla daha yüksektir (p
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alev KESER
- ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, BESLENME VE DİYETETİK BÖLÜMÜ
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Bayındır Gümüş A, Keser A, Tunçer E, Altuntaş Yıldız T, Kepenekci Bayram İ. Effect of saccharin, a non-nutritive sweeteners, on insulin and blood glucose levels in healthy young men: A crossover trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102500. [PMID: 35598544 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Artificial sweeteners used instead of sugar were considered as the best alternatives that have no endocrine effects. However, it has recently been suggested that artificial sweeteners may cause impaired metabolic parameters. The hypothesis of the study was there is an association between acute saccharin consumption and both glycemia and insulin response in young healthy adult men. METHODS 9 healthy adult males were included in this study. This study randomly provided participants with preloads as (a)300 ml of water, or 300 ml of water sweetened with (b)75 g of sucrose, (c)240 mg of saccharine (adjusted to the sweetness of 75 g of sucrose) 1 h before a standard breakfast. RESULTS Compared to mean blood glucose and serum insulin after test drinks consumption, there was only one difference between sucrose and saccharin trials in the 15th minute (117.0 ± 18.70, 95.4 ± 5.64 mg/dl respectively, p < 0.05). At the 60th minute, insulin secretion (0.80 ± 0.27 pg/dl) after the sucrose trial was found significantly higher than the saccharin trial (0.53 ± 0.09 pg/dl) and water (0.49 ± 0.06 pg/dl) (p < 0.05). Although at all intervals (except 90th minute), the mean insulin is higher after the saccharin trial compared to the water trial, these were non-statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Consequently, it was determined that saccharin had no glycemic effect. However, for the effect on serum insulin to be clarified, the long-term effects should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Bayındır Gümüş
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Location Fabrikalar Street No 12 City Center, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Alev Keser
- Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Esra Tunçer
- Ankara University Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey.
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Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: A Review of This Enzyme Role in the Intestinal Barrier Function. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040746. [PMID: 35456797 PMCID: PMC9026380 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP) has recently assumed a special relevance, being the subject of study in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases related to leaky gut. This brush border enzyme (ecto-enzyme) plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis and intestinal barrier function through its ability to dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review addresses how IALP and intestinal barrier dysfunction may be implicated in the pathophysiology of specific diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic syndrome. The use of IALP as a possible biomarker to assess intestinal barrier function and strategies to modulate IALP activity are also discussed.
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Pullicin AJ, Glendinning JI, Lim J. Cephalic phase insulin release: A review of its mechanistic basis and variability in humans. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113514. [PMID: 34252401 PMCID: PMC8440382 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR) is a transient pulse of insulin that occurs within minutes of stimulation from foods or food-related stimuli. Despite decades of research on CPIR in humans, the body of literature surrounding this phenomenon is controversial due in part to contradictory findings . This has slowed progress towards understanding the sensory and neural basis of CPIR, as well as its overall relevance to health. This review examines up-to-date knowledge in CPIR research and identifies sources of CPIR variability in humans in an effort to guide future research. The review starts by defining CPIR and discussing its presumed functional roles in glucose homeostasis and feeding behavior. Next, the types of stimuli that have been reported to elicit CPIR, as well as the sensory and neural mechanisms underlying the response in rodents and humans are discussed, and areas where knowledge is limited are identified. Finally, factors that may contribute to the observed variability of CPIR in humans are examined, including experimental design, test procedure, and individual characteristics. Overall, oral stimulation appears to be important for eliciting CPIR, especially when combined with other sensory modalities (vision, olfaction, somatosensation). While differences in experimental design and testing procedure likely explain some of the observed inter- and intra-study variability, individual differences also appear to play an important role. Understanding sources of these individual differences in CPIR will be key for establishing its health relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J Pullicin
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - John I Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience & Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027 US
| | - Juyun Lim
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Eisenberg MD, Avery RJ, Mathios A, Ernst P, Cawley J. Disparities in exposure to television advertising of sugar-sweetened and non-nutritive sweetened beverages among U.S. adults and teens, 2007-2013. Prev Med 2021; 150:106628. [PMID: 34019929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate disparities in exposure to television advertising of sugar-sweetened and non-nutritive sweetened beverages among U.S. adults and teens. Data (2007-2013) came from the National Consumer Survey and included 115,510 adult respondents (age 18+) and 8635 teen respondents (age 12-17). The data was originally accessed in 2018 and analyzed in 2019-2020. The main outcomes were individual-level estimated exposure to advertisements for regular soda, diet soda, and energy/sport drinks. The main exposures were by race/ethnicity, household income, and educational attainment. Non-white adults (teens) were exposed to an estimated (per year) 101.5 (190.1) regular soda ads, 49.5 (61.2) diet soda ads, and 157.1 (279.6) energy/sport ads per year while white respondents were exposed to 97.5 (127.7) regular soda ads, 45.8 (44.2) diet soda ads, and 123.9 (192.0) energy/sport ads per year. Adult (teen) respondents who were non-white with low incomes and with low educational attainment were exposed to 4.7% (53.7%) more regular soda ads, 6.6% (43.8%) more diet ads, and 23.2% (56.2%) more energy/sport ads than respondents who were white with high incomes and high educational attainment. Demographic and socio-economic groups with a higher prevalence of obesity were exposed to significantly more advertisements for sugar-sweetened beverages. When evaluating potential policies to regulate marketing of sugar-sweetened and non-nutritive sweetened beverages, policymakers should consider the disparate exposure of at-risk populations to advertising of sugar-sweetened and non-nutritive sweetened beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Eisenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Rosemary J Avery
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Alan Mathios
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter Ernst
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - John Cawley
- Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Yunker AG, Alves JM, Luo S, Angelo B, DeFendis A, Pickering TA, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Obesity and Sex-Related Associations With Differential Effects of Sucralose vs Sucrose on Appetite and Reward Processing: A Randomized Crossover Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2126313. [PMID: 34581796 PMCID: PMC8479585 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) are used as an alternative to nutritive sweeteners to quench desire for sweets while reducing caloric intake. However, studies have shown mixed results concerning the effects of NNSs on appetite, and the associations between sex and obesity with reward and appetitive responses to NNS compared with nutritive sugar are unknown. OBJECTIVE To examine neural reactivity to different types of high-calorie food cues (ie, sweet and savory), metabolic responses, and eating behavior following consumption of sucralose (NNS) vs sucrose (nutritive sugar) among healthy young adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a randomized, within-participant, crossover trial including 3 separate visits, participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging task measuring blood oxygen level-dependent signal in response to visual cues. For each study visit, participants arrived at the Dornsife Cognitive Neuroimaging Center of University of Southern California at approximately 8:00 am after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood was sampled at baseline and 10, 35, and 120 minutes after participants received a drink containing sucrose, sucralose, or water to measure plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide(7-36), acyl-ghrelin, total peptide YY, and leptin. Participants were then presented with an ad libitum meal. Participants were right-handed, nonsmokers, weight-stable for at least 3 months before the study visits, nondieters, not taking medication, and with no history of eating disorders, illicit drug use, or medical diagnoses. Data analysis was performed from March 2020 to March 2021. INTERVENTIONS Participants ingested 300-mL drinks containing either sucrose (75 g), sucralose (individually sweetness matched), or water (as a control). