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Huang H, Lyu X, Xiao F, Fu J, Xu H, Wu J, Sun Y. Three-year field study on the temporal response of soil microbial communities and functions to PFOA exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135008. [PMID: 38943893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Contamination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) poses a significant threat to soil ecosystem health, yet there remains a lack of understanding regarding the responses of soil microbial communities to prolonged PFAS exposure in field conditions. This study involved a three-year field investigation to track changes in microbial communities and functions in soil subjected to the contamination of a primary PFAS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Results showed that PFOA exposure altered soil bacterial and fungal communities in terms of diversity, composition, and structure. Notably, certain bacterial communities with a delayed reaction to PFOA contamination showed the most significant response after one year of exposure. Fungal communities were sensitive to PFOA in soil, exhibiting significant responses within just four months of exposure. After two years, the impact of PFOA on both bacterial and fungal communities was lessened, likely due to the long-term adaptation of microbial communities to PFOA. Moreover, PFOA exposure notably inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced certain phosphorus cycling-related functional genes after three years of exposure, suggesting potential disruptions in soil fertility. These new insights advance our understanding of the long-term effects of PFOA on soil microbial communities and functions at a field scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Huang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xueyan Lyu
- School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jiaju Fu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (Arable), Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (Arable), Nanjing 210018, China.
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Garmo LC, Herroon MK, Mecca S, Wilson A, Allen DR, Agarwal M, Kim S, Petriello MC, Podgorski I. The long-chain polyfluorinated alkyl substance perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) promotes bone marrow adipogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 491:117047. [PMID: 39111555 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) bioaccumulate in different organ systems, including bone. While existing research highlights the adverse impact of PFAS on bone density, a critical gap remains in understanding the specific effects on the bone marrow microenvironment, especially the bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). Changes in BMAT have been linked to various health consequences, such as the development of osteoporosis and the progression of metastatic tumors in bone. Studies presented herein demonstrate that exposure to a mixture of five environmentally relevant PFAS compounds promotes marrow adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We show that among the components of the mixture, PFHxS, an alternative to PFOS, has the highest propensity to accumulate in bone and effectively promote marrow adipogenesis. Utilizing RNAseq approaches, we identified the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling as a top pathway modulated by PFHxS exposure. Furthermore, we provide results suggesting the activation and involvement of PPAR-gamma (PPARγ) in PFHxS-mediated bone marrow adipogenesis, especially in combination with high-fat diet. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate the potential impact of elevated PFHxS levels, particularly in occupational settings, on bone health, and specifically bone marrow adiposity. This study contributes new insights into the health risks of PFHxS exposure, urging further research on the relationship between environmental factors, diet, and adipose tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laimar C Garmo
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Shane Mecca
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Alexis Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - David R Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Seongho Kim
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Michael C Petriello
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, United States of America.
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3
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Buckley JP, Zhou J, Marquess KM, Lanphear BP, Cecil KM, Chen A, Sears CG, Xu Y, Yolton K, Kalkwarf HJ, Braun JM, Kuiper JR. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and bone mineral content in early adolescence: Modification by diet and physical activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118872. [PMID: 38580001 PMCID: PMC11156547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposures may negatively impact bone mineral accrual, but little is known about potential mitigators of this relation. We assessed whether associations of PFAS and their mixture with bone mineral content (BMC) in adolescence were modified by diet and physical activity. METHODS We included 197 adolescents enrolled in a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio (2003-2006). At age 12 years, we collected serum for PFAS measurements and used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry to measure BMC. We calculated dietary calcium intake and Health Eating Index (HEI) scores from repeated 24-h dietary recalls, physical activity scores using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), and average moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) based on accelerometry. We estimated covariate-adjusted differences in BMC z-scores per interquartile range (IQR) increase of individual PFAS concentrations using linear regression and per simultaneous IQR increase in all four PFAS using g-computation. We evaluated effect measure modification (EMM) using interaction terms between each modifier and PFAS. RESULTS Higher serum perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, and perfluorononanoic acid concentrations and the PFAS mixture were associated with lower BMC z-scores. An IQR increase in all PFAS was associated with a 0.27 (-0.54, 0.01) lower distal radius BMC z-score. Associations with lower BMC were generally stronger among adolescents classified as < median for calcium intake, HEI scores, or MVPA compared to those ≥ median. The difference in distal radius BMC z-score per IQR increase in all PFAS was -0.38 (-0.72, -0.04) for those with CONCLUSION Healthy, calcium-rich diets and higher intensity physical activity may mitigate the adverse impact of PFAS on adolescent bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Junyi Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Katherine M Marquess
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Clara G Sears
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Heidi J Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Jordan R Kuiper
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, D.C., USA
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4
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Wang X, Wang K, Mao W, Fan Z, Liu T, Hong R, Chen H, Pan C. Emerging perfluoroalkyl substances retard skeletal growth by accelerating osteoblasts senescence via ferroptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119483. [PMID: 38914254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to the persistent nature and significant negative impacts of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on human health and other organisms, the emergence of new PFOA alternatives, such as perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxhexanoic) acid (GenX) and perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxyundecanoic acid (PFO3TDA), have drawn significant attention. However, the toxic effects of PFOA and its substitutes on bones remain limited. In this study, we administered different concentrations of PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA via gavage to 3-week-old male BALB/C mice for four weeks. X-ray and micro-CT scans revealed shortening of the femur and tibia and significant reduction in bone density. Additionally, PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA promoted osteoblast senescence and impaired osteogenic capabilities. This was characterized by a decrease in the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (OCN, ALP, Runx2, etc.) and an increase in the expression of aging and inflammation-related factors (p16INK4a, P21, MMP3, etc). Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed activation of the ferroptosis pathway in PFOA-treated osteoblasts, characterized by notable lipid peroxidation and excessive iron accumulation. Finally, by inhibiting the ferroptosis pathway with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), we effectively alleviated the senescence of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA, and improved their osteogenic capabilities. Therefore, our study provides a new therapeutic insight into the impact of PFOA and its substitutes on bone growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhencheng Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Runyang Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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Dai C, Peng L, Li Y, Li Z, Chen D, Wang F, Lin N. Distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in blood, serum, and urine of patients with liver cancer and associations with liver function biomarkers. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:418-427. [PMID: 38105065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may be hepatotoxic in animals or humans. However, data on clinical epidemiology are very limited. In this study, 21 PFASs were determined in patients with liver diseases, with the highest median concentrations detected in the serum sample (26.7 ng/mL), followed by blood (10.7 ng/mL) and urine (5.02 ng/mL). Higher total PFAS concentrations were found in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients compared to non-HCC patients, with significant discrepancies in serum and blood samples. Besides, significant correlations were also found among PFAS concentrations and age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and liver function biomarkers levels. For example, PFAS concentrations are significantly higher in males than in females; Several serum PFASs concentrations increase with age and BMI, while the serum perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) concentrations are negatively correlated with age. In addition, multiple regression models adjusted for age, gender and BMI found that increased serum perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS) and perfluorohexylphosphonic acid (PFHxPA) conentrations are correlated with elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (p < 0.05). Our results provide epidemiological support for the future study on the potential clinical hepatotoxicity of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lin Peng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Nan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Marumure J, Simbanegavi TT, Makuvara Z, Karidzagundi R, Alufasi R, Goredema M, Gufe C, Chaukura N, Halabowski D, Gwenzi W. Emerging organic contaminants in drinking water systems: Human intake, emerging health risks, and future research directions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141699. [PMID: 38554874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Few earlier reviews on emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in drinking water systems (DWS) focused on their detection, behaviour, removal and fate. Reviews on multiple exposure pathways, human intake estimates, and health risks including toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics of EOCs in DWS are scarce. This review presents recent advances in human intake and health risks of EOCs in DWS. First, an overview of the evidence showing that DWS harbours a wide range of EOCs is presented. Multiple human exposure to EOCs occurs via ingestion of drinking water and beverages, inhalation and dermal pathways are discussed. A potential novel exposure may occur via the intravenous route in dialysis fluids. Analysis of global data on pharmaceutical pollution in rivers showed that the cumulative concentrations (μg L-1) of pharmaceuticals (mean ± standard error of the mean) were statistically more than two times significantly higher (p = 0.011) in South America (11.68 ± 5.29), Asia (9.97 ± 3.33), Africa (9.48 ± 2.81) and East Europe (8.09 ± 4.35) than in high-income regions (2.58 ± 0.48). Maximum cumulative concentrations of pharmaceuticals (μg L-1) decreased in the order; Asia (70.7) had the highest value followed by South America (68.8), Africa (51.3), East Europe (32.0) and high-income regions (17.1) had the least concentration. The corresponding human intake via ingestion of untreated river water was also significantly higher in low- and middle-income regions than in their high-income counterparts. For each region, the daily intake of pharmaceuticals was highest in infants, followed by children and then adults. A critique of the human health hazards, including toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of EOCs is presented. Emerging health hazards of EOCs in DWS include; (1) long-term latent and intergenerational effects, (2) the interactive health effects of EOC mixtures, (3) the challenges of multifinality and equifinality, and (4) the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis. Finally, research needs on human health hazards of EOCs in DWS are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerikias Marumure
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Tinoziva T Simbanegavi
- Department of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Environment, and Food Systems, University of Zimbabwe, P. O. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zakio Makuvara
- Department of Physics, Geography and Environmental Science, School of Natural Sciences, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, Zimbabwe; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, South Africa
| | - Rangarirayi Karidzagundi
- Materials Development Unit, Zimbabwe Open University, P.O. Box MP1119 Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Richwell Alufasi
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Marvelous Goredema
- Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, 741 Chimurenga Road, Off Trojan Road, P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Claudious Gufe
- Department of Veterinary Technical Services, Central Veterinary Laboratories, Box CY55, 18A Borrowdale Road, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Nhamo Chaukura
- Department of Physical and Earth Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, 8301, South Africa
| | - Dariusz Halabowski
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Willis Gwenzi
- Currently: Biosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, 380, New Adylin, Westgate, Harare, Zimbabwe; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow & Guest/Visiting Professor, Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Universität Kassel, Steinstraße 19, D-37213, Witzenhausen, Germany; Formerly: Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and Guest Professor, Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.
