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Knuth ER, Foster HR, Jin E, Ekstrand MH, Knudsen JG, Merrins MJ. Leucine Suppresses α-Cell cAMP and Glucagon Secretion via a Combination of Cell-Intrinsic and Islet Paracrine Signaling. Diabetes 2024; 73:1426-1439. [PMID: 38870025 PMCID: PMC11333377 DOI: 10.2337/db23-1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon is critical for the maintenance of blood glucose, however nutrient regulation of pancreatic α-cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a role of leucine, a well-known β-cell fuel, in the α-cell-intrinsic regulation of glucagon release. In islet perifusion assays, physiologic concentrations of leucine strongly inhibited alanine- and arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion from human and mouse islets under hypoglycemic conditions. Mechanistically, leucine dose-dependently reduced α-cell cAMP, independently of Ca2+, ATP/ADP, or fatty acid oxidation. Leucine also reduced α-cell cAMP in islets treated with somatostatin receptor 2 antagonists or diazoxide, compounds that limit paracrine signaling from β/δ-cells. Studies in dispersed mouse islets confirmed an α-cell-intrinsic effect. The inhibitory effect of leucine on cAMP was mimicked by glucose, α-ketoisocaproate, succinate, and the glutamate dehydrogenase activator BCH and blocked by cyanide, indicating a mechanism dependent on mitochondrial metabolism. Glucose dose-dependently reduced the impact of leucine on α-cell cAMP, indicating an overlap in function; however, leucine was still effective at suppressing glucagon secretion in the presence of elevated glucose, amino acids, and the incretin GIP. Taken together, these findings show that leucine plays an intrinsic role in limiting the α-cell secretory tone across the physiologic range of glucose levels, complementing the inhibitory paracrine actions of β/δ-cells. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Knuth
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Hannah R. Foster
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Erli Jin
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Maia H. Ekstrand
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob G. Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J. Merrins
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI
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2
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Abo SMC, Layton AT. Modeling sex-specific whole-body metabolic responses to feeding and fasting. Comput Biol Med 2024; 181:109024. [PMID: 39178806 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Men generally favor carbohydrate metabolism, while women lean towards lipid metabolism, resulting in significant sex-based differences in energy oxidation across various metabolic states such as fasting and feeding. These differences are influenced by body composition and inherent metabolic fluxes, including increased lipolysis rates in women. However, understanding how sex influences organ-specific metabolism and systemic manifestations remains incomplete. To address these gaps, we developed a sex-specific, whole-body metabolic model for feeding and fasting scenarios in healthy young adults. Our model integrates organ metabolism with whole-body responses to mixed meals, particularly high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals. Our predictions suggest that differences in liver and adipose tissue nutrient storage and oxidation patterns drive systemic metabolic disparities. We propose that sex differences in fasting hepatic glucose output may result from the different handling of free fatty acids, glycerol, and glycogen. We identified a metabolic pathway, possibly more prevalent in female livers, redirecting lipids towards carbohydrate metabolism to support hepatic glucose production. This mechanism is facilitated by the TG-FFA cycle between adipose tissue and the liver. Incorporating sex-specific data into multi-scale frameworks offers insights into how sex modulates human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie M C Abo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada; Cheriton School of Computer Science, Department of Biology, and School of Pharmacy, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Peart LA, Draper M, Tarasov AI. The impact of GLP-1 signalling on the energy metabolism of pancreatic islet β-cells and extrapancreatic tissues. Peptides 2024; 178:171243. [PMID: 38788902 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 signalling impacts glucose homeostasis and appetite thereby indirectly affecting substrate availability at the whole-body level. The incretin canonically produces an insulinotropic effect, thereby lowering blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake and inhibiting the production of the sugar by peripheral tissues. Likewise, GLP-1 signalling within the central nervous system reduces the appetite and food intake, whereas its gastric effect delays the absorption of nutrients, thus improving glycaemic control and reducing the risk of postprandial hyperglycaemia. We review the molecular aspects of the GLP-1 signalling, focusing on its impact on intracellular energy metabolism. Whilst the incretin exerts its effects predominantly via a Gs receptor, which decodes the incretin signal into the elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, the downstream signalling cascades within the cell, acting on fast and slow timescales, resulting in an enhancement or an attenuation of glucose catabolism, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Peart
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Matthew Draper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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Chen L, Wang N, Zhang T, Zhang F, Zhang W, Meng H, Chen J, Liao Z, Xu X, Ma Z, Xu T, Liu H. Directed differentiation of pancreatic δ cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6344. [PMID: 39068220 PMCID: PMC11283558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of pancreatic δ cells contributes to the etiology of diabetes. Despite their important role, human δ cells are scarce, limiting physiological studies and drug discovery targeting δ cells. To date, no directed δ-cell differentiation method has been established. Here, we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 7 promotes pancreatic endoderm/progenitor differentiation, whereas FGF2 biases cells towards the pancreatic δ-cell lineage via FGF receptor 1. We develop a differentiation method to generate δ cells from human stem cells by combining FGF2 with FGF7, which synergistically directs pancreatic lineage differentiation and modulates the expression of transcription factors and SST activators during endoderm/endocrine precursor induction. These δ cells display mature RNA profiles and fine secretory granules, secrete somatostatin in response to various stimuli, and suppress insulin secretion from in vitro co-cultured β cells and mouse β cells upon transplantation. The generation of human pancreatic δ cells from stem cells in vitro would provide an unprecedented cell source for drug discovery and cell transplantation studies in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tongran Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Hernández-Gómez KG, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Granados-Portillo O, Avila-Nava A, González-Salazar LE, Serralde-Zúñiga AE, Palacios-González B, Pichardo-Ontiveros E, Guizar-Heredia R, López-Barradas AM, Sánchez-Tapia M, Larios-Serrato V, Olin-Sandoval V, Díaz-Villaseñor A, Medina-Vera I, Noriega LG, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Ortiz-Ortega VM, Torres N, Tovar AR, Guevara-Cruz M. Acute Effects of Dietary Protein Consumption on the Postprandial Metabolic Response, Amino Acid Levels and Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients with Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7716. [PMID: 39062958 PMCID: PMC11276941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The post-nutritional intervention modulation of miRNA expression has been previously investigated; however, post-acute dietary-ingestion-related miRNA expression dynamics in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance (IR) are unknown. We aimed to determine the acute effects of protein ingestion from different dietary sources on the postprandial metabolic response, amino acid levels, and circulating miRNA expression in adults with obesity and IR. This clinical trial included adults with obesity and IR who consumed (1) animal-source protein (AP; calcium caseinate) or (2) vegetable-source protein (VP; soy protein isolate). Glycaemic, insulinaemic, and glucagon responses, amino acid levels, and exosomal microRNAs isolated from plasma were analysed. Post-AP ingestion, the area under the curve (AUC) of insulin (p = 0.04) and the plasma concentrations of branched-chain (p = 0.007) and gluconeogenic (p = 0.01) amino acids increased. The effects of different types of proteins on the concentration of miRNAs were evaluated by measuring their plasma circulating levels. Compared with the baseline, the AP group presented increased circulating levels of miR-27a-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-122-5p (p < 0.05). Subsequent analysis over time at 0, 30, and 60 min revealed the same pattern and differences between treatments. We demonstrated that a single dose of dietary protein has acute effects on hormonal and metabolic regulation and increases exosomal miRNA expression in individuals with obesity and IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla G. Hernández-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Laura A. Velázquez-Villegas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Omar Granados-Portillo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Azalia Avila-Nava
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán, IMSS-Bienestar, Mérida 97130, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Luis E. González-Salazar
- Servicio de Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Aurora E. Serralde-Zúñiga
