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Zhang J, Ma Y, Lin P, Cai M. Regulation of Ocean Surface Currents and Seasonal Sea Ice Variations on the Occurrence and Transport of Organophosphate Esters in the Central Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39315435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been observed in the remote Arctic Ocean, yet the influence of hydrodynamics and seasonal sea ice variations on the occurrence and transport of waterborne OPEs remains unclear. This study comprehensively examines OPEs in surface seawater of the central Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2020, integrating surface ocean current and sea ice concentration data. The results confirm significant spatiotemporal variations of the OPEs, with the total concentration of seven major OPEs averaging 780 ± 970 pg/L. Chlorinated OPEs, particularly tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), were dominant. The significant impact of hydrodynamics on the OPE transport is demonstrated by higher OPE concentrations in regions with strong surface currents, especially at the edge of the Beaufort Gyre and the confluence of the Beaufort Gyre and the Transpolar Drift. Furthermore, OPE levels were generally higher in drifting-ice-covered regions compared to ice-free regions, attributed to the volatilization of dissolved OPEs formerly trapped below the sea ice or newly released from melting snow and sea ice. Notably, TCPP decreased by only 19% in the ice-free area, while the more volatile triphenyl phosphate decreased by 63% compared with the partial ice region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education; and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education; and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Peigen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education; and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Ministry of Education; and School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
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Tang Y, Zhou P, Wang X, Cao P, Li X, Chen J, Zhang L, Wu N, Li Q, Yao S, Zhang L, Shi Z. Organophosphate Esters in Raw Cow Milk and Cow's Drinking Water and Feed from China: Occurrence, Regional Distribution, and Dietary Exposure Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18434-18444. [PMID: 39105723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely produced and used, while little is known about their occurrence in the food chain and potential sources. In this study, raw cow milk, cow drinking water, and feed were collected from pastures across China, and OPEs were tested to explore the occurrence and transmission of OPEs in the food chain and to further assess daily OPE intakes for cows and humans via certain food consumption. The median level of ∑OPEs (sum of 15 OPEs) in raw milk was 2140 pg/mL, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPE. Levels of OPEs in water were lower than those in raw milk except for triethyl phosphate (TEP), while levels of most OPEs in feed were significantly higher than those in raw milk (adjusted by dry weight). The estimated dietary intake of OPEs via feed for cows was 2530 ng/kg bw/day, which was much higher than that via water (742 ng/kg bw/day), indicating that feed was a more critical exposure source. For liquid milk consumers, the high-exposure (95th) estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑15OPE were 20 and 7.11 ng/kg bw/day for 3-17 years and adults, respectively, and it is obvious that cows had much heavier OPE intake. Finally, the calculated hazard indexes (HIs) suggested that the intake of OPEs via cow milk consumption would not pose significant health risks to the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Zhumadian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qi Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Zhang Y, Lv Z, Yu XY, Zhang Y, Zhu L. Integration of Nontarget Screening and QSPR Models to Identify Novel Organophosphate Esters of High Priority in Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39087809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
With the development of large numbers of novel organophosphate esters (OPEs) alternatives, it is imperative to screen and identify those with high priority. In this study, surface water, biofilms, and freshwater snails were collected from the flow-in rivers of Taihu Lake Basin, China. Screened by target, suspect, and nontarget analysis, 11 traditional and 14 novel OPEs were identified, of which 5 OPEs were first discovered in Taihu Lake Basin. The OPE concentrations in surface water ranged from 196 to 2568 ng/L, with the primary homologue tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP) being newly identified, which was likely derived from the transformation of tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite. The majority of the newly identified OPEs displayed substantially higher bioaccumulation and biomagnification potentials in the biofilm-snail food chain than the traditional ones. Quantitative structure-property relationship models revealed both hydrophobicity and polarity influenced the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of the OPEs, while electrostatic attraction also had a contribution to the bioaccumulation in the biofilm. TDtBPP was determined as the utmost priority by toxicological priority index scheme, which integrated concentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, acute toxicity, and endocrine disrupting potential of the identified OPEs. These findings provide novel insights into the behaviors of OPEs and scientific bases for better management of high-risk pollutants in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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Yamahara S, Viyakarn V, Chavanich S, Bureekul S, Isobe A, Nakata H. Open dumping site as a point source of microplastics and plastic additives: A case study in Thailand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174827. [PMID: 39047819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and plastic additive chemicals are emerging pollutants of great concerns around the world. Open dumping sites can be important sources of those pollutants in emerging countries, but little is known about their occurrence, distribution, transport pathway, and remediation approach. This study aimed to obtain the comprehensive dataset on plastic pollution in an open dumping site in Thailand, including (1) the polymer types and organic/inorganic plastic additives in plastic garbage, (2) horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives in the surface soil, (3) the effects of soil-capping treatment, and (4) the vertical transport. First, thirty-two plastic garbage collected from the dumping site were analyzed, and a total of 40 organic chemicals (mean: 1400,000 ng/g dw) and 7 heavy metals (mean: 2,030,000 ng/g dw) were identified. The burdens stored in the dumping site were estimated to reach to 3.3-18 tons for organic additives and 4.9-26 tons for heavy metals. In the surface soil analysis, 13 types of polymers in MPs, 20 elements, and 37 organic plastic additives were detected. The pollution levels were significantly higher near the dumping site than at control sites, indicating that the open dumping site is a point source of MPs and plastic additives. Interestingly, a significantly positive correlation was found between the concentrations of MPs and organic additives in soil. This suggests that MPs act as carriers of plastic-derived chemicals. Soil-capping treatment (including removal of some trash) drastically mitigated the contaminant levels in the surface soil, indicating this treatment is one of the effective approaches to control the horizontal distribution of MPs and plastic additives. However, soil core analyzes implied that the vertical transport is still continued even after soil-capping treatment. Our findings provided the comprehensive dataset to support for understanding plastic pollution in the open dumping site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Voranop Viyakarn
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, 254, Institute Building No. 3, 9th floor, Wang Mai Sub District Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchana Chavanich
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, 254, Institute Building No. 3, 9th floor, Wang Mai Sub District Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sujaree Bureekul
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Atsuhiko Isobe
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan; Center for Ocean Plastic Studies, Kyushu University, CU Research Building, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Cheng X, Gao L, Cao X, Zhang Y, Ai Q, Weng J, Liu Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lyu B, Wu Y, Zheng M. Identification and Prioritization of Organic Pollutants in Human Milk from the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11935-11944. [PMID: 38913859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pollutants in human milk are critical for evaluating maternal internal exposure and infant external exposure. However, most studies have focused on a limited range of pollutants. Here, 15 pooled samples (prepared from 467 individual samples) of human milk from three areas of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China were analyzed by gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In total, 171 compounds of nine types were preliminarily identified. Among these, 16 compounds, including 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected in human milk for the first time. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified ten area-specific pollutants, including 2-naphthylamine, 9-fluorenone, 2-isopropylthianthrone, and benzo[a]pyrene, among pooled human milk samples from Shanghai (n = 3), Jiangsu Province (n = 6), and Zhejiang Province (n = 6). Risk index (RI) values were calculated and indicated that legacy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contributed only 20% of the total RIs for the identified PAHs and derivatives, indicating that more attention should be paid to PAHs with various functional groups. Nine priority pollutants in human milk from the YRD were identified. The most important were 4-tert-amylphenol, caffeine, and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone, which are associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and other health hazards. The results improve our ability to assess the health risks posed by pollutants in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Bing Lyu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Research Unit of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. 2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing 100022, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Bommarito PA, Stevens DR, Welch BM, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Meeker JD, Cantonwine DE, McElrath TF, Ferguson KK. Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Relation to Fetal Growth in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:77001. [PMID: 38968089 PMCID: PMC11225970 DOI: 10.1289/ehp14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used ubiquitously as flame retardants and plasticizers in consumer products, are suspected of having developmental toxicity. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to estimate associations between prenatal exposure to OPEs and fetal growth, including both ultrasound (head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight) and delivery [birth weight z-score, small-for-gestational age (SGA), and large-for-gestational age (LGA)] measures of growth. METHODS In the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study (2008-2018), an enriched case-cohort of 900 babies born at the small and large ends of the growth spectrum, we quantified OPE biomarkers in three urine samples per pregnant participant and abstracted ultrasound and delivery measures of fetal growth from medical records. We estimated associations between pregnancy-averaged log-transformed OPE biomarkers and repeated ultrasound measures of fetal growth using linear mixed-effects models, and delivery measures of fetal growth using linear (birth weight) and logistic (SGA and LGA) regression models. RESULTS Most OPE biomarkers were positively associated with at least one ultrasound measure of fetal growth, but associations with delivery measures were largely null. For example, an interquartile range (IQR; 1.31 ng / mL ) increase in bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate concentration was associated with larger z-scores in head circumference [mean difference (difference): 0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01, 0.17], abdominal circumference (difference: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.18), femur length (difference: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19), and estimated fetal weight (difference: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22) but not birth weight (difference: 0.04; 95% CI: - 0.08 , 0.17). At delivery, an IQR (1.00 ng / mL ) increase in diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) concentration was associated with an SGA birth (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.94). CONCLUSIONS In a large prospective cohort, gestational OPE exposures were associated with larger fetal size during pregnancy, but associations at delivery were null. DPHP concentrations were associated with heightened risk of an SGA birth. These findings suggest that OPE exposure may affect fetal development. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige A. Bommarito
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danielle R. Stevens
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barrett M. Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John D. Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David E. Cantonwine
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas F. McElrath
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Yamahara S, Kubota R, Tun TZ, Nakata H. Source traceability of microplastics in road dust using organic/inorganic plastic additives as chemical indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172808. [PMID: 38719051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are environmental pollutants of great concern around the world. The source of MPs in road dust need to be identified to develop strategies to control and reduce MPs emissions by stormwater runoff, one of the main sources of MPs to the aquatic environment. However, little information on the sources of MPs in road dust is available due to lack of their suitable indicators. In this study organic/inorganic plastic additives were used as chemical indicators to understand the source of MPs in road dust. The polymers, organic additives, and heavy metals in 142 commercial plastic products suspected of being source of MPs in road dust were determined. As the results, 147 organic additives and 17 heavy metals were identified, and different additive profiles were found for different polymer types and use application of plastic products. Further, 17 road dust samples were collected from an urban area in Kumamoto City, Japan. and analyzed the MPs (1-5 mm diameter) and their additive chemicals. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was the dominant polymer accounting for 86 % in the samples, followed by ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In total, 48 organic additives and 14 heavy metals were identified in the MPs samples. The organic/inorganic additive profiles of plastic products and MPs in road dust were compared, and several road dust-associated MPs had similar additive profiles to road paints, braille blocks, road marking sheets, and reflectors. This suggested that the MPs were originated from these plastics on the road surface. Road paint was the most important contributor of MPs in road dust (60 % of the MPs), followed by braille block (23 %), road marking sheet (8.3 %), and reflector (2.4 %). These results indicated that organic/inorganic plastic additives in plastic products can be used as chemical indicators to trace the sources of MPs in road dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamahara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Reiji Kubota