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes of interest were the effects of body mass index (BMI) status and sex on blood oxygen level-dependent signal to high-calorie food cues, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucralose vs sucrose consumption. Secondary outcomes included neural, endocrine, and feeding responses following sucrose vs water and sucralose vs water (control) consumption, and cue-induced appetite ratings following sucralose vs sucrose (and vs water). RESULTS A total of 76 participants were randomized, but 2 dropped out, leaving 74 adults (43 women [58%]; mean [SD] age, 23.40 [3.96] years; BMI range, 19.18-40.27) who completed the study. In this crossover design, 73 participants each received water (drink 1) and sucrose (drink 2), and 72 participants received water (drink 1), sucrose (drink 2), and sucralose (drink 3). Sucrose vs sucralose was associated with greater production of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppression of acyl-ghrelin, but no differences were found for peptide YY or leptin. BMI status by drink interactions were observed in the medial frontal cortex (MFC; P for interaction < .001) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; P for interaction = .002). Individuals with obesity (MFC, β, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38 to 0.83; P < .001; OFC, β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.43; P = .002), but not those with overweight (MFC, β, 0.02; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.23; P = .87; OFC, β, -0.06; 95% CI, -0.21 to 0.09; P = .41) or healthy weight (MFC, β, -0.13; 95% CI, -0.34 to 0.07; P = .21; OFC, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.06; P = .16), exhibited greater responsivity in the MFC and OFC to savory food cues after sucralose vs sucrose. Sex by drink interactions were observed in the MFC (P for interaction = .03) and OFC (P for interaction = .03) after consumption of sucralose vs sucrose. Female participants had greater MFC and OFC responses to food cues (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.37; P = .01; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.42; P = .03; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.22; P = .03; and OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.27; P = .01), but male participants' responses did not differ (MFC high-calorie vs low-calorie cues, β, 0.01; 95% CI, -0.19 to 0.21; P = .90; MFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.18; P = .69; OFC food vs nonfood cues, β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.24 to 0.08; P = .32; OFC sweet vs nonfood cues, β, -0.11; 95% CI, -0.31 to 0.09; P = .31). A sex by drink interaction on total calories consumed during the buffet meal was observed (P for interaction = .03). Female participants consumed greater total calories (β, 1.73; 95% CI, 0.38 to 3.08; P = .01), whereas caloric intake did not differ in male participants (β, 0.68; 95% CI, -0.99 to 2.35; P = .42) after sucralose vs sucrose ingestion. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that female individuals and those with obesity may be particularly sensitive to disparate neural responsivity elicited by sucralose compared with sucrose consumption. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02945475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jasmin M. Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Alexis DeFendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Trevor A. Pickering
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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19
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Shen T, Li J. Drinking Non-nutritive Sweetness Solution of Sodium Saccharin or Rebaudioside a for Guinea Pigs: Influence on Histologic Change and Expression of Sweet Taste Receptors in Testis and Epididymis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:720889. [PMID: 34422887 PMCID: PMC8375269 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.720889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharin sodium and rebaudioside A are extensively used as non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in daily life. NNSs elicit a multitude of endocrine influences on animals, differing across species and chemically distinct sweeteners, whose exposure induce activation of sweet taste receptors in oral and extra-oral tissues with consequences of metabolic changes. To evaluate the influence of NNSs on histologic change and expression of sweet taste receptors in testis and epididymis of young male guinea pigs, thirty 4-week-old male guinea pigs with body weight 245.73 ± 6.02 g were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6) and received normal water (control group) and equivalent sweetness low dose or high dose of sodium saccharin (L-SS, 1.5 mM or H-SS, 7.5 mM) or rebaudioside A (L-RA, 0.5 mM or H-RA, 2.5 mM) solution for 28 consecutive days. The results showed that the relative testis weight in male guinea pig with age of 56 days represented no significant difference among all groups; in spite of heavier body weight in L-SS and H-RA, NNS contributes no significant influence on serum testosterone and estradiol level. Low-dose 0.5 mM rebaudioside A enhanced testicular and epididymal functions by elevating the expressions of taste receptor 1 subunit 2 (T1R2) and gustducin α-subunit (GNAT3), and high-dose 7.5 mM sodium saccharin exerted adverse morphologic influences on testis and epididymis with no effect on the expression of T1R2, taste receptor 1 subunit 2 (T1R3), and GNAT3. In conclusion, these findings suggest that a high dose of sodium saccharin has potential adverse biologic effects on the testes and epididymis, while rebaudioside A is a potential steroidogenic sweetener for enhancing reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Junrong Li
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China.,College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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21
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Martins IBA, Barbosa IDCC, Rosenthal A, Ares G, Deliza R. Development of tropical mixed juice with low added-sugar content: Sensory and nutritional aspects. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2021; 28:440-450. [PMID: 34151622 DOI: 10.1177/10820132211020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a mixed tropical fruit juice of cashew apple, acerola and melon with low added-sugar content considering sensory and nutritional aspects. Five formulations were developed varying the concentration of the different fruits. A total of 172 consumers rated their overall liking using a 9-point hedonic scale and described their sensory characteristics using a Check-all-that-apply question. In addition, the functional properties of the juices were evaluated by analyzing vitamin C, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Results showed that the addition of sugar and fruit composition affected the sensory characteristics and consumer liking of the formulations. Samples without added sugar and with higher melon concentration showed lower liking scores (p < 0.05). In addition, the highest concentration of acerola had a positive effect on nutritional characteristics. The formulation with 50% of fruit pulp (60% of cashew apple, 30% of acerola and 10% of melon), 47% of water, and 3% of added sugar achieved the best results. The effect of aroma on sweetness perception was investigated by adding identical to natural aromas of melon, apple and pineapple to the selected formulation. However, aroma did not significantly modify sweetness perception, evaluated using a rate-all-that-apply question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isadora de Carvalho Costa Barbosa
- Food Technology Department, Technology Institute, Universidade Federal Rural do Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.,PIBIC/CNPq-Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gastón Ares
- Sensometrics & Consumer Science, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando, Uruguay
| | - Rosires Deliza
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Villaño D, Masoodi H, Marhuenda J, García-Viguera C, Zafrilla P. Stevia, sucralose and sucrose added to a maqui-Citrus beverage and their effects on glycemic response in overweight subjects: A randomized clinical trial. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Goodman S, Vanderlee L, Jones A, White C, Hammond D. Perceived Healthiness of Sweeteners among Young Adults in Canada. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2021; 82:90-94. [PMID: 33320777 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2020-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare the perceived healthiness of different sweeteners relative to table sugar and examine efforts to consume less sugars and sweeteners.Methods: As part of the 2017 Canada Food Study online survey, 1000 youth and young adults were randomized to rate the healthiness of 1 of 6 sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose, stevia, agave, high-fructose corn syrup, "raw" sugar) or 1 sweetener brand name (Splenda) compared with "table sugar".Results: Perceptions of sweeteners varied widely. For example, the majority of respondents perceived high-fructose corn syrup (63.9%) and aspartame (52.4%) as less healthy than table sugar, whereas almost half (47.8%) perceived raw sugar as being healthier than table sugar. No assessed socio-demographic variables were significantly associated with perceived healthiness of sweeteners compared with table sugar (P ≥ 0.05). More consumers had attempted to consume less sugar (65.4%) compared with less "artificial" (31.2%) or "natural" (24.0%) low-calorie sweeteners.Conclusions: Perceptions of sweetener healthiness may be related to sweeteners' perceived level of "naturalness" rather than energy content. This has important implications for understanding consumer preferences, particularly given greater use of low-calorie sweeteners in the food supply and policy developments such as sugar taxes and enhanced sugar labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Goodman
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (Centre NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (Centre NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amanda Jones
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (Centre NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Christine White
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (Centre NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.,Centre nutrition, santé et société (Centre NUTRISS), Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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24