- Servicio de Nutriología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Berenice Palacios-González
- Laboratorio de Envejecimiento Saludable del INMEGEN en el Centro de Investigación Sobre el Envejecimiento, Mexico City 14330, Mexico
| | - Edgar Pichardo-Ontiveros
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rocio Guizar-Heredia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Adriana M. López-Barradas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mónica Sánchez-Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Violeta Larios-Serrato
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Olin-Sandoval
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Andrea Díaz-Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Isabel Medina-Vera
- Departamento de Metodología de la Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Lilia G. Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alemán-Escondrillas
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Ortiz-Ortega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Martha Guevara-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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6
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Kajani S, Laker RC, Ratkova E, Will S, Rhodes CJ. Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1021-1060. [PMID: 38300523 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kajani
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sarah Will
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
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7
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Menke AJ, Chen F, Chen K. Multinuclear 1H/ 13C/ 15N chemical shift assignment of therapeutic octreotide acetate performed at natural abundance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:486-496. [PMID: 38351244 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Octreotide acetate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the long-acting release (LAR) drug product Sandostatin®, is a cyclic octapeptide that mimics the naturally occurring somatostatin peptide hormone. Modern NMR can be a robust analytical method to identify and quantify octreotide molecules. Previous 1H chemical shift assignments were mostly performed in organic solvents, and no assignments for heteronuclear 13C, 15N, and aromatic 1H nuclei are available. Here, using state-of-the-art 1D and 2D homo- and heteronuclear NMR experiments, octreotide was fully assigned, including water exchangeable amide protons, in aqueous buffer except for 13CO and 15NH of F1, 15NH of C2, and 15NζHζ of K5 that were not observed because of water exchange or conformational exchange. The solution NMR spectra were then directly compared with 1D 1H/13C/15N solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectra showing the potential applicability of 13C/15N SSNMR for octreotide drug product characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Menke
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Fu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kang Chen
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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8
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Guo W, Gao L, Mo H, Deng H, Zhao Y, Xu G. Mechano-sensor Piezo1 inhibits glucagon production in pancreatic α-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167185. [PMID: 38653360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon is a critical hormone regulating glucose metabolism. It stimulates the liver to release glucose under low blood sugar conditions, thereby maintaining blood glucose stability. Excessive glucagon secretion and hyperglycemia is observed in individuals with diabetes. Precise modulation of glucagon is significant to maintain glucose homeostasis. Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel capable of converting extracellular mechanical forces into intracellular signals, thus regulating hormonal synthesis and secretion. This study aims to investigate the role of Piezo1 in regulating glucagon production in α cells. METHODS The effects of Piezo1 on glucagon production were examined in normal- or high-fat diet fed α cell-specific Piezo1 knockout mice (Gcg-Piezo1-/-), and the murine pancreatic α cell line αTC1-6. Expression of Proglucagon was investigated by real-time PCR and western blotting. Plasma glucagon and insulin were detected by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS Under both normal- and high-fat diet conditions, Gcg-Piezo1-/- mice exhibited increased pancreatic α cell proportion, hyperglucagonemia, impaired glucose tolerance, and activated pancreatic mTORC1 signaling. Activation of Piezo1 by its agonist Yoda1 or overexpression of Piezo1 led to decreased glucagon synthesis and suppressed mTOR signaling pathway in αTC1-6 cells. Additionally, the levels of glucagon in the medium were also reduced. Conversely, knockdown of Piezo1 produced opposite effects. CONCLUSION Our study uncovers the regulatory role of the Piezo1 ion channel in α cells. Piezo1 influences glucagon production by affecting mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Luyang Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Haocong Mo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Handan Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yawen Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Geyang Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Adamson SE, Hughes JW. Paracrine Signaling by Pancreatic Islet Cilia. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2024; 35:100505. [PMID: 38524256 PMCID: PMC10956557 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2024.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a sensory and signaling organelle present on most pancreatic islet endocrine cells, where it receives and interprets a wide range of intra-islet chemical cues including hormones, peptides, and neurotransmitters. The ciliary membrane possesses a molecular composition distinct from the plasma membrane, with enrichment of signaling mediators including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), tyrosine kinase family receptors, membrane transporters and others. When activated, these membrane proteins interact with ion channels and adenylyl cyclases to trigger local Ca2+ and cAMP activity and transmit signals to the cell body. Here we review evidence supporting the emerging model in which primary cilia on pancreatic islet cells play a central role in the intra-islet communication network and discuss how changes in cilia-mediated paracrine function in islet cells might lead to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Adamson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jing W Hughes
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Tamarit-Rodriguez J. Regulatory Role of Fatty Acid Metabolism on Glucose-Induced Changes in Insulin and Glucagon Secretion by Pancreatic Islet Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6052. [PMID: 38892240 PMCID: PMC11172437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A detailed study of palmitate metabolism in pancreatic islets subject to different experimental conditions, like varying concentrations of glucose, as well as fed or starved conditions, has allowed us to explore the interaction between the two main plasma nutrients and its consequences on hormone secretion. Palmitate potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion in a concentration-dependent manner, in a physiological range of both palmitate (0-2 mM) and glucose (6-20 mM) concentrations; at glucose concentrations lower than 6 mM, no metabolic interaction with palmitate was apparent. Starvation (48 h) increased islet palmitate oxidation two-fold, and the effect was resistant to its inhibition by glucose (6-20 mM). Consequently, labelled palmitate and glucose incorporation into complex lipids were strongly suppressed, as well as glucose-induced insulin secretion and its potentiation by palmitate. 2-bromostearate, a palmitate oxidation inhibitor, fully recovered the synthesis of complex lipids and insulin secretion. We concluded that palmitate potentiation of the insulin response to glucose is not attributable to its catabolic mitochondrial oxidation but to its anabolism to complex lipids: islet lipid biosynthesis is dependent on the uptake of plasma fatty acids and the supply of α-glycerol phosphate from glycolysis. Islet secretion of glucagon and somatostatin showed a similar dependence on palmitate anabolism as insulin. The possible mechanisms implicated in the metabolic coupling between glucose and palmitate were commented on. Moreover, possible mechanisms responsible for islet gluco- or lipotoxicity after a long-term stimulation of insulin secretion were also discussed. Our own data on the simultaneous stimulation of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by glucose, as well as their modification by 2-bromostearate in perifused rat islets, give support to the conclusion that increased FFA anabolism, rather than its mitochondrial oxidation, results in a potentiation of their stimulated release. Starvation, besides suppressing glucose stimulation of insulin secretion, also blocks the inhibitory effect of glucose on glucagon secretion: this suggests that glucagon inhibition might be an indirect or direct effect of insulin, but not of glucose. In summary, there seems to exist three mechanisms of glucagon secretion stimulation: 1. glucagon stimulation through the same secretion coupling mechanism as insulin, but in a different range of glucose concentrations (0 to 5 mM). 2. Direct or indirect inhibition by secreted insulin in response to glucose (5-20 mM). 3. Stimulation by increased FFA anabolism in glucose intolerance or diabetes in the context of hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypo-insulinemia. These conclusions were discussed and compared with previous published data in the literature. Specially, we discussed the mechanism for inhibition of glucagon release by glucose, which was apparently contradictory with the secretion coupling mechanism of its stimulation.