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Science, 3-25-26 Tonomochi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Thant Zin Tun
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
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Gao M, Zhang Q, Wu S, Wu L, Cao P, Zhang Y, Rong L, Fang B, Yuan C, Yao Y, Wang Y, Sun H. Contamination Status of Novel Organophosphate Esters Derived from Organophosphite Antioxidants in Soil and the Effects on Soil Bacterial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10740-10751. [PMID: 38771797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The contamination status of novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) and their precursors organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and hydroxylated/diester transformation products (OH-OPEs/di-OPEs) in soils across a large-scale area in China were investigated. The total concentrations of the three test NOPEs in soil were 82.4-716 ng g-1, which were considerably higher than those of traditional OPEs (4.50-430 ng g-1), OPAs (n.d.-30.8 ng g-1), OH-OPEs (n.d.-0.49 ng g-1), and di-OPEs (0.57-21.1 ng g-1). One NOPE compound, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168 = O) contributed over 65% of the concentrations of the studied OPE-associated contaminants. A 30-day soil incubation experiment was performed to confirm the influence of AO168 = O on soil bacterial communities. Specific genera belonging to Proteobacteria, such as Lysobacter and Ensifer, were enriched in AO168 = O-contaminated soils. Moreover, the ecological function of methylotrophy was observed to be significantly enhanced (t-test, p < 0.01) in soil treated with AO168 = O, while nitrogen fixation was significantly inhibited (t-test, p < 0.01). These findings comprehensively revealed the contamination status of OPE-associated contaminants in the soil environment and provided the first evidence of the effects of NOPEs on soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shanxing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lina Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peiyu Cao
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Science, and Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Yaozhi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lili Rong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Bo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chaolei Yuan
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Zhang X, Shi J, Wang R, Ma J, Li X, Cai W, Li T, Zou W. Acute exposure to tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate elicits cardiotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae via inducing ferroptosis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134389. [PMID: 38669931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (AO168 =O), a novel organophosphate ester, is prevalent and abundant in the environment, posing great exposure risks to ecological and public health. Nevertheless, the toxicological effects of AO168 =O remain entirely unknown to date. The results in this study indicated that acute exposure to AO168 =O at 10 and 100 μg/L for 5 days obviously impaired cardiac morphology and function of zebrafish larvae, as proofed by decreased heartbeat, stroke volume, and cardiac output and the occurrence of pericardial edema and ventricular hypertrophy. Transcriptomics, polymerase chain reaction, and molecular docking revealed that the strong interaction of AO168 =O and transferrin receptor 1 activated the transportation of ferric iron into intracellular environment. The release of free ferrous ion to cytoplasmic iron pool also contributed to the iron overload in heart region, thus inducing ferroptosis in larvae via generation of excessive reactive oxygen species, glutathione peroxidase 4 inhibition, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis inhibitor (Fer-1) co-exposure effectively relieved the cardiac dysfunctions of zebrafish, verifying the dominant role of ferroptosis in the cardiotoxicity caused by AO168 =O. This research firstly reported the adverse impact and associated mechanisms of AO168 =O in cardiomyogenesis of vertebrates, underlining the urgency of concerning the health risks of AO168 =O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Junguo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Toxicology and Health Protection, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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10
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Wang Z, Qi A, Lv J, Zhang T, Xu P, Wang M, Xiao Y, Yang L, Ji Y, Wang W. Occurrence and seasonal variations of organophosphate flame retardants in air and dust from college microenvironments at Qingdao, China: Implications for student's exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 937:173182. [PMID: 38740192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used as alternatives to brominated flame retardants in a variety of consumer products and their consumption has continuously increased in recent years. However, their concentrations and human exposures in indoor microenvironments, particularly in a university environment, have received limited attention. In this study, the concentrations and seasonal variations of 15 OPFRs were assessed in typical microenvironments of two universities, including dormitories, offices, public microenvironments (PMEs: classroom, dining hall, gymnasium and library), and laboratories on the northern coast of China. Analysis of the OPFRs in both air and dust samples indicated widespread distribution in college campuses. The average concentration of ∑15OPFRs in the winter (12,774.4 ng/g and 5.3 ng/m3 for dust and air, respectively) was higher than in the summer (2460.4 ng/g and 4.6 ng/m3 for dust and air, respectively). The dust and air samples collected from PMEs and laboratories exhibited higher concentrations of OPFRs, followed by offices and dormitories. An equilibrium was reached between dust and air in all collected microenvironments. The daily intakes of OPFRs were significantly lower than the reference dose. Dust ingestion was the primary intake pathway in the winter, while inhalation and dust ingestion were the main intake pathways in the summer. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotients fell within the range of 10-7-10-3 in both the summer and winter, which are below the theoretical risk threshold. For the carcinogenic risk, the LCR values ranged from 10-10 to 10-8, indicating no elevated carcinogenic risk due to TnBP, TCEP, and TDCP in indoor dust and air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jianhua Lv
- Qingdao Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Miao Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yaqin Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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11
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Yang J, Yao Y, Li X, He A, Chen S, Wang Y, Dong X, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Indoor Air and Dust from Multiple Microenvironments in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7986-7997. [PMID: 38657129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The indoor environment is a typical source for organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPFRs), yet the source characteristics of OPFRs in different microenvironments remain less clear. This study collected 109 indoor air samples and 34 paired indoor dust samples from 4 typical microenvironments within a university in Tianjin, China, including the dormitory, office, library, and information center. 29 target OPFRs were analyzed, and novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) were identified by fragment-based nontarget analysis. Target OPFRs exhibited the highest air and dust concentrations of 46.2-234 ng/m3 and 20.4-76.0 μg/g, respectively, in the information center, where chlorinated OPFRs were dominant. Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) was the primary OPFR in office air, while tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominated in the dust. TPHP was predominant in the library. Triethyl phosphate (TEP) was ubiquitous in the dormitory, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate was particularly high in the dust. 9 of 25 NOPs were identified for the first time, mainly from the information center and office, such as bis(chloropropyl) 2,3-dichloropropyl phosphate. Diphenyl phosphinic acid, two hydroxylated and methylated metabolites of tris(2,4-ditert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168), and a dimer phosphate were newly reported in the indoor environment. NOPs were widely associated with target OPFRs, and their human exposure risk and environmental behaviors warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ana He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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12
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Lian M, Wang J, Wang Z, Lin C, Gu X, He M, Liu X, Ouyang W. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophodynamics of organophosphate esters in the marine biota web of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134035. [PMID: 38490147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The trophodynamic of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has not been known well despite their widespread occurrence in the aquatic environments. In this study, ten species of crustacean, seven species of mollusk, and 22 species of fish were collected in the Laizhou Bay (LZB) to examine the occurrence, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer, and health risk of eight traditional OPEs and three emerging oligomeric OPEs. The results showed that total concentration of OPEs was 2.04 to 28.6 ng g-1 ww in the muscle of crustacean, mollusk, and fish and 2.62 to 60.6 ng g-1 ww in the fish gill. Chlorinated OPEs averagely contributed to over 85% of total OPEs while oligomeric OPEs averagely accounted for approximate 4%. The average log apparent bioaccumulation factor (ABAF) ranged from - 0.4 L kg-1 ww for triethyl phosphate to 2.4 L kg-1 ww for resorcinol-bis (diphenyl) phosphate. Apparent trophic magnification factors (ATMF) of individual OPE were generally less than 1, demonstrating the biodilution effect of the OPEs in the organism web of LZB. Additionally, the log ABAF and ATMF of OPEs were significantly positively correlated to their log Kow but negatively correlated to their biotransformation rate constant (BRC). Therefore, the OPEs with high Kow and low BRC tend to more accumulate in the marine organisms. The health risks associated with OPEs through the consumption of the seafood from the bay were low, even at high exposure scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshan Lian
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zongxing Wang
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Gu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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13
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Schachterle ML, Lowe LE, Owens JE. Exploring the residential exposome: Determination of hazardous flame retardants in air filter dust from HVAC systems. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118223. [PMID: 38286254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Dust is a sink for flame retardants, which are added to a myriad of consumer products in residential spaces. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are two classes of flame retardants that are frequently used in consumer products and consequently found in dust. In this present work, a novel solvent-limited microextraction technique, which we detailed in a companion study, was applied for the determination of four OPEs and two BFRs with limits of quantitation at the ng/g level by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from n = 47 air filter dust samples collected from forced air HVAC systems. Levels of the BFRs, including tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivative tribromobisphenol-A, were found at levels <4 μg/g and not frequently detected. Conversely, all four OPEs were detected in all air filter dust samples. Total OPE load was dominated by tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, T24DtBPP, a novel OPE not widely examined in the literature. Comparison of individual and total OPE concentrations to residential characteristics revealed statistically significant relationships to location of the home and dominant flooring type. Overall, this study motivates future work in examining the whole house exposome using air filter dust as a passive sampling regime with more examination of T24DtBPP loads within other indoor spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Schachterle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
| | - Luis E Lowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Janel E Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
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14
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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Shao B, Wang B, Wang Y, Li M. Emerging organophosphite and organophosphate esters in takeaway food and the implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:32588-32598. [PMID: 38656716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Takeaway food has become a prominent component of the diet in urban areas of China, especially for young people. Although dietary intake is a major pathway to contaminants for human exposure, studies on emerging organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in food are scarce. Here, we investigated four OPAs and 19 OPEs in takeaway foods (n = 99) and paired takeaway food packaging (n = 50) in China. AO168=O (mean: 14.9 ng/g ww), TPPO (mean: 1.05 ng/g ww), and TCIPP (mean: 0.579 ng/g ww) were dominant in the takeaway food. Some OPEs had significant correlations in takeaway food. Emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food varied significantly depending on the packaging materials and food types. AO168 and AO168=O were widespread in the paired takeaway food packaging. The migration efficiencies of emerging OPAs and OPEs were low in takeaway food packaged in aluminum foil. Although the actual contamination of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food significantly differed from those of in food simulants migrated from paired takeaway food packaging, the results imply that food itself and takeaway food packaging are potential contamination sources of emerging OPAs and OPEs in takeaway food. The average estimated dietary intakes of emerging OPAs and OPEs were 465 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day and 91.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The exposure risk of emerging OPAs and OPEs through takeaway food intake is low in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China.