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Khosrojerdi MA, Lotfi H, Babaei Z, Mirhamidi M, Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki M. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38591760 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2338269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a large group of synthetic compounds widely contaminated the environment and lead to health problems. However, the correlation between PFAS exposure, bone health parameters and osteoporosis remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature to evaluate the effects of PFAS on human bone health. All observational studies were collected up to 2 December 2023. A total of 2096 articles were retrieved. Of these, 21 articles investigated the association between PFAS exposure and human bone health. However, only 10 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Doubling of serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (β = -0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.18, -0.05) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) (β = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.01) levels showed significant negative correlations with total body less head bone mineral density (TBLH-BMD). Subgrouping showed that only perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.68) was correlated with osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Khosrojerdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hadi Lotfi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zeinab Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirhamidi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Emdad Trauma Hospital Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Guerrero-Limón G, Zappia J, Muller M. A realistic mixture of ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants affects bone and cartilage development in zebrafish by interaction with nuclear receptor signaling. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298956. [PMID: 38547142 PMCID: PMC10977810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
"Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)" have a plethora of deleterious effects on humans and the environment due to their bioaccumulative, persistent, and mimicking properties. Individually, each of these chemicals has been tested and its effects measured, however they are rather found as parts of complex mixtures of which we do not fully grasp the extent of their potential consequences. Here we studied the effects of realistic, environmentally relevant mixtures of 29 POPs on cartilage and bone development using zebrafish as a model species. We observed developmental issues in cartilage, in the form of diverse malformations such as micrognathia, reduced size of the Meckel's and other structures. Also, mineralized bone formation was disrupted, hence impacting the overall development of the larvae at later life stages. Assessment of the transcriptome revealed disruption of nuclear receptor pathways, such as androgen, vitamin D, and retinoic acid, that may explain the mechanisms of action of the compounds within the tested mixtures. In addition, clustering of the compounds using their chemical signatures revealed structural similarities with the model chemicals vitamin D and retinoic acid that can explain the effects and/or enhancing the phenotypes we witnessed. Further mechanistic studies will be required to fully understand this kind of molecular interactions and their repercussions in organisms. Our results contribute to the already existing catalogue of deleterious effects caused by exposure to POPs and help to understand the potential consequences in at risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Guerrero-Limón
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jérémie Zappia
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Institute of Pathology, CHU-Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Wu Y, Qiu Y, Wu Y, Li H, Yang H, Deng Q, He B, Yan F, Li Y, Chen F. Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with periodontitis: the mediating role of sex hormones. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:243. [PMID: 38360594 PMCID: PMC10870532 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-03863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and periodontitis, and further explore the possible mediating role of sex hormones in this association. METHODS We extracted data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to investigate the association between serum levels of seven PFASs and periodontitis. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was conducted to assess the joint effect of PFASs in mixtures. Mediation analyses were used to explore the potential mediating role of sex hormones. RESULTS Participants with periodontitis had higher concentrations of serum perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) than those without periodontitis (both P < 0.05). In fully adjusted models, high serum concentrations of PFOS and PFNA were positively associated with periodontitis (tertile 3 vs. tertile 1: prevalence ratio (PR) = 1.19 for PFOS, 95% CI: 1.01-1.39; PR = 1.17 for PFNA, 95% CI: 1.02-1.34). The results from the BKMR models consistently showed a positive association between PFAS mixtures and periodontitis. Of note, testosterone and the ratio of testosterone to estradiol significantly mediated the relationship between high level of PFOS and periodontitis, accounting for 16.5% and 31.7% of the total effect, respectively. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results when using periodontal clinical indices (mean loss of attachment, mean periodontal probing depth, and the number of teeth) as dependent variables. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence to support a positive association between certain PFASs and periodontitis, which might be partially mediated by sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Husheng Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Han Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Qingrong Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Baochang He
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Fa Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Tewfik EL, Noisel N, Verner MA. Biomonitoring equivalents for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for the interpretation of biomonitoring data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108170. [PMID: 37657409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is detected in the blood of virtually all biomonitoring study participants. Assessing health risks associated with blood PFOA levels is challenging because exposure guidance values (EGVs) are typically expressed in terms of external dose. Biomonitoring equivalents (BEs) consistent with EGVs could facilitate health-based interpretations. OBJECTIVE To i) derive BEs for serum/plasma PFOA corresponding to non-cancer EGVs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and Health Canada, and ii) compare with PFOA concentrations from national biomonitoring surveys. METHODS Starting from EGV points of departure, we employed pharmacokinetic data/models and uncertainty factors. Points of departure in pregnant rodents (U.S. EPA 2016, ATSDR) were converted into fetus and pup serum concentrations using an animal gestation/lactation pharmacokinetic model, and equivalent human fetus and child concentrations were converted into BEs in maternal serum using a human gestation/lactation model. The point of departure in adult rodents (Health Canada) was converted into a BE using experimental data. For epidemiology-based EGVs (U.S. EPA 2023, draft), BEs were directly based on epidemiological data or derived using a human gestation/lactation pharmacokinetic model. BEs were compared with Canadian/U.S. biomonitoring data. RESULTS Non-cancer BEs (ng/mL) were 684 (Health Canada, 2018) or ranged from 15 to 29 (U.S. EPA, 2016), 6-10 (ATSDR, 2021) and 0.2-0.8 (U.S. EPA, 2023, draft). Ninety-fifth percentiles of serum levels from the 2018-2019 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were slightly below the BE for ATSDR, and geometric means were above the non-cancer BEs for the U.S. EPA (2023, draft). CONCLUSION Non-cancer BEs spanned three orders of magnitude. The lowest BEs were for EGVs based on developmental endpoints in epidemiological studies. Concentrations in Canadian/U.S. national surveys were higher than or close to BEs for the most recent non-cancer EGVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest-Louli Tewfik
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Canada
| | - Nolwenn Noisel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Canada
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Canada.
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11
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Boyer E, Monfort C, Lainé F, Gaudreau É, Tillaut H, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Cordier S, Meuric V, Chevrier C. Prenatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and molar-incisor hypomineralization among 12-year-old children in the French mother-child cohort PELAGIE. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116230. [PMID: 37236387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exceptional episodes of exposure to high levels of persistent organic pollutants have already been associated with developmental defects of enamel among children, but knowledge is still scarce concerning the contribution of background levels of environmental contamination. METHODS Children of the French PELAGIE mother-child cohort were followed from birth, with collection of medical data and cord blood samples that were used to measure polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs), and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). At 12 years of age, molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and other enamel defects (EDs) were recorded for 498 children. Associations were studied using logistic regression models adjusted for potential prenatal confounders. RESULTS An increasing log-concentration of β-HCH was associated with a reduced risk of MIH and EDs (OR = 0.55; 95% CI, 0.32-0.95, and OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43-0.98, respectively). Among girls, intermediate levels of p,p'-DDE were associated with a reduced risk of MIH. Among boys, we observed an increased risk of EDs in association with intermediate levels of PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 187, and an increased risk of MIH with intermediate levels of PFOA and PFOS. CONCLUSIONS Two OCs were associated with a reduced risk of dental defects, whereas the associations between PCBs and PFASs and EDs or MIH were generally close to null or sex-specific, with an increased risk of dental defects in boys. These results suggest that POPs could impact amelogenesis. Replication of this study is required and the possible underlying mechanisms need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Boyer
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolism and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie Du Québec (CTQ), Institut National de Santé Publique Du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Tillaut
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolism and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Meuric
- INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolism and Cancer), F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Cécile Chevrier
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
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12
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LaKind JS, Naiman J, Verner MA, Lévêque L, Fenton S. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk and infant formula: A global issue. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115042. [PMID: 36529330 PMCID: PMC9872587 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are transferred from mother to infants through breastfeeding, a time when children may be particularly vulnerable to PFAS-mediated adverse health effects. Infants can also be exposed to PFAS from infant formula consumption. Our recent literature-based scoping of breast milk levels reported that four PFAS often exceeded the United States Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) children's drinking water screening levels in both the general population and highly impacted communities in the U.S. and Canada. This work presents a comparison of global breast milk and infant formula PFAS measurements with the only reported health-based drinking water screening values specific to children. METHODS We focused on four PFAS for which ATSDR has developed children's drinking water screening values: PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid), PFHxS (perfluorohexanesulfonic acid), and PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid). Published literature on PFAS levels in breast milk and infant formula were identified via PubMed searches. Data were compared to children's drinking water screening values. DISCUSSION Breast milk concentrations of PFOA and PFOS often exceed children's drinking water screening values, regardless of geographic location. The limited information on infant formula suggests its use does not necessarily result in lower PFAS exposures, especially for formulas reconstituted with drinking water containing PFAS. Unfortunately, individuals generally cannot know whether their infant's exposures exceed children's drinking water screening values. Thus, it is essential that pregnant and lactating women and others, especially those having lived in PFAS-contaminated communities, have data required to make informed decisions on infant nutrition. An international monitoring effort and access to affordable testing are needed for breast milk, drinking water and infant formula to fully understand infant PFAS exposures. Currently, our understanding of demonstrable methods for reducing exposures to emerging PFAS is limited, making this research and the communications surrounding it even more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, 106 Oakdale Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Josh Naiman
- Naiman Associates, LLC, 504 S 44th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Marc-Andre Verner
- Departement of Occuptional and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Office 4105, Montreal (Québec) H3T 1A8 Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Québec) H3C 3J7 Canada.