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11
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Kistkins S, Moser O, Ankudovičs V, Blizņuks D, Mihailovs T, Lobanovs S, Sourij H, Pfeiffer AFH, Pīrāgs V. From classical dualistic antagonism to hormone synergy: potential of overlapping action of glucagon, insulin and GLP-1 for the treatment of diabesity. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e230529. [PMID: 38579770 PMCID: PMC11046332 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of 'diabesity', a combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity, poses a significant global health challenge. Unhealthy lifestyle factors, including poor diet, sedentary behaviour, and high stress levels, combined with genetic and epigenetic factors, contribute to the diabesity epidemic. Diabesity leads to various significant complications such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and certain cancers. Incretin-based therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual hormone therapies, have shown promising results in improving glycaemic control and inducing weight loss. However, these therapies also come with certain disadvantages, including potential withdrawal effects. This review aims to provide insights into the cross-interactions of insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1, revealing the complex hormonal dynamics during fasting and postprandial states, impacting glucose homeostasis, energy expenditure, and other metabolic functions. Understanding these hormonal interactions may offer novel hypotheses in the development of 'anti-diabesity' treatment strategies. The article also explores the question of the antagonism of insulin and glucagon, providing insights into the potential synergy and hormonal overlaps between these hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Dmitrijs Blizņuks
- Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Timurs Mihailovs
- Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Harald Sourij
- Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valdis Pīrāgs
- Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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12
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Nakamura Y, Horie I, Kitamura T, Kusunoki Y, Nishida K, Yamamoto A, Hirota Y, Fukui T, Maeda Y, Minami M, Matsui T, Kawakami A, Abiru N. Glucagon secretion and its association with glycaemic control and ketogenesis during sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition by ipragliflozin in people with type 1 diabetes: Results from the multicentre, open-label, prospective study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1605-1614. [PMID: 38253809 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM Clinical trials showed the efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 1 diabetes (T1D) by significant reductions in body weight and glycaemic variability, but elevated susceptibility to ketoacidosis via elevated glucagon secretion was a potential concern. The Suglat-AID evaluated glucagon responses and its associations with glycaemic control and ketogenesis before and after T1D treatment with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin. METHODS Adults with T1D (n = 25) took 50-mg open-labelled ipragliflozin daily as adjunctive to insulin. Laboratory/clinical data including continuous glucose monitoring were collected until 12 weeks after the ipragliflozin initiation. The participants underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) twice [before (first MMTT) and 12 weeks after ipragliflozin treatment (second MMTT)] to evaluate responses of glucose, C-peptide, glucagon and β-hydroxybutyrate. RESULTS The area under the curve from fasting (0 min) to 120 min (AUC0-120min) of glucagon in second MMTT were significantly increased by 14% versus first MMTT. The fasting and postprandial β-hydroxybutyrate levels were significantly elevated in second MMTT versus first MMTT. The positive correlation between postprandial glucagon secretion and glucose excursions observed in first MMTT disappeared in second MMTT, but a negative correlation between fasting glucagon and time below range (glucose, <3.9 mmol/L) appeared in second MMTT. The percentage changes in glucagon levels (fasting and AUC0-120min) from baseline to 12 weeks were significantly correlated with those in β-hydroxybutyrate levels. CONCLUSIONS Ipragliflozin treatment for T1D increased postprandial glucagon secretion, which did not exacerbate postprandial hyperglycaemia but might protect against hypoglycaemia, leading to reduced glycaemic variability. The increased glucagon secretion might accelerate ketogenesis when adequate insulin is not supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nakamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Horie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Kitamura
- Metabolic Signal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kusunoki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kenro Nishida
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kumamoto Central Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akane Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Maeda
- Minami Diabetes Clinical Research Center, Clinic Masae Minami, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masae Minami
- Minami Diabetes Clinical Research Center, Clinic Masae Minami, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Norio Abiru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Scoditti E, Sabatini S, Carli F, Gastaldelli A. Hepatic glucose metabolism in the steatotic liver. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:319-334. [PMID: 38308003 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00888-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The liver is central in regulating glucose homeostasis, being the major contributor to endogenous glucose production and the greatest reserve of glucose as glycogen. It is both a target and regulator of the action of glucoregulatory hormones. Hepatic metabolic functions are altered in and contribute to the highly prevalent steatotic liver disease (SLD), including metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). In this Review, we describe the dysregulation of hepatic glucose metabolism in MASLD and MASH and associated metabolic comorbidities, and how advances in techniques and models for the assessment of hepatic glucose fluxes in vivo have led to the identification of the mechanisms related to the alterations in glucose metabolism in MASLD and comorbidities. These fluxes can ultimately increase hepatic glucose production concomitantly with fat accumulation and alterations in the secretion and action of glucoregulatory hormones. No pharmacological treatment has yet been approved for MASLD or MASH, but some antihyperglycaemic drugs approved for treating type 2 diabetes have shown positive effects on hepatic glucose metabolism and hepatosteatosis. A deep understanding of how MASLD affects glucose metabolic fluxes and glucoregulatory hormones might assist in the early identification of at-risk individuals and the use or development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egeria Scoditti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabatini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Carli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amalia Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Gandasi NR, Gao R, Kothegala L, Pearce A, Santos C, Acreman S, Basco D, Benrick A, Chibalina MV, Clark A, Guida C, Harris M, Johnson PRV, Knudsen JG, Ma J, Miranda C, Shigeto M, Tarasov AI, Yeung HY, Thorens B, Asterholm IW, Zhang Q, Ramracheya R, Ladds G, Rorsman P. GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of mouse and human pancreatic islet glucagon secretion. Diabetologia 2024; 67:528-546. [PMID: 38127123 PMCID: PMC10844371 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired insulin secretion, often aggravated by oversecretion of glucagon. Therapeutic interventions should ideally correct both defects. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) has this capability but exactly how it exerts its glucagonostatic effect remains obscure. Following its release GLP-1 is rapidly degraded from GLP-1(7-36) to GLP-1(9-36). We hypothesised that the metabolite GLP-1(9-36) (previously believed to be biologically inactive) exerts a direct inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and that this mechanism becomes impaired in diabetes. METHODS We used a combination of glucagon secretion measurements in mouse and human islets (including islets from donors with type 2 diabetes), total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy imaging of secretory granule dynamics, recordings of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and measurements of protein kinase A activity, immunocytochemistry, in vivo physiology and GTP-binding protein dissociation studies to explore how GLP-1 exerts its inhibitory effect on glucagon secretion and the role of the metabolite GLP-1(9-36). RESULTS GLP-1(7-36) inhibited glucagon secretion in isolated islets with an IC50 of 2.5 pmol/l. The effect was particularly strong at low glucose concentrations. The degradation product GLP-1(9-36) shared this capacity. GLP-1(9-36) retained its glucagonostatic effects after genetic/pharmacological inactivation of the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1(9-36) also potently inhibited glucagon secretion evoked by β-adrenergic stimulation, amino acids and membrane depolarisation. In islet alpha cells, GLP-1(9-36) led to inhibition of Ca2+ entry via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels sensitive to ω-agatoxin, with consequential pertussis-toxin-sensitive depletion of the docked pool of secretory granules, effects that were prevented by the glucagon receptor antagonists REMD2.59 and L-168049. The capacity of GLP-1(9-36) to inhibit glucagon secretion and reduce the number of docked granules was lost in alpha cells from human donors with type 2 diabetes. In vivo, high exogenous concentrations of GLP-1(9-36) (>100 pmol/l) resulted in a small (30%) lowering of circulating glucagon during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. This effect was abolished by REMD2.59, which promptly increased circulating glucagon by >225% (adjusted for the change in plasma glucose) without affecting pancreatic glucagon content. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that the GLP-1 metabolite GLP-1(9-36) is a systemic inhibitor of glucagon secretion. We propose that the increase in circulating glucagon observed following genetic/pharmacological inactivation of glucagon signalling in mice and in people with type 2 diabetes reflects the removal of GLP-1(9-36)'s glucagonostatic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Gandasi