| | - Baolong Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Minggang Li
- Laboratory of Key Technologies of Major Comprehensive Guarantee of Food Safety for State Market Regulation, Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research (Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
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15
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Hu J, Lyu Y, Li M, Wang L, Jiang Y, Sun W. Discovering Novel Organophosphorus Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents through Suspect Screening and Nontarget Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6402-6414. [PMID: 38546437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Limited knowledge on the structure of emerging organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) hampers our comprehensive understanding of their environmental occurrence and potential risks. Through suspect and nontarget screening, combining data-dependent acquisition, data-independent acquisition, and parallel reaction monitoring modes, we identified 60 OPCs (17 traditional and 43 emerging compounds) in effluents of 14 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Beijing and Qinghai, China. These OPCs comprise 26 organophosphate triesters, 17 organophosphate diesters, 6 organophosphonates, 7 organothiophosphate esters, and 4 other OPCs. Notably, 14 suspect OPCs were newly identified in WWTP effluents, and 16 nontarget OPCs were newly discovered in environmental matrices. Specifically, the cyclic phosphonate, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide (PMMMPn), consistently appeared in all WWTP effluents, with semiquantitative concentrations ranging from 44.4 to 282 ng/L. Its analogue, di-PMMMPn, presented in 93% of wastewater samples. Compositional differences between the WWTP effluents of two cities were mainly attributed to emerging OPCs. Hazard and ecological risk assessment underscored the substantial contribution of chlorinated organophosphate esters and organothiophosphate esters to overall risks of OPCs in WWTP effluents. This study provides the most comprehensive OPC profiles in WWTP effluents to date, highlighting the need for further research on their occurrence, fate, and risks, particularly for chlorinated OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingzhen Li
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Wang S, Jin J, Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Gbadamosi MR, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Organophosphate triesters and their diester degradation products in the atmosphere-A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123653. [PMID: 38402940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have found substantial use as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and industrial products. Despite upcoming potential restrictions on use of OPEs, widespread environmental contamination is likely for the foreseeable future. Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) are known biotic or abiotic degradation products of tri-OPEs. In addition, direct use of di-OPEs as commercial products also contributes to their presence in the atmosphere. We review the available data on contamination with tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in both indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of tri-OPEs in indoor air exceed those in outdoor air. The widespread discovery of tri-OPE traces in polar regions and oceans is noteworthy and is evidence that they undergo long-range transport. There are only two studies on di-OPEs in outdoor air and no studies on di-OPEs in indoor air until now. Current research on di-OPEs in indoor and outdoor air is urgently needed, especially in countries with potentially high exposure to di-OPEs such as the UK and the US. Di-OPE concentrations are higher at e-waste dismantling areas than at surrounding area. We also summarise the methods employed for sampling and analysis of OPEs in the atmosphere and assess the relative contribution to atmospheric concentrations of di-OPEs made by environmental degradation of triesters, compared to the presence of diesters as by-products in commercial triester products. Finally, we identify shortcomings of current research and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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17
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Ji X, Liu J, Liang J, Feng X, Liu X, Wang Y, Chen X, Qu G, Yan B, Liu R. The hidden diet: Synthetic antioxidants in packaged food and their impact on human exposure and health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108613. [PMID: 38555663 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) are commonly used in everyday items and industrial products to inhibit oxidative deterioration. However, the presence of AOs in food packaging and packaged foods has not been thoroughly documented. Moreover, studies on human exposure to AOs through skin contact with packaging or ingesting packaged foods are limited. In this study, we analyzed twenty-three AOs-including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs)-along with six transformation products in various food samples and their packaging materials. We found AOs in food products at concentrations ranging from 1.30 × 103 to 1.77 × 105 ng/g, which exceeded the levels in both outer packaging (6.05 × 102-3.07 × 104 ng/g) and inner packaging (2.27 × 102-1.09 × 105 ng/g). The most common AOs detected in foodstuffs were tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (AO1076), together constituting 95.7 % of the total AOs found. Our preliminary exposure assessment revealed that dietary exposure-estimated at a median of 2.55 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for children and 1.24 × 104 ng/kg body weight/day for adults-is a more significant exposure route than dermal contact with packaging. Notably, four AOs were identified in food for the first time, with BHT making up 76.8 % and 67.6 % of the total BHT intake for children and adults, respectively. These findings suggest that food consumption is a significant source of BHT exposure. The estimated daily intakes of AOs via consumption of foodstuffs were compared with the recommended acceptable daily intake to assess the risks. This systematic investigation into AOs contributes to understanding potential exposure and health risks associated with AOs in packaged foods. It emphasizes the need for further evaluation of human exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxia Feng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Li J, Liu Y, Meng W, Su G. Biotransformation of Organophosphate Diesters Characterized via In Vitro Metabolism and In Vivo Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4381-4391. [PMID: 38381810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), as additives in industrial applications and/or transformation products of emerging environmental pollutants, such as organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs), have been found in the environment and biological matrices. The metabolic fate of di-OPEs in biological media is of great significance for tracing the inherent and precursor toxicity variations. This is the first study to investigate the metabolism of a suite of di-OPEs by liver microsomes and to identify any metabolite of metabolizable di-OPEs in in vitro and in vivo samples. Of the 14 di-OPEs, 5 are significantly metabolizable, and their abundant metabolites with hydroxyl, carboxyl, dealkylated, carbonyl, and/or epoxide groups are tentatively identified. More than half of the di-OPEs are detectable in human serum and/or wild fish tissues, and dibenzyl phosphate (DBzP), bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (BDBPP), and isopropyl diphenyl phosphate (ip-DPHP) are first reported at a detectable level in humans and wildlife. Using an in vitro assay and a known biotransformation rule-based integrated screening strategy, 2 and 10 suspected metabolite peaks of DEHP are found in human serum and wild fish samples, respectively, and are then identified as phase I and phase II metabolites of DEHP. This study provides a novel insight into fate and persistence of di-OPE and confirms the presence of di-OPE metabolites in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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19
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Huang J, Li J, Meng W, Su G. A critical review on organophosphate esters in drinking water: Analysis, occurrence, sources, and human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169663. [PMID: 38159759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous in the environment. Copious studies assessed OPEs in various environmental media. However, there is limited summative information about OPEs in drinking water. This review provides comprehensive data for the analytical methods, occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OPEs in drinking water. In general, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are the most common methods in the extraction of OPEs from drinking water, while gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are the most commonly used instrumental methods for detecting OPEs in drinking water. On the basis of these techniques, a variety of methods on OPEs pretreatment and determination have been developed to know the pollution situation of OPEs. Studies on the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water show that the total concentrations of OPEs vary seasonally and regionally, with tris(1-chloro-2-isopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate dominant among different kinds of drinking water. Source identification studies show that there are three main sources of OPEs in drinking water: 1) source water contamination; 2) residual in drinking water treatment process; 3) leakage from device or pipeline. Besides, risk assessments indicate that individual and total OPEs pose no or negligible health risk to human, but this result may be significantly underestimated. Finally, the current knowledge gaps on the research of OPEs in drinking water are discussed and some suggestions are provided for future environmental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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20
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Zhu J, Guo R, Jiang S, Wu P, Jin H. Occurrence of p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) and PPDs-derived quinones in indoor dust. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169325. [PMID: 38101633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs) have been widely detected in various dust samples. Nevertheless, the knowledge on occurrence of their environmental transformation products, PPD-derived quinones (PPDQs), in indoor dust remains limited. In this study, indoor dust samples (n = 97) were collected from Hangzhou, China, and analyzed for PPDs and PPDQs. Results showed that nine PPDs were detected in indoor dust samples, with the total concentrations of 1.7-223 ng/g. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD, mean 17 ng/g) was the predominant PPDs in indoor dust, followed by N, N'-di(o-tolyl)-p-phenylenediamine (DTPD, 8.6 ng/g) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-(p-tolyl)-p-phenylenediamine (DMTPD, 4.7 ng/g). Five PPDQs were detected in indoor dust samples. Among detected PPDQs, 6PPDQ (14 ng/g, 0.33-82 ng/g) had the highest mean concentration, followed by DTPDQ (5.9 ng/g, < LOD-31 ng/g) and DPPDQ (2.2 ng/g, < LOD-11 ng/g). We also estimated the daily intake (DI) of PPDs and PPDQs through indoor dust ingestion. Infants had higher mean DIs of PPDs and PPDQs than children and adults. Notably, to our knowledge, this study first reports the occurrence of three novel PPDs and four novel PPDQs in indoor dust samples. More studies are needed to reveal the potential human health risks of exposure to these newly identified chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Shengtao Jiang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China.