| | - Laura Lévêque
- Departement of Occuptional and Environmental Health, Université de Montréal School of Public Health, 2375 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Office 4105, Montreal (Québec) H3T 1A8 Canada; Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Québec) H3C 3J7 Canada.
| | - Suzanne Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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13
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Xu Y, Hansson E, Andersson EM, Jakobsson K, Li H. High exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water is associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures - A cohort study from Ronneby, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114796. [PMID: 36375499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been reported to be related to decreased bone mineral density, but the relationship with osteoporosis and fractures is less studied. This study aimed to investigate the risks of osteoporotic fractures in a Swedish population with long-term exposure to PFAS through drinking water. METHODS The Ronneby Register Cohort, including 61,504 individuals who had ever lived in Ronneby during 1985-2013, was used. Exposure to PFAS was assessed according to the yearly residential address with or without highly contaminated water supply and was categorized as 'never-high' and 'ever-high' exposure. The 'ever-high' exposure was further divided into 'early-high' and 'late-high' depending on if the exposure was before or after 2005. Inpatient and outpatient hospital diagnoses of fractures were retrieved from the National Patient Register. Major osteoporotic fractures (MOF, i.e., hip, vertebrae, proximal humerus and distal forearm fractures), and hip fractures were considered as the primary outcomes. Cox proportional hazard models with time-varying exposure were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs). Stratified analyses were performed in each sex and age group (<50 yrs and ≥ 50 yrs). RESULTS Elevated risks of MOF (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.19) and hip fractures (1.12, 1.00-1.24) were observed when comparing 'ever-high' to 'never-high' exposure. The HRs were even higher for 'late-high' exposure (MOF: 1.29, 1.16-1.44; hip fractures: 1.22, 1.01-1.47). Further adjustment for highest achieved education slightly attenuated the estimates. Individuals above 50 years old showed even higher HR estimates. Similar patterns were found for all fractures. CONCLUSION Our results provide further evidence supporting the adverse effects of PFAS on osteoporosis. A better understanding of dose-response relationships as a basis for risk assessment is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Emelie Hansson
- Psychiatric Clinic, Kungälv Hospital, Västra Götalandsregionen, Sweden
| | - Eva M Andersson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huiqi Li
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Wen Y, Kong Y, Peng Y, Cui X. Uptake, distribution, and depuration of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in mice: Role of gut microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158372. [PMID: 36041619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and fate in mammals of hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), as major alternatives for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), have rarely been reported. In addition, the role of gut microbiota was greatly understudied. In this study, the uptake, distribution, and depuration of HFPO-TA, HFPO-DA, and PFOA were investigated by exposure to mice for 14 days, followed by a clearance period of 7 days. The patterns of tissue distribution and depuration kinetics of HFPO-TA and PFOA were similar, but different from HFPO-DA. Liver was the main deposition organ for HFPO-TA and PFOA, making contributions of 58.8 % and 59.1 % to the total mass recovered on day 14. Depuration of HFPO-DA was more rapid than HFPO-TA and PFOA. Approximately 95.3 % of HFPO-DA in liver was eliminated on day 21 compared with day 14. While the clearance rates of HPFO-TA and PFOA were only 6.1 % and 13.9 % on day 21. The comparison between normal and pseudo germ-free mice (GM) was also conducted to investigate the effect of gut microbial on in vivo absorption of the three per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of all the three PFASs were observed in most organs and tissues of GM compared with NC group. An analysis of gut microbiota showed that the higher absorption of PFASs in GM group may be attributed to the increase of intestinal permeability (as indicated by the decrease of tight junction protein expression), which were induced by the change of lachnospiraceae abundance. The result highlighted the importance of gut microbiota in absorption and health risk evaluation of emerging PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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15
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Blomberg A, Mortensen J, Weihe P, Grandjean P. Bone mass density following developmental exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a longitudinal cohort study. Environ Health 2022; 21:113. [PMID: 36402982 PMCID: PMC9675242 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposures to industrial chemicals, including perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), may play a role in bone development and future risk of osteoporosis. However, as prospective evidence is limited, the role of developmental PFAS exposures in bone density changes in childhood is unclear. The objective of this study was to estimate associations between serum-PFAS concentrations measured in infancy and early childhood and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured at age 9 years in a birth cohort of children from the Faroe Islands. METHODS We prospectively measured concentrations of five PFAS in cord serum and serum collected at 18 months, 5 years and 9 years, and conducted whole-body DXA scans at the 9-year clinical visit. Our study included 366 mother-child pairs with DXA scans and at least one PFAS measurement. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations of individual PFAS concentrations with age-, sex- and height-adjusted aBMD z-scores using multivariable regression models and applied formal mediation analysis to estimate the possible impact of by several measures of body composition. We also evaluated whether associations were modified by child sex. RESULTS We found PFAS exposures in childhood to be negatively associated with aBMD z-scores, with the strongest association seen for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) at age 5 years. A doubling in age-5 PFNA was associated with a 0.15 decrease in aBMD z-score (95% CI: - 0.26, - 0.039). The PFNA-aBMD association was significantly stronger in males than females, although effect modification by sex was not significant for other PFAS exposures. Results from the mediation analysis suggested that any potential associations between aBMD and 18-month PFAS concentrations may be mediated by total body fat and BMI, although most estimated total effects for PFAS exposures at age 18 months were non-significant. PFAS exposures at age 9 were not associated with age-9 aBMD z-scores. CONCLUSIONS The PFAS-aBMD associations identified in this and previous studies suggest that bone may be a target tissue for PFAS. Pediatric bone density has been demonstrated to strongly track through young adulthood and possibly beyond; therefore, these prospective results may have important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise Blomberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 22363, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jann Mortensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, The Faroese National Hospital, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Pál Weihe
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Public Health, Faroese Hospital System, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
- Center of Health Science, University of the Faroe Islands, Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Sun C, Yu M, Li Y, Niu B, Qin F, Yan N, Xu Y, Zheng Y. MoS2 nanoflowers decorated natural fiber-derived hollow carbon microtubes for boosting perfluorooctanoic acid degradation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Deepika D, Rovira J, Sabuz Ó, Balaguer J, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL, Kumar V. Framework for risk assessment of PFAS utilizing experimental studies and in-silico models. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112722. [PMID: 35026182 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), especially PFOS and PFOA, are two widely used synthetic chemicals that can impact human health based on evidence from animal and epidemiologic studies. In this paper, we have reviewed and summarized the influence of PFAS exposure on health, pointing the quality of evidence, and applied translational techniques to integrate evidence for PFAS policy making. This is the first review where highly referred articles on PFAS used for policymaking by several regulatory agencies were collected and evaluated based on the review guidelines developed by the US National Toxicology Program's Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) review guidelines. Several limitations were observed, including co-exposure to multiple chemicals and limited measurement of primary and secondary outcomes related to specific toxicity. However, data from all the studies provided a moderate to strong level of confidence for link between PFAS exposure and different adverse outcomes. Secondly, for translating the risk to humans, an in-silico model and scaling approach was utilized. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK) was used to calculate the human equivalent dose (HED) from two widely accepted studies and compared with tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) established by various regulatory agencies. Inter-species dose extrapolation was done to compare with human the relevance of dosing scenarios used in animals. Overall, a framework for translation of risk was proposed based on the conclusions of this review with the goal of improving policymaking. The current paper can improve the methodological protocols for PFAS experimental studies and encourage the utilization of in-silico models for translating risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Óscar Sabuz
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordina Balaguer
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d' Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; IISPV, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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18