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cell Metabolism Lab (GA-08), Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rui Gao
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lakshmi Kothegala
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abigail Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristiano Santos
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Acreman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Basco
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Benrick
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margarita V Chibalina
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Clark
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Guida
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakob G Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jinfang Ma
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Miranda
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Makoto Shigeto
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ho Yan Yeung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernard Thorens
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid W Asterholm
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Quan Zhang
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Reshma Ramracheya
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Metabolic Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford National Institute for Health Research, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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15
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D’Souza NC, Aiken JA, Hoffman EG, Atherley SC, Champsi S, Aleali N, Shakeri D, El-Zahed M, Akbarian N, Nejad-Mansouri M, Bavani PZ, Liggins RL, Chan O, Riddell MC. Evaluating the effectiveness of a novel somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist, ZT-01, for hypoglycemia prevention in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1302015. [PMID: 38510652 PMCID: PMC10951717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1302015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Elevated levels of somatostatin blunt glucagon counterregulation during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and this can be improved using somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) antagonists. Hypoglycemia also occurs in late-stage type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly when insulin therapy is initiated, but the utility of SSTR2 antagonists in ameliorating hypoglycemia in this disease state is unknown. We examined the efficacy of a single-dose of SSTR2 antagonists in a rodent model of T2D. Methods: High-fat fed (HFF), low dose streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg)-induced T2D and HFF only, nondiabetic (controls-no STZ) rats were treated with the SSTR2 antagonists ZT-01/PRL-2903 or vehicle (n = 9-11/group) 60 min before an insulin tolerance test (ITT; 2-12 U/kg insulin aspart) or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 2 g/kg glucose via oral gavage) on separate days. Results: This rodent model of T2D is characterized by higher baseline glucose and HbA1c levels relative to HFF controls. T2D rats also had lower c-peptide levels at baseline and a blunted glucagon counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia when subjected to the ITT. SSTR2 antagonists increased the glucagon response and reduced incidence of hypoglycemia, which was more pronounced with ZT-01 than PRL-2903. ZT-01 treatment in the T2D rats increased glucagon levels above the control response within 60 min of dosing, and values remained elevated during the ITT (glucagon Cmax: 156 ± 50 vs. 77 ± 46 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Hypoglycemia incidence was attenuated with ZT-01 vs. controls (63% vs. 100%) and average time to hypoglycemia onset was also delayed (103.1 ± 24.6 vs. 66.1 ± 23.6 min, p < 0.05). ZT-01 administration at the OGTT onset increased the glucagon response without exacerbating hyperglycemia (2877 ± 806 vs. 2982 ± 781), potentially due to the corresponding increase in c-peptide levels (6251 ± 5463 vs. 14008 ± 5495, p = 0.013). Conclusion: Treatment with SSTR2 antagonists increases glucagon responses in a rat model of T2D and results in less hypoglycemia exposure. Future studies are required to determine the best dosing periods for chronic SSTR2 antagonism treatment in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian A. Aiken
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily G. Hoffman
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara C. Atherley
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Champsi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadia Aleali
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dorsa Shakeri
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maya El-Zahed
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicky Akbarian
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Parinaz Z. Bavani
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Owen Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Utah, Salt LakeCity, UT, United States
| | - Michael C. Riddell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Varney MJ, Benovic JL. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Kinases in Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:267-299. [PMID: 38351071 PMCID: PMC10877731 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus has emerged as a major global health concern that has accelerated in recent years due to poor diet and lifestyle. Afflicted individuals have high blood glucose levels that stem from the inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to meet demand. Although medication can help to maintain normal blood glucose levels in individuals with chronic disease, many of these medicines are outdated, have severe side effects, and often become less efficacious over time, necessitating the need for insulin therapy. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many physiologic processes, including blood glucose levels. In pancreatic β cells, GPCRs regulate β-cell growth, apoptosis, and insulin secretion, which are all critical in maintaining sufficient β-cell mass and insulin output to ensure euglycemia. In recent years, new insights into the signaling of incretin receptors and other GPCRs have underscored the potential of these receptors as desirable targets in the treatment of diabetes. The signaling of these receptors is modulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) that phosphorylate agonist-activated GPCRs, marking the receptor for arrestin binding and internalization. Interestingly, genome-wide association studies using diabetic patient cohorts link the GRKs and arrestins with T2D. Moreover, recent reports show that GRKs and arrestins expressed in the β cell serve a critical role in the regulation of β-cell function, including β-cell growth and insulin secretion in both GPCR-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we describe recent insights into GPCR signaling and the importance of GRK function in modulating β-cell physiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pancreatic β cells contain a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been shown to improve β-cell function and survival, yet only a handful have been successfully targeted in the treatment of diabetes. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of β-cell GPCR pharmacology and regulation by GPCR kinases while also highlighting the necessity of investigating islet-enriched GPCRs that have largely been unexplored to unveil novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Huang K, Yan X, Li Z, Liu F, Cui K, Liu Q. Construction and Identification of a Breast Bioreactor for Human-Derived Hypoglycemic Protein Amylin. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:191. [PMID: 38398700 PMCID: PMC10890372 DOI: 10.3390/life14020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland of mammals can generate numerous bioactive proteins. To express the human amylin protein in the mammary glands of domestic animals, we engineered a transgenic mammary gland bioreactor. For this study, we produced transgenic mice through prokaryotic microinjection. RT-PCR, qPCR, and Western blotting confirmed the presence of transgenes in the mice. The ELISA assay indicated an amylin yield of approximately 1.44 μg/mL in the mice milk. Further research revealed that consuming milk containing amylin resulted in a slight, but insignificant enhancement in food consumption, blood sugar equilibrium, and glucose tolerance. The influence of amylin-fortified milk on the abundance of fecal strains in mice was examined, and a significant difference in the quantity of strains needed for fatty acid synthesis and metabolism was discovered. The amylin protein gathered from humans is safe to consume, as no harmful effects were detected in the mice. Our study examined the production of human amylin using a new safety strategy that could potentially alleviate diabetic symptoms in the future through oral administration of milk containing amylin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongwei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (X.Y.); (K.C.)
| | - Xiuying Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (X.Y.); (K.C.)