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Huang YQ, Zeng Y, Mai JL, Huang ZS, Guan YF, Chen SJ. Disposable Plastic Waste and Associated Antioxidants and Plasticizers Generated by Online Food Delivery Services in China: National Mass Inventories and Environmental Release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38316131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
China's online food delivery (OFD) services consume enormous amounts of disposable plastics. Here, we investigated and modeled the national mass inventories and environmental release of plastics and chemical additives in the plastic. The extra-tree regression identified six key descriptors in determining OFD sales in Chinese cities. Approximately 847 kt of OFD plastic waste was generated in 2021 (per capita 1.10 kg/yr in the megacities and 0.39 kg/yr in other cities). Various additives were extensively detected, with geomean concentrations of 140.96, 4.76, and 0.25 μg/g for ∑8antioxidants, ∑21phthalates, and bisphenol A (BPA), respectively. The estimated mass inventory of these additives in the OFD plastics was 164.7 t, of which 51.1 t was released into the atmosphere via incineration plants and 51.0 t was landfilled. The incineration also released 8.07 t of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and 39.1 kt of particulate matter into the atmosphere. Takeout food may increase the dietary intake of phthalates and BPA by 30% to 50% and raise concerns about considerable exposure to antioxidant transformation products. This study provides profound environmental implications for plastic waste in the Chinese OFD industry. We call for a sustainable circular economy action plan for waste disposal, but mitigating the hazardous substance content and their emissions is urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Long Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Shan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Feng Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Shi H, Zhao Y. Bringing the emerging organophosphate flame retardants (eOPFRs) into view: A hidden ecological and human health threat. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106833. [PMID: 38215608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The production and usage of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in textiles, plastics, and electronics have surged, with phosphorus-based flame retardants constituting over 30 % of the global consumption of flame retardants. Meanwhile, concerns regarding the potential hazards of OPFRs to ecosystems and human health including disruptions in the endocrine system, inhibition of reproduction, and manifestation of developmental defects have intensified. However, our comprehensive data analysis has unveiled a pronounced and critical knowledge gap, as at present, a majority of studies emphasize the attributes of traditional OPFRs, such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), while emerging OPFRs (eOPFRs) remain undeservedly overlooked. We elaborated on the current advancements and challenges regarding eOPFRs research and demonstrated that eOPFRs exhibit considerable diversity in terms of their chemical structures, substantial residue levels, broad sources of occurrence, and limited understanding of their potent (eco)toxicological implications. In light of these attributes, it becomes evident that the environmental and health risks of eOPFRs can be comparable to, if not surpass, those attributed to traditional OPFRs. This compelling observation underscores an imperative need for heightened research focus and extensive research efforts dedicated to the study of eOPFRs, rather than still focusing on the realm of their traditional counterparts. Despite the challenges ahead, the emphasized environmental surveillance and toxicological assessment are imperative to prevent the potential evolution of these compounds into a significant ecological and human health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochun Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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23
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Cheng J, Ma J, Li S, Wang S, Huang C, Lv M, Li J, Wang X, Chen L. A heteropore covalent organic framework for highly selective enrichment of aryl-organophosphate esters in environmental water coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS determination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132613. [PMID: 37748313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The identification of an increasing number of aryl organophosphate esters (aryl-OPEs) in environmental samples has led to growing attention recently. Due to the potential adverse effects on human health and environment, development of new analytical methods for sensitive and selective determination of aryl-OPEs in complex matrices is urgently needed. Here, a novel analytical method for the identification and determination of trace amounts of aryl-OPEs in water samples is developed by using melamine sponge@heteropore covalent organic framework (MS@HCOF) based on vortex-assisted extraction (VAE) prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The MS@HCOF was rationally designed and synthesized through an in-situ growth strategy and exhibited superior selectivity toward aryl-OPEs compared with that of MS@single-pore COF (MS@SCOF) due to steric effect. A systematic optimization was conducted on important parameters of VAE, resulting in the successful extraction of nine aryl-OPEs in just 6 min. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) were within the ranges of 0.001-0.027 and 0.005-0.091 ng/L for nine aryl-OPEs, respectively. The validated method was proven applicable to real water samples, i.e., the recoveries were 65.3-119.5 % for seawater, 59.4-112.9 % for effluent, and 76.0-117.4 % for tap water. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanisms were explored through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT results revealed that a notable selective enrichment capacity of MS@HCOF towards aryl-OPEs stems from π-π conjugation and hydrogen bonding. The established method benefits from the advantages of high selectivity and sensitivity for the ultra-trace determination of aryl-OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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24
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Yang M, Ye L, Li J, Xing L, Zhao Y, Yang C, Su G. Uncovering the distribution patterns and origins of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the Yellow River Estuary via high-resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167288. [PMID: 37742975 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available regarding the pollution status of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment of the Yellow River estuary. Here, n = 51 sediment samples were collected from the Yellow River estuary in 2021, and further analyzed by using the integrated target, suspect, and feature fragment-dependent nontarget OPE screening strategy developed in our laboratory. Among the 30 target OPEs, 19 were detectable in at least one of the analyzed samples, with total concentrations (Σ19OPEs) ranging from of 41.4 to 1930 ng/g dry weight (dw). On the basis of an in-house suspect compound database, we further tentatively identified 11 suspect OPEs, and they were semi-quantified. Furthermore, four other interesting findings were observed and described as follows: 1) a statistically significant difference existed in the concentrations of OPEs in sediment samples between the lower reaches of the Yellow River (n = 5 samples), and the Yellow River estuary (n = 46 samples) (unpaired t-test, p < 0.001); 2) tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (TDTBPP) exhibited the greatest concentrations (ranging from 30.7 to 1920 ng/g dw) among all OPEs detected in the sediment samples; 3) samples from the north of the Yellow River estuary had higher OPE concentrations than those from the south; and 4) a suspect screening strategy allowed us to identify a novel OPE structure (tert-butyl)phenyl (ethyne-oxidane) bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TPBDTP) that exhibited a highly positive correlation relationship with TDTBPP (r = 0.749; p < 0.001). Overall, this study provided evidence that OPEs (especially TDTBPP) were ubiquitous in the sediment environment of the Yellow River estuary; thus, we emphasize that continuous monitoring of OPE pollution should be conducted in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengkai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Liqun Xing
- Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Yanmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenchen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Liang C, Zeng MX, Yuan XZ, Liu LY. An overview of current knowledge on organophosphate di-esters in environment: Analytical methods, sources, occurrence, and behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167656. [PMID: 37813257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) are highly related to tri-OPEs. The presence of di-OPEs in the environment has gained global concerns, as some di-OPEs are more toxic than their respective tri-OPE compounds. In this study, current knowledge on the analytical methods, sources, environmental occurrence, and behavior of di-OPEs were symmetrically reviewed by compiling data published till March 2023. The determination of di-OPEs in environmental samples was exclusively achieved with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry operated in negative mode. There are several sources of di-OPEs, including industrial production, biotic and abiotic degradation from tri-OPEs under environmental conditions. A total of 14 di-OPE compounds were determined in various environments, including dust, sediment, sludge, water, and atmosphere. The widespread occurrence of di-OPEs suggested that human and ecology are generally exposed to di-OPEs. Among all environmental matrixes, more data were recorded for dust, with the highest concentration of di-OPEs up to 32,300 ng g-1. Sorption behavior, phase distribution, gas-particle partitioning behavior was investigated for certain di-OPEs. Suggestions on future studies in the perspective of human exposure to and environmental behavior of di-OPEs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Chen Y, Xiao Q, Su Z, Yuan G, Ma H, Lu S, Wang L. Discovery and occurrence of organophosphorothioate esters in food contact plastics and foodstuffs from South China: Dietary intake assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167447. [PMID: 37788781 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A recent study revealed the presence of non-pesticide organothiophosphate esters (OTPEs) - precursors to organophosphate esters (OPEs) contaminants - in river water. Since OPEs have demonstrated adverse reproductive outcomes in humans, this accentuates the urgency to explore the prevalence of non-pesticide OTPEs in other potential human exposure matrices. In this study, a nontarget screening method based on high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify OTPEs in food contact plastic (FCP) samples collected from South China. O,O,O-triphenyl phosphorothioate (TPhPt) and O,O,O-tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphorothioate (AO168 = S) were unequivocally identified (Level 1), while O,O-di(di-butylphenyl) O-methyl phosphorothioate (BDBPMPt) was tentatively identified (Level 2b, indicating probable structure based on diagnostic evidence). Among n = 70 FCP samples, AO168 = S emerged with the highest detection frequency and median concentration of 74 % and 111 ng/g, respectively. Significant Pearson correlations were observed in log-transformed peak areas of AO168 = S and TPhPt in FCPs with their respective oxons, respectively. Occurrences of AO168 = S and TPhPt were further investigated in n = 100 foodstuff samples using a market basket method. AO168 = S and TPhPt exhibited detection frequencies of 43 % and 44 % in all food items with mean concentrations of 2.17 ng/g wet weight (ww) (range: <0.53-67.8 ng/g ww) and 0.112 ng/g ww (range: <0.006-2.39 ng/g ww), respectively. The highest mean concentrations for AO168 = S and TPhPt were found in vegetables (4.62 ng/g ww) and oil (3.00 ng/g ww), respectively. The median estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of AO168 = S and TPhPt via diet were calculated as 10.4 and 1.51 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively. For AO168 = S, only meat and vegetables contributed to the median EDI, whereas for TPhPt, oil was identified as the principal contributor to the median EDI. This study for the first time evaluated human exposure to OTPEs via diet, providing new insights to overall human exposure to OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Chen
