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Miracle CE, McCallister CL, Egleton RD, Salisbury TB. Mechanisms by which obesity regulates inflammation and anti-tumor immunity in cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150437. [PMID: 39074412 PMCID: PMC11455618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for 13 different cancers. The increased risk for cancer in obesity is mediated by obesity-associated changes in the immune system. Obesity has distinct effects on different types of inflammation that are tied to tumorigenesis. For example, obesity promotes chronic inflammation in adipose tissue that is tumor-promoting in peripheral tissues. Conversely, obesity inhibits acute inflammation that rejects tumors. Obesity therefore promotes cancer by differentially regulating chronic versus acute inflammation. Given that obesity is chronic, the initial inflammation in adipose tissue will lead to systemic inflammation that could induce compensatory anti-inflammatory reactions in peripheral tissues to suppress chronic inflammation. The overall effect of obesity in peripheral tissues is therefore dependent on the duration and severity of obesity. Adipose tissue is a complex tissue that is composed of many cell types in addition to adipocytes. Further, adipose tissue cellularity is different at different anatomical sites throughout the body. Consequently, the sensitivity of adipose tissue to obesity is dependent on the anatomical location of the adipose depot. For example, obesity induces more inflammation in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Based on these studies, the mechanisms by which obesity promotes tumorigenesis are multifactorial and immune cell type-specific. The objective of our paper is to discuss the cellular mechanisms by which obesity promotes tumorigenesis by regulating distinct types of inflammation in adipose tissue and the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Miracle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Chelsea L McCallister
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Richard D Egleton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
| | - Travis B Salisbury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA.
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2
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Jiang T, Zou A, Song W, Zheng J, Lai L, Wang Q, Cui B. Interleukin-27 signaling resists obesity by promoting the accumulation of Treg cells in visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 733:150690. [PMID: 39276693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders has emerged as one of the most significant health threats worldwide. The visceral adipose tissue regulatory T cells (VAT Treg) play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis and preventing obesity mainly by secreting Interleikin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β). However, the mechanism that regulates VAT Treg quantity and function remains unclear. Here we elucidate the pivotal role of IL-27 signaling in sustaining the accumulation of VAT Treg cells, thereby conferring protection against obesity. We found that mice with the deficiency of IL-27 receptor Wsx1 gained more body weight and VAT weight than their wild-type littermates when fed both a normal-fat diet (NFD) and a high-fat diet (HFD). Notably, the population of VAT Treg cells was reduced in Wsx1 knockout (KO) mice, regardless of whether they were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). Correspondingly, the expression levels of the transcription factors FOXP3 and PPAR-γ, essential for VAT Treg function, were also diminished in Wsx1 KO mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that IL-27 signaling plays a protective role in obesity by supporting the maintenance and accumulation of VAT Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Jiang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Center for Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Aixuan Zou
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wenjun Song
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jialing Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Lihua Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Bijun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China; Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, PR China.
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3
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Chen D, Wang A, Lv J, Peng Y, Zheng Y, Zuo J, Kan J, Zong S, Zeng X, Liu J. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower polysaccharide attenuates metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet induced mice in association with modulation of gut microbiota. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135340. [PMID: 39255891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that dietary polysaccharides play a crucial role in preventing metabolic syndrome (MetS) through their interaction with gut microbes. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower polysacchride (TFPS) is a novel functional compound known for its diverse beneficial effects in both vivo and vitro. To further investigate the effects of TFPS on MetS and gut microbiota, and the possible association between gut microbiota and their activities, this study was carried out on mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and given oral TFPS at a dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg·body weight (BW)/d, respectively. TFPS treatment significantly mitigated HFD-induced MetS, evidenced by reductions in body weight, fat accumulation, plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, along with an increase in plasma IL-10 levels. Furthermore, TFPS induced alterations in the diversity and composition of HFD-induced gut microbiota. Specifically, TFPS influenced the relative abundance of 11 genera, including Lactobacillus and Lactococcus, which showed strong correlations with metabolic improvements and likely contributed to the amelioration of MetS. In conclusion, TFPS exhibits promising prebiotic properties in preventing MetS and regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jialiang Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiling Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunqing Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayu Zuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Kan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Moon S, Park Y, Jang S, Kim S, Song DG, Shin DC, Lee CH. Interleukin-2 improves insulin sensitivity through hypothalamic sympathetic activation in obese mice. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:250. [PMID: 39367382 PMCID: PMC11453069 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-2 regulates T cell differentiation: low-dose IL-2 induces immunoregulatory Treg differentiation, while high-dose IL-2 acts as a potent activator of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells. Therefore, high-dose IL-2 has been studied for use in cancer immunotherapy. We aimed to utilize low-dose IL-2 to treat inflammatory diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance, which involve low-grade chronic inflammation. MAIN BODY Systemic administration of low-dose IL-2 increased Treg cells and decreased inflammation in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT), leading to improved insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Additionally, central administration of IL-2 significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic signaling induced by central IL-2 administration not only decreased interferon γ (IFNγ) + Th1 cells and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including Il-1β, Il-6, and Il-8, but also increased CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cells and Tgfβ expression in the gWAT of obese mice. These phenomena were accompanied by hypothalamic microgliosis and activation of pro-opiomelanocortin neurons. Furthermore, sympathetic denervation in gWAT reversed the enhanced insulin sensitivity and immune cell polarization induced by central IL-2 administration. CONCLUSION Overall, we demonstrated that IL-2 improves insulin sensitivity through two mechanisms: direct action on CD4 + T cells and via the neuro-immune axis triggered by hypothalamic microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeha Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan-Gyeong Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
- Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Q, Xiang D, Liang Y, Meng H, Zhang X, Lu J. Interleukin-33: Expression, regulation and function in adipose tissues. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 143:113285. [PMID: 39362016 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the IL-1 family that plays a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses and contributes to tissue homeostasis. Its role in adipose tissue function has been extensively studied, as adipose tissue serves as an important mediator of metabolic dysfunction. In adipose tissue, IL-33 is primarily produced by stromal cells. Its production is regulated by factors, such as androgens, aging, sympathetic innervation, and various inflammatory stimuli that affect the proliferation and differentiation of IL-33-producing stromal cells. Many studies have elucidated the mechanisms by which IL-33 interacts with the immune system components, local nerve fibers, and adipocytes to influence energy balance, with important consequences in obesity, cold-induced thermogenesis, and aging-related metabolic dysfunction. Here, we detail our current understanding of the molecular events that regulate the production of IL-33 within adipose tissue and discuss its role in regulating adipose function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daochun Xiang
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingli Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Pinho ACO, Barbosa P, Lazaro A, Tralhão JG, Pereira MJ, Paiva A, Laranjeira P, Carvalho E. Identification and characterization of circulating and adipose tissue infiltrated CD20 +T cells from subjects with obesity that undergo bariatric surgery. Immunol Lett 2024; 269:106911. [PMID: 39147242 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
T cells play critical roles in adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. The role of CD20+T cell in AT dysfunction and their contributing to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes progression, is not known. The aim was to characterize CD20+T cells in omental (OAT), subcutaneous (SAT) and peripheral blood (PB) from subjects with obesity (OB, n = 42), by flow cytometry. Eight subjects were evaluated before (T1) and 12 months post (T2) bariatric/metabolic surgery (BMS). PB from subjects without obesity (nOB, n = 12) was also collected. Higher percentage of CD20+T cells was observed in OAT, compared to PB or SAT, in OB-T1. CD20 expression by PB CD4+T cells was inversely correlated with adiposity markers, while follicular-like CD20+T cells were positively correlated with impaired glucose tolerance (increased HbA1c). Notably, among OB-T1, IR establishment was marked by a lower percentage and absolute number of PB CD20+T cells, compared nOB. Obesity was associated with higher percentage of activated CD20+T cells; however, OAT-infiltrated CD20+T cells from OB-T1 with diabetes displayed the lowest activation. CD20+T cells infiltrating OAT from OB-T1 displayed a phenotype towards IFN-γ-producing Th1 and Tc1 cells. After BMS, the percentage of PB CD4+CD20+T cells increased, with reduced Th1 and increased Th17 phenotype. Whereas in OAT the percentage of CD20+T cells with Th1/17 and Tc1/17 phenotypes increased. Interestingly, OAT from OB pre/post BMS maintained higher frequency of effector memory CD20+T cells. In conclusion, CD20+T cells may play a prominent role in obesity-related AT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryane Cruz Oliveira Pinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Lazaro
- General Surgery Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra University of Coimbra, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José G Tralhão
- General Surgery Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra University of Coimbra, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Artur Paiva