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Fuhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Z.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Kuiqing Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (X.Y.); (K.C.)
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; (X.Y.); (K.C.)
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18
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Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Conflicting Views About Interactions Between Pancreatic α-Cells and β-Cells. Diabetes 2023; 72:1741-1747. [PMID: 37983524 PMCID: PMC10658062 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, the reduced glucagon response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia has been used to argue that β-cell secretion of insulin is required for the full glucagon counterregulatory response. For years, the concept has been that insulin from the β-cell core flows downstream to suppress glucagon secretion from the α-cells in the islet mantle. This core-mantle relationship has been supported by perfused pancreas studies that show marked increases in glucagon secretion when insulin was neutralized with antisera. Additional support comes from a growing number of studies focused on vascular anatomy and blood flow. However, in recent years this core-mantle view has generated less interest than the argument that optimal insulin secretion is due to paracrine release of glucagon from α-cells stimulating adjacent β-cells. This mechanism has been evaluated by knockout of β-cell receptors and impairment of α-cell function by inhibition of Gi designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. Other studies that support this mechanism have been obtained by pharmacological blocking of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor in humans. While glucagon has potent effects on β-cells, there are concerns with the suggested paracrine mechanism, since some of the supporting data are from isolated islets. The study of islets in static incubation or perifusion systems can be informative, but the normal paracrine relationships are disrupted by the isolation process. While this complicates interpretation of data, arguments supporting paracrine interactions between α-cells and β-cells have growing appeal. We discuss these conflicting views of the relationship between pancreatic α-cells and β-cells and seek to understand how communication depends on blood flow and/or paracrine mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C. Weir
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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19
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Park J, Hall C, Hubbard B, LaMoia T, Gaspar R, Nasiri A, Li F, Zhang H, Kim J, Haeusler RA, Accili D, Shulman GI, Yu H, Choi E. MAD2-Dependent Insulin Receptor Endocytosis Regulates Metabolic Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:1781-1794. [PMID: 37725942 PMCID: PMC10658066 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin activates insulin receptor (IR) signaling and subsequently triggers IR endocytosis to attenuate signaling. Cell division regulators MAD2, BUBR1, and p31comet promote IR endocytosis on insulin stimulation. Here, we show that genetic ablation of the IR-MAD2 interaction in mice delays IR endocytosis, increases IR levels, and prolongs insulin action at the cell surface. This in turn causes a defect in insulin clearance and increases circulating insulin levels, unexpectedly increasing glucagon levels, which alters glucose metabolism modestly. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction increases serum fatty acid concentrations and hepatic fat accumulation in fasted male mice. Furthermore, disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction distinctly changes metabolic and transcriptomic profiles in the liver and adipose tissues. Our findings establish the function of cell division regulators in insulin signaling and provide insights into the metabolic functions of IR endocytosis. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS The physiological role of IR endocytosis in insulin sensitivity remains unclear. Disruption of the IR-MAD2 interaction delays IR endocytosis and prolongs insulin signaling. IR-MAD2 controls insulin clearance and glucose metabolism. IR-MAD2 maintains energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Park
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Catherine Hall
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Brandon Hubbard
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Traci LaMoia
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rafael Gaspar
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Fang Li
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Urology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Domenico Accili
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hongtao Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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20
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Meleleo D, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Mastrodonato M, Mallamaci R. The Effect of Calcium Ions on hIAPP Channel Activity: Possible Implications in T2DM. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:878. [PMID: 37999364 PMCID: PMC10673357 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The calcium ion (Ca2+) has been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although the role of Ca2+ in this disorder is the subject of intense investigation. Serum Ca2+ dyshomeostasis is associated with the development of insulin resistance, reduced insulin sensitivity, and impaired glucose tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms involving Ca2+ ions in pancreatic β-cell loss and subsequently in T2DM remain poorly understood. Implicated in the decline in β-cell functions are aggregates of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a small peptide secreted by β-cells that shows a strong tendency to self-aggregate into β-sheet-rich aggregates that evolve toward the formation of amyloid deposits and mature fibrils. The soluble oligomers of hIAPP can permeabilize the cell membrane by interacting with bilayer lipids. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ca2+ on the ability of the peptide to incorporate and form ion channels in zwitterionic planar lipid membranes (PLMs) composed of palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and on the aggregation process of hIAPP molecules in solution. Our results may help to clarify the link between Ca2+ ions, hIAPP peptide, and consequently the pathophysiology of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meleleo
- Department of Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Mastrodonato
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Rosanna Mallamaci
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (R.M.)
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21
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Armour SL, Frueh A, Chibalina MV, Dou H, Argemi-Muntadas L, Hamilton A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Carmeliet P, Davies B, Moritz T, Eliasson L, Rorsman P, Knudsen JG. Glucose Controls Glucagon Secretion by Regulating Fatty Acid Oxidation in Pancreatic α-Cells. Diabetes 2023; 72:1446-1459. [PMID: 37494670 PMCID: PMC10545563 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body glucose homeostasis is coordinated through secretion of glucagon and insulin from pancreatic islets. When glucose is low, glucagon is released from α-cells to stimulate hepatic glucose production. However, the mechanisms that regulate glucagon secretion from pancreatic α-cells remain unclear. Here we show that in α-cells, the interaction between fatty acid oxidation and glucose metabolism controls glucagon secretion. The glucose-dependent inhibition of glucagon secretion relies on pyruvate dehydrogenase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a activity and lowering of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by increases in glucose. This results in reduced intracellular ATP and leads to membrane repolarization and inhibition of glucagon secretion. These findings provide a new framework for the metabolic regulation of the α-cell, where regulation of fatty acid oxidation by glucose accounts for the stimulation and inhibition of glucagon secretion. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS It has become clear that dysregulation of glucagon secretion and α-cell function plays an important role in the development of diabetes, but we do not know how glucagon secretion is regulated. Here we asked whether glucose inhibits fatty acid oxidation in α-cells to regulate glucagon secretion. We found that fatty acid oxidation is required for the inhibitory effects of glucose on glucagon secretion through reductions in ATP. These findings provide a new framework for the regulation of glucagon secretion by glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Armour
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Frueh
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margarita V. Chibalina
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidia Argemi-Muntadas
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Hamilton
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Georgios Katzilieris-Petras