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanpeng Su
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanxiang Yuan
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haojia Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Agriculture, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
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27
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Ji X, Liang J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Q, Liu R. Synthetic Antioxidants as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Indoor Environments: Knowns and Unknowns. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21550-21557. [PMID: 38085701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antioxidants, including synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), amine antioxidants (AAs), and organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), are essential additives for preventing oxidative aging in various industrial and consumer products. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental contamination caused by these chemicals, but our understanding of synthetic antioxidants is generally limited compared to other emerging contaminants such as plasticizers and flame retardants. Many people spend a significant portion (normally greater than 80%) of their time indoors, meaning that they experience widespread and persistent exposure to indoor contaminants. Thus, this Perspective focuses on the problem of synthetic antioxidants as indoor environmental contaminants. The wide application of antioxidants in commercial products and their demonstrated toxicity make them an important family of indoor contaminants of emerging concern. However, significant knowledge gaps still need to be bridged: novel synthetic antioxidants and their related transformation products need to be identified in indoor environments, different dust sampling strategies should be employed to evaluate human exposure to these contaminants, geographic scope and sampling scope of research on indoor contamination should be broadened, and the partition coefficients of synthetic antioxidants among different media need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ji
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiefeng Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qifan Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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28
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Kutarna S, Chen W, Xiong Y, Liu R, Gong Y, Peng H. Screening of Indoor Transformation Products of Organophosphates and Organophosphites with an in Silico Spectral Database. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:469-478. [PMID: 38145028 PMCID: PMC10740125 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Numerous transformation products are formed indoors, but they are outside the scope of current chemical databases. In this study, an in silico spectral database was established to screen previously unknown indoor transformation products of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs). An R package was developed that incorporated four indoor reactions to predict the transformation products of 712 seed OPCs. By further predicting MS2 fragments, an in silico spectral database was established consisting of 3509 OPCs and 28,812 MS2 fragments. With this database, 40 OPCs were tentatively detected in 23 indoor dust samples. This is the greatest number of OPCs reported to date indoors, among which two novel phosphonates were validated using standards. Twenty-four of the detected OPCs were predicted transformation products in which oxidation from organophosphites plays a major role. To confirm this, the in silico spectral database was expanded to include organophosphites for suspect screening in five types of preproduction plastics. A broad spectrum of 14 organophosphites was detected, with a particularly high abundance in polyvinyl chloride plastics and indoor end-user goods. This demonstrated the significant contribution of organophosphites to indoor organophosphates via oxidation, highlighting the strength of in silico spectral databases for the screening of unknown indoor transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Wanzhen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ying Xiong
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Runzeng Liu
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, School of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Liu YS, Li HR, Lao ZL, Ma ST, Liao ZC, Song AM, Liu MY, Liu YS, Ying GG. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in a heavily polluted river in South China: Occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, sources, and phase distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122492. [PMID: 37659627 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, organophosphate esters (OPEs) undergo rapid increase in production and use. Meanwhile, owing to their additive property, OPEs exhibit liability to escape from related products and therefore ubiquity in various environments. Moreover, numerous researches verify their bioavailability and negative effects on biota and human, hence their occurrence and associated risks have caught much concern, particularly those in aquatic systems. So far, however, OPEs in water are generally investigated as a whole, their phase distribution and behavior in waterbodies are incompletely characterized. We examined 25 OPEs in water (including dissolved and particulate phases), sediment, and sediment core samples from the Lian River, which flows through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone and Shantou specific economic zone in South China. Compared to most global waterbodies, the Lian River showed high or ultrahigh OPE levels in both water and sediments, particularly in the reaches surrounded by e-waste recycling and plastic-related industries, which were the top two greatest OPE sources. Non-industrial and agriculture-related anthropogenic activities also contributed OPEs. Sediment core data suggested that OPEs have been present in waters in Guiyu since the 1960s and showed a temporal trend consistent with the local waste-recycling business. The phase distribution of OPEs in the Lian River was significantly correlated with their hydrophobicity and solubility. Owing to their wide range of physicochemical properties, OPE congeners showed significant percentage differences in the Lian River water and sediments. Generally, OPEs in water reflect their dynamic real-time inputs, while those in sediment signify their accumulative deposition, which is another cause of their phase distribution disparities in the Lian River. The physicochemical parameters of OPEs first imposed negative and then positive influences on their dissolved phase-sediment distribution, indicating the involvement of both the adsorption of dissolved OPEs and the deposition of particle-bound OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shan Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Hui-Ru Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Lang Lao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Sheng-Tao Ma
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China.
| | - Zi-Cong Liao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Ai-Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Ming-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Ye L, Li J, Gong S, Herczegh SM, Zhang Q, Letcher RJ, Su G. Established and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the expansion of an environmental contamination issue: A review and future directions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132095. [PMID: 37523961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The list of organophosphate esters (OPEs) reported in the environment continues to expand as evidenced by the increasing number of OPE studies in the literature. However, there remains a general dearth of information on more recently produced and used OPEs that are proving to be emerging environmental contaminants. The present review summarizes the available studies in a systematic framework of the current state of knowledge on the analysis, environmental fate, and behavior of emerging OPEs. This review also details future directions to better understand emerging OPEs in the environment. Firstly, we make recommendations that the current structural/practical abbreviations and naming of OPEs be revised and updated. A chemical database (CDB) containing 114 OPEs is presently established based on the suspect list from the current scientific literature. There are 12 established OPEs and a total of 83 emerging OPEs that have been reported in human and/or biota samples. Of the emerging OPEs more than 80% have nearly 100% detection frequencies in samples of certain environmental media including indoor air, wastewater treatment plants, sediment, and fish. In contrast to OPEs considered established contaminants, most emerging OPEs have been identified more recently due to the more pervasive use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based approaches and especially gas or liquid chromatography coupled with HRMS-based non-target analysis (NTA) of environmental sample fractions. Intentional/unintentional industrial use and non-industrial formation are sources of emerging OPEs in the environment. Predicted physical-chemical properties in silico of newer, molecularly larger and more oligomeric OPEs strongly suggest that some compounds such as bisphenol A diphenyl phosphate (BPA-DPP) are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and/or toxic. Limited information on laboratory-based toxicity data has shown that some emerging OPEs elicit harmful effects such as cytotoxicity, development toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and endocrine disruption in exposed humans and mammals. Established, and to a much lesser degree emerging OPEs, have also been shown to transform and degrade in biota and possibly alter their toxicological effects. Research on emerging OPE contaminants is presently limited and more study is warranted on sample analysis methods, source apportionment, transformation processes, environmental behavior, biomarkers of exposure and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Sofia M Herczegh
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Li X, Yao Y, Zhao M, Yang J, Shi Y, Yu H, Cheng Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Wang L, Sun H. Nontarget Identification of Novel Organophosphorus Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Rainfall Runoffs and Agricultural Soils around a Plastic Recycling Industrial Park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:12794-12805. [PMID: 37579047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic recycling and reprocessing activities may release organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers into the surrounding environment. However, the relevant contamination profiles and impacts remain not well studied. This study investigated the occurrence of 28 OPEs and their metabolites (mOPEs) in rainfall runoffs and agricultural soils around one of the largest plastic recycling industrial parks in North China and identified novel organophosphorus compounds (NOPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry-based nontarget analysis. Twenty and twenty-seven OPEs were detected in runoff water and soil samples, with total concentrations of 86.0-2491 ng/L and 2.53-199 ng/g dw, respectively. Thirteen NOPs were identified, of which eight were reported in the environment for the first time, including a chlorine-containing OPE, an organophosphorus heterocycle, a phosphite, three novel OPE metabolites, and two oligomers. Triphenylphosphine oxide and diphenylphosphinic acid occurred ubiquitously in runoffs and soils, with concentrations up to 390 ng/L and 40.2 ng/g dw, respectively. The downwind areas of the industrial park showed elevated levels of OPEs and NOPs. The contribution of hydroxylated mOPEs was higher in soils than in runoffs. These findings suggest that plastic recycling and reprocessing activities are significant sources of OPEs and NOPs and that biotransformation may further increase the ecological and human exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Maosen Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ji Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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32