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Velázquez AL, Vidal L, Varela P, Ares G. Sugar reduction in products targeted at children: Why are we not there yet? J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Velázquez
- Sensometrics & Consumer Science Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Pando Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Pando Uruguay
| | - Leticia Vidal
- Sensometrics & Consumer Science Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Pando Uruguay
| | | | - Gastón Ares
- Sensometrics & Consumer Science Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Pando Uruguay
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25
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Lasschuijt MP, de Graaf K, Mars M. Effects of Oro-Sensory Exposure on Satiation and Underlying Neurophysiological Mechanisms-What Do We Know So Far? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051391. [PMID: 33919044 PMCID: PMC8143001 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract. During mastication sensory signals from the mouth, so-called oro-sensory exposure, elicit physiological signals that affect satiation and food intake. It has been established that a longer duration of oro-sensory exposure leads to earlier satiation. In addition, foods with more intense sweet or salty taste induce earlier satiation compared to foods that are equally palatable, but with lower taste intensity. Oro-sensory exposure to food affects satiation by direct signaling via the brainstem to higher cortical regions involved in taste and reward, including the nucleus accumbens and the insula. There is little evidence that oro-sensory exposure affects satiation indirectly through either hormone responses or gastric signals. Critical brain areas for satiation, such as the brainstem, should be studied more intensively to better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the process of satiation. Furthermore, it is essential to increase the understanding of how of highly automated eating behaviors, such as oral processing and eating rate, are formed during early childhood. A better understanding of the aforementioned mechanisms provides fundamental insight in relation to strategies to prevent overconsumption and the development of obesity in future generations.
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26
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Haynes A, Bayly M, Dixon H, McAleese A, Martin J, Chen YJM, Wakefield M. Sugary drink advertising expenditure across Australian media channels 2016-2018. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:270-276. [PMID: 33818863 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe advertising expenditure for sugary drinks compared with alternative cold non-alcoholic beverages (artificially sweetened beverages, plain water, plain milk) between 2016 and 2018 across Australian media channels. METHODS Monthly estimates of advertising expenditure for non-alcoholic beverages were obtained from Nielsen Media and aggregated by product type and media. RESULTS Total sugary drink advertising expenditure between 2016 and 2018 ($129.5M) significantly exceeded expenditure on artificially sweetened drinks ($23.26M), plain water ($14.27M), and plain milk ($31.30M). Television and out-of-home advertising accounted for the largest share of sugary drink advertising (45%, 35%). Expenditure on out-of-home advertising was more heavily dominated by sugary drinks (75%) than advertising in all media combined (65%). Sugary drink advertising peaked in warmer months and was lowest in August. Soft drinks (26%), flavoured milks (24%) and energy drinks (21%) accounted for the majority of sugary drink advertising. CONCLUSIONS Cold non-alcoholic beverage advertising in Australian media is dominated by the advertising of sugary drinks. Implications for public health: Restricting unhealthy beverage advertising on television and out-of-home media may be most effective initially. However, comprehensive restrictions capturing a broader range of media and settings would be optimal to prevent displacement and limit advertising reach and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Haynes
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Megan Bayly
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
| | | | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria
| | | | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
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27
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Halberg SE, Visek AJ, Blake EF, Essel KD, Sacheck J, Sylvetsky AC. SODA MAPS: A Framework for Understanding Caffeinated Sugary Drink Consumption Among Children. Front Nutr 2021; 8:640531. [PMID: 33777993 PMCID: PMC7988216 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.640531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess sugary drink (SD) consumption is associated with childhood obesity and development of cardiometabolic disease. In addition to having high added sugar content, many SDs also contain caffeine, which may further encourage excess SD consumption among children. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual framework of children's caffeinated SD consumption using group concept mapping, an applied social research multimethodology that collectively harnesses qualitative and quantitative data from participants to generate a visual representation of their ideas and input. Children, 8–14 years old, who reported consuming ≥12 ounces of caffeinated SDs (e.g., sodas, sweet teas) per day were recruited throughout Washington, D.C. and invited to participate. Concept mapping included three participant-driven activities: (1) brainstorming (n = 51), during which children reported reasons for their SD consumption, from which 58 unique reasons were identified; (2) sorting (n = 70), during which children sorted each of the reported reasons into categories and named each category; and (3) rating (n = 74), during which children rated the influence of each reason on their own caffeinated SD consumption. Similarity matrices, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to generate concept maps (hereafter “SODA MAPS”), which display the 58 reasons organized within eight overarching clusters. Among these eight clusters, Taste and Feel, Something to Do, and Energy were rated as particularly influential. Children's caffeinated SD consumption is encouraged not only by the palatable taste and reported preferences for these beverages (e.g., Taste and Feel), but also by psychological (e.g., Mood and Focus), biological (e.g., Energy), social (e.g., Something to Do) and environmental reasons (e.g., Nothing Better Available). Thus, the SODA MAPS can inform the development of tailored, multi-level SD reduction interventions that incorporate strategies to address important and currently overlooked reasons for caffeinated SD consumption among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Halberg
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amanda J Visek
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Emily F Blake
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kofi D Essel
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jennifer Sacheck
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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28
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López-Meza MS, Otero-Ojeda G, Estrada JA, Esquivel-Hernández FJ, Contreras I. The impact of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on the central nervous system: preliminary study. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1623-1632. [PMID: 33641634 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1885239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human consumption of food and beverages containing added nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners has increased worldwide. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the possible impact of frequent sweetener consumption on human CNS activity and functions through neuropsychological testing and EEG/qEEG analysis. METHODS A sample of 23 women and 16 men, aged 18-35, with a body mass index between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2 was evaluated. Participants underwent a 1-week washout period in which food with added sugars or sweeteners was restricted from their diet. Initial assessment of cognitive functions was performed with a validated neuropsychological test and EEG/qEEG analysis, prior to supplementation. Sucrose, sucralose, or steviol glycosides, in commercially available presentations, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of 13 participants each. Sweeteners were supplemented in fixed amounts, daily, for six weeks. After supplementation, neurological tests were repeated and the initial and final results were compared. RESULTS The results show no significant changes between final and initial measures in the steviol glycosides group. However, a significant decrease in encoding memory was found in the sucrose group in the final evaluation. Strikingly, the sucralose group showed a significant decrease in overall memory, encoding memory, and executive functions after supplementation. Furthermore, qEEG analysis showed an increase in theta wave absolute and relative power at the final evaluation in the same group. CONCLUSION These data show that frequent consumption of specific sweeteners is accompanied by measurable changes in EEG/qEEG activity and neuropsychological test performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sagrario López-Meza
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Gloria Otero-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Francisco José Esquivel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurometría, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación (UIICE), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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29