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, 3000-076, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, 3046-854, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Laranjeira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Flow Cytometry Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra, 3000-076, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Group of Environmental Genetics of Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-061, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eugenia Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789, Coimbra, Portugal; APDP-Portuguese Diabetes Association, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Ahmad Z, Kahloan W, Rosen ED. Transcriptional control of metabolism by interferon regulatory factors. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:573-587. [PMID: 38769435 PMCID: PMC11392651 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of nine transcription factors in mammals. IRFs exert broad effects on almost all aspects of immunity but are best known for their role in the antiviral response. Over the past two decades, IRFs have been implicated in metabolic physiology and pathophysiology, partly as a result of their known functions in immune cells, but also because of direct actions in adipocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes and neurons. This Review focuses predominantly on IRF3 and IRF4, which have been the subject of the most intense investigation in this area. IRF3 is located in the cytosol and undergoes activation and nuclear translocation in response to various signals, including stimulation of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and the cGAS-STING pathways. IRF3 promotes weight gain, primarily by inhibiting adipose thermogenesis, and also induces inflammation and insulin resistance using both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. IRF4, meanwhile, is generally pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory and has profound effects on lipogenesis and lipolysis. Finally, new data are emerging on the role of other IRF family members in metabolic homeostasis. Taken together, data indicate that IRFs serve as critical yet underappreciated integrators of metabolic and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunair Ahmad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Wahab Kahloan
- AdventHealth Orlando Family Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yang J, Chen Y, Li X, Qin H, Bao J, Wang C, Dong X, Xu D. Complex Interplay Between Metabolism and CD4 + T-Cell Activation, Differentiation, and Function: a Novel Perspective for Atherosclerosis Immunotherapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:1033-1046. [PMID: 37199882 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex pathological process that results from the chronic inflammatory reaction of the blood vessel wall and involves various immune cells and cytokines. An imbalance in the proportion and function of the effector CD4+ T-cell (Teff) and regulatory T-cell (Treg) subsets is an important cause of the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic plaques. Teff cells depend on glycolytic metabolism and glutamine catabolic metabolism for energy, while Treg cells mainly rely on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is crucial for determining the fate of CD4+ T cells during differentiation and maintaining their respective immune functions. Here, we review recent research achievements in the field of immunometabolism related to CD4+ T cells, focusing on the cellular metabolic pathways and metabolic reprogramming involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Subsequently, we discuss the important roles of mTOR and AMPK signaling in regulating CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Finally, we evaluated the links between CD4+ T-cell metabolism and atherosclerosis, highlighting the potential of targeted modulation of CD4+ T-cell metabolism in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yanying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Qin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Jinghui Bao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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9
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Rodrigues DF, Fagundes GBP, Monteiro BL, Monteze NM, Rodrigues AMDS, Vieira ÉLM, Teixeira AL, Teixeira MM, Oliveira MCD, Correia MITD, Generoso SDV, Ferreira AVM. Blunted inflammatory response is associated with a lower response to a weight loss dietary intervention in liver recipients. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:2438-2447. [PMID: 39305754 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and adipose tissue inflammation is required for fatty tissue remodeling. Interestingly, immunosuppressed patients, as liver transplant recipients, often experience excessive weight gain. We investigated how liver recipients' inflammatory response affects body weight loss induced by dietary treatment. METHODS Overweight liver recipients were paired with non-transplanted subjects to compare their peripheral immune profiles. RESULTS Transplanted patients had similar profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared to controls but lower CD8lowCD56+CD16+NK cells and higher B lymphocytes. Patients showed lower serum concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-10 and lower inflammatory responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells under inflammatory stimuli. Liver recipients paired with non-transplanted subjects followed a weight loss dietary plan for 6 months to verify body composition changes. After 3 and 6 months of nutritional follow-up, the control group lost more body weight than the liver recipient group. The control group decreased fat mass and waist circumference, which was not observed in transplanted patients. CONCLUSION Therefore, liver recipients under immunosuppressant treatment responded less to different inflammatory stimuli. This impaired inflammatory milieu might be implicated in the lack of response to weight loss dietary intervention. Inflammation may be essential to trigger the weight loss induced by dietary prescription. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT03103984.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Fernandes Rodrigues
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Barbosa Pires Fagundes
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brenda Loise Monteiro
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nayara Mussi Monteze
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lucio Teixeira
- Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Immunopharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Chaves de Oliveira
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Simone de Vasconcelos Generoso
- Nutrition and Health Program, Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira
- Immunometabolism, Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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10
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Hemat Jouy S, Mohan S, Scichilone G, Mostafa A, Mahmoud AM. Adipokines in the Crosstalk between Adipose Tissues and Other Organs: Implications in Cardiometabolic Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:2129. [PMID: 39335642 PMCID: PMC11428859 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12092129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue was previously regarded as a dormant organ for lipid storage until the identification of adiponectin and leptin in the early 1990s. This revelation unveiled the dynamic endocrine function of adipose tissue, which has expanded further. Adipose tissue has emerged in recent decades as a multifunctional organ that plays a significant role in energy metabolism and homeostasis. Currently, it is evident that adipose tissue primarily performs its function by secreting a diverse array of signaling molecules known as adipokines. Apart from their pivotal function in energy expenditure and metabolism regulation, these adipokines exert significant influence over a multitude of biological processes, including but not limited to inflammation, thermoregulation, immune response, vascular function, and insulin sensitivity. Adipokines are pivotal in regulating numerous biological processes within adipose tissue and facilitating communication between adipose tissue and various organs, including the brain, gut, pancreas, endothelial cells, liver, muscle, and more. Dysregulated adipokines have been implicated in several metabolic diseases, like obesity and diabetes, as well as cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we attempted to describe the significance of adipokines in developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and highlight their role in the crosstalk between adipose tissues and other tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Hemat Jouy
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14778-93855, Iran;
| | - Sukrutha Mohan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Giorgia Scichilone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Amro Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Abeer M. Mahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.M.); (G.S.)
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Chowdhary K, Léon J, Mathis D, Benoist C. An integrated transcription factor framework for Treg identity and diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2411301121. [PMID: 39196621 PMCID: PMC11388289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2411301121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate cell identity depends on the combined activity of scores of transcription factors (TF). While TFs have often been studied in isolation, a systematic perspective on their integration has been missing. Focusing on FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), key guardians of immune tolerance, we combined single-cell chromatin accessibility, machine learning, and high-density genetic variation, to resolve a validated framework of diverse Treg chromatin programs, each shaped by multi-TF inputs. This framework identified previously unrecognized Treg controllers (Smarcc1) and illuminated the mechanism of action of FoxP3, which amplified a pre-existing Treg identity, diversely activating or repressing distinct programs, dependent on different regulatory partners. Treg subpopulations in the colon relied variably on FoxP3, Helios+ Tregs being completely dependent, but RORγ+ Tregs largely independent. These differences were rooted in intrinsic biases decoded by the integrated framework. Moving beyond master regulators, this work unravels how overlapping TF activities coalesce into Treg identity and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliette Léon
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France 75015
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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12
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Steinhauser ML. Unhealthy visceral fat is associated with improved efficacy of immunotherapy in endometrial cancer. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e183675. [PMID: 39225094 PMCID: PMC11364398 DOI: 10.1172/jci183675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a known driver of endometrial cancer. In this issue of the JCI, Gómez-Banoy and colleagues investigated a cohort of patients with advanced endometrial cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the interaction between programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). Notably, a BMI in the overweight or obese range was paradoxically associated with improved progression-free and overall survival. A second paradox emerged from CT analyses of visceral adipose tissue, viewed as an unhealthy fat depot in most other contexts, the quantity of which was also associated with improved treatment outcomes. Though visceral adiposity may have value as a biomarker to inform personalized treatment strategies, of even greater impact would be if a therapeutic strategy emerges from the future identification of adipose-derived mediators of this putative anticancer immune-priming effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Steinhauser
- Center for Human Integrative Physiology, Aging Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Xu Y, Wang Z, Li S, Su J, Gao L, Ou J, Lin Z, Luo OJ, Xiao C, Chen G. An in-depth understanding of the role and mechanisms of T cells in immune organ aging and age-related diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2695-x. [PMID: 39231902 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
T cells play a critical and irreplaceable role in maintaining overall health. However, their functions undergo alterations as individuals age. It is of utmost importance to comprehend the specific characteristics of T-cell aging, as this knowledge is crucial for gaining deeper insights into the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases and developing effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have thoroughly examined the existing studies on the characteristics of immune organ aging. Furthermore, we elucidated the changes and potential mechanisms that occur in T cells during the aging process. Additionally, we have discussed the latest research advancements pertaining to T-cell aging-related diseases. These findings provide a fresh perspective for the study of T cells in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun Su
- First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junwen Ou
- Anti Aging Medical Center, Clifford Hospital, Guangzhou, 511495, China
| | - Zhanyi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Oscar Junhong Luo
- Department of Systems Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chanchan Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Dongguan Eastern Central Hospital), Jinan University, Dongguan, 523000, China.
- Zhuhai Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519070, China.
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine; Institute of Geriatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area Geroscience Joint Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University (Dongguan Eastern Central Hospital), Jinan University, Dongguan, 523000, China.
- Zhuhai Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519070, China.