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LaKind JS, Verner MA, Rogers RD, Goeden H, Naiman DQ, Marchitti SA, Lehmann GM, Hines EP, Fenton SE. Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don't We Know More? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:25002. [PMID: 35195447 PMCID: PMC8865090 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite 20 y of biomonitoring studies of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in both serum and urine, we have an extremely limited understanding of PFAS concentrations in breast milk of women from the United States and Canada. The lack of robust information on PFAS concentrations in breast milk and implications for breastfed infants and their families were brought to the forefront by communities impacted by PFAS contamination. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work are to: a) document published PFAS breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada; b) estimate breast milk PFAS levels from maternal serum concentrations in national surveys and communities impacted by PFAS; and c) compare measured/estimated milk PFAS concentrations to screening values. METHODS We used three studies reporting breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada We also estimated breast milk PFAS concentrations by multiplying publicly available serum concentrations by milk:serum partitioning ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Measured and estimated breast milk concentrations were compared to children's drinking water screening values. DISCUSSION Geometric means of estimated breast milk concentrations ranged over approximately two orders of magnitude for the different surveys/communities. All geometric mean and mean estimated and measured breast milk PFOA and PFOS concentrations exceeded drinking water screening values for children, sometimes by more than two orders of magnitude. For PFHxS and PFNA, all measured breast milk levels were below the drinking water screening values for children; the geometric mean estimated breast milk concentrations were close to-or exceeded-the children's drinking water screening values for certain communities. Exceeding a children's drinking water screening value does not indicate that adverse health effects will occur and should not be interpreted as a reason to not breastfeed; it indicates that the situation should be further evaluated. It is past time to have a better understanding of environmental chemical transfer to-and concentrations in-an exceptional source of infant nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel D. Rogers
- Office of the Director, National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helen Goeden
- Environmental Health Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Q. Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Geniece M. Lehmann
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin P. Hines
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Xiong X, Chen B, Wang Z, Ma L, Li S, Gao Y. Association between perfluoroalkyl substances concentration and bone mineral density in the US adolescents aged 12-19 years in NHANES 2005-2010. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:980608. [PMID: 36277702 PMCID: PMC9581310 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.980608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports on the association of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) exposure with adolescent bone health are scarce, and studies have primarily targeted maternal serum. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relationship between autologous serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents. METHODS We analyzed data from 1228 adolescents aged 12-19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010 and used multiple regression analysis to identify the relationship between serum PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA concentrations and total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD, in addition to multiple stratified subgroup analyses. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 15 years, males had higher serum PFAS concentrations than females. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the natural log(ln)-transformed serum PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA concentrations were negatively correlated with total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD (all p < 0.05), and ln-PFHxS was positively correlated with total femur and femoral neck BMD (all p< 0.05). In males, ln-PFOA was negatively associated with total femur and lumbar spine BMD (all p< 0.05), ln-PFOS was associated with the reduced total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD (all p< 0.05), while ln-PFHxS and ln-PFNA were not observed to correlate with BMD at these three sites. In females, both ln-PFOA and ln-PFOS were negatively correlated with total femur and lumbar spine BMD (all p< 0.05), ln-PFHxS is associated with the increased total femur and femoral neck BMD (all p< 0.05), and ln-PFNA was negatively correlated with total femur and femoral neck BMD (all p< 0.05), most of the associations were confined to females. The associations of ln-PFOS with femoral neck BMD and ln-PFNA with total femur BMD were more significant in those who were overweight/obese and had anemia, respectively (all p for interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this representative sample of US adolescents aged 12-19 years, certain PFAS were associated with lower bone mineral density, and most of the associations were confined to females. The negative effect of PFAS on BMD is more pronounced in those who are overweight/obese and have anemia. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Xiong
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baihang Chen
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqing Wang
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiong Ma
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yijia Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yijia Gao,
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Aghaei Z, Steeves KL, Jobst KJ, Cahill LS. The impact of perfluoroalkyl substances on pregnancy, birth outcomes and offspring development: A review of data from mouse models1. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:397-407. [PMID: 34875017 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) are persistent in the environment and bioaccumulate in wildlife and humans, potentially causing adverse health effects at all stages of life. Studies from human pregnancy have shown that exposure to these contaminants are associated with placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction; however, studies in humans are confounded by genetic and environmental factors. Here, we synthesize the available results from mouse models of pregnancy to show the causal effects of prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS on placental and fetal development and on neurocognitive function and metabolic disorders in offspring. We also propose gaps in the present knowledge and provide suggestions for future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Aghaei
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Katherine L Steeves
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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21
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Kirk AB, Michelsen-Correa S, Rosen C, Martin CF, Blumberg B. PFAS and Potential Adverse Effects on Bone and Adipose Tissue Through Interactions With PPARγ. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6364127. [PMID: 34480479 PMCID: PMC9034324 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a widely dispersed, broad class of synthetic chemicals with diverse biological effects, including effects on adipose and bone differentiation. PFAS most commonly occur as mixtures and only rarely, if ever, as single environmental contaminants. This poses significant regulatory questions and a pronounced need for chemical risk assessments, analytical methods, and technological solutions to reduce the risk to public and environmental health. The effects of PFAS on biological systems may be complex. Each may have several molecular targets initiating multiple biochemical events leading to a number of different adverse outcomes. An exposure to mixtures or coexposures of PFAS complicates the picture further. This review illustrates how PFAS target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Additionally, we describe how such activation leads to changes in cell differentiation and bone development that contributes to metabolic disorder and bone weakness. This discussion sheds light on the importance of seemingly modest outcomes observed in test animals and highlights why the most sensitive end points identified in some chemical risk assessments are significant from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Kirk
- Correspondence: Andrea Kirk, PhD, US EPA Headquarters, William Jefferson Clinton Bldg, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Mail Code 5201P, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Stephani Michelsen-Correa
- EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, USA
| | - Cliff Rosen
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | | - Bruce Blumberg
- University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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22
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Schmidt CW. A Measure of Strength: Developmental PFAS Exposures and Bone Mineral Content in Adolescence. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:124002. [PMID: 34918944 PMCID: PMC8680467 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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23
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Xu X, Ni H, Guo Y, Lin Y, Ji J, Jin C, Yuan F, Feng M, Ji N, Zheng Y, Jiang Q. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) induced developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in hatchling chickens: Roles of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118112. [PMID: 34500398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA) is a perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) substitute. In the current study, potential developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity following HFPO-DA exposure in chicken embryo has been investigated, focusing on the roles of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), the major molecular target in PFOA-induced toxicities. HFPO-DA was exposed to fertile chicken eggs via air cell injection, morphology and function of the target organs (heart and liver) in hatchlings were investigated with histopathology and electrocardiography, and the serum levels of HFPO-DA had been measured with quadrupole-time of flight liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Q-TOF LC/MS). Additionally, lentivirus-mediated in ovo PPARα silencing was used to assess the roles of PPARα in HFPO-DA induced developmental toxicities. The results indicated that developmental exposure to HFPO-DA induced developmental cardiotoxicity, including thinned right ventricular wall and elevated heart rates, similar to those observed with PFOA exposure, as well as developmental hepatotoxicity in the form of steatosis. Silencing of PPARα alleviated such effects, suggesting participation of PPARα in HFPO-DA induced developmental toxicities in chicken embryo. Moreover, enhanced expression of PPARα downstream genes, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH), were observed in HFPO-DA exposed animal heart tissues, which can be abolished by PPARα silencing. On the other hand, liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) and CD36 expression were effectively enhanced in exposed liver tissues, but not EHHADH, suggesting differential mechanism of toxicity in heart and liver tissues. In summary, developmental exposure to HFPO-DA induced developmental cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in hatchling chickens similar to PFOA, and PPARα still participates in such toxicities, with some differential downstream gene regulations in different organs. Further investigation on HFPO-DA-induced developmental toxicities is guaranteed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Hao Ni
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Congying Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Fuchong Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Mengxiao Feng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China.