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Schiano C, Grimaldi V, Scognamiglio M, Costa D, Soricelli A, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. Soft drinks and sweeteners intake: Possible contribution to the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Beneficial or detrimental action of alternative sweeteners? Food Res Int 2021; 142:110220. [PMID: 33773688 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been related to the rise in sugar-added foods and sweetened beverages consumption. An interesting approach has been to replace sugar with alternative sweeteners (AS), due to their impact on public health. Preclinical and clinical studies, which analyze the safety of AS intake, are still limited. Major pathogenic mechanisms of these substances include ROS and AGEs formation. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction involving in the pathogenesis of micro- and macro-vascular diseases is mitochondrial dysfunction dependent. Hyperglycemia and endoplasmic reticulum stress together produce ROS, contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular complications during type 2 diabetes (T2D), thus causing oxidative changes and direct damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA. Epidemiological studies in healthy subjects have suggested that the consumption of artificial AS can promote CV complications, such as glucose intolerance and predisposition to the onset of T2D, whereas natural AS could reduce hyperglycemia, improve lipid metabolism and have antioxidant effects. Long-term prospective clinical randomized studies are needed to evaluate precisely whether exposure to alternative sugars can have clinical implications on natural history and clinical outcomes, especially in children or during the gestational period through breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Michele Scognamiglio
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Costa
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Exercise and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
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Farr OM. Acute diet soda consumption alters brain responses to food cues in humans: A randomized, controlled, cross-over pilot study. Nutr Health 2021; 27:295-299. [PMID: 33588630 DOI: 10.1177/0260106021993753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet soda consumption has frequently been linked to obesity and its comorbidities in epidemiological studies. Whether this link is causal and a potential mechanism remains to be determined. AIM/METHODS This randomized, cross-over, controlled pilot study sought to determine whether there may be changes in reward-related brain activations to visual food cues after acute consumption of diet soda versus regular soda or carbonated water using functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Diet soda as compared to carbonated water consumption increased activation of reward-related caudate to highly versus less desirable food cues. Diet soda as compared to regular soda increased reward-related insula and decreased activation of cognitive control-related dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to food cues versus non-food cues. No changes in ratings of hunger an hour after beverage consumption were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results may suggest a potential mechanism for diet soda to increase food palatability through activation of the reward system and suppression of inhibitory control that remains to be confirmed by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Farr
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center/1811Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Strategies for Reducing Salt and Sugar Intakes in Individuals at Increased Cardiometabolic Risk. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010279. [PMID: 33478028 PMCID: PMC7835960 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the first causes of death worldwide. Reduction in the dietary intake of salt and sugars is important lifestyle advice that is useful for NCD prevention. However, the simple recommendations of reducing salt and sugars by healthcare professionals are often ineffective; innovative strategies are therefore necessary. This review aimed at describing the current knowledge about the strategies to reduce dietary salt and sugar intake, including both strategies for the food industry to reduce the salt or sugar of its products and recommendations for health professionals in a clinical context, such as the replacement with substitutes in foods, the gradual reduction to allow a progressive consumer adaptation towards less intense taste, and the different spatial distribution of tastants within the food matrix with taste intensity enhancement. In addition, the cross-modal interaction between two or more different sensory modalities as an innovative strategy for enhancing sweetness and saltiness perception was described. Finally, the dietary tips for salt and sugar reduction were summarized in order to create a comprehensive guide of dietary advices for healthcare professionals for optimizing the management of patients at increased cardiometabolic risk.
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O'Connor D, Pang M, Castelnuovo G, Finlayson G, Blaak E, Gibbons C, Navas-Carretero S, Almiron-Roig E, Harrold J, Raben A, Martinez JA. A rational review on the effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on appetite, food reward and metabolic/adiposity outcomes in adults. Food Funct 2020; 12:442-465. [PMID: 33325948 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous strategies have been investigated to overcome the excessive weight gain that accompanies a chronic positive energy balance. Most approaches focus on a reduction of energy intake and the improvement of lifestyle habits. The use of high intensity artificial sweeteners, also known as non-caloric sweeteners (NCS), as sugar substitutes in foods and beverages, is rapidly developing. NCS are commonly defined as molecules with a sweetness profile of 30 times higher or more that of sucrose, scarcely contributing to the individual's net energy intake as they are hardly metabolized. The purpose of this review is first, to assess the impact of NCS on eating behaviour, including subjective appetite, food intake, food reward and sensory stimulation; and secondly, to assess the metabolic impact of NCS on body weight regulation, glucose homeostasis and gut health. The evidence reviewed suggests that while some sweeteners have the potential to increase subjective appetite, these effects do not translate in changes in food intake. This is supported by a large body of empirical evidence advocating that the use of NCS facilitates weight management when used alongside other weight management strategies. On the other hand, although NCS are very unlikely to impair insulin metabolism and glycaemic control, some studies suggest that NCS could have putatively undesirable effects, through various indirect mechanisms, on body weight, glycemia, adipogenesis and the gut microbiota; however there is insufficient evidence to determine the degree of such effects. Overall, the available data suggests that NCS can be used to facilitate a reduction in dietary energy content without significant negative effects on food intake behaviour or body metabolism, which would support their potential role in the prevention of obesity as a complementary strategy to other weight management approaches. More research is needed to determine the impact of NCS on metabolic health, in particular gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O'Connor
- Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Gómez de Cedrón M, Wagner S, Reguero M, Menéndez-Rey A, Ramírez de Molina A. Miracle Berry as a Potential Supplement in the Control of Metabolic Risk Factors in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121282. [PMID: 33333960 PMCID: PMC7765360 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of chronic diseases related to altered metabolism has become a social and medical concern worldwide. Cancer is a chronic and multifactorial disease for which, together with genetic factors, environmental factors are crucial. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to one third of cancer-related deaths could be prevented by modifying risk factors associated with lifestyle, including diet and exercise. Obesity increases the risk of cancer due to the promotion of low-grade chronic inflammation and systemic metabolic oxidative stress. The effective control of metabolic parameters, for example, controlling glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure, and maintaining a low grade of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress might represent a specific and mechanistic approach against cancer initiation and progression. Miracle berry (MB) (Synsepalum dulcificum) is an indigenous fruit whose small, ellipsoid, and bright red berries have been described to transform a sour taste into a sweet one. MB is rich in terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which are responsible for their described antioxidant activities. Moreover, MB has been reported to ameliorate insulin resistance and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and malignant transformation in vitro. Herein, we briefly summarize the current knowledge of MB to provide a scientific basis for its potential use as a supplement in the management of chronic diseases related to altered metabolism, including obesity and insulin resistance, which are well-known risk factors in cancer. First, we introduce cancer as a metabolic disease, highlighting the impact of systemic metabolic alterations, such as obesity and insulin resistance, in cancer initiation and progression. Next, as oxidative stress is closely associated with metabolic stress, we also evaluate the effect of phytochemicals in managing oxidative stress and its relationship with cancer. Finally, we summarize the main biological activities described for MB-derived extracts with a special focus on the ability of miraculin to transform a sour taste into a sweet one through its interaction with the sweet taste receptors. The identification of sweet taste receptors at the gastrointestinal level, with effects on the secretion of enterohormones, may provide an additional tool for managing chronic diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Molecular Oncology Group, Precision Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.W.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.d.C.); (A.R.d.M.); Tel.: +34-91-727-81-00 (ext. 210) (M.G.d.C.); Fax: +34-91-188-07-56 (M.G.d.C.)