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14
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Shieh C, Thompson HJ, McLaughlin E, Chiang CW, Hussan H. Advancements in Understanding and Preventing Obesity-Related Colon Cancer. Cancer J 2024; 30:357-369. [PMID: 39312456 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Obesity and colorectal cancer are global public health issues, with the prevalence of both conditions increasing over the last 4 decades. In the United States alone, the prevalence of obesity is greater than 40%, and this percentage is projected to increase past 50% by 2030. This review focuses on understanding the association between obesity and the risk of colorectal cancer while also highlighting hypotheses about molecular mechanisms underlying the link between these disease processes. We also consider whether those linkages can be disrupted via weight loss therapies, including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and endobariatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shieh
- From the Department of Gastroenterology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Henry J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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15
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Liu J, Chen Y. Cell-cell crosstalk between fat cells and immune cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 327:E371-E383. [PMID: 39082899 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic disorder with pandemic-like implications, lacking viable pharmaceutical treatments currently. Thermogenic adipose tissues, including brown and beige adipose tissues, play an essential role in regulating systemic energy homeostasis and have emerged as appealing therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases. The function of adipocytes is subject to complex regulation by a cellular network of immune signaling pathways in response to environmental signals. However, the specific regulatory roles of immune cells in thermogenesis and relevant involving mechanisms are still not well understood. Here, we concentrate on our present knowledge of the interaction between thermogenic adipocytes and immune cells and present an overview of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying immunometabolism in adipose tissues. We discuss cytokines, especially interleukins, which originate from widely variable sources, and their impacts on the development and function of thermogenic adipocytes. Moreover, we summarize the neuroimmune regulation in heat production and expand a new mode of intercellular communication mediated by mitochondrial transfer. The crosstalk between immune cells and adipocytes achieves adipose tissue homeostasis and systemic energy balance. A deep understanding of this intricate interaction would provide evidence for improving thermogenic efficiency by remodeling the immune microenvironment. Interventions based on these factors show a high potential to prevent adverse metabolic outcomes in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadai Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ziadlou R, Pandian GN, Hafner J, Akdis CA, Stingl G, Maverakis E, Brüggen MC. Subcutaneous adipose tissue: Implications in dermatological diseases and beyond. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39206504 DOI: 10.1111/all.16295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is the deepest component of the three-layered cutaneous integument. While mesenteric adipose tissue-based immune processes have gained recognition in the context of the metabolic syndrome, SAT has been traditionally considered primarily for energy storage, with less attention to its immune functions. SAT harbors a reservoir of immune and stromal cells that significantly impact metabolic and immunologic processes not only in the skin, but even on a systemic level. These processes include wound healing, cutaneous and systemic infections, immunometabolic, and autoimmune diseases, inflammatory skin diseases, as well as neoplastic conditions. A better understanding of SAT immune functions in different processes, could open avenues for novel therapeutic interventions. Targeting SAT may not only address SAT-specific diseases but also offer potential treatments for cutaneous or even systemic conditions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on SAT's structure and functions, highlight recent advancements in understanding its role in both homeostatic and pathological conditions within and beyond the skin, and discuss the main questions for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihane Ziadlou
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jürg Hafner
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education CK-CARE, Davos, Switzerland
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17
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Zhou H, Gizlenci M, Xiao Y, Martin F, Nakamori K, Zicari EM, Sato Y, Tullius SG. Obesity-associated Inflammation and Alloimmunity. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00856. [PMID: 39192462 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem with a rapidly rising incidence. In organ transplantation, increasing numbers of patients with obesity accumulate on waiting lists and undergo surgery. Obesity is in general conceptualized as a chronic inflammatory disease, potentially impacting alloimmune response and graft function. Here, we summarize our current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms that control obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and provide insights into mechanisms affecting transplant outcomes, emphasizing on the beneficial effects of weight loss on alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Merih Gizlenci
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yao Xiao
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Friederike Martin
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, CVK/CCM, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keita Nakamori
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elizabeth M Zicari
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yuko Sato
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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18
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Li W, Jiang S, Zhang J, Xue H. Limosilactobacillus fermentum HNU312 alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation induced by a high-fat diet: improves lipid metabolism pathways and increases short-chain fatty acids in the gut microbiome. Food Funct 2024; 15:8878-8892. [PMID: 39129481 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A high-fat diet can cause health problems, such as hyperlipidemia, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Dietary supplementation with beneficial microbes might reduce the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet by modulating the gut microbiome, metabolic pathways and metabolites. This study assessed the effects of Limosilactobacillus fermentum HNU312 (L. fermentum HNU312) on blood lipid levels, fat accumulation, inflammation and the gut microbiome in mice on a high-fat diet. The results indicate that L. fermentum HNU312 supplementation to high-fat diet-fed mice led to decreases of 7.52% in the final body weight, 22.30% in total triglyceride, 24.87% in total cholesterol, and 27.3% in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, the addition of L. fermentum HNU312 significantly reduced the fat accumulation in the liver and adipose tissue by 18.99% and 32.55%, respectively, and decreased chronic inflammation induced by a high-fat diet. Further analysis of the gut microbiome revealed that on the one hand, L. fermentum HNU312 changed the structure of the intestinal microbiota, increased the abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria related to lipid metabolism, and reversed the enrichment of lipid-related metabolic pathways. On the other hand, L. fermentum HNU312 increased the production of short-chain fatty acids, which can reduce liver inflammation and chronic inflammation induced by a high-fat diet. In summary, by regulating gut microbiota, L. fermentum HNU312 improved lipid metabolism pathways and increased short-chain fatty acids, which reduced body weight, blood lipids, fat accumulation and chronic inflammation caused by high-fat diets. Therefore, L. fermentum HNU312 could be a good candidate probiotic for ameliorating metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Wanggao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuaiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Hui Xue
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Yende AS, Sharma D. Obesity, dysbiosis and inflammation: interactions that modulate the efficacy of immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1444589. [PMID: 39253073 PMCID: PMC11381382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1444589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen an outstanding growth in the understanding of connections between diet-induced obesity, dysbiosis and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Now we appreciate that gut dysbiosis can exert important effects in distant target tissues via specific microbes and metabolites. Multiple studies have examined how diet-induced obese state is associated with gut dysbiosis and how gut microbes direct various physiological processes that help maintain obese state in a bidirectional crosstalk. Another tightly linked factor is sustained low grade inflammation in tumor microenvironment that is modulated by both obese state and dysbiosis, and influences tumor growth as well as response to immunotherapy. Our review brings together these important aspects and explores their connections. In this review, we discuss how obese state modulates various components of the breast tumor microenvironment and gut microbiota to achieve sustained low-grade inflammation. We explore the crosstalk between different components of tumor microenvironment and microbes, and how they might modulate the response to immunotherapy. Discussing studies from multiple tumor types, we delve to find common microbial characteristics that may positively or negatively influence immunotherapy efficacy in breast cancer and may guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh S Yende
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, United States
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20
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Jheng MJ, Kita H. Control of Asthma and Allergy by Regulatory T Cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39154634 DOI: 10.1159/000540407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial barriers, such as the lungs and skin, face the challenge of providing the tissues' physiological function and maintaining tolerance to the commensal microbiome and innocuous environmental factors while defending the host against infectious microbes. Asthma and allergic diseases can result from maladaptive immune responses, resulting in exaggerated and persistent type 2 immunity and tissue inflammation. SUMMARY Among the diverse populations of tissue immune cells, CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are central to controlling immune responses and inflammation and restoring tissue homeostasis. Humans and mice that are deficient in Treg cells experience extensive inflammation in their mucosal organs and skin. During past decades, major progress has been made toward understanding the immunobiology of Treg cells and the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control their differentiation and function. It is now clear that Treg cells are not a single cell type and that they demonstrate diversity and plasticity depending on their differentiation stages and tissue environment. They could also take on a proinflammatory phenotype in certain conditions. KEY MESSAGES Treg cells perform distinct functions, including the induction of immune tolerance, suppression of inflammation, and promotion of tissue repair. Subsets of Treg cells in mucosal tissues are regulated by their differentiation stage and tissue inflammatory milieu. Treg cell dysfunction likely plays roles in persistent immune responses and tissue inflammation in asthma and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jhen Jheng