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Lao JY, Xu S, Zhang K, Lin H, Cao Y, Wu R, Tao D, Ruan Y, Yee Leung KM, Lam PKS. New Perspective to Understand and Prioritize the Ecological Impacts of Organophosphate Esters and Transformation Products in Urban Stormwater and Sewage Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11656-11665. [PMID: 37503546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their prevalence in urban contaminated water, the driving factors of organophosphate esters (OPEs) need to be well examined, and their related ecological impacts should include that of their transformation products (TPs). Additionally, a robust framework needs to be developed to integrate multiple variables related to ecological impacts for improving the ecological health assessment. Therefore, OPEs and TPs in urban stormwater and wastewater in Hong Kong were analyzed to fill these gaps. The results revealed that the total concentrations of OPEs in stormwater were positively correlated with the area of transportation land. Individual TP concentrations and the mass ratios of individual TPs/OPEs were somewhat higher in sewage effluents than that in stormwater. OPEs generally showed relatively higher risk quotients than TPs; however, the total risk quotients increased by approximately 38% when TPs were factored in. Moreover, the molecular docking results suggested that the investigated TPs might cause similar endocrine disruption in marine organisms as their parent OPEs. This study employed the Toxicological-Priority-Index scheme to successfully integrate the ecological risks and endocrine-disrupting effects to refine the ecological health assessment of the exposure to OPEs and their TPs, which can better inform the authority on the prioritization for regulating these contaminants of emerging concern in urban built environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao; Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Huiju Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau (CORE), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Jia T, Gao L, Liu W, Guo B, He Y, Xu X, Mao T, Deng J, Li D, Tao F, Wang W. Screening of organophosphate esters in different indoor environments: Distribution, diffusion, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121576. [PMID: 37028786 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
of air conditioner (AC) filter dust can reveal the level of organophosphate ester (OPE) pollution in indoor environments, but comprehensive research on this topic remains lacking. This study combined non-targeted and targeted analysis to screen and analyze 101 samples of AC filter dust, settled dust, and air obtained in 6 indoor environments. Phosphorus-containing organic compounds account for a large proportion of the organic compounds found in indoor environments, and OPEs might be the main pollutants. Using toxicity data and traditional priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for toxicity prediction of OPEs, 11 OPEs were prioritized for further quantitative analysis. The concentration of OPEs in AC filter dust was highest, followed in descending order by that in settled dust and that in air. The concentration of OPEs in AC filter dust in the residence was two to seven times greater than that in the other indoor environments. More than 56% of the OPEs in AC filter dust showed significant correlation, while those in settled dust and air were weakly correlated, suggesting that large amounts of OPEs collected over long periods could have a common source. Fugacity results showed that OPEs were transferred easily from dust to air, and that dust was the main source of OPEs. The values of both the carcinogenic risk and the hazard index were lower than the corresponding theoretical risk thresholds, indicating low risk to residents through exposure to OPEs in indoor environments. However, it is necessary to remove AC filter dust in a timely manner to prevent it becoming a pollution sink of OPEs that could be rereleased and endanger human health. This study has important implications for comprehensive understanding of the distribution, toxicity, sources, and risks of OPEs in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Bobo Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Da Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Fang Tao
- China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, 100102, China
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Bi R, Meng W, Su G. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plastic food packaging: non-target recognition, and migration behavior assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108010. [PMID: 37307603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as plasticizers in plastic food packaging; however, the migration of OPEs from plastic to food is largely unstudied. We do not even know the specific number of OPEs that exist in the plastic food packaging. Herein, an integrated target, suspect, and nontarget strategy for screening OPEs was optimized using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The strategy was used to analyze 106 samples of plastic food packaging collected in Nanjing city, China, in 2020. HRMS allowed full or tentative identification of 42 OPEs, of which seven were reported for the first time. Further, oxidation products of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (AO626) in plastics were identified, implying that the oxidation of organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) could be an important indirect source of OPEs in plastics. The migration of OPEs was examined with four simulated foods. Twenty-six out of 42 OPEs were detected in at least one of the four simulants, particularly isooctane, in which diverse OPEs were detected at elevated concentrations. Overall, the study supplements the list of OPEs that humans could ingest as well as provides essential information regarding the migration of OPEs from plastic food packaging to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weikun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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35
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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Lin L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang W, Niu Y, Shao B. Occurrences and migration of organophosphite and organophosphate esters into food simulants from single-use food packaging in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121782. [PMID: 37164220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in food packaging. Because these chemicals have been found in various foods, they have caused increasing concern about potential health risks through food intake. Little information is available about the migration behaviors of OPAs and OPEs from single-use food packaging into food. In the present study, four OPAs and 23 OPEs were analyzed in paper and plastic single-use food packaging (n = 312), which are widely used for take-out food in China. The total concentrations of OPAs and OPEs in the packaging samples were 1966 and 189 ng/g, respectively. Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168) was the dominant compound. OPAs and OPEs were present at higher concentrations in the plastic packaging than in the paper packaging. In a migration test, four OPAs and 15 OPEs were found in food simulants (4% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, and hexane). Higher levels of individual and total OPAs were found in hexane than the other food simulants, especially for AO168 migration from plastic packaging. The amounts of OPEs in the food simulants increased from the aqueous simulants (4% acetic acid and 10% ethanol) to the fatty food simulant (hexane). The migration efficiencies of the OPAs were higher than those of the OPEs. Preliminary calculations suggest that dietary exposure to OPAs and OPEs because of migration will be low for the population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Li Lin
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China.
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36
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Xu Y, Hu Y, Wang X, Wei X, Zhu Q, Hu L, Liao C, Jiang G. Profiles of novel high-molecular-weight synthetic antioxidants in urine and associated child exposure in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161844. [PMID: 36716867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure of novel high-molecular-weight (HMW) synthetic antioxidants (AOs), including nine synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), one low-molecular-weight (LMW) SPA, two organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) as well as one transformation product in children's urine from eastern (n = 82) and western (n = 105) China. For the first time, all analytes were detected in children's urine such as the representative HMW SPAs pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate) (AO1010, median = 0.447 ng/mL), octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO1076, median = 0.0300 ng/mL), and 1,3,5-tris[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione(1,2-dioxoethylene)bis(iminoethylene) (AO3114, median = 0.0166 ng/mL) and representative OPAs bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite (AO626, median = 0.00216 ng/mL), tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168, median = 0.0296 ng/mL) as well as its transformation product tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (AO168O, median = 1.53 ng/mL). Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of AO1010, AO3114, AO168, and AO168O between urine samples from eastern and western China (p < 0.01). The high-frequency combination of AOs from binary to a mixture of six AOs was acquired, which would provide a better investigation of the mixture toxicity. The high estimated daily intakes of AO1010 (85.4 ng/kg/day), AO1076 (10.2 ng/kg/day), AO3114 (4.50 ng/kg/day), and AO168 (1231 ng/kg/day) were less than the values of the tolerable daily intake (3,020,000, 1,500,000, 10,000,000, and 580,000 ng/kg/day for AO1010, AO1076, AO3114, and AO168, respectively), indicating low health risk to children. Our findings showed the co-occurrence of those novel AOs and transformation products in children, the overall risks associated with the mixture of transformation products and the mixture with other emerging pollutants need to be considered when assessing the risks of AOs in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Xu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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Guo Y, Liu Y, Xiang T, Li J, Lv M, Yan Y, Zhao J, Sun J, Yang X, Liao C, Fu J, Shi J, Qu G, Jiang G. Disposable Polypropylene Face Masks: A Potential Source of Micro/Nanoparticles and Organic Contaminates in Humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5739-5750. [PMID: 36989422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We have been effectively protected by disposable propylene face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, they may pose health risks due to the release of fine particles and chemicals. We measured micro/nanoparticles and organic chemicals in disposable medical masks, surgical masks, and (K)N95 respirators. In the breathing-simulation experiment, no notable differences were found in the total number of particles among mask types or between breathing intensities. However, when considering subranges, <2.5 μm particles accounted for ∼90% of the total number of micro/nanoparticles. GC-HRMS-based suspect screening tentatively revealed 79 (semi)volatile organic compounds in masks, with 18 being detected in ≥80% of samples and 44 in ≤20% of samples. Three synthetic phenolic antioxidants were quantified, and AO168 reached a median concentration of 2968 ng/g. By screening particles collected from bulk mask fabrics, we detected 18 chemicals, including four commonly detected in masks, suggesting chemical partition between the particles and the fabric fibers and chemical exposure via particle inhalation. These particles and chemicals are believed to originate from raw materials, intentionally and nonintentionally added substances in mask production, and their transformation products. This study highlights the need to study the long-term health risks associated with mask wearing and raises concerns over mask quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tongtong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Junya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Meilin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jiazheng Sun