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24
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Chang CJ, Barr DB, Zhang Q, Dunlop AL, Smarr MM, Kannan K, Panuwet P, Tangpricha V, Shi L, Liang D, Corwin EJ, Ryan PB. Associations of single and multiple per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure with vitamin D biomarkers in African American women during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111713. [PMID: 34284018 PMCID: PMC8578284 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been linked to various physiological functions in pregnant women and their fetuses. Previous studies have suggested that some per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter serum vitamin D concentrations. However, no study has investigated the relationship between PFAS and vitamin D in pregnant women. This study aims to evaluate the associations of serum PFAS with serum total and free 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) during pregnancy in a cohort of African American women in Atlanta, GA. Blood samples from 442 participants were collected in early pregnancy (8-14 weeks of gestation) for PFAS and 25(OH)D measurements, and additional samples were collected in late pregnancy (24-30 weeks) for the second 25(OH)D measurements. We fit multivariable linear regressions and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regressions to estimate the associations of individual PFAS and their mixtures with 25(OH)D concentrations. We found mostly positive associations of total 25(OH)D with PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonic acid), PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid), PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid), and NMeFOSAA (N-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid), and negative associations with PFPeA (perfluoropentanoic acid). For free 25(OH)D, positive associations were observed with PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), and PFDA, and a negative association with PFPeA among the women with male fetuses in the models using 25(OH)D measured in late pregnancy. In mixture models, a quartile increase in WQS index was associated with 2.88 ng/mL (95%CI 1.14-4.59) and 5.68 ng/mL (95%CI 3.31-8.04) increases in total 25(OH)D measured in the early and late pregnancy, respectively. NMeFOSAA, PFDA, and PFOS contributed the most to the overall effects among the eight PFAS. No association was found between free 25(OH)D and the PFAS mixture. These results suggest that PFAS may affect vitamin D biomarker concentrations in pregnant African American women, and some of the associations were modified by fetal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jung Chang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa M Smarr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vin Tangpricha
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - P Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Langenbach B, Wilson M. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Significance and Considerations within the Regulatory Framework of the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111142. [PMID: 34769660 PMCID: PMC8583519 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging environmental crisis. Deemed forever chemicals, many congeners bioaccumulate and are incredibly persistent in the environment due to the presence of the strong carbon-fluorine covalent bonds. Notable PFAS compounds include perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX. Robust toxicological knowledge exists for these substances, but regulatory decisions based on this knowledge has fallen behind. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has addressed this issue with the PFAS Action Plan and EPA Council on PFAS, but the regulatory framework is severely lacking. Currently, no federal regulations or standards exist. Many occupational and non-occupational human cohorts exist that can lend knowledge on the environmental implications of PFAS and associated health effects. Occupationally, firefighters face significant exposure risks due to use of PFAS containing aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and personal protective equipment contamination. Non-occupationally, wastewater discharge in North Carolina led to chronic and widespread residential exposure to GenX via drinking water contamination. This public health review seeks to convey the current and future significance of PFAS as an environmental contaminate, to lend considerations on regulatory frameworks within the USA, and to help guide and promote the need for future epidemiological studies in order to tackle this environmental emergency. While the PFAS Action Plan creates a scientific and regulatory foundation, it is important to take these lessons and apply them to future environmental health issues.
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Herlin M, Sánchez-Pérez I, Esteban J, Korkalainen M, Barber X, Finnilä MAJ, Hamscher G, Joseph B, Viluksela M, Håkansson H. Bone toxicity induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and the retinoid system: A causality analysis anchored in osteoblast gene expression and mouse data. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:25-43. [PMID: 34363983 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dioxin exposures impact on bone quality and osteoblast differentiation, as well as retinoic acid metabolism and signaling. In this study we analyzed associations between increased circulating retinol concentrations and altered bone mineral density in a mouse model following oral exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Additionally, effects of TCDD on differentiation marker genes and genes involved with retinoic acid metabolism were analysed in an osteoblast cell model followed by benchmark dose-response analyses of the gene expression data. Study results show that the increased trabecular and decreased cortical bone mineral density in the mouse model following TCDD exposure are associated with increased circulating retinol concentrations. Also, TCDD disrupted the expression of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation and retinoic acid synthesis, degradation, and nuclear translocation in directions compatible with increasing cellular retinoic acid levels. Further evaluation of the obtained results in relation to previously published data by the use of mode-of-action and weight-of-evidence inspired analytical approaches strengthened the evidence that TCDD-induced bone and retinoid system changes are causally related and compatible with an endocrine disruption mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herlin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Javier Esteban
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Merja Korkalainen
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Barber
- Centro de Investigación Operativa, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mikko A J Finnilä
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Gerd Hamscher
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 10 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matti Viluksela
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy (Toxicology) and Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Helen Håkansson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined as chemicals that interfere with the function of the endocrine system. EDCs exert their hormonal effects through several mechanisms; modulating hormone receptors or changing metabolism of different hormones. EDCs also influence multiple signalling pathways while effecting the hormonal systems and possess complex dose-response curves. EDCs can exert deleterious effects on bone tissue through changing bone modelling and remodelling via altering bone paracrine hormone synthesis, the release of systemic hormones, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, and effecting stem cell fate, as well as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Evidence is accumulating of the bone disrupting effect of different groups of EDCs, such as; the perfluoroalkyl substances, the phthalate esters, the bisphenol A, the organotin compounds, the alkylphenols and the dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. This review highlights the recent discoveries of the effects of commonly found environmental chemicals on bone from basic molecular findings to clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Buckley JP, Kuiper JR, Lanphear BP, Calafat AM, Cecil KM, Chen A, Xu Y, Yolton K, Kalkwarf HJ, Braun JM. Associations of Maternal Serum Perfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations with Early Adolescent Bone Mineral Content and Density: The Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:97011. [PMID: 34585601 PMCID: PMC8480151 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may impair bone accrual and strength via endocrine disruption and nuclear receptor agonism, but human studies are primarily of adults or cross-sectional. OBJECTIVES We assessed associations of individual PFAS and their mixture during pregnancy with child bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at age 12 y. METHODS Among 206 mother-child pairs enrolled in a prospective cohort (2003-2006), we quantified perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in maternal serum collected during gestation or delivery. When children were age 12 y, we performed dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and calculated BMC, aBMD, and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) z -scores for six skeletal sites. We estimated covariate-adjusted z -score differences per doubling of individual PFAS using linear regression and assessed the PFAS mixture using quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression. We explored whether associations were modified by child's sex or mediated by whole-body lean mass. RESULTS In covariate-adjusted models, we found that higher maternal serum concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, and the PFAS mixture were associated with lower total hip and forearm (one-third distal radius) BMC z -scores in children. Differences in forearm BMC z -scores were - 0.17 [95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.35 , 0.01] and - 0.24 (95% CI: - 0.44 , - 0.05 ) per doubling of PFOA and PFNA, respectively, and - 0.18 (95% CI: - 0.34 , - 0.02 ) per quartile increase in the PFAS mixture. Child's sex modified PFOA associations for some skeletal sites; for example, differences in spine BMAD z -score per doubling were - 0.31 (95% CI: - 0.58 , - 0.03 ) among males and 0.07 (95% CI: - 0.16 , 0.30) among females (modification p = 0.04 ). Except for PFNA among females, these associations were not mediated by whole-body lean mass. DISCUSSION Maternal PFAS concentrations during pregnancy may be associated with lower bone mineral accrual and strength in early adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kim M. Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Heidi J. Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Mumtaz MM, Buser MC, Pohl HR. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl mixtures toxicity assessment "Proof-of-Concept" illustration for the hazard index approach. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:553-567. [PMID: 33754950 PMCID: PMC9069224 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1901251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2018 ATSDR mixture framework recommends three approaches including the hazard index (HI) for environmental mixture toxicity assessment. Per- and polyfluoroalkyls (PFAS) are found in our environment and general populations. Recent experimental mixture toxicity studies of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and an assessment of 17 PFAS indicate the use of additivity for their joint toxicity assessment. The aim of this investigation was to detail the stepwise procedures and examine the extent and use of the HI approach for PFAS mixture assessment. Using estimated general public lifetime exposures (high, medium, and low), binary mixtures of PFOS and PFOA yielded, respectively, hazard indices (HIs) of 30.67, 8.33, and 3.63 for developmental toxicity; 10.67, 5.04, and 2.34 for immunological toxicity; 3.57, 1.68, and 0.78 for endocrine toxicity; 4.51, 1.73, and 0.79 for hepatic toxicity; and 15.08, 2.29, and 0.88 for reproductive toxicity. A heterogeneous mixture of PFOA, PFAS, dioxin (CDD), and polybrominated compounds (PBDE) for high exposure scenario yielded HIs of 30.99 for developmental, 10.77 for immunological, 3.64 for endocrine, 4.61 for hepatic, and 17.36 for reproductive effects. The HI values are used as a screening tool; the potential concern for exposures rises as HI values increase. For HI values >1, a follow-up including further analysis of specific exposures, use of internal dosimetry, and uncertainty factors is conducted before recommending appropriate actions. The HI approach appears suitable to address present-day PFAS public health concerns for initial assessment of multiple health effects, until further insights are gained into their mechanistic toxicology.The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - M C Buser
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - H R Pohl
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Guo C, Zhao Z, Zhao K, Huang J, Ding L, Huang X, Meng L, Li L, Wei H, Zhang S. Perfluorooctanoic acid inhibits the maturation rate of mouse oocytes cultured in vitro by triggering mitochondrial and DNA damage. Birth Defects Res 2021; 113:1074-1083. [PMID: 33871176 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is widely used in the manufacture of household and industrial products. It has certain toxicity and leaves many residues in the environment. Numerous studies have shown that PFOA exhibits endocrine disrupting properties and immunotoxicity and induces developmental defects. However, there is very little information regarding its toxicity on oocytes. METHODS We cultured denuded oocytes in maturation medium supplemented with 0, 300, or 500 PFOA during IVM and evaluated the maturation of oocytes from the aspects of ROS(DCFH-DA), mitochondria(MitoOrange and JC-1), DNA damage(P-H2AX), and cytoskeleton(β-tubulin). RESULTS Compared with the control group, the PFOA treatment group exhibited significantly reduced proportion of oocytes matutation. Furthermore, the DCFH-DA test showed that PFOA significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. PFOA disrupted mitochondrial distribution and decreased mitochondrial function as assessed using MitoOrange and JC-1. In addition, PFOA-treated oocytes exhibited a significantly higher percentage of P-H2AX, defective β-tubulin, abnormal chromosome alignment, lower expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and higher expression of the apoptotic genes caspase3 and Bax. CONCLUSION In summary, PFOA could negatively and directly affect oocyte maturation in vitro and cause oxidative stress, mitochondrial function disruption, DNA damage, cytoskeleton damage, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linshu Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Meng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengxi Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouquan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Garnick L, Massarsky A, Mushnick A, Hamaji C, Scott P, Monnot A. An evaluation of health-based federal and state PFOA drinking water guidelines in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:144107. [PMID: 33360549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a synthetic, perfluorinated organic acid previously used in fluoropolymer production in the United States. PFOA has been a recent focal point for regulation because of its ubiquitous presence in drinking water throughout the United States. In 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) issued a lifetime drinking water Health Advisory (HA) for PFOA of 0.07 μg/L; several states have also implemented their own drinking water guidelines for PFOA. The current study aimed to evaluate the basis and derivation of state and federal guidelines for PFOA in drinking water, with particular emphasis on the exposure parameters utilized. Twelve distinct PFOA drinking water standards were identified ranging from 0.0051 to 2 μg/L. The US EPA HA assumptions were evaluated using a Monte Carlo analysis that included distributions for drinking water intake (DWI) rate and the relative source contribution (RSC). We determined that US EPA's HA of 0.07 μg/L is protective of 99% of the population of lactating women. We also demonstrated that the health-based guidelines were highly variable across states and that the actual RSC of PFOA from drinking water is likely greater than 20%, based on studies of actual PFOA exposures from dust, water, and food. A sensitivity analysis was performed using the same equations as the US EPA, while substituting the RSC and DWI variables; resulting in HAs ranging from 0.074 to 0.346 μg/L. We also evaluated the contribution of PFOA in drinking water to the systemic PFOA body burden of the general population using an available biokinetic model. We conclude that more rigorous efforts are warranted to establish consistent health-based drinking water guidelines for PFOA, given that drinking water is a primary source of human exposure to PFOA in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Garnick
- Cardno ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States of America
| | - Andrey Massarsky
- Cardno ChemRisk, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, United States of America
| | - Adam Mushnick
- Cardno ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States of America; Duke University Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27705, United States of America
| | - Claire Hamaji
- Cardno ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States of America
| | - Paul Scott
- Cardno ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, PA 15222, United States of America
| | - Andrew Monnot
- Cardno ChemRisk, San Francisco, CA 94104, United States of America.