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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21
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Zheng S, Liu L, Liang K, Yan J, Meng D, Liu Z, Tian S, Shan Y. Multi-omics insight into the metabolic and cellular characteristics in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism. Commun Biol 2024; 7:990. [PMID: 39143378 PMCID: PMC11324791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
While circulating metabolites and immune system have been increasingly linked to hypothyroidism risk, the causality underlying these associations remains largely uninterrogated. We used Mendelian randomization to identified putative causal traits for hypothyroidism via integrating omics data. Briefly, we utilized 1180 plasma metabolites and 731 immune cells traits as exposures to identify putatively causal traits for hypothyroidism in the discovery (40,926 cases) and replication cohorts (14,871 cases). By combining MR results from two large-scale cohorts, we ultimately identified 21 putatively causal traits, including five plasma metabolites and 16 immune cell traits. CD3 on CD28+ CD4+ T cell and 1-(1-enyl-palmitoyl)-2-oleoyl-GPE (p-16:0/18:1) demonstrated the most pronounced positive and negative associations with hypothyroidism risk, respectively. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were 1.09 (1.07, 1.12) and 0.81 (0.75, 0.87), respectively. No evidence of horizontal pleiotropy, heterogeneity among instrumental variables or reverse causation were found for these 21 significant associations. Our study elucidates key metabolites and immune cell traits associated with hypothyroidism. These findings provide new insights into the etiology and potential therapeutic targets for hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Liu
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kailin Liang
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jielin Yan
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Danqun Meng
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Sicong Tian
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
| | - Yujuan Shan
- School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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22
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Simon M, Stüve P, Schmidleithner L, Bittner S, Beumer N, Strieder N, Schmidl C, Pant A, Gebhard C, Eigenberger A, Rehli M, Prantl L, Hehlgans T, Brors B, Imbusch CD, Delacher M, Feuerer M. Single-cell chromatin accessibility and transposable element landscapes reveal shared features of tissue-residing immune cells. Immunity 2024; 57:1975-1993.e10. [PMID: 39047731 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Tissue adaptation is required for regulatory T (Treg) cell function within organs. Whether this program shares aspects with other tissue-localized immune populations is unclear. Here, we analyzed single-cell chromatin accessibility data, including the transposable element (TE) landscape of CD45+ immune cells from colon, skin, adipose tissue, and spleen. We identified features of organ-specific tissue adaptation across different immune cells. Focusing on tissue Treg cells, we found conservation of the Treg tissue adaptation program in other tissue-localized immune cells, such as amphiregulin-producing T helper (Th)17 cells. Accessible TEs can act as regulatory elements, but their contribution to tissue adaptation is not understood. TE landscape analysis revealed an enrichment of specific transcription factor binding motifs in TE regions within accessible chromatin peaks. TEs, specifically from the LTR family, were located in enhancer regions and associated with tissue adaptation. These findings broaden our understanding of immune tissue residency and provide an important step toward organ-specific immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Simon
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Stüve
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schmidleithner
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bittner
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Beumer
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Asmita Pant
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Eigenberger
- Department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Prantl
- Department of Plastic, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hehlgans
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Medical Faculty Heidelberg and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charles D Imbusch
- Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Delacher
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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23
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Tani-Ichi S, Obwegs D, Yoshikawa A, Watanabe H, Kitano S, Ejima A, Hatano S, Miyachi H, Cui G, Shimba A, Abe S, Hori S, Kondoh G, Sagar, Yoshikai Y, Ikuta K. A RORE-dependent Intronic Enhancer in the IL-7 Receptor-α Locus Controls Glucose Metabolism via Vγ4+ γδT17 Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 213:283-295. [PMID: 39140825 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The IL-7R regulates the homeostasis, activation, and distribution of T cells in peripheral tissues. Although several transcriptional enhancers that regulate IL-7Rα expression in αβ T cells have been identified, enhancers active in γδ T cells remain unknown. In this article, we discovered an evolutionarily conserved noncoding sequence (CNS) in intron 2 of the IL-7Rα-chain (IL-7Rα) locus and named this region CNS9. CNS9 contained a conserved retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)-responsive element (RORE) and exerted RORγt-dependent enhancer activity in vitro. Mice harboring point mutations in the RORE in CNS9 (CNS9-RORmut) showed reduced IL-7Rα expression in IL-17-producing Vγ4+ γδ T cells. In addition, the cell number and IL-17A production of Vγ4+ γδ T cells were reduced in the adipose tissue of CNS9-RORmut mice. Consistent with the reduction in IL-17A, CNS9-RORmut mice exhibited decreased IL-33 expression in the adipose tissue, resulting in fewer regulatory T cells and glucose intolerance. The CNS9-ROR motif was partially responsible for IL-7Rα expression in RORγt+ regulatory T cells, whereas IL-7Rα expression was unaffected in RORγt-expressing Vγ2+ γδ T cells, Th17 cells, type 3 innate lymphoid cells, and invariant NKT cells. Our results indicate that CNS9 is a RORΕ-dependent, Vγ4+ γδ T cell-specific IL-7Rα enhancer that plays a critical role in adipose tissue homeostasis via regulatory T cells, suggesting that the evolutionarily conserved RORΕ in IL-7Rα intron 2 may influence the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Introns/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Glucose/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Humans
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Tani-Ichi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - David Obwegs
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alice Yoshikawa
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aki Ejima
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Hatano
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Reproductive Engineering Team, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Guangwei Cui
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimba
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Hori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yasunobu Yoshikai
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Ma Y, Nenkov M, Chen Y, Gaßler N. The Role of Adipocytes Recruited as Part of Tumor Microenvironment in Promoting Colorectal Cancer Metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8352. [PMID: 39125923 PMCID: PMC11313311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction, which is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), is a significant factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Obesity-related inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling promote colorectal cancer metastasis (CRCM) by shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). When CRC occurs, the metabolic symbiosis of tumor cells recruits adjacent adipocytes into the TME to supply energy. Meanwhile, abundant immune cells, from adipose tissue and blood, are recruited into the TME, which is stimulated by pro-inflammatory factors and triggers a chronic local pro-inflammatory TME. Dysregulated ECM proteins and cell surface adhesion molecules enhance ECM remodeling and further increase contractibility between tumor and stromal cells, which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT increases tumor migration and invasion into surrounding tissues or vessels and accelerates CRCM. Colorectal symbiotic microbiota also plays an important role in the promotion of CRCM. In this review, we provide adipose tissue and its contributions to CRC, with a special emphasis on the role of adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, ECM, and symbiotic gut microbiota in the progression of CRC and their contributions to the CRC microenvironment. We highlight the interactions between adipocytes and tumor cells, and potential therapeutic approaches to target these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany (M.N.)
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25
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Lai HC, Chen PH, Tang CH, Chen LW. IL-10 Enhances the Inhibitory Effect of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells on Insulin Resistance/Liver Gluconeogenesis by Treg Cell Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8088. [PMID: 39125659 PMCID: PMC11311376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The modulation of cellular phenotypes within adipose tissue provides a potential means for therapeutic intervention for diabetes. Endogenous interleukin-10 (IL-10) protects against diet-induced insulin resistance. We examined the effects and mechanisms of action of IL-10-treated adipose-derived stromal cells on diabetes-induced insulin resistance and liver gluconeogenesis. We harvested stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) from the adipose tissue of diabetic (Leprdb/db) mice and treated them with IL-10 in vitro. SVFs treated with 10 or 100 ng of IL-10 were injected into the inguinal adipose tissue of Leprdb/db mice. IL-10 treatment suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-33, CCL2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Additionally, it suppressed the protein expression of IL-6, pmTOR, pJNK, and pNF-κB but enhanced Foxp3 mRNA expression in SVFs from diabetic mice. Meanwhile, IL-10 treatment repressed CCL2 and PDGFRα expression in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and IL-6 expression in non-ATMs but increased the Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA expression of ATMs from diabetic mice. Injection of IL-10-treated SVFs decreased the IL-6, IL-33, CCL2, IL-1β, and CCL2 but enhanced the Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA expression of adipose tissue from Leprdb/db mice. Furthermore, injection of IL-10-treated SVFs increased CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in SVFs and adipose IL-10 levels and suppressed plasma adiponectin levels and DPP4 activity in diabetic mice. Injection of IL-10-treated SVFs decreased hepatic G6PC and PCK1 mRNA expression and increased Akt activation, STAT3 phosphorylation in the liver, and glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Our data suggest that IL-10 treatment decreases inflammation in adipose SVFs of diabetic mice. Injection of IL-10-treated SVFs into the adipose tissue decreased diabetes-induced gluconeogenesis gene expression, DPP4 activity, and insulin resistance by enhancing Treg cells in diabetic mice. These data suggest that IL-10-treated adipose stromal vascular cells could be a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Lai
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Tang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.T.)
| | - Lee-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (H.-C.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.T.)