| | - Sonia Wagner
- Molecular Oncology Group, Precision Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.W.); (M.R.)
- Medicinal Gardens SL, Marqués de Urquijo 47, 28008 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina Reguero
- Molecular Oncology Group, Precision Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.W.); (M.R.)
- NATAC BIOTECH, Electronica 7, Alcorcón, 28923 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Menéndez-Rey
- Medicinal Gardens SL, Marqués de Urquijo 47, 28008 Madrid, Spain;
- Biomedical Technology Center, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology Group, Precision Nutrition and Health, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Ctra. de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.W.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.d.C.); (A.R.d.M.); Tel.: +34-91-727-81-00 (ext. 210) (M.G.d.C.); Fax: +34-91-188-07-56 (M.G.d.C.)
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Mahalak KK, Firrman J, Tomasula PM, Nuñez A, Lee JJ, Bittinger K, Rinaldi W, Liu LS. Impact of Steviol Glycosides and Erythritol on the Human and Cebus apella Gut Microbiome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13093-13101. [PMID: 31869223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf extracts of Stevia rebaudiana, composed of more than 10 steviol glycosides (SGs), are used as non-nutritive, table sugar (sucrose) alternatives due to their high level of sweetness and low caloric impact. They are often combined with the sugar alcohol erythritol to increase volume and reduce aftertaste. Little is known of the impact of sugar alternatives on the human gut microbiota in terms of the diversity, composition, and metabolic products. Testing of SGs and erythritol using six representatives of the gut microbiota in vitro found no impact on bacterial growth, yet treatment with erythritol resulted in an enhancement of butyric and pentanoic acid production when tested using a human gut microbial community. Furthermore, administration of SGs and erythritol to a Cebus apella model resulted in changes to the gut microbial structure and diversity. Overall, the study did not find a negative impact of SGs and erythritol on the gut microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karley K Mahalak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Jenni Firrman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Peggy M Tomasula
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Alberto Nuñez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - William Rinaldi
- Alpha Genesis Inc., 95 Castle Hall Road, Yemassee, South Carolina 29945, United States
| | - Lin Shu Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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Jarmakiewicz-Czaja S, Sokal A, Filip R. What was First, Obesity or Inflammatory Bowel Disease? What Does the Gut Microbiota Have to Do with It? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103073. [PMID: 33050109 PMCID: PMC7600052 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle and inadequate nutrition often leads to disturbances in intestinal homeostasis, which may predispose people to excess body weight and metabolic syndrome. Obesity is frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), similar to the general population. Obesity may exert a negative effect on the course of IBD as well as reduce the response to treatment. Moreover, it may also be an additional risk factor for vein thromboembolism during the flare. In both obesity and IBD, it is of great importance to implement proper dietary ingredients that exert desirable effect on gut microbiota. The key to reducing body mass index (BMI) and alleviating the course of IBD is preserving healthy intestinal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jarmakiewicz-Czaja
- Medical College of Rzeszow University, Institute of Health Sciences, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Aneta Sokal
- Medical College of Rzeszow University, Institute of Health Sciences, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Rafał Filip
- Medical College of Rzeszow University, Institute of Medicine, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
- Department of Gastroenterology with IBD Unit, Clinical Hospital No. 2, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland
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36
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Greyling A, Appleton KM, Raben A, Mela DJ. Acute glycemic and insulinemic effects of low-energy sweeteners: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1002-1014. [PMID: 32672338 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that low-energy sweeteners (LES) may be associated with an increased risk of metabolic diseases, possibly due to stimulation of glucose-responsive mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention studies examining the acute effect of LES intake on postprandial glucose (PPG) and postprandial insulin (PPI) responses, in order to comprehensively and objectively quantify these relations. METHODS We systematically searched the Medline, OVID FSTA, and SCOPUS databases until January 2020. Randomized controlled trials comparing acute postprandial effects on PPG and/or PPI after exposure to LES, either alone, with a meal, or with other nutrient-containing preloads to the same intervention without LES were eligible for inclusion. PPG and PPI responses were calculated as mean incremental area under the curve divided by time. Meta-analyses were performed using random effects models with inverse variance weighing. RESULTS Twenty-six papers (34 PPG trials and 29 PPI trials) were included. There were no reports of statistically significant differences in the effects of LES on PPG and PPI responses compared with control interventions. Pooled effects of LES intake on the mean change difference in PPG and PPI were -0.02 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.09, 0.05) and -2.39 pmol/L (95% CI: -11.83, 7.05), respectively. The results did not appreciably differ by the type or dose of LES consumed, cointervention type, or fasting glucose and insulin levels. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, the mean change difference indicated a smaller PPG response after exposure to LES compared with the control (-0.3 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.53, -0.07). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of LES, administered alone or in combination with a nutrient-containing preload, has no acute effects on the mean change in postprandial glycemic or insulinemic responses compared with a control intervention. Apart from a small beneficial effect on PPG (-0.3 mmol/L) in studies enrolling patients with type 2 diabetes, the effects did not differ by type or dose of LES, or fasting glucose or insulin levels. This review and meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42018099608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Greyling
- Unilever Foods Innovation Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mbambo NP, Dlamini SN, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Comparative effects of commonly used commercially available non-nutritive sweeteners on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13453. [PMID: 32869881 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in diabetes models have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Hence, we conducted a comparative study on the effects of commercial table-top NNS on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. Normal animals were fed for 5 weeks with aqueous solutions of aspartame-, sucralose-, stevia-, sodium cyclamate- and saccharin-based commercial NNS at concentrations equivalent to the sweetness of 10% sucrose solution and thereafter food intake, blood glucose, lipid profile, and biochemical parameters were measured. Aspartame adversely affected blood cholesterols, while cyclamate increased food intake and weight gain. Stevia reduced weight gain and exhibited insulinotropic effects. These data in normal rats hypothetically suggest that stevia-based NNS may help in glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Further clinical studies are, however, required to confirm the results of this study. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The use of NNS is becoming more popular, especially for individuals with diabetes. However, while there are several commercial table-top NNS available in the market, little is known about how they affect most diabetes-related parameters of consumers, as most of the previous studies on NNS have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Therefore, we comparatively studied the effects of some commercially available table-top forms of the different NNS (aspartame, sucralose, cyclamate, saccharin, and stevia) on diabetes-related parameters in normal rats. These findings in normal rats suggested that some commercially available NNSs like stevia-based NNS may be suitable for glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, these finding in normal rats is subject to additional corroborative clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Prosperity Mbambo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphiwe Ndumiso Dlamini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Center on Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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Moriconi E, Feraco A, Marzolla V, Infante M, Lombardo M, Fabbri A, Caprio M. Neuroendocrine and Metabolic Effects of Low-Calorie and Non-Calorie Sweeteners. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:444. [PMID: 32765425 PMCID: PMC7378387 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since excessive sugar consumption has been related to the development of chronic metabolic diseases prevalent in the western world, the use of sweeteners has gradually increased worldwide over the last few years. Although low- and non-calorie sweeteners may represent a valuable tool to reduce calorie intake and prevent weight gain, studies investigating the safety and efficacy of these compounds in the short- and long-term period are scarce and controversial. Therefore, future studies will need to elucidate the potential beneficial and/or detrimental effects of different types of sweeteners on metabolic health (energy balance, appetite, body weight, cardiometabolic risk factors) in healthy subjects and patients with diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the impact of different sweeteners on central nervous system, gut hormones and gut microbiota is important, given the strong implications that changes in such systems may have for human health. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence for the neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of sweeteners, as well as their impact on gut microbiota. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of the use of sweeteners in the context of very-low calorie ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Moriconi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Marzolla
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
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Turner A, Veysey M, Keely S, Scarlett CJ, Lucock M, Beckett EL. Intense Sweeteners, Taste Receptors and the Gut Microbiome: A Metabolic Health Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4094. [PMID: 32521750 PMCID: PMC7312722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intense sweeteners (IS) are often marketed as a healthier alternative to sugars, with the potential to aid in combating the worldwide rise of diabetes and obesity. However, their use has been counterintuitively associated with impaired glucose homeostasis, weight gain and altered gut microbiota. The nature of these associations, and the mechanisms responsible, are yet to be fully elucidated. Differences in their interaction with taste receptors may be a potential explanatory factor. Like sugars, IS stimulate sweet taste receptors, but due to their diverse structures, some are also able to stimulate bitter taste receptors. These receptors are expressed in the oral cavity and extra-orally, including throughout the gastrointestinal tract. They are involved in the modulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and gut motility. Therefore, taste genotypes resulting in functional receptor changes and altered receptor expression levels may be associated with metabolic conditions. IS and taste receptors may both interact with the gastrointestinal microbiome, and their interactions may potentially explain the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes. While these elements are often studied in isolation, the potential interactions remain unexplored. Here, the current evidence of the relationship between IS use, obesity and metabolic outcomes is presented, and the potential roles for interactions with taste receptors and the gastrointestinal microbiota in modulating these relationships are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Turner
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Veysey
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia;
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mark Lucock
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Emma L. Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah 2258, Australia; (A.T.); (C.J.S.); (M.L.)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights 2305, Australia
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40
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Hunter SR, Reister EJ, Cheon E, Mattes RD. Low Calorie Sweeteners Differ in Their Physiological Effects in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2717. [PMID: 31717525 PMCID: PMC6893706 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low calorie sweeteners (LCS) are prevalent in the food supply for their primary functional property of providing sweetness with little or no energy. Though tested for safety individually, there has been extremely limited work on the efficacy of each LCS. It is commonly assumed all LCS act similarly in their behavioral and physiological effects. However, each LCS has its own chemical structure that influences its metabolism, making each LCS unique in its potential effects on body weight, energy intake, and appetite. LCS may have different behavioral and physiological effects mediated at the sweet taste receptor, in brain activation, with gut hormones, at the microbiota and on appetitive responses. Further elucidation of the unique effects of the different commercially available LCS may hold important implications for recommendations about their use for different health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.R.H.); (E.J.R.); (E.C.)
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Sánchez-Delgado M, Estrada JA, Paredes-Cervantes V, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Contreras I. Changes in nutrient and calorie intake, adipose mass, triglycerides and TNF-α concentrations after non-caloric sweetener intake: A pilot study. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 91:87-98. [PMID: 31656130 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the safety of non-caloric sweetener consumption in humans is a difficult task, since many contradictory results have been reported. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of frequent intake of sucrose, sucralose or steviol glycosides, on selected anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters in healthy, young adults. 38 individuals with normal body mass index were recruited and randomly divided into three experimental groups. After a washout week (where food with added sweeteners was restricted), each group was supplemented with sucrose (8 × 5 g packets/day), sucralose or steviol glycosides (4 × 1 g packets/day each) for 6 weeks. Selected variables were measured before and after treatment in each group and differences within and among groups were assessed. Our results showed that, compared to baseline, there was a modest but significant increase in weight (p = 0.0293) in the sucralose group, while the steviol glycosides group reduced their fat mass (p = 0.0390). No differences were observed in glycaemia; however, there was a significant increase in serum triglycerides (77.8-110.8 mg/dL) and cholesterol (162.0-172.3 mg/dL) in the sucrose group, whereas the steviol glycosides group presented lower triglycerides (104.7-92.8 mg/dL) and TNF-α concentrations (51.1-47.5 pg/mL). Comparison among groups showed differences in serum triglycerides (p = 0.0226), TNF-α (p = 0.0460) and IL-β (p = 0.0008). Our results suggest that, even in a short time span, frequent intake of steviol glycosides may have positive effects on metabolic parameters that may be relevant for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sánchez-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | | | - Martha Kaufer-Horwitz
- Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
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Malbert CH, Horowitz M, Young RL. Low-calorie sweeteners augment tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of obesity. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2380-2391. [PMID: 31338548 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES Whether low-calorie sweeteners (LCS), such as sucralose and acesulfame K, can alter glucose metabolism is uncertain, particularly given the inconsistent observations relating to insulin resistance in recent human trials. We hypothesized that these discrepancies are accounted for by the surrogate tools used to evaluate insulin resistance and that PET 18FDG, given its capacity to quantify insulin sensitivity in individual organs, would be more sensitive in identifying changes in glucose metabolism. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of LCS on whole-body and organ-specific glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in a large animal model of morbid obesity. METHODS Twenty mini-pigs with morbid obesity were fed an obesogenic diet enriched with LCS (sucralose 1 mg/kg/day and acesulfame K 0.5 mg/kg/day, LCS diet group), or without LCS (control group), for 3 months. Glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were determined for the duodenum, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and brain using dynamic PET 18FDG scanning together with direct measurement of arterial input function. Body composition was also measured using CT imaging and energy metabolism quantified with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS The LCS diet increased subcutaneous abdominal fat by ≈ 20% without causing weight gain, and reduced insulin clearance by ≈ 40%, while whole-body glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity were unchanged. In contrast, glucose uptake in the duodenum, liver and brain increased by 57, 66 and 29% relative to the control diet group (P < 0.05 for all), while insulin sensitivity increased by 53, 55 and 28% (P < 0.05 for all), respectively. In the brain, glucose uptake increased significantly only in the frontal cortex, associated with improved metabolic connectivity towards the hippocampus and the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS In miniature pigs, the combination of sucralose and acesulfame K is biologically active. While not affecting whole-body insulin resistance, it increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in specific tissues, mimicking the effects of obesity in the adipose tissue and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Malbert
