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Zhang Y, Jin J, Wang N, Sun Q, Feng D, Zhu S, Wang Z, Li S, Ye J, Chai L, Xie Z, Deng X. Cytochrome P450 CitCYP97B modulates carotenoid accumulation diversity by hydroxylating β-cryptoxanthin in Citrus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100847. [PMID: 38379285 PMCID: PMC11211522 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids in plant foods provide health benefits by functioning as provitamin A. One of the vital provitamin A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin, is typically plentiful in citrus fruit. However, little is known about the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in citrus. Here, we performed a widely targeted metabolomic analysis of 65 major carotenoids and carotenoid derivatives to characterize carotenoid accumulation in Citrus and determine the taxonomic profile of β-cryptoxanthin. We used data from 81 newly sequenced representative accessions and 69 previously sequenced Citrus cultivars to reveal the genetic basis of β-cryptoxanthin accumulation through a genome-wide association study. We identified a causal gene, CitCYP97B, which encodes a cytochrome P450 protein whose substrate and metabolic pathways in land plants were undetermined. We subsequently demonstrated that CitCYP97B functions as a novel monooxygenase that specifically hydroxylates the β-ring of β-cryptoxanthin in a heterologous expression system. In planta experiments provided further evidence that CitCYP97B negatively regulates β-cryptoxanthin content. Using the sequenced Citrus accessions, we found that two critical structural cis-element variations contribute to increased expression of CitCYP97B, thereby altering β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in fruit. Hybridization/introgression appear to have contributed to the prevalence of two cis-element variations in different Citrus types during citrus evolution. Overall, these findings extend our understanding of the regulation and diversity of carotenoid metabolism in fruit crops and provide a genetic target for production of β-cryptoxanthin-biofortified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiajing Jin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Nan Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Sun
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Feng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenchao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zexin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shunxin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Ye
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun Chai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zongzhou Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Nehzat N, Browne RW, Ghazal D, Tamaño-Blanco M, Jakimovski D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M. Exploratory 5-year follow-up study of retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 81:105143. [PMID: 38039941 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids (RTC) have physiological roles as vitamins, pro-vitamins, and antioxidants, and provide biomarkers of dietary vegetable and fruit intake. The goal was to investigate RTC in multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This exploratory study included 106 people with MS (71 relapsing-remitting MS or RR-MS; and 35 progressive MS or PMS) and 31 healthy controls (HC) at baseline and 5-year follow-up (5YFU). Serum retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels were measured using the single molecule array method. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and low contrast letter acuity (LCLA) were used as disability measures. RESULTS Retinol in MS was positively correlated with α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and α-tocopherol but negatively correlated with δ-tocopherol. EDSS was associated with α-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, and lycopene. Greater retinol levels were associated with greater LCLA in RR-MS and PMS; high contrast visual acuity was not associated. Greater γ-tocopherol levels were associated with lower LCLA and high contrast visual acuity in PMS. CONCLUSIONS RTC exhibit distinctive associations with LCLA and EDSS in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Nehzat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Diala Ghazal
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Miriam Tamaño-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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3
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Miller AP, Hornero-Méndez D, Bandara S, Parra-Rivero O, Limón MC, von Lintig J, Avalos J, Amengual J. Bioavailability and provitamin A activity of neurosporaxanthin in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1068. [PMID: 37864015 PMCID: PMC10589281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Various species of ascomycete fungi synthesize the carboxylic carotenoid neurosporaxanthin. The unique chemical structure of this xanthophyll reveals that: (1) Its carboxylic end and shorter length increase the polarity of neurosporaxanthin in comparison to other carotenoids, and (2) it contains an unsubstituted β-ionone ring, conferring the potential to form vitamin A. Previously, neurosporaxanthin production was optimized in Fusarium fujikuroi, which allowed us to characterize its antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. In this study, we assessed the bioavailability of neurosporaxanthin compared to other provitamin A carotenoids in mice and examined whether it can be cleaved by the two carotenoid-cleaving enzymes: β-carotene-oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and 2 (BCO2). Using Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, we report that neurosporaxanthin displays greater bioavailability than β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, as evidenced by higher accumulation and decreased fecal elimination. Enzymatic assays with purified BCO1 and BCO2, together with feeding studies in wild-type, Bco1-/-, Bco2-/-, and Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, revealed that neurosporaxanthin is a substrate for either carotenoid-cleaving enzyme. Wild-type mice fed neurosporaxanthin displayed comparable amounts of vitamin A to those fed β-carotene. Together, our study unveils neurosporaxanthin as a highly bioavailable fungal carotenoid with provitamin A activity, highlighting its potential as a novel food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Kimura A, Kim YH, Hashizume K, Ito A, Mukai K, Kizaki K, Sato S. Effects of oral β-cryptoxanthin administration on the transcriptomes of peripheral neutrophil and liver tissue using microarray analysis in post-weaned Holstein calves. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1167-1175. [PMID: 36876888 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX), a precursor of vitamin A synthesis, on the transcriptomes of peripheral neutrophils and liver tissue in post-weaned Holstein calves with immature immunity. A single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg body weight) was performed in eight Holstein calves (4.0 ± 0.8 months of age; 117 ± 10 kg) on Day 0. Peripheral neutrophils (n = 4) and liver tissue (n = 4) were collected on Days 0 and 7. Neutrophils were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and treated with the TRIzol reagent. mRNA expression profiles were examined by microarray and differentially expressed genes were investigated using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. The differentially expressed candidate genes identified in neutrophils (COL3A1, DCN, and CCL2) and liver tissue (ACTA1) were involved in enhanced bacterial killing and maintenance of cellular homoeostasis respectively. The changes in the expression of six of the eight common genes encoding enzymes (ADH5 and SQLE) and transcription regulators (RARRES1, COBLL1, RTKN, and HES1) were in the same direction in neutrophils and liver tissue. ADH5 and SQLE are involved in the maintenance of cellular homoeostasis by increasing the availability of substrates, and RARRES1, COBLL1, RTKN, and HES1 are associated with the suppression of apoptosis and carcinogenesis. An in silico analysis revealed that MYC, which is related to the regulation of cellular differentiation and apoptosis, was the most significant upstream regulator in neutrophils and liver tissue. Transcription regulators such as CDKN2A (cell growth suppressor) and SP1 (cell apoptosis enhancer) were significantly inhibited and activated, respectively, in neutrophils and liver tissue. These results suggest that oral administration of β-CRX promotes the expression of candidate genes related to bactericidal ability and regulation of cellular processes in peripheral neutrophils and liver cells in response to the immune-enhancing function of β-CRX in post-weaned Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- The Institute for Social Medicines, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Mukai
- Gunma University Center for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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Yamanobe H, Yamamoto K, Kishimoto S, Nakai K, Oseko F, Yamamoto T, Mazda O, Kanamura N. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of β-Cryptoxanthin on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cytokine Expression in Human Oral Mucosal Keratinocytes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072935. [PMID: 37049698 PMCID: PMC10095812 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis is a typical adverse effect of chemotherapy, causing oral pain that significantly reduces the patient’s quality of life. β-cryptoxanthin (β-cry) is a carotenoid abundant in citrus fruits with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the β-cry effect on oral mucositis remains unclear. We investigated the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and β-cry on human normal oral mucosal keratinocytes (hOMK). hOMK was seeded on a culture plate and cultured with 5-FU and β-cry. The cell number, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and production of inflammatory cytokines in hOMK were evaluated. Additionally, the cell count and inflammatory cytokine production were analyzed when hOMK was co-stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P. gingivalis LPS) in addition to 5-FU. The numbers of hOMK significantly reduced with 5-FU stimulation, whereas it increased with β-cry treatment. mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 and protein production of IL-6 and IL-8 in hOMK were augmented on 5-FU stimulation. Simultaneously, β-cry treatment significantly suppressed IL-8 and MMP-9 mRNA expression, and IL-8 production was induced on 5-FU stimulation. Co-stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS and 5-FU enhanced IL-6 and IL-8 production in hOMK. β-cry could enhance cell proliferation and suppress 5-FU-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMP in hOMK. Thus, β-cry can alleviate the symptoms of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis, and its combination with oral care is effective in managing oral mucositis.