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Mikkonen AT, Martin J, Dourson ML, Hinwood A, Johnson MS. Suggestions for Improving the Characterization of Risk from Exposures to Per and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:871-886. [PMID: 33201555 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many state and federal environmental and health agencies have developed risk-based criteria for assessing the risk of adverse health effects of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to humans and the environment. However, the criteria that have been developed vary; drinking water criteria developed for perfluorooctanoic acid, for example, can vary by up to 750 fold. This is due to differences and variability in the data and information used, study/endpoint selection, assumptions and magnitude of uncertainty factors used in the absence and extrapolation of critical effect data, differences in underlying approaches to addressing exposure within criteria development, and/or policy decisions on levels of acceptable risk. We have critically evaluated the methods used to develop these criteria while focusing on derivation and application of drinking water criteria and discuss a range of improvements to risk-characterization practice recently presented at a Focused Topic Meeting on PFAS conducted by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry in Durham, North Carolina, USA, 12 to 15 August 2019. We propose methods that consider maximizing the use of disparate data streams, seeking patterns, and proposing biologically based approaches to evidence integration toward informed criteria development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:883-898. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti T Mikkonen
- University of South Australia Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Hinwood
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark S Johnson
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
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Post GB. Recent US State and Federal Drinking Water Guidelines for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:550-563. [PMID: 32845526 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of synthetic chemicals produced for over 70 years, are of increasing concern because of their widespread environmental presence, extreme persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and evidence for health effects from environmentally relevant exposures. In 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) established nonregulatory drinking water Health Advisories of 70 ng/L for individual and total concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the 8-carbon perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) that are the most thoroughly studied PFAS. As of May 2020, 9 US states had concluded that the USEPA Health Advisories are insufficiently protective and developed more stringent PFOA and PFOS guidelines. In addition, 10 states had developed guidelines for other PFAS, primarily PFAAs. This Critical Review discusses the scientific basis for state and USEPA drinking water guidelines for PFOA and PFOS; the same principles apply to guidelines for other PFAS. Similarities and differences among guidelines arise from both toxicity and exposure considerations. The approximately 4-fold range among state guidelines (8-35 ng/L for PFOA, 10-40 ng/L for PFOS) is not large or unexpected for guidelines developed by different scientists at different time points, especially when compared with older USEPA and state guidelines that were generally several orders of magnitude higher. Additional state guidelines for PFOA, PFOS, and other PFAS are expected to become available. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:560-563. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Post
- New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, New Jersey, USA
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Schümann M, Lilienthal H, Hölzer J. Human biomonitoring (HBM)-II values for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) - Description, derivation and discussion. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 121:104868. [PMID: 33484797 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For evaluation of internal exposure to harmful substances, the Human Biomonitoring Commission of the German Environment Agency (HBM Commission) develops toxicologically justified assessment values (HBM-I and HBM-II). The HBM-I value corresponds to the concentration of a compound in human biological material below which no adverse health effects are expected to occur. Consequently, no action is required when the HBM-I value is not exceeded (HBM-Commission, 1996). In 2016, the HBM Commission developed HBM-I values of 2 ng PFOA/mL and 5 ng PFOS/mL in blood serum or plasma, respectively. A detailed delineation of supporting arguments was published in April 2018 (HBM-Commission, 2018). In contrast to the HBM-I, the HBM-II value corresponds to the concentration in human biological material which, when exceeded, may lead to health impairment which is considered as relevant to exposed individuals (HBM-Commission, 1996, HBM-Commission, 2014). HBM-II VALUES FOR PFOA AND PFOS: On September 17, 2019, the HBM Commission of the German Environment Agency established the following HBM-II values: Women at child-bearing age: 5 ng PFOA/mL blood plasma; 10 ng PFOS/mL blood plasma; All other population groups: 10 ng PFOA/mL blood plasma; 20 ng PFOS/mL blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schümann
- Department for Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, MA 1/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Hellmuth Lilienthal
- Department for Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, MA 1/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hölzer
- Department for Hygiene, Social and Environmental Medicine, MA 1/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Lyu X, Liu X, Sun Y, Gao B, Ji R, Wu J, Xue Y. Importance of surface roughness on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) transport in unsaturated porous media. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115343. [PMID: 32814265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the subsurface transport of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is of considerable interest for evaluating its potential risks to humans and ecosystems. In this study, packed-column experiments were conducted to examine the influence of surface roughness on PFOA transport in unsaturated glass beads, quartz sand and limestone porous media. Results showed decreasing moisture content significantly increased the air-water interfacial adsorption of PFOA and led to greater retardation in all three types of porous media. Particularly, rougher surface (limestone > quartz sand > glass beads) and smaller grain size (i.e. a larger solid specific surface area, SSSA) significantly enhanced PFOA retardation under unsaturated conditions. These results were further supported by bubble column experiments and SSSA analysis of porous media, which demonstrate that except for the factors affecting PFOA transport in solid-water interface (e.g. surface charge and chemical heterogeneity), the greater retardation of PFOA during transport is attributed to the larger air-water interfacial areas associated with rougher surface and smaller grain size and hence greater interfacial adsorption of PFOA. Our results indicated the importance of surface roughness on the retention and transport of PFOA in the unsaturated zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Anderson EL, Omenn GS, Turnham P. Improving Health Risk Assessment as a Basis for Public Health Decisions in the 21st Century. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:2272-2299. [PMID: 33145799 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One-fifth of the way through the 21st century, a commonality of factors with those of the last 50 years may offer the opportunity to address unfinished business and current challenges. The recommendations include: (1) Resisting the tendency to oversimplify scientific assessments by reliance on single disciplines in lieu of clear weight-of-evidence expressions, and on single quantitative point estimates of health protective values for policy decisions; (2) Improving the separation of science and judgment in risk assessment through the use of clear expressions of the range of judgments that bracket protective quantitative levels for public health protection; (3) Use of comparative risk to achieve the greatest gains in health and the environment; and (4) Where applicable, reversal of the risk assessment and risk management steps to facilitate timely and substantive improvements in public health and the environment. Lessons learned and improvements in the risk assessment process are applied to the unprecedented challenges of the 21st century such as, pandemics and climate change. The beneficial application of the risk assessment and risk management paradigm to ensure timely research with consistency and transparency of assessments is presented. Institutions with mandated stability and leadership roles at the national and international levels are essential to ensure timely interdisciplinary scientific assessment at the interface with public policy as a basis for organized policy decisions, to meet time sensitive goals, and to inform the public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilbert S Omenn
- Departments of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Turnham
- Exponent Inc., 1800 Diagonal Rd, Alexandria, VA, USA
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Endocrine disruption of vitamin D activity by perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16789. [PMID: 33033332 PMCID: PMC7545187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of compounds used in industry and consumer products. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is the predominant form in human samples and has been shown to induce severe health consequences, such as neonatal mortality, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. Toxicological studies indicate that PFAS accumulate in bone tissues and cause altered bone development. Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse relationship between PFAS and bone health, however the associated mechanisms are still unexplored. Here, we present computational, in silico and in vitro evidence supporting the interference of PFOA on vitamin D (VD). First, PFOA competes with calcitriol on the same binding site of the VD receptor, leading to an alteration of the structural flexibility and a 10% reduction by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Second, this interference leads to an altered response of VD-responsive genes in two cellular targets of this hormone, osteoblasts and epithelial cells of the colorectal tract. Third, mineralization in human osteoblasts is reduced upon coincubation of PFOA with VD. Finally, in a small cohort of young healthy men, PTH levels were higher in the exposed group, but VD levels were comparable. Altogether these results provide the first evidence of endocrine disruption by PFOA on VD pathway by competition on its receptor and subsequent inhibition of VD-responsive genes in target cells.