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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26
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Shafiei-Jahani P, Yan S, Kazemi MH, Li X, Akbari A, Sakano K, Sakano Y, Hurrell BP, Akbari O. CB2 stimulation of adipose resident ILC2s orchestrates immune balance and ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114434. [PMID: 38963763 PMCID: PMC11317174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with low-grade chronic type 2 inflammation and disturbance of glucose homeostasis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in maintaining adipose homeostasis via the production of type 2 cytokines. Here, we demonstrate that CB2, a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and member of the endocannabinoid system, is expressed on both visceral adipose tissue (VAT)-derived murine and human ILC2s. Moreover, we utilize a combination of ex vivo and in vivo approaches to explore the functional and therapeutic impacts of CB2 engagement on VAT ILC2s in a T2DM model. Our results show that CB2 stimulation of ILC2s protects against insulin-resistance onset, ameliorates glucose tolerance, and reverses established insulin resistance. Our mechanistic studies reveal that the therapeutic effects of CB2 are mediated through activation of the AKT, ERK1/2, and CREB pathways on ILC2s. The results reveal that the CB2 agonist can serve as a candidate for the prevention and treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mohammad H Kazemi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amitis Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kei Sakano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Sakano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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27
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Stockis J, Yip T, Moreno-Vicente J, Burton O, Samarakoon Y, Schuijs MJ, Raghunathan S, Garcia C, Luo W, Whiteside SK, Png S, Simpson C, Monk S, Sawle A, Yin K, Barbieri J, Papadopoulos P, Wong H, Rodewald HR, Vyse T, McKenzie ANJ, Cragg MS, Hoare M, Withers DR, Fehling HJ, Roychoudhuri R, Liston A, Halim TYF. Cross-talk between ILC2 and Gata3 high T regs locally constrains adaptive type 2 immunity. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadl1903. [PMID: 39028828 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adl1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) control adaptive immunity and restrain type 2 inflammation in allergic disease. Interleukin-33 promotes the expansion of tissue-resident Tregs and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s); however, how Tregs locally coordinate their function within the inflammatory niche is not understood. Here, we show that ILC2s are critical orchestrators of Treg function. Using spatial, cellular, and molecular profiling of the type 2 inflamed niche, we found that ILC2s and Tregs engage in a direct (OX40L-OX40) and chemotaxis-dependent (CCL1-CCR8) cellular dialogue that enforces the local accumulation of Gata3high Tregs, which are transcriptionally and functionally adapted to the type 2 environment. Genetic interruption of ILC2-Treg communication resulted in uncontrolled type 2 lung inflammation after allergen exposure. Mechanistically, we found that Gata3high Tregs can modulate the local bioavailability of the costimulatory molecule OX40L, which subsequently controlled effector memory T helper 2 cell numbers. Hence, ILC2-Treg interactions represent a critical feedback mechanism to control adaptive type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stockis
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Thomas Yip
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Oliver Burton
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Youhani Samarakoon
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Martijn J Schuijs
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Celine Garcia
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Weike Luo
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sarah K Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Shaun Png
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Charlotte Simpson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Stela Monk
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ashley Sawle
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kelvin Yin
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Johanna Barbieri
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Hannah Wong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Timothy Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew N J McKenzie
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew Hoare
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, Hutchison Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - David R Withers
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hans Jörg Fehling
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Liston
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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28
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Duc Nguyen H, Ardeshir A, Fonseca VA, Kim WK. Cluster of differentiation molecules in the metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 561:119819. [PMID: 38901629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a significant public health concern due to its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health conditions. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to MetS pathogenesis remain elusive. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, which play critical roles in immune regulation and cellular signaling. Through an extensive literature review with a systematic approach, we examine the involvement of various CD markers in MetS development and progression, including their roles in adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting CD markers for the management of MetS. By synthesizing current evidence, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between immune dysregulation and metabolic dysfunction in MetS, paving the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Department Endocrinology Metabolism & Diabetes, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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29
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Wekema L, Schoenmakers S, Schenkelaars N, Laskewitz A, Liu L, Walters L, Harmsen HJM, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Faas MM. Obesity and diet independently affect maternal immunity, maternal gut microbiota and pregnancy outcome in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376583. [PMID: 39072322 PMCID: PMC11272480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternal obesity poses risks for both mother and offspring during pregnancy, with underlying mechanisms remaining largely unexplored. Obesity is associated with microbial gut dysbiosis and low-grade inflammation, and also the diet has a major impact on these parameters. This study aimed to investigate how maternal obesity and diet contribute to changes in immune responses, exploring potential associations with gut microbiota dysbiosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice. Methods Before mating, C57BL/6 mice were assigned to either a high-fat-diet (HFD) or low-fat-diet (LFD) to obtain obese (n=17) and lean (n=10) mice. To distinguish between the effects of obesity and diet, 7 obese mice were switched from the HFD to the LFD from day 7 until day 18 of pregnancy ("switch group"), which was the endpoint of the study. T helper (Th) cell subsets were studied in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and Peyer's patches (PP), while monocyte subsets and activation status were determined in maternal blood (flow cytometry). Feces were collected before and during pregnancy (day 7,14,18) for microbiota analysis (16S rRNA sequencing). Pregnancy outcome included determination of fetal and placental weight. Results Obesity increased splenic Th1 and regulatory T cells, MLN Th1 and PP Th17 cells and enhanced IFN-γ and IL-17A production by splenic Th cells upon ex vivo stimulation. Switching diet decreased splenic and PP Th2 cells and classical monocytes, increased intermediate monocytes and activation of intermediate/nonclassical monocytes. Obesity and diet independently induced changes in the gut microbiota. Various bacterial genera were increased or decreased by obesity or the diet switch. These changes correlated with the immunological changes. Fetal weight was lower in the obese than the lean group, while placental weight was lower in the switch than the obese group. Discussion This study demonstrates that obesity and diet independently impact peripheral and intestinal immune responses at the end of pregnancy. Simultaneously, both factors affect specific bacterial gut genera and lead to reduced fetal or placental weight. Our data suggest that switching diet during pregnancy to improve maternal health is not advisable and it supports pre/probiotic treatment of maternal obesity-induced gut dysbiosis to improve maternal immune responses and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieske Wekema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Schenkelaars
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Laskewitz
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Walters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hermie J. M. Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Marijke M. Faas
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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30
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Burton OT, Bricard O, Tareen S, Gergelits V, Andrews S, Biggins L, Roca CP, Whyte C, Junius S, Brajic A, Pasciuto E, Ali M, Lemaitre P, Schlenner SM, Ishigame H, Brown BD, Dooley J, Liston A. The tissue-resident regulatory T cell pool is shaped by transient multi-tissue migration and a conserved residency program. Immunity 2024; 57:1586-1602.e10. [PMID: 38897202 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The tissues are the site of many important immunological reactions, yet how the immune system is controlled at these sites remains opaque. Recent studies have identified Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in non-lymphoid tissues with unique characteristics compared with lymphoid Treg cells. However, tissue Treg cells have not been considered holistically across tissues. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the Treg cell population residing in non-lymphoid organs throughout the body, revealing shared phenotypes, transient residency, and common molecular dependencies. Tissue Treg cells from different non-lymphoid organs shared T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, with functional capacity to drive multi-tissue Treg cell entry and were tissue-agnostic on tissue homing. Together, these results demonstrate that the tissue-resident Treg cell pool in most non-lymphoid organs, other than the gut, is largely constituted by broadly self-reactive Treg cells, characterized by transient multi-tissue migration. This work suggests common regulatory mechanisms may allow pan-tissue Treg cells to safeguard homeostasis across the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orian Bricard
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samar Tareen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vaclav Gergelits
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Biggins
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos P Roca
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carly Whyte
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steffie Junius
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Brajic
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Center of Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Brian D Brown
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Pacella I, Pinzon Grimaldos A, Rossi A, Tucci G, Zagaglioni M, Potenza E, Pinna V, Rotella I, Cammarata I, Cancila V, Belmonte B, Tripodo C, Pietropaolo G, Di Censo C, Sciumè G, Licursi V, Peruzzi G, Antonucci Y, Campello S, Guerrieri F, Iebba V, Prota R, Di Chiara M, Terrin G, De Peppo V, Grazi GL, Barnaba V, Piconese S. Iron capture through CD71 drives perinatal and tumor-associated Treg expansion. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e167967. [PMID: 38954474 PMCID: PMC11383606 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Besides suppressing immune responses, regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain tissue homeostasis and control systemic metabolism. Whether iron is involved in Treg-mediated tolerance is completely unknown. Here, we showed that the transferrin receptor CD71 was upregulated on activated Tregs infiltrating human liver cancer. Mice with a Treg-restricted CD71 deficiency spontaneously developed a scurfy-like disease, caused by impaired perinatal Treg expansion. CD71-null Tregs displayed decreased proliferation and tissue-Treg signature loss. In perinatal life, CD71 deficiency in Tregs triggered hepatic iron overload response, characterized by increased hepcidin transcription and iron accumulation in macrophages. Lower bacterial diversity, and reduction of beneficial species, were detected in the fecal microbiota of CD71 conditional knockout neonates. Our findings indicate that CD71-mediated iron absorption is required for Treg perinatal expansion and is related to systemic iron homeostasis and bacterial gut colonization. Therefore, we hypothesize that Tregs establish nutritional tolerance through competition for iron during bacterial colonization after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Rossi
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Tucci
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Zagaglioni
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Potenza
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pinna
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Rotella
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Di Censo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Centre for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Ylenia Antonucci
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Campello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), UMR Inserm U1052/CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Valerio Iebba
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita Prota
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Di Chiara
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio De Peppo
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Grazi
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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32
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Graelmann FJ, Gondorf F, Majlesain Y, Niemann B, Klepac K, Gosejacob D, Gottschalk M, Mayer M, Iriady I, Hatzfeld P, Lindenberg SK, Wunderling K, Thiele C, Abdullah Z, He W, Hiller K, Händler K, Beyer MD, Ulas T, Pfeifer A, Esser C, Weighardt H, Förster I, Reverte-Salisa L. Differential cell type-specific function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and its repressor in diet-induced obesity and fibrosis. Mol Metab 2024; 85:101963. [PMID: 38821174 PMCID: PMC11214421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating xenobiotic responses as well as physiological metabolism. Dietary AhR ligands activate the AhR signaling axis, whereas AhR activation is negatively regulated by the AhR repressor (AhRR). While AhR-deficient mice are known to be resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO), the influence of the AhRR on DIO has not been assessed so far. METHODS In this study, we analyzed AhRR-/- mice and mice with a conditional deletion of either AhRR or AhR in myeloid cells under conditions of DIO and after supplementation of dietary AhR ligands. Moreover, macrophage metabolism was assessed using Seahorse Mito Stress Test and ROS assays as well as transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS We demonstrate that global AhRR deficiency leads to a robust, but not as profound protection from DIO and hepatosteatosis as AhR deficiency. Under conditions of DIO, AhRR-/- mice did not accumulate TCA cycle intermediates in the circulation in contrast to wild-type (WT) mice, indicating protection from metabolic dysfunction. This effect could be mimicked by dietary supplementation of AhR ligands in WT mice. Because of the predominant expression of the AhRR in myeloid cells, AhRR-deficient macrophages were analyzed for changes in metabolism and showed major metabolic alterations regarding oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial activity. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis revealed increased expression of genes involved in de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Mice with a genetic deficiency of the AhRR in myeloid cells did not show alterations in weight gain after high fat diet (HFD) but demonstrated ameliorated liver damage compared to control mice. Further, deficiency of the AhR in myeloid cells also did not affect weight gain but led to enhanced liver damage and adipose tissue fibrosis compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS AhRR-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Although conditional ablation of either the AhR or AhRR in myeloid cells did not recapitulate the phenotype of the global knockout, our findings suggest that enhanced AhR signaling in myeloid cells deficient for AhRR protects from diet-induced liver damage and fibrosis, whereas myeloid cell-specific AhR deficiency is detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike J Graelmann
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Gondorf
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Yasmin Majlesain
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Birte Niemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Katarina Klepac
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Gosejacob
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marlene Gottschalk
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michelle Mayer
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Irina Iriady
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Hatzfeld
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Sophie K Lindenberg
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Wunderling
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Biochemistry & Cell Biology of Lipids, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Wei He
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristian Händler
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and University of Kiel, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marc D Beyer
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulas
- PRECISE Platform for Single cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany; Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany; IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine gGmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | - Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Germany.