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Fujii R, Suzuki K, Yamada H, Kawado M, Hashimoto S, Tsuboi Y, Wakai K, Iso H, Watanabe Y, Fujino Y, Tamakoshi A. Association between serum carotenoids and premature mortality in a population-based case-control study. NAGOYA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022; 84:607-620. [PMID: 36237882 PMCID: PMC9529633 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.84.3.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are abundant pigments mainly contained in vegetables and fruits, and show antioxidant properties by quenching free radicals in human body. Few studies have investigated associations between serum carotenoid levels and premature mortality. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum carotenoid level and premature mortality in a Japanese population. This study included 446 Japanese adults (174 men, aged of 40-64) recruited as participants in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Serum carotenoid level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Premature mortality was defined as death before 65 years old during the follow-up period. Premature mortality was ascertained in 60 men (34.5%) and 65 women (23.9%). In men, compared to the 1st tertile of serum β-cryptoxanthin and provitamin A, those who were in the 3rd tertile had lower risks of premature all-cause mortality (OR, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.07-0.47 for β-cryptoxanthin, and 0.24, 0.09-0.61 for provitamin A). In women, compared to the 1st tertile of serum β-cryptoxanthin, those who were in the 3rd tertile had higher risks of premature all-cause mortality (OR, 95% CI: 1.94, 1.00-4.03). These significant associations were observed in analyses for premature cancer mortality. We found significant associations between higher levels of serum β-cryptoxanthin and provitamin A and lower risks of premature mortality among Japanese men, while a different directional association was found in women. Although these findings suggest roles of serum carotenoids on premature mortality, further studies are needed to validate this association in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawado
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsuboi
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Iso
- Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujino
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akiko Tamakoshi
- Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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β-carotene improves fecal dysbiosis and intestinal dysfunctions in a mouse model of vitamin A deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159122. [PMID: 35158041 PMCID: PMC9940628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) results in intestinal inflammation, increased redox stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, imbalanced inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines, compromised barrier function, and perturbations of the gut microbiome. To combat VAD dietary interventions with β-carotene, the most abundant precursor of vitamin A, are recommended. However, the impact of β-carotene on intestinal health during VAD has not been fully clarified, especially regarding the VAD-associated intestinal dysbiosis. Here we addressed this question by using Lrat-/-Rbp-/- (vitamin A deficient) mice deprived of dietary preformed vitamin A and supplemented with β-carotene as the sole source of the vitamin, alongside with WT (vitamin A sufficient) mice. We found that dietary β-carotene impacted intestinal vitamin A status, barrier integrity and inflammation in both WT and Lrat-/-Rbp-/- (vitamin A deficient) mice on the vitamin A-free diet. However, it did so to a greater extent under overt VAD. Dietary β-carotene also modified the taxonomic profile of the fecal microbiome, but only under VAD. Given the similarity of the VAD-associated intestinal phenotypes with those of several other disorders of the gut, collectively known as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Syndrome, these findings are broadly relevant to the effort of developing diet-based intervention strategies to ameliorate intestinal pathological conditions.
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8
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Exploring the potential of antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and strategies for their recovery. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Olmedilla-Alonso B, Granado-Lorencio F, de Ancos B, Sánchez-Moreno C, Martín-Belloso O, Blanco I, Herrero-Barbudo C, Elez-Martínez P, Plaza L, Cano MP. Greater bioavailability of xanthophylls compared to carotenes from orange juice (high-pressure processed, pulsed electric field treated, low-temperature pasteurised, and freshly squeezed) in a crossover study in healthy individuals. Food Chem 2022; 371:130821. [PMID: 34628251 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of the intake of orange juice provided freshly squeezed (FS) or processed using low-temperature pasteurisation (LP), high-pressure processing (HPP), or pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the serum carotenoid concentrations of 12 healthy individuals, aged 20-32 years, enrolled in a crossover study. Participants were instructed to consume 500 ml of orange juice/day for 14 days. Carotenoid concentrations in the orange juice as well as serum samples retrieved on days 7 and 14 were analysed via HPLC. A significant increase in serum xanthophyll concentrations, but not serum carotenes, was observed, with the highest increase in α- and β-cryptoxanthin. The processing technologies applied appeared to affect serum carotenoid concentrations, with concentrations being similar in the HPP and FS orange juice types. As high variability in serum carotenoid concentrations was observed, the effect of different technologies on serum carotenoid concentration warrants further studies with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Begoña de Ancos
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department of Characterisation, Quality and Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Moreno
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department of Characterisation, Quality and Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Martín-Belloso
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida - Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Blanco
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Unidad de Vitaminas, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Herrero-Barbudo
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Unidad de Vitaminas, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Elez-Martínez
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida - Agrotecnio Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - Lucía Plaza
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department of Characterisation, Quality and Safety, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Cano
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Department of Characterisation, Quality and Safety, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Schmiedeskamp A, Schreiner M, Baldermann S. Impact of Cultivar Selection and Thermal Processing by Air Drying, Air Frying, and Deep Frying on the Carotenoid Content and Stability and Antioxidant Capacity in Carrots ( Daucus carota L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1629-1639. [PMID: 35090124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that consuming diets rich in carotenoids can reduce the risk of developing several non-communicable diseases. Thus, we investigated the extent to which carotenoid contents of foods can be increased by the choice of food matrices with naturally high carotenoid contents and thermal processing methods that maintain their stability. For this purpose, carotenoids of 15 carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars of different colors were assessed with UHPLC-DAD-ToF-MS. Additionally, the processing effects of air drying, air frying, and deep frying on carotenoid stability were applied. Cultivar selection accounted for up to 12.9-fold differences in total carotenoid content in differently colored carrots and a 2.2-fold difference between orange carrot cultivars. Air frying for 18 and 25 min and deep frying for 10 min led to a significant decrease in total carotenoid contents. TEAC assay of lipophilic extracts showed a correlation between carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity in untreated carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Schmiedeskamp
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- NutriAct─Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Food Chemistry, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- NutriAct─Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany
- NutriAct─Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, Food Metabolome, Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 13, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
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Haeri F, Nouri M, Nezamoleslami S, Moradi A, Ghiasvand R. Role of dietary antioxidants and vitamins intake in semen quality parameters: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 48:434-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Use of stable isotopes to study bioconversion and bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 670:399-422. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rai SN, Singh P, Steinbusch HW, Vamanu E, Ashraf G, Singh MP. The Role of Vitamins in Neurodegenerative Disease: An Update. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1284. [PMID: 34680401 PMCID: PMC8533313 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquiring the recommended daily allowance of vitamins is crucial for maintaining homeostatic balance in humans and other animals. A deficiency in or dysregulation of vitamins adversely affects the neuronal metabolism, which may lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In this article, we discuss how novel vitamin-based approaches aid in attenuating abnormal neuronal functioning in neurodegeneration-based brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Prion disease. Vitamins show their therapeutic activity in Parkinson's disease by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, different water- and lipid-soluble vitamins have also prevented amyloid beta and tau pathology. On the other hand, some results also show no correlation between vitamin action and the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Some vitamins also exhibit toxic activity too. This review discusses both the beneficial and null effects of vitamin supplementation for neurological disorders. The detailed mechanism of action of both water- and lipid-soluble vitamins is addressed in the manuscript. Hormesis is also an essential factor that is very helpful to determine the effective dose of vitamins. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were employed to conduct the literature search of original articles, review articles, and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India;
| | - Payal Singh
- Department of Zoology, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Harry W.M. Steinbusch
- Department of Cellular Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Emanuel Vamanu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, The University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine, 59 Marasti blvd, 1 District, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ghulam Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohan Prasad Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India;
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Moltedo A, Álvarez-Sánchez C, Grande F, Charrondiere UR. The complexity of producing and interpreting dietary vitamin A statistics. J Food Compost Anal 2021; 100:103926. [PMID: 34219918 PMCID: PMC8140404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
38 of 90 food composition tables reviewed report total vitamin A values poorly. Only 9 tables provide total vitamin A values expressed in both RE and RAE. 25 tables provide enough information to calculate total vitamin A in RE and RAE. Consensus on the conversion of pro-vitamin A carotenoids to retinol is needed. Vitamin A adequacy ratios vary with the unit of intake and source of requirements.