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Gao M, Li Y, Zhao L, Yao Y, Chen H, Wang L, Sun H. Organophosphite Antioxidants and Novel Organophosphate Esters in Dust from China: Large-Scale Distribution and Heterogeneous Phototransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4187-4198. [PMID: 36848063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale survey was conducted by measuring five organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and three novel organophosphate esters (NOPEs) in 139 dust samples across China. The median summed concentrations of OPAs and NOPEs in outdoor dust were 33.8 ng/g (range: 0.12-53,400 ng/g) and 7990 ng/g (2390-27,600 ng/g), respectively. The dust concentrations of OPAs associated with the increasing economic development and population density from western to eastern China, whereas the NOPE concentration in Northeast China (median, 11,900 ng/g; range, 4360-16,400 ng/g) was the highest. Geographically, the distribution of NOPEs was significantly associated with annual sunshine duration and precipitation at each sampling site. Results of laboratory experiments further revealed that the simulated sunlight irradiation promoted the heterogeneous phototransformation of OPAs in dust, and this process was accelerated with the existence of reactive oxygen species and enhanced relative humidity. Importantly, during this phototransformation, the hydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dealkylated, and methylated products, e.g., bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) methyl phosphate, were identified by nontargeted analysis, part of which were estimated to be more toxic than their parent compounds. The heterogeneous phototransformation pathway of OPAs was suggested accordingly. For the first time, the large-scale distribution of OPAs and NOPEs and the phototransformation of these "new chemicals" in dust were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wang S, Qian J, Zhang B, Chen L, Wei S, Pan B. Unveiling the Occurrence and Potential Ecological Risks of Organophosphate Esters in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1907-1918. [PMID: 36695577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted increasing concerns because of their potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. The identification of the structures of OPEs is a prerequisite for subsequent assessment of their environmental impacts, which could hardly be accomplished using traditional target analytical methods. In this study, we describe the use of suspect and nontarget screening techniques for identification of organophosphate triesters and diesters (tri-OPEs and di-OPEs) in the influent and effluent samples acquired from 25 municipal WWTPs across China. There are totally 33 different OPE molecules identified, 11 of which are detected in wastewater for the first time and 4 are new to the public. In all tested samples, di-OPEs account for a significant portion (53% on average) of the total OPEs (ng/L-μg/L). More importantly, most of the OPEs could not be eliminated after treatment in these WWTPs, while some of the di-OPEs even accumulate. The research priority of OPEs in the effluent based on ecological risk was also analyzed, and the results reflected a previously unrecognized exposure risk of emerging OPEs for aquatic living organisms. These findings present a holistic understanding of the environmental relevance of OPEs in WWTPs on a country scale, which will hopefully provide guidance for the upgrade of treatment protocols in WWTPs and even for the modification of governmental regulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jieshu Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Wang X, Li F, Teng Y, Ji C, Wu H. Potential adverse outcome pathways with hazard identification of organophosphate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158093. [PMID: 35985583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Data-driven analysis and pathway-based approaches contribute to reasonable arrangements of limited resources and laboratory tests for continuously emerging commercial chemicals, which provides opportunities to save time and effort for toxicity research. With the widespread usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on a global scale, the concentrations generally reached up to micromolar range in environmental media and even in organisms. However, potential adverse effects and toxicity pathways of OPEs have not been systematically assessed. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current situation, formulate the future research priorities, and characterize toxicity mechanisms via data-driven analysis. Results showed that the early toxicity studies focused on neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and metabolic disorders. Then the main focus shifted to the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, endocrine disruption, hepatocytes, reproductive and developmental toxicity to vulnerable sub-populations, such as infants and embryos, affected by OPEs. In addition, several novel OPEs have been emerging, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (HDEHP) and oxidation derivatives (OPAsO) generated from organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), leading to multiple potential ecological and human health risks (neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc.). Notably, in-depth statistical analysis was promising in encapsulating toxicological information to develop adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) frameworks. Subsequently, network-centric analysis and quantitative weight-of-evidence (QWOE) approaches were utilized to construct and evaluate the putative AOPs frameworks of OPEs, showing the moderate confidences of the developed AOPs. In addition, frameworks demonstrated that several events, such as nuclear receptor activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, were involved in multiple different adverse outcome (AO), and these AOs had certain degree of connectivity. This study brought new insights into facilitating the complement of AOP efficiently, as well as establishing toxicity pathways framework to inform risk assessment of emerging OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yuefa Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Wu JY, Zhu T, Chen ZM, Guo JS, Hou XY, Wang DR, Zhang LX, Gao JM. Occurrence, seasonal variation, potential sources, and risks of organophosphate esters in a cold rural area in Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155361. [PMID: 35460793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the environment have been the focus of increasing attention due to their ubiquity and potential toxicity. However, there is little information on the occurrence and characteristics of OPEs in rural areas, especially those with cold year-round temperatures and frozen soil in winter. In this study, environmental samples were collected, in summer and winter, from villages and towns in Northeast China differing in the types and intensities of their anthropogenic activities. The samples were analyzed for 12 OPEs. The results showed the widespread presence of alkyl-OPEs, Cl-OPEs, and aryl-OPEs in the water, soil, snow, and ice of the study sites. In summer, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the primary compounds in water and soil, respectively. The ∑12OPE concentration in three villages varied from 46.26 to 257.37 ng/L in water, and from 6.62 to 19.46 ng/g in soils. The ∑12OPE concentrations in water were lower in winter than summer, but conversely, ∑12OPE concentrations in frozen soils in winter were higher than those in soils in summer. In winter, there was a shift in the predominant OPEs in water and frozen soils, with dominance of TCEP and complex compounds, respectively. Obvious seasonal characteristics of the potential sources and ecological risks of OPEs in these areas were also determined, with more complex sources of OPEs seen in summer than winter. In summer, only 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in water posed a potential risk, while in summer and, especially, in winter, EHDPP and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate posed potential risks in soils. The high ∑12OPE concentration in snow (56.77 ng/L) implied that wet deposition can amplify OPEs in other environmental compartments. This is the first systematic report on OPEs in a cold rural area. Our findings highlight the need for seasonal monitoring of OPEs in similar areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhu-Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jin-Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xian-Yu Hou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - De-Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jun-Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Gong S, Ren K, Ye L, Deng Y, Su G. Suspect and nontarget screening of known and unknown organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129273. [PMID: 35739788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-five soil samples (n = 95) were analyzed using an integrated suspect and non-target organophosphate ester (OPE) screening strategy. This suspect and non-target screening strategy allowed us to fully or tentatively identify 26 OPEs or OPE-like substances. Among these 26 newly identified contaminants, bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPABDP) exhibited the highest detection frequency of 83.2 %, with a concentration range of ND - 385 ng/g dry weight (dw). We also observed that BPABDP was significantly correlated with all other OPEs (p < 0.001 in all pairs), suggesting that BPABDP is widely used as a plasticizer and flame retardant in various commercial products. Another interesting finding was the discovery of four novel OPE structures with tentatively proposed chemical structures. Among these four non-target OPEs, (tert-butyl) phenyl bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TBPBDTBPP) shared a backbone structure very similar to that of the well-known OPE, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP). Detection frequency of this newly discovered OPE was high, up to 69.5 %, and it was significantly correlated with isodecyl diphenyl phosphate (IDDP), BPABDP, diphenyl 2-isopropylphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP), and tricresyl phosphate (TCrP, p < 0.05 in all pairs), respectively. This study reported the most comprehensive suite of OPEs in soil samples, and 16 out of them were recognized in soil for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kefan Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, China.
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Song XC, Dreolin N, Canellas E, Goshawk J, Nerin C. Prediction of Collision Cross-Section Values for Extractables and Leachables from Plastic Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9463-9473. [PMID: 35730527 PMCID: PMC9261268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of ion mobility separation (IMS) in conjunction with high-resolution mass spectrometry has proved to be a reliable and useful technique for the characterization of small molecules from plastic products. Collision cross-section (CCS) values derived from IMS can be used as a structural descriptor to aid compound identification. One limitation of the application of IMS to the identification of chemicals from plastics is the lack of published empirical CCS values. As such, machine learning techniques can provide an alternative approach by generating predicted CCS values. Herein, experimental CCS values for over a thousand chemicals associated with plastics were collected from the literature and used to develop an accurate CCS prediction model for extractables and leachables from plastic products. The effect of different molecular descriptors and machine learning algorithms on the model performance were assessed. A support vector machine (SVM) model, based on Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) descriptors, provided the most accurate prediction with 93.3% of CCS values for [M + H]+ adducts and 95.0% of CCS values for [M + Na]+ adducts in testing sets predicted with <5% error. Median relative errors for the CCS values of the [M + H]+ and [M + Na]+ adducts were 1.42 and 1.76%, respectively. Subsequently, CCS values for the compounds in the Chemicals associated with Plastic Packaging Database and the Food Contact Chemicals Database were predicted using the SVM model developed herein. These values were integrated in our structural elucidation workflow and applied to the identification of plastic-related chemicals in river water. False positives were reduced, and the identification confidence level was improved by the incorporation of predicted CCS values in the suspect screening workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, U.K.
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, U.K.
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- .