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Ramachandran R, Manan A, Kim J, Choi S. NLRP3 inflammasome: a key player in the pathogenesis of life-style disorders. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1488-1500. [PMID: 38945951 PMCID: PMC11297159 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines play a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory response, which is essential for the proper functioning of our immune system. When infections or threats to the body's defense mechanisms are detected, the innate immune system takes the lead. However, an excessive inflammatory response can lead to the production of high concentrations of cytotoxic molecules, resulting in tissue damage. Inflammasomes are significant contributors to innate immunity, and one of the most extensively studied inflammasome complexes is NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3). NLRP3 has a wide range of recognition mechanisms that streamline immune activation and eliminate pathogens. These cytosolic multiprotein complexes are composed of effector, adaptor, and sensor proteins, which are crucial for identifying intracellular bacterial breakdown products and initiating an innate immune cascade. To understand the diverse behavior of NLRP3 activation and its significance in the development of lifestyle-related diseases, one must delve into the study of the immune response and apoptosis mediated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we briefly explore the immune response in the context of lifestyle associated disorders such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, oral disease, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajath Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
| | - Abdul Manan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jei Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16502, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16502, Korea.
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Kallies A, Vasanthakumar A. Transcriptional and hormonal control of adipose Treg heterogeneity and function. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:42-51. [PMID: 38733158 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue stores excess energy and produces a broad range of factors that regulate multiple physiological processes including systemic energy homeostasis. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a particularly important role in glucose metabolism as its endocrine function underpins food uptake and energy expenditure. Caloric excess triggers VAT inflammation which can impair insulin sensitivity and cause metabolic deregulation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that reside in the VAT suppress inflammation and protect from metabolic disease. The cellular components of VAT and its secretory products play a vital role in fostering the differentiation and maintenance of VAT Tregs. Critically, the physiology and inflammatory tone of VAT exhibit sex-specific disparities, resulting in substantial VAT Treg heterogeneity. Indeed, cytokines and sex hormones promote the differentiation of distinct populations of mature VAT Tregs, each characterized by unique phenotypes, homeostatic requirements, and functions. This review focuses on key findings that have significantly advanced our understanding of VAT Treg biology and the current state of the field, while also discussing open questions that require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Elkins C, Li C. Deciphering visceral adipose tissue regulatory T cells: Key contributors to metabolic health. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:52-67. [PMID: 38666618 PMCID: PMC11262988 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) within the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) play a crucial role in controlling tissue inflammation and maintaining metabolic health. VAT Tregs display a unique transcriptional profile and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and closely interact with adipocytes, stromal cells, and other immune components within the local VAT microenvironment. However, in the context of obesity, there is a notable decline in VAT Tregs, resulting in heightened VAT inflammation and insulin resistance. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of VAT Tregs is essential for the development of Treg-based therapies for mitigating obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Recent advancements in lineage tracing tools, genetic mouse models, and various single cell "omics" techniques have significantly progressed our understandings of the origin, differentiation, and regulation of this unique VAT Treg population at steady state and during obesity. The identification of VAT-Treg precursor cells in the secondary lymphoid organs has also provided important insights into the timing, location, and mechanisms through which VAT Tregs acquire their distinctive phenotype that enables them to function within a lipid-rich microenvironment. In this review, we highlight key recent breakthroughs in the VAT-Treg field while discussing pivotal questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Elkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chaoran Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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36
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Yang X, Tang H, Sun X, Gui Q. M6A modification and T cells in adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4089. [PMID: 38978329 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue in the obese state can lead to low-grade chronic inflammation while inducing or exacerbating obesity-related metabolic diseases and impairing overall health.T cells, which are essential immune cells similar to macrophages, are widely distributed in adipose tissue and perform their immunomodulatory function; they also cross-talk with other cells in the vascular stromal fraction. Based on a large number of studies, it has been found that N6 methyl adenine (m6A) is one of the most representative of epigenetic modifications, which affects the crosstalk between T cells, as well as other immune cells, in several ways and plays an important role in the development of adipose tissue inflammation and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we first provide an overview of the widespread presence of T cells in adipose tissue and summarize the key role of T cells in adipose tissue inflammation. Next, we explored the effects of m6A modifications on T cells in adipose tissue from the perspective of adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the impact of m6a-regulated crosstalk between T cells and immune cells on the prospects for improving adipose tissue inflammation research, providing additional new ideas for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Haojun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qingjun Gui
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Basic Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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37
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Wang Q, Hartig SM, Ballantyne CM, Wu H. The multifaceted life of macrophages in white adipose tissue: Immune shift couples with metabolic switch. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:11-24. [PMID: 38683173 PMCID: PMC11262992 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a vital endocrine organ that regulates energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. In addition to fat cells, WAT harbors macrophages with distinct phenotypes that play crucial roles in immunity and metabolism. Nutrient demands cause macrophages to accumulate in WAT niches, where they remodel the microenvironment and produce beneficial or detrimental effects on systemic metabolism. Given the abundance of macrophages in WAT, this review summarizes the heterogeneity of WAT macrophages in physiological and pathological conditions, including their alterations in quantity, phenotypes, characteristics, and functions during WAT growth and development, as well as healthy or unhealthy expansion. We will discuss the interactions of macrophages with other cell partners in WAT including adipose stem cells, adipocytes, and T cells in the context of various microenvironment niches in lean or obese condition. Finally, we highlight how adipose tissue macrophages merge immunity and metabolic changes to govern energy balance for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | | | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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38
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Daley AD, Bénézech C. Fat-associated lymphoid clusters: Supporting visceral adipose tissue B cell function in immunity and metabolism. Immunol Rev 2024; 324:78-94. [PMID: 38717136 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
It is now widely understood that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a highly active and dynamic organ, with many functions beyond lipid accumulation and storage. In this review, we discuss the immunological role of this tissue, underpinned by the presence of fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs). FALC's distinctive structure and stromal cell composition support a very different immune cell mix to that found in classical secondary lymphoid organs, which underlies their unique functions of filtration, surveillance, innate-like immune responses, and adaptive immunity within the serous cavities. FALCs are important B cell hubs providing B1 cell-mediated frontline protection against infection and supporting B2 cell-adaptative immune responses. Beyond these beneficial immune responses orchestrated by FALCs, immune cells within VAT play important homeostatic role. Dysregulation of immune cells during obesity and aging leads to chronic pathological "metabolic inflammation", which contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we examine the emerging and complex functions of B cells in VAT homeostasis and the metabolic complications of obesity, highlighting the potential role that FALCs play and emphasize the areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Daley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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39
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Honing DY, Luiten RM, Matos TR. Regulatory T Cell Dysfunction in Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7171. [PMID: 39000278 PMCID: PMC11241405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), a suppressive subpopulation of T cells, are potent mediators of peripheral tolerance, responsible for immune homeostasis. Many autoimmune diseases exhibit disruptions in Treg function or quantity, resulting in an imbalance between protective and pathogenic immune cells. Selective expansion or manipulation of Tregs is a promising therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases. However, the extensive diversity of Treg subpopulations and the multiple approaches used for Treg identification leads to high complexity, making it difficult to develop a successful treatment capable of modulating Tregs. In this review, we describe the suppressive mechanisms, subpopulations, classification, and identification methodology for Tregs, and their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionne Y Honing
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology, Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Sanofi, 1105 BP Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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40