Producing, reporting, and interpreting vitamin A statistics present multiple challenges largely attributable to the systems of equivalence used to convert pro-vitamin A carotenoids into retinol equivalents, and to the criteria used by institutions to set recommendations. This study describes the information on total vitamin A, retinol and provitamin A carotenoids available in 90 food composition tables/databases (FCTs/FCDBs). It also evaluates the effect of the definition of vitamin A intake (Retinol Equivalents [RE] or Retinol Activity Equivalents [RAE]) and the source of requirements on the potential contribution of dietary intake to the population’s requirements. We found that 43 percent of the FCTs/FCDBs reviewed, many of them from high-income countries, do not provide total vitamin A or sufficient information for computing it, or present inconsistencies between the metadata and the published values; 9 percent publish total vitamin A in RE and RAE; and 28 percent provide information on retinol and provitamin A carotenoids that enables calculating total vitamin A in both definitions. Vitamin A adequacy ratios are lowest when the consumption unit is RAE and the source of requirements is the US Health and Medicine Division. When the consumption definition is RE, adequacy ratios are higher using FAO/WHO than EFSA requirements. It is imperative to reach consensus on the system of conversion of provitamin A carotenoids into retinol equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moltedo
- Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Álvarez-Sánchez
- Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - Fernanda Grande
- Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
| | - U Ruth Charrondiere
- Food and Nutrition Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome, Italy
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Lipidomics-Based Comparison of Molecular Compositions of Green, Yellow, and Red Bell Peppers. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040241. [PMID: 33919953 PMCID: PMC8070949 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying and annotating the molecular composition of individual foods will improve scientific understanding of how foods impact human health and how much variation exists in the molecular composition of foods of the same species. The complexity of this task includes distinct varieties and variations in natural occurring pigments of foods. Lipidomics, a sub-field of metabolomics, has emerged as an effective tool to help decipher the molecular composition of foods. For this proof-of-principle research, we determined the lipidomic profiles of green, yellow and red bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and a novel tool for automated annotation of compounds following database searches. Among 23 samples analyzed from 6 peppers (2 green, 1 yellow, and 3 red), over 8000 lipid compounds were detected with 315 compounds (106 annotated) found in all three colors. Assessments of relationships between these compounds and pepper color, using linear mixed effects regression and false discovery rate (<0.05) statistical adjustment, revealed 11 compounds differing by color. The compound most strongly associated with color was the carotenoid, β-cryptoxanthin (p-value = 7.4 × 10−5; FDR adjusted p-value = 0.0080). These results support lipidomics as a viable analytical technique to identify molecular compounds that can be used for unique characterization of foods.
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16
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Kimura A, Kim YH, Hashizume K, Ito A, Mukai K, Kizaki K, Sato S. Single oral β-cryptoxanthin administration increases its serum concentration and enhances peripheral blood neutrophil function in Holstein cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:829-831. [PMID: 33775992 PMCID: PMC8182316 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin (β-CRX) on its serum concentration and peripheral neutrophil functions by the chemiluminescence (CL) response in Holstein cattle. A single oral administration of β-CRX was performed for serum β-CRX concentration (0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg/kg body weight [BW]) and for peak CL response of peripheral neutrophils (0.2 mg/kg BW). The serum β-CRX concentration was peaked on 2 days after, similar to peak CL response on 3 days after β-CRX administration. Therefore, a single oral administration of β-CRX (0.2 mg/kg BW) induces higher serum concentration and concurrently enhances bactericidal ability of peripheral neutrophils in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hashizume
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- The Institute for Social Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | | | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
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Pereira AG, Otero P, Echave J, Carreira-Casais A, Chamorro F, Collazo N, Jaboui A, Lourenço-Lopes C, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19040188. [PMID: 33801636 PMCID: PMC8067268 DOI: 10.3390/md19040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae are considered pigment-producing organisms. The function of these compounds in algae is to carry out photosynthesis. They have a great variety of pigments, which can be classified into three large groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Within the carotenoids are xanthophylls. Xanthophylls (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) are a type of carotenoids with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities, due to their chemical structure rich in double bonds that provides them with antioxidant properties. In this context, xanthophylls can protect other molecules from oxidative stress by turning off singlet oxygen damage through various mechanisms. Based on clinical studies, this review shows the available information concerning the bioactivity and biological effects of the main xanthophylls present in algae. In addition, the algae with the highest production rate of the different compounds of interest were studied. It was observed that fucoxanthin is obtained mainly from the brown seaweeds Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum spp., and Fucus spp. The main sources of astaxanthin are the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, and Chlorococcum sp. Lutein and zeaxanthin are mainly found in algal species such as Scenedesmus spp., Chlorella spp., Rhodophyta spp., or Spirulina spp. However, the extraction and purification processes of xanthophylls from algae need to be standardized to facilitate their commercialization. Finally, we assessed factors that determine the bioavailability and bioaccesibility of these molecules. We also suggested techniques that increase xanthophyll’s bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia G. Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Javier Echave
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Anxo Carreira-Casais
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Franklin Chamorro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Nicolas Collazo
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Amira Jaboui
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Catarina Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (P.O.); (J.E.); (A.C.-C.); (F.C.); (N.C.); (A.J.); (C.L.-L.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
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18
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Lin S, Shen Y. Dietary carotenoids intake and depressive symptoms in US adults, NHANES 2015-2016. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:41-45. [PMID: 33388472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The data for effect of dietary specific carotenoids on depression are limited and controversial. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between dietary carotenoids intakes and the prevalence of depressive symptoms. METHODS In the 2015-2016 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 4,105 adults with complete data of dietary intake and assessment of depressive symptoms are enrolled. Dietary intake was assessed through two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Depression symptoms were assessed using the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire. We used logistic regression to assess the relationship between diet carotenoids intake and the prevalence of depressive symptoms, adjusting for the main potential confounders. In addition, daily dietary carotenoids intake was adjusted for daily total energy intake based on the nutrient density model. RESULTS We found a significant inverse association between dietary beta-cryptoxanthin intake and depressive symptoms, with lowest prevalence in the third tertile (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.90, p for trend < 0.001). Dose-response analyses revealed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased with increasing intakes of beta-cryptoxanthin when reached the point above 110 ug/1000 Kcal. No such association was found for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin. CONCLUSIONS Increase the intake of beta-cryptoxathin-rich foods might protect from depressive symptoms. Further prospective studies are requested before dietary recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lin
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China.