- Aniscan Unit, Department of Human Nutrition, INRA, 16, le clos, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Center of Research Excellence in Translating Nutrition to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Nutrition & Metabolism, South Australia Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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Yin KJ, Xie DY, Zhao L, Fan G, Ren JN, Zhang LL, Pan SY. Effects of different sweeteners on behavior and neurotransmitters release in mice. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:113-121. [PMID: 31975714 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Four natural sweeteners (sucrose, stevioside, maltose and xylitol) and six artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, sucralose, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and neotame) were used to study the effects of different sweeteners on the behavior and neurotransmitter release of mice with two-bottle preference experiments. The results showed that very significant preference behavior for 8% sucrose solution, 0.3% stevioside solution, 10 mM acesulfame, 10 mM sucralose and 10 mM aspartame solutions (p < 0.01) was observed on mice. Long-term exposure of sucrose solution and acesulfame solution can affect the behavioral indicators such as solution consumption, feed intake, body weight and the release of neurotransmitters in mice. The solution consumption and the release of neurotransmitters were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of the control group (water group), but there was no significant difference in feed intake. The acesulfame-A and acesulfame-B groups had no significant difference on the consumption of solution and feed intake, but there was significant difference in the release of neurotransmitters. The result also showed that different sweetener solutions with similar sweetness had the same effect on the neurotransmitters release, and it can be inferred that mice have an addictive behavioral characteristic to sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jing Yin
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Ding-Yuan Xie
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lei Zhao
- 2Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Gang Fan
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jing-Nan Ren
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lu-Lu Zhang
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Si-Yi Pan
- 1College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070 China
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Hinkle SN, Rawal S, Bjerregaard AA, Halldorsson TI, Li M, Ley SH, Wu J, Zhu Y, Chen L, Liu A, Grunnet LG, Rahman ML, Kampmann FB, Mills JL, Olsen SF, Zhang C. A prospective study of artificially sweetened beverage intake and cardiometabolic health among women at high risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:221-232. [PMID: 31172169 PMCID: PMC6599744 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) are commonly consumed and recommended for individuals at high risk for cardiometabolic diseases; however, the health effects of ASBs remain contradictory. Given that cross-sectional analyses are subject to reverse causation, prospective studies with long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate associations between ASBs and cardiometabolic health, especially among high-risk individuals. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine associations of ASB intake and cardiometabolic health among high-risk women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS We included 607 women with GDM from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC; 1996-2002) who completed a clinical exam 9-16 y after the DNBC pregnancy for the Diabetes & Women's Health (DWH) Study (2012-2014). We assessed ASB intake using FFQs completed during the DNBC pregnancy and at the DWH Study clinical exam. We examined cardiometabolic outcomes at the DWH clinical exam. We estimated percentage differences in continuous cardiometabolic markers and RRs for clinical endpoints in association with ASB intake both during pregnancy and at follow-up adjusted for prepregnancy BMI, diet, and lifestyle factors. Sensitivity analyses to account for reverse causation were performed. RESULTS In pregnancy and at follow-up, 30.4% and 36.4% of women regularly (≥2 servings/wk) consumed ASB, respectively. Consumption of ASBs, both during pregnancy and at follow-up, was associated with higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, liver fat, and adiposity and with lower HDL at follow-up. After adjustment for covariates, particularly prepregnancy BMI, the majority of associations between ASB intake in pregnancy and outcomes at follow-up became null with the exception of HbA1c. ASB intake at follow-up (≥1 serving/d compared with <1 serving/mo) was associated with higher HbA1c (6.5%; 95% CI: 1.9, 11.3; P-trend = 0.007); however, associations were not upheld in sensitivity analyses for reverse causation. CONCLUSIONS Among Danish women with a history of GDM, ASB intake was not significantly associated with cardiometabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shristi Rawal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ
| | - Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor I Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Sylvia H Ley
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Yeyi Zhu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aiyi Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Louise Groth Grunnet
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Freja Bach Kampmann
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone-Metabolic Research Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
- Division for Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Janket SJ, Benwait J, Isaac P, Ackerson LK, Meurman JH. Oral and Systemic Effects of Xylitol Consumption. Caries Res 2019; 53:491-501. [PMID: 31060040 DOI: 10.1159/000499194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent results of randomized trials testing the efficacy of xylitol in caries prevention have been conflicting. This narrative review reveals the sources of discrepancy. The following databases were searched for the terms "xylitol" or "artificial sweeteners" restricted to the English language: PubMed, Web of Science, Evidenced-Based Medicine, Scopus, and the Cochrane database. In a separate search, the terms "dental caries" or "cariogenicity" or "glucosyltransferase" or "low glycemic" or "low insulinemic" or "dysbiosis" or "gut microbiome" were used and then combined. In section I, findings regarding the role of xylitol in dental caries prevention, the appropriateness of research methods, and the causes for potential biases are summarized. In section II, the systemic effects of xylitol on gut microbiota as well as low-glycemic/insulinogenic systemic effects are evaluated and summarized. The substitution of a carbonyl group with an alcohol radical in xylitol hinders its absorption and slowly releases sugar into the bloodstream. This quality of xylitol is beneficial for diabetic patients to maintain a constant glucose level. Although this quality of xylitol has been proven in in vitro and animal studies, it has yet to be proven in humans. Paradoxically, recent animal studies reported hyperglycemia and intestinal dysbiosis with artificial sweetener consumption. Upon careful inspection of evidence, it was revealed that these reports may be due to misinterpretation of original references or flaws in study methodology. Any systemic benefits of xylitol intake must be weighed in consideration with the well-established adverse gastrointestinal consequences. The contribution of xylitol to gut dysbiosis that may affect systemic immunity warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Translational Oral Medicine, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaspreet Benwait
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Paul Isaac
- Research Externship,Edwin O. Smith High School, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leland K Ackerson