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Jensen KH, Riis KR, Abrahamsen B, Händel MN. Nutrients, Diet, and Other Factors in Prenatal Life and Bone Health in Young Adults: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2866. [PMID: 32961712 PMCID: PMC7551661 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing skeletal health in early life has potential effects on bone health later in childhood and in adulthood. We aimed to evaluate the existing evidence that maternal exposures during pregnancy have an impact on the subsequent bone health among offspring in young adults aged between 16 and 30 years. The protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42019126890). The search was conducted up to 2 April 2019. We included seven observational prospective cohort studies that examined the association between maternal dietary factors, vitamin D concentration, age, preeclampsia, and smoking with any bone indices among offspring. The results indicated that high concentrations of maternal vitamin D; low fat intake; and high intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium may increase the bone mineral density in offspring at age 16. Evidence also suggests that the offspring of younger mothers may have a higher peak bone mass. It remains inconclusive whether there is an influence of preeclampsia or maternal smoking on bone health among young adults. Our assessment of internal validity warrants a cautious interpretation of these results, as all of the included studies were judged to have serious risks of bias. High-quality studies assessing whether prenatal prognostic factors are associated with bone health in young adults are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina H. Jensen
- Department of Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Kamilla R. Riis
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark;
| | - Bo Abrahamsen
- Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, 4300 Holbæk, Denmark;
- Institute of Clinical Research, OPEN-Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mina N. Händel
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Ceccatelli S, Cravedi J, Halldorsson TI, Haug LS, Johansson N, Knutsen HK, Rose M, Roudot A, Van Loveren H, Vollmer G, Mackay K, Riolo F, Schwerdtle T. Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06223. [PMID: 32994824 PMCID: PMC7507523 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific evaluation on the risks to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in food. Based on several similar effects in animals, toxicokinetics and observed concentrations in human blood, the CONTAM Panel decided to perform the assessment for the sum of four PFASs: PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS. These made up half of the lower bound (LB) exposure to those PFASs with available occurrence data, the remaining contribution being primarily from PFASs with short half-lives. Equal potencies were assumed for the four PFASs included in the assessment. The mean LB exposure in adolescents and adult age groups ranged from 3 to 22, the 95th percentile from 9 to 70 ng/kg body weight (bw) per week. Toddlers and 'other children' showed a twofold higher exposure. Upper bound exposure was 4- to 49-fold higher than LB levels, but the latter were considered more reliable. 'Fish meat', 'Fruit and fruit products' and 'Eggs and egg products' contributed most to the exposure. Based on available studies in animals and humans, effects on the immune system were considered the most critical for the risk assessment. From a human study, a lowest BMDL 10 of 17.5 ng/mL for the sum of the four PFASs in serum was identified for 1-year-old children. Using PBPK modelling, this serum level of 17.5 ng/mL in children was estimated to correspond to long-term maternal exposure of 0.63 ng/kg bw per day. Since accumulation over time is important, a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg bw per week was established. This TWI also protects against other potential adverse effects observed in humans. Based on the estimated LB exposure, but also reported serum levels, the CONTAM Panel concluded that parts of the European population exceed this TWI, which is of concern.
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Ouidir M, Mendola P, Buck Louis GM, Kannan K, Zhang C, Tekola-Ayele F. Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in maternal plasma and epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:103. [PMID: 32653021 PMCID: PMC7371466 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal maternal plasma persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations have been associated with neonatal outcomes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Placental epigenetic mechanisms may be involved, but no prior epigenome-wide studies have investigated the impact of maternal POPs on placental DNA methylation. We studied the association between maternal plasma POP concentration in early pregnancy and epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation among 260 pregnant women from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies. Results Our analysis focused on POPs with more than 80% plasma concentrations above the limit of quantification, including 3 organochlorine pesticides (hexachlorobenzene, trans-nonachlor, p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), 1 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 47), 3 polychlorinated biphenyls (138/158, 153, 180), and 6 poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) (perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA)). Using 5% false discovery rate, POPs were associated with a total of 214 differentially methylated CpG sites (nominal p values ranging from 2.61 × 10−21 to 2.11 × 10−7). Out of the 214 CpG sites, 24 (11%) were significantly correlated with placental expression of 21 genes. Notably, higher PFUnDA was associated with increased methylation at 3 CpG sites (cg13996963, cg12089439, cg18145877) annotated to TUSC3, and increased methylation at those 3 CpG sites was correlated with decreased expression of TUSC3 in the placenta. Increased methylation at cg18145877 (TUSC3) and decreased expression of TUSC3 were correlated with shorter birth length. Out of the 214 CpG sites, methylation at 44 CpG sites was correlated (p value < 0.10) with at least one neonatal anthropometry measure (i.e., birth weight, birth length, and head circumference). Seven CpG sites mediated (p value < 0.05) the association between PBDE 47 and neonatal anthropometry measures. Genes annotating the top differentially methylated CpG sites were enriched in pathways related to differentiation of embryonic cells (PBDE 47) and in pathways related to brain size and brain morphology (PFASs). Conclusions DNA methylation changes in the placenta were significantly associated with maternal plasma POPs concentration. The findings suggest that placental DNA methylation and gene expression mechanism may be involved in the prenatal toxicity of POPs and their association with neonatal anthropometry measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ouidir
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7004, USA
| | - Pauline Mendola
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7004, USA
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Office of the Dean, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7004, USA
| | - Fasil Tekola-Ayele
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892-7004, USA.
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Scinicariello F, Buser MC, Abadin HG, Attanasio R. Perfluoroalkyl substances and anthropomorphic measures in children (ages 3-11 years), NHANES 2013-2014. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109518. [PMID: 32315828 PMCID: PMC8132309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are man-made compounds that are persistent in the environment and highly bioaccumulative in the body. Humans are exposed to a mixture of these substances, and the effects of these mixtures may be different than the effects noted for individual compounds. Prenatal exposure to PFAAs has been associated with decreased birth weight. The objective of the present study is to evaluate concurrent serum PFAA levels, as single compounds and as mixtures, in relation to anthropomorphic measures in children. METHODS Using multivariate linear regression, we evaluated the association between single or PFAA mixtures and with height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and BMI (BMIZ) z-scores in children (ages 3-11 years) participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. Analyses were also stratified by sex. The PFAA mixture was based on relative potency factors express in terms of PFOA equivalency (CmixRPFi) or as molar sum of the PFAA congeners (∑molPFAA). RESULTS There was a statistically significant association of PFHxS and PFOS with decreased HAZ in boys. The significantly decreased HAZ in boys was also found when the PFAAs were analyzed as mixtures: CmixRPFi (β = -0.33; 95%CI: 0.63, -0.04) or ΣmolPFAAs (β = -0.30; 95%CI: 0.56, -0.04). In boys, PFHxS was also associated with decreased WAZ and BMIZ. The only statistically significant association found in girls was between decreased HAZ and PFHxS. CONCLUSIONS We found sex differences in the association between concurrent serum PFAA levels and anthropomorphic measures in children 3-11 years old. PFAA levels, as single congeners or as mixture concentrations were associated with decreased height-for-age z-score in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Scinicariello
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
| | - Melanie C Buser
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Henry G Abadin
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
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Lyu X, Liu X, Wu X, Sun Y, Gao B, Wu J. Importance of Al/Fe oxyhydroxide coating and ionic strength in perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) transport in saturated porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115685. [PMID: 32172055 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding subsurface transport of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is of critical importance for the benign use and risk management of PFASs. As one of the most commonly found PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is used as a representative PFAS and water-saturated column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Al/Fe oxyhydroxide coating and ionic strength on its transport at an environmentally relevant PFOA concentration (6.8 μg L-1). Our results showed a clear increase in PFOA retardation in Al/Fe oxyhydroxide coated sand (retardation factor: Al: 1.87-5.58, Fe: 1.28-4.05) than those in uncoated sand (1.00-1.05), due to the stronger electrostatic attraction between anionic PFOA and Al/Fe oxyhydroxide coated sand surface. Notably, Al oxyhydroxide have a more profound effect on PFOA retention and retardation than Fe oxyhydroxide. Besides, higher ionic strength significantly inhabited PFOA retention and retardation in positively charged sand, and the considerable retention of PFOA (∼90%) in deionized water than those in 1.5 mM and 30.0 mM NaCl (<10%) clearly proves the role of competitive adsorption of Cl- on PFOA transport in positively charged sand. In contrast, higher ionic strength (0 mM-30 mM NaCl) slightly increased PFOA retardation in negatively charged sand, illustrating the dominance of electrostatic interaction. Our findings advance current knowledge to understand PFOA transport in natural media with different surface charge property under environmental PFOA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hydrosciences Department, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of perfluorooctanoic acid administered in feed to Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD) rats (revised). NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 2020:NTP-TR-598. [PMID: 33556048 PMCID: PMC8039881 DOI: 10.22427/ntp-tr-598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a perfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) with widespread exposure in the environment and human population. Lifetime exposure to this chemical is likely, which includes in utero and postnatal development. Previously conducted chronic carcinogenicity studies of PFOA began exposure after these critical periods of development, so it is unknown whether the carcinogenic response is altered if exposure during gestation and lactation is included. The current PFOA chronic studies were designed to assess the contribution of combined gestational and lactational exposure (herein referred to as perinatal exposure) to the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of PFOA. The hypothesis tested was that including exposure during gestation and lactation (perinatal exposure) with postweaning exposure would change the PFOA carcinogenic response quantitatively (more neoplasms) or qualitatively (different neoplasm types) compared to postweaning exposure alone. (Abstract Abridged).