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Olmedilla-Alonso B, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Beltrán-de-Miguel B, Estévez-Santiago R. Dietary β-Cryptoxanthin and α-Carotene Have Greater Apparent Bioavailability Than β-Carotene in Subjects from Countries with Different Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2639. [PMID: 32872544 PMCID: PMC7551262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-carotene, α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin are greater contributors to vitamin A intake than retinol in the human diet for most people around the world. Their contribution depends on several factors, including bioavailability and capacity of conversion into retinol. There is an increasing body of research showing that the use of retinol activity equivalents or retinol equivalents could lead to the underestimation of the contribution of β-cryptoxanthin and of α-carotene. The aim is to assess their apparent bioavailability by comparing concentrations in blood to their dietary intakes and identifying the major food contributors to their dietary intake. Dietary intake (3-day 24-h records) and serum concentrations (by HPLC) were calculated in normolipemic subjects with adequate retinol status (≥1.1 µmol/L) from our studies (n = 633) and apparent bioavailability calculated from 22 other studies (n = 29,700). Apparent bioavailability was calculated as the ratio of concentration in the blood to carotenoid intake. Apparent bioavailabilities for α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were compared to those for β-carotene. Eating comparable amounts of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene foods resulted in 55% greater α-carotene (95% CI 35, 90) and 686% higher β-cryptoxanthin (95% CI 556, 1016) concentrations than β-carotene in blood. This suggests differences in the apparent bioavailability of α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and even larger differences with β-cryptoxanthin, greater than that of β-carotene. Four fruits (tomato, orange, tangerine, red pepper) and two vegetables (carrot, spinach) are the main contributors to their dietary intake (>50%) in Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Olmedilla-Alonso
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Beltrán-de-Miguel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rocío Estévez-Santiago
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), C/José Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Faculty of Experimental Science, Francisco de Vitoria University, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Diep TT, Pook C, Rush EC, Yoo MJY. Quantification of Carotenoids, α-Tocopherol, and Ascorbic Acid in Amber, Mulligan, and Laird's Large Cultivars of New Zealand Tamarillos ( Solanum betaceum Cav.). Foods 2020; 9:E769. [PMID: 32545178 PMCID: PMC7353566 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amber (yellow), Laird's Large (red) and Mulligan (purple-red) cultivars of New Zealand tamarillo fruit were separated into pulp (endo- and mesocarp) and peel (exocarp), and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for carotenoids, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid contents. Fresh Mulligan pulp had the highest content of β-carotene (0.9 mg/100 g), α-tocopherol (1.9 mg/100 g), and ascorbic acid (28 mg/100 g). Higher concentrations of β-carotene and ascorbic acid, and lower concentrations of α-tocopherol were detected in pulps compared with peels. Compared with standard serves of other fruit, tamarillo had the highest β-carotene (9-20% RDI (recommended dietary intake)/serve), high ascorbic acid (67-75% RDI/serve), and α-tocopherol (16-23% adequate intake/serve). All cultivars had diverse carotenoid profiles dominated by provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin) and xanthophyll carotenoids (lutein; zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin). Favorable growth conditions (high light intensity and low temperature) may explain the higher antioxidant vitamin content in New Zealand tamarillos compared to those from other countries. Tamarillo peels may be used as natural food coloring agent to reduce waste and deliver sustainable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Thanh Diep
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Chris Pook
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Elaine C. Rush
- Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
- School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Ji Yeon Yoo
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environment Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
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21
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Lachowicz S, Kapusta I, Świeca M, Stinco CM, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Bieniek A. In Vitro Biological Activities of Fruits and Leaves of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. and Their Isoprenoids and Polyphenolics Profile. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050436. [PMID: 32429578 PMCID: PMC7278795 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was in-depth identification of carotenoids and polyphenolic compounds in leaves and fruits of Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. An additional aim was to assay their antioxidant and in vitro biological activities (the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity) of two cultivars: ‘Sweet Scarlet’ and ‘Jahidka’. Study results showed the presence of 70 bioactive compounds, including 20 isoprenoids and 50 polyphenols. The profile of identified bioactive compounds had not been examined in this respect until now. The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and polyphenol levels and antioxidant activity of the foliar samples were virtually identical in both cultivars and clearly higher relative to those in the fruits. On the other hand, the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activity of the fruits was clearly higher as compared to the leaves. The highest amount of phenolic acids, flavonols, and polymeric procyanidins was in the ‘Sweet Scarlet’ for fruit and leaves, while the highest amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids was in the ‘Jahidka’. The inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase activities appeared to be better correlated with the carotenoid content, which warrants further studies of the possible anti-diabetic and anti-obesity actions of the major carotenoids found in the fruits (lycopene, phytoene, and lutein). In addition, strong correlation between antioxidant activity and phenols of E. multiflora Thunb. components can be effective in removing reactive oxygen species. The results of our study show that both the fruits and leaves of E. multiflora Thunb. can be important for health promotion through the diet and for innovating in the industry of functional food and (nutri)cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lachowicz
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, Rzeszow University, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Michał Świeca
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Carla M. Stinco
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.M.S.); (A.J.M.-M.)
| | - Antonio J. Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Colour & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.M.S.); (A.J.M.-M.)
| | - Anna Bieniek
- Department of Horticulture, University of Warmia and Mazury, Prawocheńskiego 21, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
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Watkins JL, Pogson BJ. Prospects for Carotenoid Biofortification Targeting Retention and Catabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:501-512. [PMID: 31956035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in developing countries there has been a large effort towards increasing the carotenoid content of staple foods via biofortification. Common strategies used for carotenoid biofortification include altering flux through the biosynthesis pathway to direct synthesis to a specific product, generally β-carotene, or via increasing the expression of genes early in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Recently, carotenoid biofortification strategies are turning towards increasing the retention of carotenoids in plant tissues either via altering sequestration within the cell or via downregulating enzymes known to cause degradation of carotenoids. To date, little attention has focused on increasing the stability of carotenoids, which may be a promising method of increasing carotenoid content in staple foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta L Watkins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Sheftel J, Bresnahan KA, Fadjarwati T, Tanumihardjo SA. Modified relative dose response values differ between lactating women in the United States and Indonesia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:797-804. [PMID: 32326757 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220921550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a major health issue globally, and lactating women are particularly vulnerable due to increased needs for milk production. Accurate detection of VA deficiency is important; however, most population surveys measure VA status using serum retinol, which is affected by inflammation and lacks sensitivity. The modified relative dose response (MRDR) test qualitatively distinguishes between VA deficiency and sufficiency and could improve population surveys if completed in a randomly selected subsample of individuals in surveys. The original relative dose response test required two blood samples, while MRDR requires only one, a significant improvement in accessibility of the technique by decreasing burden on subjects and investigators. This work demonstrates significant deficiency in Indonesian women compared with US women. In combination with previous research using lactating sows, these human data support milk as a surrogate for blood in the MRDR, which may be less invasive, but requires further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kara A Bresnahan
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tetra Fadjarwati
- National Institute for Health Research and Development (Badan Litbang Kesehatan), Jakarta 10560, Indonesia
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Jakobsen J, Melse-Boonstra A, Rychlik M. Challenges to Quantify Total Vitamin Activity: How to Combine the Contribution of Diverse Vitamers? Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz086. [PMID: 31598575 PMCID: PMC6776468 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review aims to highlight the challenges in quantifying vitamin activity in foods that contain several vitamers of a group, using as examples the fat-soluble vitamins A and D as well as the water-soluble folate. The absorption, metabolism, and physiology of these examples are described along with the current analytical methodology, with an emphasis on approaches to standardization. Moreover, the major food sources for the vitamins are numerated. The article focuses particularly on outlining the so-called SLAMENGHI factors influencing a vitamer's' ability to act as a vitamin, that is, molecular species, linkage, amount, matrix, effectors of absorption, nutrition status, genetics, host-related factors, and the interaction of these. After summarizing the current approaches to estimating the total content of each vitamin group, the review concludes by outlining the research gaps and future perspectives in vitamin analysis. There are no standardized methods for the quantification of the vitamers of vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate in foods. For folate and β-carotene, a difference in vitamer activity between foods and supplements has been confirmed, whereas no difference has been observed for vitamin D. For differences in vitamer activity between provitamin A carotenoids and retinol, and between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D, international consensus is lacking. The challenges facing each of the specific vitamin communities are the gaps in knowledge about bioaccessibility and bioavailability for each of the various vitamers. The differences between the vitamins make it difficult to formulate a common strategy for assessing the quantitative differences between the vitamers. In the future, optimized stationary digestive models and the more advanced dynamic digestive models combined with in vitro models for bioavailability could more closely resemble in vivo results. New knowledge will enable us to transfer nutrient recommendations into improved dietary advice to increase public health throughout the human life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alida Melse-Boonstra