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Centre for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Heterogeneity, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob G. Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Riahi Y, Kogot-Levin A, Kadosh L, Agranovich B, Malka A, Assa M, Piran R, Avrahami D, Glaser B, Gottlieb E, Jackson F, Cerasi E, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Helman A, Leibowitz G. Hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes: altered amino acid metabolism triggers mTORC1 activation, which drives glucagon production. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1925-1942. [PMID: 37480416 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Hyperglycaemia is associated with alpha cell dysfunction, leading to dysregulated glucagon secretion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms involved are still elusive. The nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a major role in the maintenance of alpha cell mass and function. We studied the regulation of alpha cell mTORC1 by nutrients and its role in the development of hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes. METHODS Alpha cell mTORC1 activity was assessed by immunostaining for phosphorylation of its downstream target, the ribosomal protein S6, and glucagon, followed by confocal microscopy on pancreatic sections and flow cytometry on dispersed human and mouse islets and the alpha cell line, αTC1-6. Metabolomics and metabolic flux were studied by 13C glucose labelling in 2.8 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose followed by LC-MS analysis. To study the role of mTORC1 in mediating hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes, we generated an inducible alpha cell-specific Rptor knockout in the Akita mouse model of diabetes and tested the effects on glucose tolerance by IPGTT and on glucagon secretion. RESULTS mTORC1 activity was increased in alpha cells from diabetic Akita mice in parallel to the development of hyperglycaemia and hyperglucagonaemia (two- to eightfold increase). Acute exposure of mouse and human islets to amino acids stimulated alpha cell mTORC1 (3.5-fold increase), whereas high glucose concentrations inhibited mTORC1 (1.4-fold decrease). The mTORC1 response to glucose was abolished in human and mouse diabetic alpha cells following prolonged islet exposure to high glucose levels, resulting in sustained activation of mTORC1, along with increased glucagon secretion. Metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis showed that exposure to high glucose levels enhanced glycolysis, glucose oxidation and the synthesis of glucose-derived amino acids. In addition, chronic exposure to high glucose levels increased the expression of Slc7a2 and Slc38a4, which encode amino acid transporters, as well as the levels of branched-chain amino acids and methionine cycle metabolites (~1.3-fold increase for both). Finally, conditional Rptor knockout in alpha cells from adult diabetic mice inhibited mTORC1, thereby inhibiting glucagon secretion (~sixfold decrease) and improving diabetes, despite persistent insulin deficiency. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Alpha cell exposure to hyperglycaemia enhances amino acid synthesis and transport, resulting in sustained activation of mTORC1, thereby increasing glucagon secretion. mTORC1 therefore plays a major role in mediating alpha cell dysfunction in diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY All sequencing data are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository (accession no. GSE154126; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE154126 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Riahi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviram Kogot-Levin
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Kadosh
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bella Agranovich
- Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Malka
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Michael Assa
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ron Piran
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fields Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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23
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Langarica S, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Doyle Iii FJ, Nunez F. A Probabilistic Approach to Blood Glucose Prediction in Type 1 Diabetes Under Meal Uncertainties. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:5054-5065. [PMID: 37639417 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3309302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently, most reliable and commercialized artificial pancreas systems for type 1 diabetes are hybrid closed-loop systems, which require the user to announce every meal and its size. However, estimating the amount of carbohydrates in a meal and announcing each and every meal is an error-prone process that introduces important uncertainties to the problem, which when not considered, lead to sub-optimal outcomes of the controller. To address this problem, we propose a novel deep-learning-based model for probabilistic glucose prediction, called the Input and State Recurrent Kalman Network (ISRKN), which consists in the incorporation of an input and state Kalman filter in the latent space of a deep neural network so that the posterior distributions can be computed in closed form and the uncertainty can be propagated using the Kalman equations. In addition, the proposed architecture allows explicit estimation of the meal uncertainty distribution, whose parameters are encoded in the filter parameters. Results using the UVA/Padova simulator and data from a clinical trial show that the proposed model outperforms other probabilistic models using several probabilistic metrics across different degrees of distributional shifts.
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24
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Martens L, Pfeiffer AFH. The Regulation and Secretion of Glucagon in Response to Nutrient Composition: Unraveling Their Intricate Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:3913. [PMID: 37764697 PMCID: PMC10536047 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon was initially regarded as a hyperglycemic substance; however, recent research has revealed its broader role in metabolism, encompassing effects on glucose, amino acids (AAs), and lipid metabolism. Notably, the interplay of glucagon with nutrient intake, particularly of AAs, and non-nutrient components is central to its secretion. Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia have long been linked to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, recent studies have brought to light the positive impact of glucagon agonists on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. This review explores the multifaceted actions of glucagon, focusing on its regulation, signaling pathways, and effects on glucose, AAs, and lipid metabolism. The interplay between glucagon and other hormones, including insulin and incretins, is examined to provide a mechanistic understanding of its functions. Notably, the liver-α-cell axis, which involves glucagon and amino acids, emerges as a critical aspect of metabolic regulation. The dysregulation of glucagon secretion and its impact on conditions such as T2DM are discussed. The review highlights the potential therapeutic applications of targeting the glucagon pathway in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
| | - Yang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Lisa Martens
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
- Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
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25
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Yabe SG, Fukuda S, Nishida J, Takeda F, Okochi H. The functional maturity of grafted human pluripotent stem cell derived-islets (hSC-Islets) evaluated by the glycemic set point during blood glucose normalizing process in diabetic mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19972. [PMID: 37809993 PMCID: PMC10559575 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSCs) derived-pancreatic islets (hSC-islets) are good candidates for cell replacement therapy for patients with diabetes as substitutes for deceased donor-derived islets, because they are pluripotent and have infinite proliferation potential. Grafted hSC-islets ameliorate hyperglycemia in diabetic mice; however, several weeks are needed to normalize the hyperglycemia. These data suggest hSC-islets require maturation, but their maturation process in vivo is not yet fully understood. In this study, we utilized two kinds of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model mice by changing the administration timing in order to examine the time course of maturation of hSC-islets and the effects of hyperglycemia on their maturation. We found no hyperglycemia in immune-compromised mice when hSC-islets had been transplanted under their kidney capsules in advance, and STZ was administered 4 weeks after transplantation. Of note, the blood glucose levels of those mice were stably maintained under 100 mg/dl 10 weeks after transplantation; this is lower than the mouse glycemic set point (120-150 mg/dl), suggesting that hSC-islets control blood glucose levels to the human glycemic set point. We confirmed that gene expression of maturation markers of pancreatic beta cells tended to upregulate during 4 weeks after transplantation. Periodical histological analysis revealed that revascularization was observed as early as 1 week after transplantation, but reinnervation in the grafted hSC-islets was not detected at all, even 15 weeks after transplantation. In conclusion, our hSC-islets need at least 4 weeks to mature, and the human glycemic set point is a good index for evaluating ultimate maturity for hSC-islets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu G. Yabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Satsuki Fukuda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Junko Nishida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Fujie Takeda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
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26