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jukka H Meurman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Xia S, Yin D, Chen Y, Yang Z, Miao Y, Zhang W, Chen S, Zhao W, Zhang S. Simultaneous determination of three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners in foodstuffs by capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection based on porous aromatic frameworks enhanced solid phase extraction. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and easy method of solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is evaluated as a novel approach for the simultaneous determination of acesulfame-K (ACE), sodium saccharin (SAC), and sodium cyclamate (CYC) in foodstuffs without derivatization. To reduce the complex matrix interference resulting from the constituents of samples and enriched targets, porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) enhanced SPE, a suitable sample pretreatment procedure, was introduced. Several factors affecting extraction efficiency and electrophoretic separation were investigated. Additionally, the interaction mechanisms between the host (PAF-6) and guests (ACE, SAC, and CYC) were studied. Under the optimum conditions, three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners were baseline separated within 8 min, exhibiting a linear calibration over two orders of magnitude (R2 > 0.995). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were considered better than those usually obtained by CE with ultraviolet and C4D detection. The proposed SPE–CE–C4D method has been successfully applied to analyse beverage samples and candied fruits with recoveries in the range of 78.89%–92.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaige Xia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhicong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Miao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Biomarker approaches to assessing intakes and health impacts of sweeteners: challenges and opportunities. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:463-472. [PMID: 31023397 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The term 'sweeteners' encompasses both nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners, which when added to food/beverages, can enhance the flavour and other functional properties of food/beverage products. This review considers how dietary biomarker approaches may enhance current understanding of nutritive sweetener (namely free sugars) and non-nutritive or low-energy sweetener (LES) intakes and how these may impact health. Recent public health strategies to reduce free sugar consumption will help contribute to challenging sugar intake targets. Robust evaluation is needed to determine the effectiveness of these approaches to reducing free sugar consumption. LES provides a sweet taste without the addition of appreciable energy and can help maintain the palatability of reformulated products. All LES undergo rigorous safety evaluations prior to approval for use. Whilst intervention data suggest LES can be beneficial for health (relating to weight status and glycaemic control), debate persists on their use and findings from population-based research are mixed, in part because of potential contributing factors such as reverse causality. Additionally, assessments often consider only certain sources of LES (e.g. LES-beverages) and/or LES as a homogeneous group despite differing biological fates, thus not adequately capturing intakes of individual LES or allowing for reliable estimation of overall intakes. Urinary biomarker approaches developed/investigated for sweetener consumption have the potential to overcome existing limitations of dietary data by providing more objective intake data, thereby enhancing population-based research. In conclusion, such biomarker approaches to the concomitant study of free sugars and LES intakes are timely and represent interesting developments in an area of significant public health interest.
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Visek AJ, Blake EF, Otterbein M, Chandran A, Sylvetsky AC. SWEET MAPS: A Conceptualization of Low-Calorie Sweetener Consumption Among Young Adults. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzy103. [PMID: 30937422 PMCID: PMC6437264 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) are helpful or harmful for weight management and metabolic health is unclear, because LCS effects may depend on the context in which they are consumed. OBJECTIVE To develop a conceptual framework for LCS consumption. METHODS Young adults ages 18-35 y, who reported LCS consumption, were recruited from a private, urban, university in the mid-Atlantic United States. Concept mapping, a mixed-method approach was used to identify, organize, and quantify determinants of LCS consumption. First, participants (n = 68) identified reasons for their LCS consumption through brainstorming; content analysis of those reasons identified 37 specific determinants of LCS consumption. Second, participants (n = 93) sorted all 37 determinants conceptually. Third, participants (n = 97) rated the extent to which each of the 37 determinants was reflective of their own consumption. Similarity matrices, multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis produced a series of 2-dimensional concept maps (SWEET MAPS). RESULTS The SWEET MAPS identified 37 determinants, organized within 8 factors reflective of 3 overarching motives: perceived health benefits, palatability, and accessibility of LCSs. At the determinant level, the most highly rated determinants that exceeded the boundary (rating >3.0) were: "I want something that tastes sweet," "I am trying to maintain/control my weight," "They contain fewer calories," "They are available," and "I want to save calories because I am eating a high-calorie meal." CONCLUSIONS LCS consumption is a function of many inter-related determinants spanning biological, psychological, and social domains. The SWEET MAPS are an important and novel use of concept mapping methods that can be used to inform the design and interpretation of future studies evaluating LCS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Visek
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Emily F Blake
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Melissa Otterbein
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Avinash Chandran
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related TBI Research Center, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Allison C Sylvetsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
- Sumner M. Redstone Global Center for Prevention and Wellness, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20052
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Solomi L, Rees GA, Redfern KM. The acute effects of the non-nutritive sweeteners aspartame and acesulfame-K in UK diet cola on glycaemic response. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 70:894-900. [PMID: 30892106 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1585418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Substituting sugar-sweetened for artificially sweetened beverages may reduce energy intakes. This study aims to ascertain the acute glycaemic effects of the NNS aspartame and acesulfame-K in UK diet-cola (DC). Ten healthy participants attended the laboratory fasted on three occasions. Individuals drank (1) 25 g glucose in 125 mL water + 236 mL water, (2) 25 g glucose in 125 mL water with 236 mL DC and (3) 236 mL sucrose-sweetened cola with 125 mL water. Blood (glucose) was measured pre-test and every 15 minutes over a 120-minute period using portable glucometers. The glucose-control and glucose + DC elicited similar blood glucose rises above pre-prandial levels. Sucrose-sweetened cola showed a non-significant lower rise in postprandial glycaemia, exhibiting the lowest glycaemic index (GI) (77.0 ± 9.1). GI of glucose (100.0 ± 15.2) and glucose + DC (104.3 ± 8.5) was similar and a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed no significant differences in glycaemic response between test drinks (F(2,29) = 1.68, p > .05). Results demonstrate the glycaemic inactivity of non-nutritive sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Solomi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth , Plymouth , UK
| | - Gail A Rees
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth , Plymouth , UK
| | - Kathy M Redfern
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth , Plymouth , UK
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Non-Nutritive Sweeteners and Their Implications on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030644. [PMID: 30884834 PMCID: PMC6471792 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals widely use non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in attempts to lower their overall daily caloric intake, lose weight, and sustain a healthy diet. There are insufficient scientific data that support the safety of consuming NNS. However, recent studies have suggested that NNS consumption can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and promote glucose intolerance in healthy individuals that may result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This sequence of events may result in changes in the gut microbiota composition through microRNA (miRNA)-mediated changes. The mechanism(s) by which miRNAs alter gene expression of different bacterial species provides a link between the consumption of NNS and the development of metabolic changes. Another potential mechanism that connects NNS to metabolic changes is the molecular crosstalk between the insulin receptor (IR) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, we aim to highlight the role of NNS in obesity and discuss IR-GPCR crosstalk and miRNA-mediated changes, in the manipulation of the gut microbiota composition and T2DM pathogenesis.
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