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Australia
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Titcomb TJ, Kaeppler MS, Sandoval Cates SB, Shannon JM, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Carrot Leaves Maintain Liver Vitamin A Concentrations in Male Mongolian Gerbils Regardless of the Ratio of α- to β-Carotene When β-Carotene Equivalents Are Equalized. J Nutr 2019; 149:951-958. [PMID: 31050738 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrots are an important horticultural crop that contain provitamin A carotenoids (PACs). Orange carrots have high concentrations of α-carotene, which upon central cleavage yields 1 retinal and 1 α-retinal molecule. The leaves of carrot plants are a source of PACs when consumed. OBJECTIVE Male Mongolian gerbils aged 27-30 d were used to assess the bioefficacy of carrot leaves to maintain vitamin A (VA) status and investigate whether the ratio of α- to β-carotene (α:β-carotene) affected bioefficacy. METHODS After 3 wk depletion, baseline gerbils were killed (n = 6) and the remaining gerbils (n = 60) were divided into 6 groups to receive 4 VA-deficient, carrot leaf-fortified feeds (1:1.4, 1:2.5, 1:5.0, and 1:80 α:β-carotene ratio) equalized to 4.8 nmol/g β-carotene equivalents (βCEs), or VA-deficient feed with (VA+) or without (VA-) retinyl acetate supplements. Carrot-leaf powder from 4 carrot plants with differing α:β-carotene ratios was used. After 4 wk, gerbils were killed and tissues were collected and analyzed for retinoids by HPLC. RESULTS VA+ had higher total liver VA (means ± SD 0.91 ± 0.29 μmol) than all other groups (range: 0.40-0.62) (P ≤ 0.03), and the carrot leaf treatments did not differ from baseline (0.55 ± 0.09 μmol). VA- (0.40 ± 0.23 μmol VA/liver) did not differ from the leaf-fed groups, but 30% became VA deficient (defined as <0.1 μmol VA/g liver). α-Retinol accumulated in livers and lungs and was correlated to total α-carotene consumption (R2 = 0.83 and 0.88, respectively; P < 0.0001). Bioefficacy factors ranged from 4.2 to 6.2 μg βCE to 1 μg retinol. CONCLUSIONS Carrot leaves maintain VA status and prevent deficiency in gerbils regardless of the α:β-carotene ratio. The bioconversion of PACs from carrot leaves to retinol is similar to what has been reported for other green leafy vegetables, making the consumption of carrot leaves a viable method to improve dietary PAC intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Titcomb
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mikayla S Kaeppler
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Jamie M Shannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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β-Cryptoxanthin Reduces Body Fat and Increases Oxidative Stress Response in Caenorhabditis elegans Model. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020232. [PMID: 30678209 PMCID: PMC6412578 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX) is a major dietary pro-vitamin A carotenoid, found mainly in fruits and vegetables. Several studies showed the beneficial effects of BCX on different aspects of human health. In spite of the evidence, the molecular mechanisms of action of BCX need to be further investigated. The Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to analyze in vivo the activity of BCX on fat reduction and protection to oxidative stress. Dose-response assays provided evidence of the efficacy of BCX at very low dose (0.025 µg/mL) (p < 0.001) on these processes. Moreover, a comparative analysis with other carotenoids, such as lycopene and β-carotene, showed a stronger effect of BCX. Furthermore, a transcriptomic analysis of wild-type nematodes supplemented with BCX revealed upregulation of the energy metabolism, response to stress, and protein homeostasis as the main metabolic targets of this xanthophyll. Collectively, this study provides new in vivo evidence of the potential therapeutic use of BCX in the prevention of diseases related to metabolic syndrome and aging.
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Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:701-716. [PMID: 30239557 PMCID: PMC6247336 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The associations of various dietary or circulating antioxidants with the risk of all-cause mortality in the general population have not been established yet. A systematic search was performed in PubMed and Scopus, from their inception up to October 2017. Prospective observational studies reporting risk estimates of all-cause mortality in relation to dietary intake and/or circulating concentrations of antioxidants were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Forty-one prospective observational studies (total n = 507,251) involving 73,965 cases of all-cause mortality were included. The RRs of all-cause mortality for the highest compared with the lowest category of circulating antioxidant concentrations were as follows: total carotenes, 0.60 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.74); vitamin C, 0.61 (95% CI: 0.53, 0.69); selenium, 0.62 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.79); β-carotene, 0.63 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.70); α-carotene, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.58, 0.78); total carotenoids, 0.68 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.80); lycopene, 0.75 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.97); and α-tocopherol, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.91). The RRs for dietary intakes were: total carotenoids, 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.85); total antioxidant capacity, 0.77 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.81); selenium, 0.79 (95% CI: 0.73, 0.85); α-carotene, 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.94); β-carotene, 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.86); vitamin C, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.94); and total carotenes, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.97). A nonsignificant inverse association was found for dietary zinc, zeaxanthin, lutein, and vitamin E. The nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association in the analyses of dietary β-carotene and total antioxidant capacity, as well as in the analyses of circulating α-carotene, β-carotene, selenium, vitamin C, and total carotenoids. The association appeared to be U-shaped in the analyses of serum lycopene and dietary vitamin C. The present study indicates that adherence to a diet with high antioxidant properties may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality. Our results confirm current recommendations that promote higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods such as fruit and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Food (salt) Safety Research Center, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Research Center of Physiology, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Parohan
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Sadat Zargar
- Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Departments of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Titcomb TJ, Sheftel J, Sowa M, Gannon BM, Davis CR, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. β-Cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin are highly bioavailable from whole-grain and refined biofortified orange maize in humans with optimal vitamin A status: a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:793-802. [PMID: 30321275 PMCID: PMC8483000 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biofortification of staple crops with β-carotene is a strategy to reduce vitamin A deficiency, and several varieties are available in some African countries. β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX)-enhanced maize is currently in field trials. To our knowledge, maize BCX bioavailability has not been assessed in humans. Serum retinol 13C content and xanthophyll concentrations are proposed effectiveness biomarkers for biofortified maize adoption. Objective We determined the relative difference in BCX and zeaxanthin bioavailability from whole-grain and refined BCX-biofortified maize during chronic feeding compared with white maize and evaluated short-term changes in 13C-abundance in serum retinol. Design After a 7-d washout, 9 adults (mean ± SD age: 23.4 ± 2.3 y; 5 men) were provided with muffins made from BCX-enhanced whole-grain orange maize (WGOM), refined orange maize (ROM), or refined white maize (RWM) for 12 d in a randomized, blinded, crossover study followed by a 7-d washout. Blood was drawn on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 19. Carotenoid areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared by using a fixed-effects model. 13C-Abundance in serum retinol was determined by using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope-ratio mass spectrometry on days 0, 12, and 19. Vitamin A status was determined by 13C-retinol isotope dilution postintervention. Results The serum BCX AUC was significantly higher for WGOM (1.70 ± 0.63 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d) and ROM (1.66 ± 1.08 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d) than for RWM (-0.06 ± 0.13 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d; P < 0.003). A greater increase occurred in serum BCX from WGOM muffins (131%) than from ROM muffins (108%) (P ≤ 0.003). Zeaxanthin AUCs were higher for WGOM (0.94 ± 0.33) and ROM (0.96 ± 0.47) than for RWM (0.05 ± 0.12 μmol ⋅ L-1 ⋅ d; P < 0.003). The intervention did not affect predose serum retinol 13C-abundance. Vitamin A status was within an optimal range (defined as 0.1-0.7 μmol/g liver). Conclusions BCX and zeaxanthin were highly bioavailable from BCX-biofortified maize. The adoption of BCX maize could positively affect consumers' BCX and zeaxanthin intakes and associated health benefits. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02800408.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Titcomb
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Address correspondence to SAT (e-mail: )
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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30
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Lafrenière J, Couillard C, Lamarche B, Lemieux S. [Les caroténoïdes sériques comme biomarqueurs : une stratégie pour améliorer la validité de l'évaluation alimentaire]. CAN J DIET PRACT RES 2018; 79:23-27. [PMID: 28971688 DOI: 10.3148/cjdpr-2017-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacynthe Lafrenière
- a Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,b École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC
| | - Charles Couillard
- a Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,b École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- a Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,b École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC
| | - Simone Lemieux