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HBM-II-Werte für Perfluoroctansäure (PFOA) und Perfluoroctansulfonsäure (PFOS) in Blutplasma – Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2020; 63:356-360. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-020-03101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Di Nisio A, De Rocco Ponce M, Giadone A, Rocca MS, Guidolin D, Foresta C. Perfluoroalkyl substances and bone health in young men: a pilot study. Endocrine 2020; 67:678-684. [PMID: 31565782 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Toxicological studies indicate that PFAS accumulate in bone tissue and could cause alterations in bone metabolism. The primary objective of this study was to examine the association between PFAS exposure and bone status in a cohort of young men resident in a well-defined area with high PFAS environmental pollution. METHODS Bone status was assessed in 117 subjects aged 18-21 by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) at the heel. Subjects underwent an accurate medical visit. Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and medical histories were collected. We also verified the interaction between PFAS and hydroxyapatite by computational modelling. The organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP), the putative transporter of PFAS, was evaluated by qPCR in bone biopsies from femoral heads discarded during arthroplasty in three male subjects. RESULTS Exposed subjects showed significantly lower stiffness index, which resulted in lower t-score and higher prevalence of subjects at medium-high risk of fracture (23.6%) compared with controls (9.7%). Data from computational modelling suggested that PFOA exhibits a high affinity for hydroxyapatite, since the estimated change in free energy is in the order of that exhibited by bisphosphonates. Finally, we observed consistent expression of OATP1A2 gene in primary human osteoblasts. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting increased osteoporosis risk in young men exposed to PFAS and provide preliminary information on molecular mechanisms that could explain this observation, in agreement with previous studies on animal models and humans. However, these results must be interpreted with caution given the cross-sectional study design and the small number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M De Rocco Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - A Giadone
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M S Rocca
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica (IRP)-Fondazione Città della Speranza, Haematology-Oncology Lab, Padova, Italy
| | - D Guidolin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Gabelli 65, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - C Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
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Anderko L, Pennea E, Chalupka S. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: An Emerging Contaminant of Concern. ANNUAL REVIEW OF NURSING RESEARCH 2019; 38:159-182. [PMID: 32102961 DOI: 10.1891/0739-6686.38.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the health impacts from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) continue to grow as the science continues to emerge associating this chemical family with a wide range of health impacts. PFAS exposure may affect growth, learning, and behavior of infants and older children, and also impact reproductive health, cardiovascular health, and the immune system. PFAS exposure is widespread, with communities surrounding military bases at potentially greater risk of exposure from the use of fire fighting foam that may have entered the drinking water. As trusted health professionals, nurses have been in the frontlines communicating risks regarding PFAS to impacted communities. This chapter describes a large number of PFAS studies in blood and harmful health effects in people. The chapter discusses primary sources of exposure and risk reduction. It explains health advisory levels, minimal risk levels. The chapter provides medical testing and medical management.
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Lv N, Yuan J, Ji A, Shi L, Gao M, Cui L, Jiang Q. Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced toxicities in chicken embryo primary cardiomyocytes: Roles of PPAR alpha and Wnt5a/Frizzled2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 381:114716. [PMID: 31445018 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widespread persistent organic pollutant and may induce developmental toxicities, including developmental cardiotoxicity. To explore the potential mechanism of developmental cardiotoxicity induced by PFOA exposure, chicken embryo primary cardiomyocytes were extracted either from chicken embryos pretreated with PFOA (2 mg/kg), or from untreated embryos and then directly exposed cells to PFOA (1, 10, 30 or 100 μg/ml) in culture. Additionally, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) silencing lentivirus was applied to the embryos on embryonic day (ED2). Cell viability was measured with CCK-8 kit, morphology was assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were determined with Fluo-4 AM probe. Western blotting was utilized to confirm PPAR alpha silencing efficiency and the protein abundance of Wnt5a and Frizzled2. The results indicated that both PFOA pretreatment and direct exposure decreased primary cardiomyocyte viability, altered cell morphology and increased intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. While l-carnitine co-treatment effectively abolished such changes, PPAR alpha silencing only abolished most of the changes in PFOA pretreatment group, but not in cells directly exposed to relatively high doses of PFOA. The protein abundance of Wnt5a and Frizzled2 was increased by PFOA pretreatment, while direct exposure to PFOA increased Frizzled2 abundance but decreased Wnt5a abundance. PPAR alpha silencing resulted in over 50% decrease of PPAR alpha expression level, which abolished the Wnt5a/Frizzled2 expression alterations following PFOA exposure. In conclusion, PFOA-induced primary cardiomyocyte toxicity is associated with PPAR alpha and Wnt5a/Frizzled2, in which PPAR alpha seems to play regulatory roles towards Wnt5a/Frizzled2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, China
| | - Andong Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Limei Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China
| | - Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, China.
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Liu S, Yang R, Yin N, Wang YL, Faiola F. Environmental and human relevant PFOS and PFOA doses alter human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal, adipogenesis and osteogenesis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:564-572. [PMID: 30476818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PFOS and PFOA are two of the most abundant perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the environment. Previous studies have reported they have a long half-life (up to five years) once they enter into the human body. Moreover, they can potentially promote the adipogenic process by activating PPARγ. However, little is known about PFOS and PFOA chronic health impacts on humans. In this study, we employed primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA exerted acute cytotoxicity and affected adipogenesis and osteogenesis at environmental and human relevant doses. In fact, PFOS and PFOA impaired the proper expression of CD90 (a surface antigen highly enriched in undifferentiated hMSCs) and promoted adipogenesis, presumably via their interaction with PPARγ. Moreover, PFOA partly disturbed osteogenesis. Thus, our findings not only validated the health risks of PFOS and PFOA, but also revealed new potential long-term PFOS/PFOA impacts on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; Section of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Puttige Ramesh N, Arora M, Braun JM. Cross-sectional study of the association between serum perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations and dental caries among US adolescents (NHANES 1999-2012). BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024189. [PMID: 30782897 PMCID: PMC6377528 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of anthropogenic and persistent compounds that may impact some biological pathways related to oral health. The objective of our study was to estimate the relationship between dental caries prevalence and exposure to four PFAA: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. SETTING/DESIGN We analysed cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012 for 12-19-year-old US adolescents. PARTICIPANTS Of 10 856 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years who had a dental examination, we included 2869 with laboratory measurements for serum PFAA concentrations and complete covariate data in our study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Dental caries prevalence was defined as the presence of decay or a restoration on any tooth surface, or the loss of a tooth due to tooth decay. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the covariate-adjusted association between serum PFAA concentrations and dental caries prevalence, accounting for the complex National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey design. RESULTS Of 2869 adolescents, 59% had one or more dental caries. We observed no associations between the prevalence of dental caries and serum concentrations of PFOA, PFOS or PFHxS. The adjusted odds of caries were 21% (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.01), 15% (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.67 to 1.08) and 30% (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90) lower among adolescents in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th serum PFNA concentration quartiles compared to adolescents in the first quartile, respectively. The linear trend for this association was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS were not associated with prevalence of dental caries. The prevalence of caries was reduced with increasing serum PFNA concentrations; however, these results should be interpreted cautiously given that we were unable to adjust for several factors related to oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Arora
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Boston CM, Banacos N, Heiger-Bernays W. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A National Priority for Safe Drinking Water. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:112-117. [PMID: 30763146 PMCID: PMC6410471 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919826567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Moore Boston
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie Banacos
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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