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Shantaram D, Hoyd R, Blaszczak AM, Antwi L, Jalilvand A, Wright VP, Liu J, Smith AJ, Bradley D, Lafuse W, Liu Y, Williams NF, Snyder O, Wheeler C, Needleman B, Brethauer S, Noria S, Renton D, Perry KA, Nagareddy P, Wozniak D, Mahajan S, Rana PSJB, Pietrzak M, Schlesinger LS, Spakowicz DJ, Hsueh WA. Obesity-associated microbiomes instigate visceral adipose tissue inflammation by recruitment of distinct neutrophils. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5434. [PMID: 38937454 PMCID: PMC11211470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are increasingly implicated in chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders. Here, we show that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from individuals with obesity contains more neutrophils than in those without obesity and is associated with a distinct bacterial community. Exploring the mechanism, we gavaged microbiome-depleted mice with stool from patients with and without obesity during high-fat or normal diet administration. Only mice receiving high-fat diet and stool from subjects with obesity show enrichment of VAT neutrophils, suggesting donor microbiome and recipient diet determine VAT neutrophilia. A rise in pro-inflammatory CD4+ Th1 cells and a drop in immunoregulatory T cells in VAT only follows if there is a transient spike in neutrophils. Human VAT neutrophils exhibit a distinct gene expression pattern that is found in different human tissues, including tumors. VAT neutrophils and bacteria may be a novel therapeutic target for treating inflammatory-driven complications of obesity, including insulin resistance and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharti Shantaram
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoyd
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alecia M Blaszczak
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Linda Antwi
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anahita Jalilvand
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Valerie P Wright
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joey Liu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alan J Smith
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David Bradley
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - William Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - YunZhou Liu
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nyelia F Williams
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Owen Snyder
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caroline Wheeler
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Bradley Needleman
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stacy Brethauer
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sabrena Noria
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - David Renton
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kyle A Perry
- Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Prabha Nagareddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Section University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, 73117, USA
| | - Daniel Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sahil Mahajan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pranav S J B Rana
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maciej Pietrzak
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Daniel J Spakowicz
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology at The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Marin-Rodero M, Reyes EC, Walker AJ, Jayewickreme T, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Richardson Q, Jackson R, Chiu IM, Benoist C, Stevens B, Trejo JL, Mathis D. The meninges host a unique compartment of regulatory T cells that bulwarks adult hippocampal neurogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.17.599387. [PMID: 38948783 PMCID: PMC11212874 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.17.599387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Our knowledge about the meningeal immune system has recently burgeoned, particularly our understanding of how innate and adaptive effector cells are mobilized to meet brain challenges. However, information on how meningeal immunocytes guard brain homeostasis in healthy individuals remains sparse. This study highlights the heterogeneous and polyfunctional regulatory-T (Treg) cell compartment in the meninges. A Treg subtype specialized in controlling Th1-cell responses and another known to control responses in B-cell follicles were substantial components of this compartment, foretelling that punctual Treg-cell ablation rapidly unleashed interferon-gamma production by meningeal lymphocytes, unlocked their access to the brain parenchyma, and altered meningeal B-cell profiles. Distally, the hippocampus assumed a reactive state, with morphological and transcriptional changes in multiple glial-cell types; within the dentate gyrus, neural stem cells showed exacerbated death and desisted from further differentiation, associated with inhibition of spatial-reference memory. Thus, meningeal Treg cells are a multifaceted bulwark to brain homeostasis at steady-state. One sentence summary A distinct population of regulatory T cells in the murine meninges safeguards homeostasis by keeping local interferon-γ-producing lymphocytes in check, thereby preventing their invasion of the parenchyma, activation of hippocampal glial cells, death of neural stem cells, and memory decay.
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42
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Wang G, Muñoz-Rojas AR, Spallanzani RG, Franklin RA, Benoist C, Mathis D. Adipose-tissue Treg cells restrain differentiation of stromal adipocyte precursors to promote insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. Immunity 2024; 57:1345-1359.e5. [PMID: 38692280 PMCID: PMC11188921 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells in epidydimal visceral adipose tissue (eVAT) of lean mice and humans regulate metabolic homeostasis. We found that constitutive or punctual depletion of eVAT-Treg cells reined in the differentiation of stromal adipocyte precursors. Co-culture of these precursors with conditional medium from eVAT-Treg cells limited their differentiation in vitro, suggesting a direct effect. Transcriptional comparison of adipocyte precursors, matured in the presence or absence of the eVAT-Treg-conditioned medium, identified the oncostatin-M (OSM) signaling pathway as a key distinction. Addition of OSM to in vitro cultures blocked the differentiation of adipocyte precursors, while co-addition of anti-OSM antibodies reversed the ability of the eVAT-Treg-conditioned medium to inhibit in vitro adipogenesis. Genetic depletion of OSM (specifically in Treg) cells or of the OSM receptor (specifically on stromal cells) strongly impaired insulin sensitivity and related metabolic indices. Thus, Treg-cell-mediated control of local progenitor cells maintains adipose tissue and metabolic homeostasis, a regulatory axis seemingly conserved in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth A Franklin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Hu L, Zhao L, Wang H, Yuan Y, Niu H, Wang D, Zhang H, Liu J, Feng X, Su X, Qiu J, Sun J, Xu H, Zhang C, Wang K, Bi Y, Engleman EG, Shen L. Metabolic regulator LKB1 controls adipose tissue ILC2 PD-1 expression and mitochondrial homeostasis to prevent insulin resistance. Immunity 2024; 57:1289-1305.e9. [PMID: 38772366 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissue group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) help maintain metabolic homeostasis by sustaining type 2 immunity and promoting adipose beiging. Although impairment of the ILC2 compartment contributes to obesity-associated insulin resistance, the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here, we found that ILC2s in obese mice and humans exhibited impaired liver kinase B1 (LKB1) activation. Genetic ablation of LKB1 disrupted ILC2 mitochondrial metabolism and suppressed ILC2 responses, resulting in exacerbated insulin resistance. Mechanistically, LKB1 deficiency induced aberrant PD-1 expression through activation of NFAT, which in turn enhanced mitophagy by suppressing Bcl-xL expression. Blockade of PD-1 restored the normal functions of ILC2s and reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. Collectively, these data present the LKB1-PD-1 axis as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Sun
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Youqin Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qingbing Zhang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Linfeng Zhao
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongshen Niu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dongdi Wang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huasheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianyue Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xujiao Feng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Catherine Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital affiliated with Nanjing University Medical School, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei Shen
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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44
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Loffredo LF, Savage TM, Ringham OR, Arpaia N. Treg-tissue cell interactions in repair and regeneration. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20231244. [PMID: 38668758 PMCID: PMC11046849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20231244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are classically known for their critical immunosuppressive functions that support peripheral tolerance. More recent work has demonstrated that Treg cells produce pro-repair mediators independent of their immunosuppressive function, a process that is critical to repair and regeneration in response to numerous tissue insults. These factors act on resident parenchymal and structural cells to initiate repair in a tissue-specific context. This review examines interactions between Treg cells and tissue-resident non-immune cells-in the context of tissue repair, fibrosis, and cancer-and discusses areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas F. Loffredo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M. Savage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olivia R. Ringham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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45
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Nikolic I, Ruiz-Garrido I, Crespo M, Romero-Becerra R, Leiva-Vega L, Mora A, León M, Rodríguez E, Leiva M, Plata-Gómez AB, Alvarez Flores MB, Torres JL, Hernández-Cosido L, López JA, Vázquez J, Efeyan A, Martin P, Marcos M, Sabio G. Lack of p38 activation in T cells increases IL-35 and protects against obesity by promoting thermogenesis. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2635-2661. [PMID: 38730210 PMCID: PMC11169359 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation, energy imbalance and impaired thermogenesis. The role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in inflammation-mediated maladaptive thermogenesis is not well established. Here, we find that the p38 pathway is a key regulator of T cell-mediated adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and browning. Mice with T cells specifically lacking the p38 activators MKK3/6 are protected against diet-induced obesity, leading to an improved metabolic profile, increased browning, and enhanced thermogenesis. We identify IL-35 as a driver of adipocyte thermogenic program through the ATF2/UCP1/FGF21 pathway. IL-35 limits CD8+ T cell infiltration and inflammation in AT. Interestingly, we find that IL-35 levels are reduced in visceral fat from obese patients. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p38 controls the expression of IL-35 in human and mouse Treg cells through mTOR pathway activation. Our findings highlight p38 signaling as a molecular orchestrator of AT T cell accumulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - María Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Marta León