- a Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC.,b École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC
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Estévez-Santiago R, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Fernández-Jalao I. Bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids from fruits: application of a standardised static in vitro digestion method. Food Funct 2016; 7:1354-66. [PMID: 26669648 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Provitamin A carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin) contribute to the dietary intake of vitamin A and are associated with decreased risk of many chronic diseases. Besides their contents in foods, their bioaccessibility is of great interest since it represents the amount that will be absorbed in the gut. The aim of this study was to adopt, for the first time, the in vitro digestion model suitable for food, proposed in a consensus paper by Minekus et al. (2014), to assess the bioaccessibility of carotenoids from the fruits that are the major contributors to the intake of β-cryptoxanthin in Spain (orange, tangerine, red pepper, peach, watermelon, and persimmon) and loquat. The highest β-cryptoxanthin content and the lowest bioaccessibility was found in mandarin and loquat (13331.6 and 929.2 μg per 100 g respectively), whereas the highest contents of β-carotene and α-carotene were recorded in red pepper (1135.3 and 90.4 μg per 100 g respectively). The bioaccessibility of β-cryptoxanthin was similar to that of β-carotene (0.02-9.8% and 1-9.1%, respectively) and was higher than that of β-carotene in red pepper, watermelon and peach. α-Carotene bioaccessibility ranged between 0% and 4.6%. We discuss the critical factors for comparing our data: the form of the food being analyzed (raw/cooked/previously frozen, in the presence or absence of oil/fat) and the protocol for bioaccessibility assessment. Different food processing techniques may increase carotenoid bioaccessibility compared to raw food. However, given the difficulties encountered when comparing the results of studies on bioaccessibility, it seems logical to propose the application of the previously mentioned standardized in vitro protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Estévez-Santiago
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Olmedilla-Alonso
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - I Fernández-Jalao
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Tanumihardjo SA, Russell RM, Stephensen CB, Gannon BM, Craft NE, Haskell MJ, Lietz G, Schulze K, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND)-Vitamin A Review. J Nutr 2016; 146:1816S-48S. [PMID: 27511929 PMCID: PMC4997277 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.229708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) project is designed to provide evidence-informed advice to anyone with an interest in the role of nutrition in health. The BOND program provides information with regard to selection, use, and interpretation of biomarkers of nutrient exposure, status, function, and effect, which will be especially useful for readers who want to assess nutrient status. To accomplish this objective, expert panels are recruited to evaluate the literature and to draft comprehensive reports on the current state of the art with regard to specific nutrient biology and available biomarkers for assessing nutritional status at the individual and population levels. Phase I of the BOND project includes the evaluation of biomarkers for 6 nutrients: iodine, folate, zinc, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B-12. This review of vitamin A is the current article in this series. Although the vitamin was discovered >100 y ago, vitamin A status assessment is not trivial. Serum retinol concentrations are under homeostatic control due in part to vitamin A's use in the body for growth and cellular differentiation and because of its toxic properties at high concentrations. Furthermore, serum retinol concentrations are depressed during infection and inflammation because retinol-binding protein (RBP) is a negative acute-phase reactant, which makes status assessment challenging. Thus, this review describes the clinical and functional indicators related to eye health and biochemical biomarkers of vitamin A status (i.e., serum retinol, RBP, breast-milk retinol, dose-response tests, isotope dilution methodology, and serum retinyl esters). These biomarkers are then related to liver vitamin A concentrations, which are usually considered the gold standard for vitamin A status. With regard to biomarkers, future research questions and gaps in our current understanding as well as limitations of the methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Bryan M Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Georg Lietz
- Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Schulze
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Zhu CH, Gertz ER, Cai Y, Burri BJ. Consumption of canned citrus fruit meals increases human plasma β-cryptoxanthin concentration, whereas lycopene and β-carotene concentrations did not change in healthy adults. Nutr Res 2016; 36:679-88. [PMID: 27333959 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that β-cryptoxanthin has a greater plasma response from its common food sources than other carotenoids such as β-carotene and lycopene. The hypothesis of this study is that changes in plasma β-cryptoxanthin concentrations will be greater than changes in plasma β-carotene or lycopene concentrations even if these carotenoids are fed in a similar food matrix, such as citrus fruit. We tested this hypothesis by measuring changes in plasma concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and β-carotene after feeding measured amounts of canned tangerines and pink grapefruit to healthy nonsmoking adult humans. Volunteers served as their own controls and received both citrus fruit treatments randomly. In the first study, 8 subjects ate single meals of 234-304g of tangerines or 60-540g of pink grapefruit. The second study compared changes in plasma carotenoid concentration caused by feeding 234g of tangerines or 540g of pink grapefruit to 11 subjects. Blood was collected 5 times within 24hours after each citrus meal. Carotenoid concentrations were analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma β-cryptoxanthin concentrations increased within 5hours and then stabilized, remaining high throughout the 24hours measured. Plasma concentrations of lycopene and β-carotene did not change. These results show that β-cryptoxanthin concentrations increased after a citrus fruit meal, but lycopene and β-carotene concentrations did not change after a similar citrus fruit meal. These results support our hypothesis that changes in plasma β-cryptoxanthin are greater than changes in plasma lycopene or β-carotene, even when these carotenoids are fed in a similar food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao H Zhu
- University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, 430 W Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616.
| | - Erik R Gertz
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, 430 W Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yimeng Cai
- University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, 430 W Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616.
| | - Betty J Burri
- University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, 430 W Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, 430 W Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Burri BJ, La Frano MR, Zhu C. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of β-cryptoxanthin. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:69-82. [PMID: 26747887 PMCID: PMC4892306 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Cryptoxanthin, a carotenoid found in fruits and vegetables such as tangerines, red peppers, and pumpkin, has several functions important for human health. Most evidence from observational, in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggests that β-cryptoxanthin has relatively high bioavailability from its common food sources, to the extent that some β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods might be equivalent to β-carotene-rich foods as sources of retinol. β-Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant in vitro and appears to be associated with decreased risk of some cancers and degenerative diseases. In addition, many in vitro, animal model, and human studies suggest that β-cryptoxanthin-rich foods may have an anabolic effect on bone and, thus, may help delay osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Burri
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Michael R La Frano
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhu
- B.J. Burri, M.R. La Frano, and C. Zhu are with the Western Human Nutrition Research Center, US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Beltrán-de-Miguel B, Estévez-Santiago R, Olmedilla-Alonso B. Assessment of dietary vitamin A intake (retinol, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin) and its sources in the National Survey of Dietary Intake in Spain (2009-2010). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:706-12. [PMID: 26313699 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1077787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the intake of the individual components of vitamin A and major dietary sources in the Spaniards using data on food consumption from Spanish National Dietary Intake Survey (2009-2010). A 24-h dietary recall, 3-day diet diary and a software application that includes HPLC analytical data were used. Average dietary vitamin A intake is 716.4 µg retinol equivalents (RE), which is supplied as retinol (57.9%RE) and as provitamin-A carotenoids (42.1%RE). β-Carotene represents 71.9% of provitamin-A carotenoids, β-cryptoxanthin 15.3%, α-carotene 12.8%. Red- and orange-colored fruits and vegetables are major contributors of provitamin-A (1587 µg/day). Spanish diet covers the dietary reference on the intake for vitamin A, provided mainly by foods of animal origin. The main contributors to the intake of provitamin-A carotenoids are carrots, tomatoes, spinach and oranges. Data on the intake of individual components of vitamin A contribute to improving our understanding of the relationship between diet and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío Estévez-Santiago
- b Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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Aschoff JK, Rolke CL, Breusing N, Bosy-Westphal A, Högel J, Carle R, Schweiggert RM. Bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin is greater from pasteurized orange juice than from fresh oranges - a randomized cross-over study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1896-904. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian K. Aschoff
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christa L. Rolke
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Nicolle Breusing
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Ulm; Ulm Germany
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