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Knuth ER, Foster HR, Jin E, Merrins MJ. Leucine suppresses glucagon secretion from pancreatic islets by directly modulating α-cell cAMP. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551113. [PMID: 37577685 PMCID: PMC10418066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Pancreatic islets are nutrient sensors that regulate organismal blood glucose homeostasis. Glucagon release from the pancreatic α-cell is important under fasted, fed, and hypoglycemic conditions, yet metabolic regulation of α-cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a previously unexplored role for physiological levels of leucine, which is classically regarded as a β-cell fuel, in the intrinsic regulation of α-cell glucagon release. Methods GcgCreERT:CAMPER and GcgCreERT:GCaMP6s mice were generated to perform dynamic, high-throughput functional measurements of α-cell cAMP and Ca2+ within the intact islet. Islet perifusion assays were used for simultaneous, time-resolved measurements of glucagon and insulin release from mouse and human islets. The effects of leucine were compared with glucose and the mitochondrial fuels 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH, non-metabolized leucine analog that activates glutamate dehydrogenase), α-ketoisocaproate (KIC, leucine metabolite), and methyl-succinate (complex II fuel). CYN154806 (Sstr2 antagonist), diazoxide (KATP activator, which prevents Ca2+-dependent exocytosis from α, β, and δ-cells), and dispersed α-cells were used to inhibit islet paracrine signaling and identify α-cell intrinsic effects. Results Mimicking the effect of glucose, leucine strongly suppressed amino acid-stimulated glucagon secretion. Mechanistically, leucine dose-dependently reduced α-cell cAMP at physiological concentrations, with an IC50 of 57, 440, and 1162 μM at 2, 6, and 10 mM glucose, without affecting α-cell Ca2+. Leucine also reduced α-cell cAMP in islets treated with Sstr2 antagonist or diazoxide, as well as dispersed α-cells, indicating an α-cell intrinsic effect. The effect of leucine was matched by KIC and the glutamate dehydrogenase activator BCH, but not methyl-succinate, indicating a dependence on mitochondrial anaplerosis. Glucose, which stimulates anaplerosis via pyruvate carboxylase, had the same suppressive effect on α-cell cAMP but with lower potency. Similarly to mouse islets, leucine suppressed glucagon secretion from human islets under hypoglycemic conditions. Conclusions These findings highlight an important role for physiological levels of leucine in the metabolic regulation of α-cell cAMP and glucagon secretion. Leucine functions primarily through an α-cell intrinsic effect that is dependent on glutamate dehydrogenase, in addition to the well-established α-cell regulation by β/δ-cell paracrine signaling. Our results suggest that mitochondrial anaplerosis-cataplerosis facilitates the glucagonostatic effect of both leucine and glucose, which cooperatively suppress α-cell tone by reducing cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Knuth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hannah R. Foster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Erli Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Matthew J. Merrins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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27
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Pérez-Arana GM, Díaz-Gómez A, Bancalero-de los Reyes J, Gracia-Romero M, Ribelles-García A, Visiedo F, González-Domínguez Á, Almorza-Gomar D, Prada-Oliveira JA. The role of glucagon after bariatric/metabolic surgery: much more than an "anti-insulin" hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1236103. [PMID: 37635984 PMCID: PMC10451081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1236103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of glucagon has recently been proposed to both stimulate hepatic glucose production and also include a paradoxical insulinotropic effect, which could suggest a new role of glucagon in the pathophysiology type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An insulinotropic role of glucagon has been observed after bariatric/metabolic surgery that is mediated through the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic beta cells. This effect appears to be modulated by other members of the proglucagon family, playing a key role in the beneficial effects and complications of bariatric/metabolic surgery. Glucagon serves a dual role after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). In addition to maintaining blood glucose levels, glucagon exhibits an insulinotropic effect, suggesting that glucagon has a more complex function than simply an "anti-insulin hormone".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo-Martín Pérez-Arana
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Visiedo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Álvaro González-Domínguez
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Almorza-Gomar
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Operative Statistic and Research Department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José-Arturo Prada-Oliveira
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Science Research and Innovation (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cádiz, Spain
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28
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Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Cherrington AD, Finan B, Gluud LL, Dean ED, Campbell JE, Bloom SR, Tan TMM, Knop FK, Müller TD. 100 years of glucagon and 100 more. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1378-1394. [PMID: 37367959 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone glucagon, discovered in late 1922, is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells and is an essential regulator of metabolic homeostasis. This review summarises experiences since the discovery of glucagon regarding basic and clinical aspects of this hormone and speculations on the future directions for glucagon biology and glucagon-based therapies. The review was based on the international glucagon conference, entitled 'A hundred years with glucagon and a hundred more', held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in November 2022. The scientific and therapeutic focus of glucagon biology has mainly been related to its role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the glucose-raising properties of glucagon have been leveraged to therapeutically restore hypoglycaemia. The hyperglucagonaemia evident in type 2 diabetes has been proposed to contribute to hyperglycaemia, raising questions regarding underlying mechanism and the importance of this in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Mimicry experiments of glucagon signalling have fuelled the development of several pharmacological compounds including glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists, GCGR agonists and, more recently, dual and triple receptor agonists combining glucagon and incretin hormone receptor agonism. From these studies and from earlier observations in extreme cases of either glucagon deficiency or excess secretion, the physiological role of glucagon has expanded to also involve hepatic protein and lipid metabolism. The interplay between the pancreas and the liver, known as the liver-alpha cell axis, reflects the importance of glucagon for glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. In individuals with diabetes and fatty liver diseases, glucagon's hepatic actions may be partly impaired resulting in elevated levels of glucagonotropic amino acids, dyslipidaemia and hyperglucagonaemia, reflecting a new, so far largely unexplored pathophysiological phenomenon termed 'glucagon resistance'. Importantly, the hyperglucagonaemia as part of glucagon resistance may result in increased hepatic glucose production and hyperglycaemia. Emerging glucagon-based therapies show a beneficial impact on weight loss and fatty liver diseases and this has sparked a renewed interest in glucagon biology to enable further pharmacological pursuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alan D Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gastro Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tricia M-M Tan
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filip K Knop
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München Neuherberg, Germany
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Stenlid R, Manell H, Seth R, Cerenius SY, Chowdhury A, Roa Cortés C, Nyqvist I, Lundqvist T, Halldin M, Bergsten P. Low Fasting Concentrations of Glucagon in Patients with Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Metabolites 2023; 13:780. [PMID: 37512487 PMCID: PMC10386500 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Deficiencies of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) define a subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism, with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) being two of the most common. Hypoketotic hypoglycemia is a feared clinical complication and the treatment focuses on avoiding hypoglycemia. In contrast, carnitine uptake deficiency (CUD) is treated as a mild disease without significant effects on FAO. Impaired FAO has experimentally been shown to impair glucagon secretion. Glucagon is an important glucose-mobilizing hormone. If and how glucagon is affected in patients with VLCAD or MCAD remains unknown. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with plasma hormone concentrations quantified after four hours of fasting. Patients with VLCAD (n = 10), MCAD (n = 7) and CUD (n = 6) were included. (3) Results: The groups were similar in age, sex, weight, and height. The glucagon and insulin levels were significantly lower in the VLCAD group compared to the CUD group (p < 0.05, respectively). The patients with CUD had glucagon concentrations similar to the normative data. No significant differences were seen in GLP-1, glicentin, glucose, amino acids, or NEFAs. (4) Conclusions: Low fasting concentrations of glucagon are present in patients with VLCAD and cannot be explained by altered stimuli in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Stenlid
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannes Manell
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, SE75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Seth
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Y Cerenius
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Azazul Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Roa Cortés
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Nyqvist
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundqvist
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, SE17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Halldin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, SE17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chichura KS, Elfers CT, Salameh TS, Kamat V, Chepurny OG, McGivney A, Milliken BT, Holz GG, Applebey SV, Hayes MR, Sweet IR, Roth CL, Doyle RP. A peptide triple agonist of GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors promotes glycemic control and weight loss. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9554. [PMID: 37308546 PMCID: PMC10261008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying long-term sustained weight loss and glycemic normalization after obesity surgery include changes in gut hormone levels, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). We demonstrate that two peptide biased agonists (GEP44 and GEP12) of the GLP-1, neuropeptide Y1, and neuropeptide Y2 receptors (GLP-1R, Y1-R, and Y2-R, respectively) elicit Y1-R antagonist-controlled, GLP-1R-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in both rat and human pancreatic islets, thus revealing the counteracting effects of Y1-R and GLP-1R agonism. These agonists also promote insulin-independent Y1-R-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissue ex vivo and more profound reductions in food intake and body weight than liraglutide when administered to diet-induced obese rats. Our findings support a role for Y1-R signaling in glucoregulation and highlight the therapeutic potential of simultaneous receptor targeting to achieve long-term benefits for millions of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chichura