Phone: +34 976761873
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44
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Hou M, Zhang B, Fu S, Cai Y, Shi Y. Penetration of Organophosphate Triesters and Diesters across the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier: Efficiencies, Impact Factors, and Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8221-8230. [PMID: 35658413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) across the blood-brain barrier and their influencing factors remain unclear in humans. In this study, 21 tri-OPEs and 8 di-OPEs were measured in 288 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected in Jinan, China. Six tri-OPEs were frequently detected in both serum and CSF, with median concentrations ranging from 0.062 to 1.62 and 0.042-1.11 ng/mL, respectively. Their penetration efficiencies across the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) (RCSF/serum, CCSF/Cserum) were calculated at 0.667-2.80, and these efficiencies first increased and then decreased with their log Kow values. The reduced penetration efficiencies of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) may be attributed to their strong binding affinities for human serum albumin and p-glycoprotein due to their high hydrophobicity and aryl structure, as indicated by molecular docking. This suggests that active efflux transport may be involved in the penetration of TPHP and EHDPP in addition to passive diffusion similar to the other four tri-OPEs. Di-OPEs were found in few serum samples and even fewer CSF samples, indicating their limited BCSFB permeability. This may be due to their high polarity, low hydrophobicity, and ionic state in blood. This study has important implications for understanding the neurotoxicity of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bona Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Shanji Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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45
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Yang Y, Yang L, Chen H, Tan H, Yang J, Sun F, Sun J, Gong X, Tao L, Huang Y. Low-level alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) in indoor dust from Adelaide, South Australia decades since national legislative control on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154123. [PMID: 35219667 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been globally banned or restricted in 2000s, alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) appear increasingly dominant over PBDEs in many countries/regions. In this study, low levels of AHFRs were unexpectedly observed in the indoor dust from Adelaide, South Australia. Anti-dechlorane plus (anti-DP) was the most frequently detected AHFR with a median concentration of 1.28 ng/g, while other AFHRs were less detected (detection frequency < 50%). The levels of ΣPBDEs (496 ng/g, median) and ΣAHFRs (160 ng/g) and the ratio of ΣAHFRs/ΣPBDEs (0.32) were much lower than those investigated in Australian indoor dust previously. The findings were different to the trend for PBDEs and AHFRs from other countries over the past two decades. No significant correlation was determined between DP and PBDE congeners, indicating their different sources in dust. The human exposure assessment suggested that dust ingestion was the predominant pathway of PBDEs and AHFRs exposure for toddlers, while dermal absorption may be the dominant pathway for adults. The estimated daily intake (EDI) suggested low health risks via dust ingestion and dermal contact for general populations in Adelaide. This study contributes to the knowledge on region-specific FR contamination in indoor environments and related human exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haojia Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental, Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengjiang Sun
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xue Gong
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lin Tao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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46
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Taylor RB, Sapozhnikova Y. Assessing Chemical Migration from Plastic Food Packaging into Food Simulant by Gas and Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4805-4816. [PMID: 35380818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Some components of plastic food packaging can migrate into food, and whereas migration studies of known components are required and relatively straightforward, identification of nonintentionally added substances (NIAS; unknowns) is challenging yet imperative to better characterizing food safety. To this aim, migration was investigated across 24 unique plastic food packaging products including plastic wrap, storage bags, vacuum bags, and meat trays. Gas and liquid chromatography separation systems coupled with Orbitrap mass analyzers were used for comprehensive nontargeted screening of migrants. Tentative identifications of features were assigned by searching commercial databases (e.g., NIST, MZCloud, ChemSpider, Extractables and Leachables) and filtering results based on mass accuracy, retention time indices, and mass spectral patterns. Several migrants showed elevated levels in specific food packaging types, particularly meat trays and plastic wrap, and varying degrees of migration over the 10 days. Eleven putative migrants are listed as substances of potential concern or priority hazardous substances. Additionally, migration amounts of an Irgafos 168 degradation product determined by semiquantitation exceeded proposed theoretical maximum migration values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raegyn B Taylor
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
| | - Yelena Sapozhnikova
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, United States
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47
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Shimabuku I, Chen D, Wu Y, Miller E, Sun J, Sutton R. Occurrence and risk assessment of organophosphate esters and bisphenols in San Francisco Bay, California, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152287. [PMID: 34906577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and bisphenols are two classes of industrial chemicals that are ubiquitously detected in environmental matrices due to high global production and widespread use, particularly in the manufacture of plastic products. In 2017, water samples collected throughout the highly urbanized San Francisco Bay were analyzed for 22 OPEs and 16 bisphenols using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-Q Trap-mass spectrometry. Fifteen of the 22 OPEs were detected, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP (42 ng/L) > TPhP (9.5 ng/L) > TBOEP (7.6 ng/L) > TnBP (7.5 ng/L) > TEP (6.7 ng/L) > TDCIPP (6.2 ng/L). In contrast, only two of 16 bisphenols, BPA and BPS, were quantified, with concentrations ranging from <0.7-35 ng/L and <1-120 ng/L, respectively. BPA and a few OPEs (EHDPP and TEHP) were primarily present in the particulate phase, while BPS and all other observed OPEs were predominantly found in the dissolved phase. Pairwise correlation analysis revealed several strong, positive correlations among OPEs, and few weak, negative correlations between OPEs and BPA, suggesting differences between the two classes with respect to their sources, pathways, and/or fate in the environment. Concentrations of OPEs and bisphenols observed in this study were generally consistent with reported concentrations in other estuarine and marine settings globally. TDCIPP exceeded existing predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) at some sites, and six other compounds (TCrP, IDDPP, EHDPP, TPhP, TBOEP, and BPA) were observed at levels approaching individual compound PNECs (not considering mixture effects), indicating potential risks to Bay biota. These results emphasize the need to control releases of these contaminants in order to protect the ecosystem. Periodic monitoring can be used to maintain vigilance in the face of potential regrettable substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Shimabuku
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Ezra Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Jennifer Sun
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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48
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang C, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun H. A review of organophosphate esters in soil: Implications for the potential source, transfer, and transformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112122. [PMID: 34563524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used around the world as flame retardants and plasticizers with a growing production in the last 15 years due to the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Multiple papers reported the occurrences of OPEs in various environmental matrices and elevated concentrations of OPEs (0.1-10,000 ng/g dry weight) were documented in different types of soils which were regarded as both the "sink" and "source" of OPEs. In this study, the source, transfer, and transformation mechanisms of OPEs are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the soil environment. The wet/dry deposition, air-soil exchange, sewage irrigation, sludge application, and indirect oxidization of organophosphate antioxidants are the possible sources of OPEs in soil. Meanwhile, the OPEs in the soil environment may also migrate into other environmental media via plant uptake, air-soil exchange, desorption, and infiltration to cause relevant ecological risk, which depends much on the chemical properties of these compounds. The trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP) (mixture of isomers) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which have strong hydrophobicity, pose a higher ecological risk for the soil environment than other OPEs. Further, the hydrolysis, indirect photolysis, and biodegradation of OPEs in the soil environment may be affected by the soil pH, organic acid, dissolved metals and metal oxides, active oxygen species, and microorganisms significantly. Besides that, the human exposure risks of OPEs from the soil are limited compared to those via indoor dust and food ingestion pathways. Finally, this study identifies the knowledge gaps and generated the future perspectives of the OPEs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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49
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Choi Y, Hao C, Helm PA, Bhavsar SP, Kim SD. Organophosphate esters in Great Lakes fish: An improved analysis to assess concentrations and human exposure via consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150981. [PMID: 34666087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are flame retardant and plasticizer chemicals added to electronics, furniture, textiles, and other building materials and consumer products. In this study, fillets of fish often caught by anglers in the North American Great Lakes, Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) across four Great Lakes and nearshore fish species near the large urban and industrial centers of Toronto and Hamilton, Canada, were analyzed for 22 OPEs. A rapid microextraction of homogenized tissues with methanol dramatically reduced preparation and sample handling time while achieving recoveries of 69-141%, and the optimized liquid chromatographic separation improved isomeric separations, including aryl-OPEs. Twelve of the 22 OPEs were detected, with frequencies of detection ranging from 8.3% to 98%, and five compounds were detected in >50% of the fish. The average ± standard deviation for the sum of 12 OPEs (ΣOPE12) ranged from 9.6 ± 0.9 (L. Erie 2017) to 74 ± 44 (L. Superior 2001) ng/g wet weight in Lake Trout, and 12 ± 2.7 to 35 ± 30 ng/g wet weight in nearshore fish species from the Toronto and Hamilton areas. The aryl-OPEs were dominant in Lake Trout, comprising 32-77% of total ΣOPE12 concentrations. In nearshore fish, the OPE patterns reflected the relative degree of exposure to run-off and wastewater inputs in the sampled receiving environments. The intake of OPEs via human consumption of Great Lakes Lake Trout and nearshore fish was estimated to range 6.5-31 ng/kg body weight/day, which is approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than exposures via indoor air and ingestion/inhalation of dusts, and 3 orders of magnitude lower than estimated reference doses. The inclusion of additional OPE analytes enabled patterns of exposure and accumulation to be distinguished in fish of different species and location, and were related to source and food web influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeowool Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunyan Hao
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada.
| | - Paul A Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Suite 1016V, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Satyendra P Bhavsar
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada; School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Suite 1016V, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Sang Don Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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50
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Li J, Zhang Y, Bi R, Ye L, Su G. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:302-312. [PMID: 34898183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status of emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, and nontarget screening of OPEs in n = 48 samples of wild fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, and 9 out of them are emerging OPEs detected in wild fish for the first time. Importantly, some of the emerging OPEs, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared to traditional ones. There were no statistically significant interspecies (n = 6) differences regarding OPE concentrations. However, we observed significant differences on OPE concentrations among different tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), for which the intestine has the highest OPE mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by the liver (20.1 ng/g ww) ≈ brain (20.0 ng/g ww) > gill (14.8 ng/g ww) > muscle (11.4 ng/g ww). An interesting exception is IPDP, which presents an unexpectedly high concentration in the brain (0.510 ng/g ww). Collectively, this study expands our understanding of OPE contamination in wild fish and clearly shows that emerging TDtBPP, IPDP, and BPDP could play an equally important role as traditional OPEs in contribution of OPE pollution in wild fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ruifeng Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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