- Faculty of Science; Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf M. Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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Burri BJ. Beta-cryptoxanthin as a source of vitamin A. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1786-1794. [PMID: 25270992 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Beta-cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid that is found in fruit, and in human blood and tissues. Foods that are rich in beta-cryptoxanthin include tangerines, persimmons and oranges. Beta-cryptoxanthin has several functions that are important for human health, including roles in antioxidant defense and cell-to-cell communication. Most importantly, beta-cryptoxanthin is a precursor of vitamin A, which is an essential nutrient needed for eyesight, growth, development and immune response. We evaluate the evidence for beta-cryptoxanthin as a vitamin A-forming carotenoid in this paper. Observational, in vitro, animal model and human studies suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin has greater bioavailability from its common food sources than do alpha- and beta-carotene from theirs. Although beta-cryptoxanthin appears to be a poorer substrate for beta-carotene 15,15' oxygenase than is beta-carotene, animal model and human studies suggest that the comparatively high bioavailability of beta-cryptoxanthin from foods makes beta-cryptoxanthin-rich foods equivalent to beta-carotene-rich foods as sources of vitamin A. These results mean that beta-cryptoxanthin-rich foods are probably better sources of vitamin A, and more important for human health in general, than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty J Burri
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, CA, 95616, USA
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Heying EK, Tanumihardjo JP, Vasic V, Cook M, Palacios-Rojas N, Tanumihardjo SA. Biofortified orange maize enhances β-cryptoxanthin concentrations in egg yolks of laying hens better than tangerine peel fortificant. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11892-900. [PMID: 25393127 DOI: 10.1021/jf5037195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The xanthophyll β-cryptoxanthin provides vitamin A and has other purported health benefits. Laying hens deposit xanthophyll carotenoids into egg yolk. Hens (n = 8/group) were fed conventional-bred high β-cryptoxanthin biofortified (orange) maize, tangerine peel-fortified white maize, lutein-fortified yellow maize, or white maize for 40 d to investigate yolk color changes using L*a*b* scales, yolk carotenoid enhancement, and hen vitamin A status. Yolks from hens fed orange maize had scores indicating a darker, orange color and mean higher β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene concentrations (8.43 ± 1.82, 23.1 ± 4.8, 0.16 ± 0.08 nmol/g, respectively) than other treatments (P < 0.0001). Yolk retinol concentrations (mean: 14.4 ± 3.42 nmol/g) were similar among groups and decreased with time (P < 0.0001). Hens fed orange maize had higher liver retinol (0.53 ± 0.20 μmol/g liver) than other groups (P < 0.0001). β-Cryptoxanthin-biofortified eggs could be another choice for consumers, providing enhanced color through a provitamin A carotenoid and supporting eggs' status as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Heying
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, ‡Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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A foundation for provitamin A biofortification of maize: genome-wide association and genomic prediction models of carotenoid levels. Genetics 2014; 198:1699-716. [PMID: 25258377 PMCID: PMC4256781 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.169979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts are underway for development of crops with improved levels of provitamin A carotenoids to help combat dietary vitamin A deficiency. As a global staple crop with considerable variation in kernel carotenoid composition, maize (Zea mays L.) could have a widespread impact. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of quantified seed carotenoids across a panel of maize inbreds ranging from light yellow to dark orange in grain color to identify some of the key genes controlling maize grain carotenoid composition. Significant associations at the genome-wide level were detected within the coding regions of zep1 and lut1, carotenoid biosynthetic genes not previously shown to impact grain carotenoid composition in association studies, as well as within previously associated lcyE and crtRB1 genes. We leveraged existing biochemical and genomic information to identify 58 a priori candidate genes relevant to the biosynthesis and retention of carotenoids in maize to test in a pathway-level analysis. This revealed dxs2 and lut5, genes not previously associated with kernel carotenoids. In genomic prediction models, use of markers that targeted a small set of quantitative trait loci associated with carotenoid levels in prior linkage studies were as effective as genome-wide markers for predicting carotenoid traits. Based on GWAS, pathway-level analysis, and genomic prediction studies, we outline a flexible strategy involving use of a small number of genes that can be selected for rapid conversion of elite white grain germplasm, with minimal amounts of carotenoids, to orange grain versions containing high levels of provitamin A.
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Rock E, Fardet A. Les antioxydants des agrumes : action en solitaire ou matricielle? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-014-0852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Schweiggert RM, Kopec RE, Villalobos-Gutierrez MG, Högel J, Quesada S, Esquivel P, Schwartz SJ, Carle R. Carotenoids are more bioavailable from papaya than from tomato and carrot in humans: a randomised cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:490-8. [PMID: 23931131 PMCID: PMC4091614 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carrot, tomato and papaya represent important dietary sources of β-carotene and lycopene. The main objective of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of carotenoids from these food sources in healthy human subjects. A total of sixteen participants were recruited for a randomised cross-over study. Test meals containing raw carrots, tomatoes and papayas were adjusted to deliver an equal amount of β-carotene and lycopene. For the evaluation of bioavailability, TAG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions containing newly absorbed carotenoids were analysed over 9·5 h after test meal consumption. The bioavailability of β-carotene from papayas was approximately three times higher than that from carrots and tomatoes, whereas differences in the bioavailability of β-carotene from carrots and tomatoes were insignificant. Retinyl esters appeared in the TRL fractions at a significantly higher concentration after the consumption of the papaya test meal. Similarly, lycopene was approximately 2·6 times more bioavailable from papayas than from tomatoes. Furthermore, the bioavailability of β-cryptoxanthin from papayas was shown to be 2·9 and 2·3 times higher than that of the other papaya carotenoids β-carotene and lycopene, respectively. The morphology of chromoplasts and the physical deposition form of carotenoids were hypothesised to play a major role in the differences observed in the bioavailability of carotenoids from the foods investigated. Particularly, the liquid-crystalline deposition of β-carotene and the storage of lycopene in very small crystalloids in papayas were found to be associated with their high bioavailability. In conclusion, papaya was shown to provide highly bioavailable β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene and may represent a readily available dietary source of provitamin A for reducing the incidence of vitamin A deficiencies in many subtropical and tropical developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M. Schweiggert
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kopec
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Silvia Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Patricia Esquivel
- School of Food Technology, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Steven J. Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Reinhold Carle
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hohenheim University, Stuttgart, Germany
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Schmaelzle S, Gannon B, Crawford S, Arscott SA, Goltz S, Palacios-Rojas N, Pixley KV, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. Maize genotype and food matrix affect the provitamin A carotenoid bioefficacy from staple and carrot-fortified feeds in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:136-43. [PMID: 24341827 PMCID: PMC4125541 DOI: 10.1021/jf403548w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification to increase provitamin A carotenoids is an agronomic approach to alleviate vitamin A deficiency. Two studies compared biofortified foods using in vitro and in vivo methods. Study 1 screened maize genotypes (n = 44) using in vitro analysis, which demonstrated decreasing micellarization with increasing provitamin A. Thereafter, seven 50% biofortified maize feeds that hypothesized a one-to-one equivalency between β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were fed to Mongolian gerbils. Total liver retinol differed among the maize groups (P = 0.0043). Study 2 assessed provitamin A bioefficacy from 0.5% high-carotene carrots added to 60% staple-food feeds, followed by in vitro screening. Liver retinol was highest in the potato and banana groups, maize group retinol did not differ from baseline, and all treatments differed from control (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene have similar bioefficacy; meal matrix effects influence provitamin A absorption from carrot; and in vitro micellarization does not predict bioefficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schmaelzle
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bryan Gannon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Serra Crawford
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sara A. Arscott
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shellen Goltz
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Kevin V. Pixley
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT),
Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Philipp W. Simon
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Sherry A. Tanumihardjo
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
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Assessment of tissue distribution and concentration of β-cryptoxanthin in response to varying amounts of dietary β-cryptoxanthin in the Mongolian gerbil. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:968-78. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a general lack of knowledge regarding the absorption and tissue storage of the provitamin A carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin. The present study investigated the whole-body tissue distribution of β-cryptoxanthin in an appropriate small animal model, the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), for human provitamin A carotenoid metabolism. After 5 d of carotenoid depletion, five gerbils were euthanised for baseline measurements. The remaining gerbils were placed in three weight-matched treatment groups (n 8). All the groups received 20 μg/d of β-cryptoxanthin from tangerine concentrate, while the second and third groups received an additional 20 and 40 μg/d of pure β-cryptoxanthin (CX40 and CX60), respectively, for 21 d. During the last 2 d of the study, urine and faecal samples of two gerbils from each treatment group were collected. β-Cryptoxanthin was detected in the whole blood, and in twelve of the fourteen tissues analysed. Most tissues resembled the liver, in which the concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin were significantly higher in the CX60 (17·8 (sem 0·7) μg/organ; P= 0·004) and CX40 (16·2 (sem 0·9) μg/organ; P= 0·006) groups than in the CX20 group (13·3 (sem 0·4) μg/organ). However, in intestinal tissues, the concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin increased only in the CX60 group. Despite elevated vitamin A concentrations in tissues at baseline due to pre-study diets containing high levels of vitamin A, β-cryptoxanthin maintained those vitamin A stores. These results indicate that β-cryptoxanthin is stored in many tissues, potentially suggesting that its functions are widespread.