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, 49022, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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46
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Yang Z, Chen F, Zhang Y, Ou M, Tan P, Xu X, Li Q, Zhou S. Therapeutic targeting of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction in obesity: mechanisms and opportunities. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e560. [PMID: 38812572 PMCID: PMC11134193 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue is not only a highly heterogeneous organ containing various cells, such as adipocytes, adipose stem and progenitor cells, and immune cells, but also an endocrine organ that is highly important for regulating metabolic and immune homeostasis. In individuals with obesity, dynamic cellular changes in adipose tissue result in phenotypic switching and adipose tissue dysfunction, including pathological expansion, WAT fibrosis, immune cell infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and ectopic lipid accumulation, ultimately leading to chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Recently, many distinct subpopulations of adipose tissue have been identified, providing new insights into the potential mechanisms of adipose dysfunction in individuals with obesity. Therefore, targeting white adipose tissue as a therapeutic agent for treating obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases is of great scientific interest. Here, we provide an overview of white adipose tissue remodeling in individuals with obesity including cellular changes and discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of white adipose tissue metabolic dysfunction. Currently, various studies have uncovered promising targets and strategies for obesity treatment. We also outline the potential therapeutic signaling pathways of targeting adipose tissue and summarize existing therapeutic strategies for antiobesity treatment including pharmacological approaches, lifestyle interventions, and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Han Yang
- Department of Plastic and Burn SurgeryWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Fang‐Zhou Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐Xiang Zhang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Min‐Yi Ou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Poh‐Ching Tan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xue‐Wen Xu
- Department of Plastic and Burn SurgeryWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing‐Feng Li
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuang‐Bai Zhou
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Zhao E, Shinn DJ, Basilious M, Subramanian T, Shahi P, Amen TB, Maayan O, Dalal S, Araghi K, Song J, Sheha ED, Dowdell JE, Iyer S, Qureshi SA. Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Early Postoperative Outcomes After Cervical Disk Replacement: A Propensity-matched Analysis. Clin Spine Surg 2024; 37:E185-E191. [PMID: 38321612 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. OBJECTIVE To compare the demographics, perioperative variables, and complication rates following cervical disk replacement (CDR) among patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The prevalence of MetS-involving concurrent obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia-has increased in the United States over the last 2 decades. Little is known about the impact of MetS on early postoperative outcomes and complications following CDR. METHODS The 2005-2020 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried for patients who underwent primary 1- or 2-level CDR. Patients with and without MetS were divided into 2 cohorts. MetS was defined, according to other National Surgical Quality Improvement Program studies, as concurrent diabetes mellitus, hypertension requiring medication, and body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 . Rates of 30-day readmission, reoperation, complications, length of hospital stay, and discharge disposition were compared using χ 2 and Fisher exact tests. One to 2 propensity-matching was performed, matching for demographics, comorbidities, and number of operative levels. RESULTS A total of 5395 patients were included for unmatched analysis. Two hundred thirty-six had MetS, and 5159 did not. The MetS cohort had greater rates of 30-day readmission (2.5% vs. 0.9%; P =0.023), morbidity (2.5% vs. 0.9%; P =0.032), nonhome discharges (3% vs. 0.6%; P =0.002), and longer hospital stays (1.35±4.04 vs. 1±1.48 days; P =0.029). After propensity-matching, 699 patients were included. All differences reported above lost significance ( P >0.05) except for 30-day morbidity (superficial wound infections), which remained higher for the MetS cohort (2.5% vs. 0.4%, P =0.02). CONCLUSIONS We identified MetS as an independent predictor of 30-day morbidity in the form of superficial wound infections following single-level CDR. Although MetS patients experienced greater rates of 30-day readmission, nonhome discharge, and longer lengths of stay, MetS did not independently predict these outcomes after controlling for baseline differences in patient characteristics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Zhao
- Hospital for Special Surgery
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Daniel J Shinn
- Hospital for Special Surgery
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | - Omri Maayan
- Hospital for Special Surgery
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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48
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Wu T, Wang L, Jian C, Zhang Z, Zeng R, Mi B, Liu G, Zhang Y, Shi C. A distinct "repair" role of regulatory T cells in fracture healing. Front Med 2024; 18:516-537. [PMID: 38491211 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress immune responses and inflammation. Here, we described the distinct nonimmunological role of Tregs in fracture healing. The recruitment from the circulation pool, peripheral induction, and local expansion rapidly enriched Tregs in the injured bone. The Tregs in the injured bone displayed superiority in direct osteogenesis over Tregs from lymphoid organs. Punctual depletion of Tregs compromised the fracture healing process, which leads to increased bone nonunion. In addition, bone callus Tregs showed unique T-cell receptor repertoires. Amphiregulin was the most overexpressed protein in bone callus Tregs, and it can directly facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of osteogenic precursor cells by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways. The results of loss- and gain-function studies further evidenced that amphiregulin can reverse the compromised healing caused by Treg dysfunction. Tregs also enriched in patient bone callus and amphiregulin can promote the osteogenesis of human pre-osteoblastic cells. Our findings indicate the distinct and nonredundant role of Tregs in fracture healing, which will provide a new therapeutic target and strategy in the clinical treatment of fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ruiyin Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical Illness, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Bailin SS, Gabriel CL, Gangula RD, Hannah L, Nair S, Carr JJ, Terry JG, Silver HJ, Simmons JD, Mashayekhi M, Kalams SA, Mallal S, Kropski JA, Wanjalla CN, Koethe JR. Single-cell Analysis of Subcutaneous Fat Reveals Pro-fibrotic Cells that Correlate with Visceral Adiposity in HIV. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:dgae369. [PMID: 38820087 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiometabolic diseases are common in persons with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), which has been attributed to preferential lipid storage in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). However, the relationship of SAT-specific cellular and molecular programs with VAT volume is poorly understood in PWH. OBJECTIVE We characterized SAT cell-type specific composition and transcriptional programs that are associated with greater VAT volume in PWH on contemporary ART. METHODS We enrolled PWH on long-term ART with a spectrum of metabolic health. Ninety-two participants underwent SAT biopsy for bulk RNA sequencing and 43 had single-cell RNA sequencing. Computed tomography quantified VAT volume and insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA2-IR. RESULTS VAT volume was associated with HOMA2-IR (p < 0.001). Higher proportions of SAT intermediate macrophages (IMs), myofibroblasts, and MYOC + fibroblasts were associated with greater VAT volume using partial Spearman's correlation adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (ρ=0.34-0.49, p < 0.05 for all). Whole SAT transcriptomics showed PWH with greater VAT volume have increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)- and inflammation-associated genes, and reduced expression of lipolysis- and fatty acid metabolism-associated genes. CONCLUSIONS In PWH, greater VAT volume is associated with higher proportion of SAT IMs and fibroblasts, and a SAT ECM and inflammatory transcriptome, which is similar to findings in HIV-negative persons with obesity. These data identify SAT cell-type specific changes associated with VAT volume in PWH that could underlie the high rates of cardiometabolic diseases in PWH, though additional longitudinal studies are needed to define directionality and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Bailin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Curtis L Gabriel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rama D Gangula
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sangeeta Nair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi J Silver
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua D Simmons
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Insitute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kropski
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Pulmonology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Deparment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Kim J, Jeon SG, Kwak MJ, Park SJ, Hong H, Choi SB, Lee JH, Kim SW, Kim AR, Park YK, Kim BK, Yang BG. Triglyceride-Catabolizing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GBCC_F0227 Shows an Anti-Obesity Effect in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced C57BL/6 Mouse Obesity Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1086. [PMID: 38930468 PMCID: PMC11205564 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the recognized involvement of the gut microbiome in the development of obesity, considerable efforts are being made to discover probiotics capable of preventing and managing obesity. In this study, we report the discovery of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GBCC_F0227, isolated from fermented food, which exhibited superior triglyceride catabolism efficacy compared to L. plantarum WCSF1. Molecular analysis showed elevated expression levels of α/β hydrolases with lipase activity (abH04, abH08_1, abH08_2, abH11_1, and abH11_2) in L. plantarum GBCC_F0227 compared to L. plantarum WCFS1, demonstrating its enhanced lipolytic activity. In a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse obesity model, the administration of L. plantarum GBCC_F0227 mitigated weight gain, reduced blood triglycerides, and diminished fat mass. Furthermore, L. plantarum GBCC_F0227 upregulated adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue, indicative of favorable metabolic modulation, and showed robust growth and low cytotoxicity, underscoring its industrial viability. Therefore, our findings encourage the further investigation of L. plantarum GBCC_F0227's therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo-Gie Yang
- Research Institute, GI Biome Inc., Seongnam-si 13201, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.-G.J.); (M.-J.K.); (S.-J.P.); (H.H.); (S.-B.C.); (J.-H.L.); (S.-W.K.); (A.-R.K.); (Y.-K.P.); (B.K.K.)
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