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Turner T, Burri BJ, Jamil KM, Jamil M. The effects of daily consumption of β-cryptoxanthin-rich tangerines and β-carotene-rich sweet potatoes on vitamin A and carotenoid concentrations in plasma and breast milk of Bangladeshi women with low vitamin A status in a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1200-8. [PMID: 24004891 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential of β-cryptoxanthin (CX)-rich foods to form vitamin A (VA) in humans in not well understood. OBJECTIVE We measured the effects of consuming CX- and β-carotene (BC)-rich foods on plasma and breast milk VA and carotenoids in lactating women with low VA status. DESIGN Participants were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 34, 34, 34, and 33, respectively) receiving orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (OFSPs) (12 mg BC/d), tangerines (5.3 mg CX/d), white-fleshed sweet potatoes (WFSPs) with a VA supplement (0.5 mg/d), or WFSPs 2 times/d, 6 d/wk for 3 wk. All except the VA group received placebo capsules identical in appearance to VA supplements. Changes in plasma and breast milk VA, BC, and CX were measured. RESULTS Plasma retinol increased in the VA group. Plasma BC in the OFSP group and CX in the tangerine group increased 250% and 830%, respectively; apparent relative absorption in the CX group, considering the amounts consumed, was 4 times that in the BC group. Mean (±SEM) changes in milk VA in the OFSP (0.028 ± 0.074 μmol/L) and tangerine (0.067 ± 0.091 μmol/L) groups did not differ from those in the control (-0.077 ± 0.068 μmol/L) or VA (0.277 ± 0.094 μmol/L) group. Milk CX increased in the tangerine group. CONCLUSIONS VA capsules increased plasma and milk VA concentrations. The greater change in CX concentrations in the tangerine group than in BC concentrations in the OFSP group suggests that CX in tangerines was better absorbed, but both foods failed to increase milk VA concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01420406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tami Turner
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA (BJB and TT); the Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA (BJB and TT); and the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh (KMJ and MJ)
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Hendrickson SJ, Willett WC, Rosner BA, Eliassen AH. Food predictors of plasma carotenoids. Nutrients 2013; 5:4051-66. [PMID: 24152746 PMCID: PMC3820058 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Empirical prediction models that weight food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) food items by their relation to nutrient biomarker concentrations may estimate nutrient exposure better than nutrient intakes derived from food composition databases. Carotenoids may especially benefit because contributing foods vary in bioavailability and assessment validity. Our objective was to develop empirical prediction models for the major plasma carotenoids and total carotenoids and evaluate their validity compared with dietary intakes calculated from standard food composition tables. 4180 nonsmoking women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) blood subcohort with previously measured plasma carotenoids were randomly divided into training (n = 2787) and testing (n = 1393) subsets. Empirical prediction models were developed in the training subset by stepwise selection from foods contributing ≥0.5% to intake of the relevant carotenoid. Spearman correlations between predicted and measured plasma concentrations were compared to Spearman correlations between dietary intake and measured plasma concentrations for each carotenoid. Three to 12 foods were selected for the α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids prediction models. In the testing subset, Spearman correlations with measured plasma concentrations for the calculated dietary intakes and predicted plasma concentrations, respectively, were 0.31 and 0.37 for α-carotene, 0.29 and 0.31 for β-carotene, 0.36 and 0.41 for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.28 and 0.31 for lutein/zeaxanthin, 0.22 and 0.23 for lycopene, and 0.22 and 0.27 for total carotenoids. Empirical prediction models may modestly improve assessment of some carotenoids, particularly α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Hendrickson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Walter C. Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Bernard A. Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
| | - A. Heather Eliassen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (S.J.H.); (W.C.W.)
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-525-2104; Fax: +1-617-525-2008
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Nutritional impacts of a fruit and vegetable subsidy programme for disadvantaged Australian Aboriginal children. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:2309-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Healthy food subsidy programmes have not been widely implemented in high-income countries apart from the USA and the UK. There is, however, interest being expressed in the potential of healthy food subsidies to complement nutrition promotion initiatives and reduce the social disparities in healthy eating. Herein, we describe the impact of a fruit and vegetable (F&V) subsidy programme on the nutritional status of a cohort of disadvantaged Aboriginal children living in rural Australia. A before-and-after study was used to assess the nutritional impact in 174 children whose families received weekly boxes of subsidised F&V organised through three Aboriginal medical services. The nutritional impact was assessed by comparing 24 h dietary recalls and plasma carotenoid and vitamin C levels at baseline and after 12 months. A general linear model was used to assess the changes in biomarker levels and dietary intake, controlled for age, sex, community and baseline levels. Baseline assessment in 149 children showed low F&V consumption. Significant increases (P< 0·05) in β-cryptoxanthin (28·9 nmol/l, 18 %), vitamin C (10·1 μmol/l, 21 %) and lutein–zeaxanthin (39·3 nmol/l, 11 %) levels were observed at the 12-month follow-up in 115 children, although the self-reported F&V intake was unchanged. The improvements in the levels of biomarkers of F&V intake demonstrated in the present study are consistent with increased F&V intake. Such dietary improvements, if sustained, could reduce non-communicable disease rates. A controlled study of healthy food subsidies, together with an economic analysis, would facilitate a thorough assessment of the costs and benefits of subsidising healthy foods for disadvantaged Aboriginal Australians.
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Haskell MJ. The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion--evidence in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1193S-203S. [PMID: 23053560 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene is an important dietary source of vitamin A for humans. However, the bioavailability and vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene are highly variable and can be affected by food- and diet-related factors, including the food matrix, food-processing techniques, size of the dose of β-carotene, and the amounts of dietary fat, fiber, vitamin A, and other carotenoids in the diet as well as by characteristics of the target population, such as vitamin A status, nutrient deficiencies, gut integrity, and genetic polymorphisms associated with β-carotene metabolism. The absorption of β-carotene from plant sources ranges from 5% to 65% in humans. Vitamin A equivalency ratios for β-carotene to vitamin A from plant sources range from 3.8:1 to 28:1, by weight. Vitamin A equivalency ratios for β-carotene from biofortified Golden Rice or biofortified maize are 3.8:1 and 6.5:1, respectively, and are lower than ratios for vegetables that have more complex food matrices (10:1 to 28:1). The vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene is likely to be context-specific and dependent on specific food- and diet-related factors and the health, nutritional, and genetic characteristics of human populations. Although the vitamin A equivalency of β-carotene is highly variable, the provision of vegetable and fruit sources of β-carotene has significantly increased vitamin A status in women and children in community settings in developing countries; these results support the inclusion of dietary interventions with plant sources of β-carotene as a strategy for increasing vitamin A status in populations at risk of deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie J Haskell
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Nutrition Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Liu Y, Heying E, Tanumihardjo SA. History, Global Distribution, and Nutritional Importance of Citrus Fruits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sun-dried cowpeas and amaranth leaves recipe improves β-carotene and retinol levels in serum and hemoglobin concentration among preschool children. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:583-9. [PMID: 22555617 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and anemia are major challenges among children and expecting and lactating mothers in developing countries. Intervention with locally available dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) is more sustainable to eradicate VAD, being cost-effective and readily adaptable to local communities. DGLV contain high levels of iron and β-carotene (BC) and therefore useful in fighting VAD and anemia. Since DGLVs are season-dependent sun-drying enables their availability during low seasons. However, their contribution to the bioavailability of BC and the improvement of hemoglobin are not well understood. The study therefore investigated the effect of consuming cooked recipe consisting of sun-dried amaranth and cowpea leaves on the levels of BC, retinol, and hemoglobin in preschool children from Machakos District, a semiarid region in Kenya. METHODS Vegetables were purchased from local vegetable market, with some sun-dried in an open shade. Levels of BC and retinol in serum and BC in fresh and processed vegetables were determined by a HPLC method and hemoglobin using a portable Hemocue Analyzer. RESULTS All-trans-BC levels in uncooked fresh cowpea and amaranth leaves were 806.0 μg/g and 599.0 μg/g dry matter, respectively, while the dehydration and cooking processes retained the β-carotene levels at over 60 %. Consumption of the dehydrated vegetables significantly improved both serum BC and retinol levels (p < 0.05), while the baseline hemoglobin levels improved by 4.6 %. CONCLUSION The study has shown that intervention with locally available sun-dried vegetables improves the bioavailability of BC, retinol, and hemoglobin levels among preschool children.
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