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Clinton T Elfers
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Varun Kamat
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Aelish McGivney
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Brandon T Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sarah V Applebey
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ian R Sweet
- Diabetes Research Institute and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Christian L Roth
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Hamilton A, Eliasson L, Knudsen JG. Amino acids and the changing face of the α-cell. Peptides 2023:171039. [PMID: 37295651 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon has long been defined by its glucogenic action and as a result α-cells have been characterised based largely on their interaction with glucose. Recent findings have challenged this preconception, bringing to the fore the significant role glucagon plays in amino acid breakdown and underlining the importance of amino acids in glucagon secretion. The challenge that remains is defining the mechanism that underlie these effects - understanding which amino acids are most important, how they act on the α-cell and how their actions integrate with other fuels such as glucose and fatty acids. This review will describe the current relationship between amino acids and glucagon and how we can use this knowledge to redefine the α-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hamilton
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Jakob G Knudsen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sokolov V, Yakovleva T, Stolbov L, Penland RC, Boulton D, Parkinson J, Tang W. A mechanistic modeling platform of SGLT2 inhibition: Implications for type 1 diabetes. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:831-841. [PMID: 36912425 PMCID: PMC10272306 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations due to dysfunction of the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas. Dapagliflozin, an inhibitor of renal glucose reabsorption, has the potential to improve often suboptimal glycemic control in patients with T1DM through insulin-independent mechanisms and to partially mitigate the adverse effects associated with long-term insulin administration. In this work, we have adapted a systems pharmacology model of type 2 diabetes mellitus to describe the T1DM condition and characterize the effect of dapagliflozin on short- and long-term glycemic markers under various treatment scenarios. The developed platform serves as a quantitative tool for the in silico evaluation of the insulin-glucose-dapagliflozin crosstalk, optimization of the treatment regimens, and it can be further expanded to include additional therapies or other aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert C. Penland
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaWalthamMassachusettsUSA
| | - David Boulton
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Joanna Parkinson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Weifeng Tang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
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33
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Chen X, Merovci A, DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D. Chronic physiologic hyperglycemia impairs insulin-mediated suppression of plasma glucagon concentration in healthy humans. Metabolism 2023; 142:155512. [PMID: 36746320 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperglucagonemia is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the effect of chronic (48-72 h) physiologic increase (+50 mg/dl) in plasma glucose concentration on suppression of plasma glucagon concentration by insulin and by hyperglycemia in normal glucose tolerance (NGT) individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study One: 16 NGT subjects received OGTT and 3-step hyperinsulinemic (10, 20, 40 mU/m2·min) euglycemic clamp before and after 48 hour glucose infusion to increase plasma glucose by ~50 mg/dl. Study Two: 20 NGT subjects received OGTT and 2-step hyperglycemic (+125 and + 300 mg/dl) clamp before and after 72 hour glucose infusion. Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucagon concentrations were measured during OGTT, euglycemic hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic clamps. Ratio of plasma glucagon/insulin was used as an index of insulin-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion. RESULTS During all 3 insulin clamp steps (Study 1), plasma glucagon concentration was increased compared to baseline study, and plasma glucagon/insulin ratio was significantly reduced by 24 % (p < 0.05). The rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was inversely correlated with plasma glucagon/insulin ratio (r = -0.44, p < 0.05) and with glucagon AUC (r = -0.48, p < 0.05). During the 2-step hyperglycemic clamp (Study 2) plasma glucagon was similar before and after 72 h of glucose infusion; however, glucagon/insulin ratio was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Incremental area under plasma insulin curve during the first (r = -0.74, p < 0.001) and second (r = -0.85, p < 0.001) hyperglycemic clamp steps was strongly and inversely correlated with plasma glucagon/insulin ratio. CONCLUSION Sustained (48-72 h) physiologic hyperglycemia (+50 mg/dl) caused whole body insulin resistance and impaired insulin-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion, suggesting a role for glucotoxicity in development of hyperglucagonemia in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aurora Merovci
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ralph A DeFronzo
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Heath Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Devjit Tripathy
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Heath Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Zhang J, Schäfer SM, Kabisch S, Csanalosi M, Schuppelius B, Kemper M, Markova M, Meyer NMT, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Keyhani-Nejad F, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH. Implication of sugar, protein and incretins in excessive glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes after mixed meals. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:467-476. [PMID: 36857956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Amino acids powerfully release glucagon but their contribution to postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Exogenously applied GIP stimulates, while GLP-1 inhibits, glucagon secretion in humans. However, their role in mixed meals is unclear, which we therefore characterized. METHODS In three experiments, participants with type 2 diabetes and obese controls randomly received different loads of sugars and/or proteins. In the first experiment, participants ingested the rapidly cleaved saccharose (SAC) or slowly cleaved isomaltulose (ISO) which is known to elicit opposite profiles of GIP and GLP-1 secretion. In the second one participants received test meals which contained saccharose or isomaltulose in combination with milk protein. The third set of participants underwent randomized oral protein tests with whey protein or casein. Incretins, glucagon, C-peptide, and insulin were profiled by specific immunological assays. RESULTS 50 g of the sugars alone suppressed glucagon in controls but slightly less in type 2 diabetes patients. Participants with type 2 diabetes showed excessive glucagon responses within 15 min and lasting over 3 h, while the obese controls showed small initial and delayed greater glucagon responses to mixed meals. The release of GIP was significantly faster and greater with SAC compared to ISO, while GLP-1 showed an inverse pattern. The glucagon responses to whey or casein were only moderately increased in type 2 diabetes patients without a left shift of the dose response curve. CONCLUSIONS The rapid hypersecretion of glucagon after mixed meals in type 2 diabetes patients compared to controls is unaffected by endogenous incretins. The defective suppression of glucagon by glucose combined with hypersecretion to protein is required for the exaggerated response. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBERS NCT03806920, NCT02219295, NCT04564391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylva Mareike Schäfer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marta Csanalosi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schuppelius
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margrit Kemper
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mariya Markova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Marie Tosca Meyer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Reseach Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Farnaz Keyhani-Nejad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Harsunen M, Kettunen JLT, Härkönen T, Dwivedi O, Lehtovirta M, Vähäsalo P, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Miettinen PJ, Knip M, Tuomi T. Identification of monogenic variants in more than ten per cent of children without type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies at diagnosis in the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register. Diabetologia 2023; 66:438-449. [PMID: 36418577 PMCID: PMC9892083 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Monogenic forms of diabetes (MODY, neonatal diabetes mellitus and syndromic forms) are rare, and affected individuals may be misclassified and treated suboptimally. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes is high in Finnish children but systematic screening for monogenic diabetes has not been conducted. We assessed the prevalence and clinical manifestations of monogenic diabetes in children initially registered with type 1 diabetes in the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (FPDR) but who had no type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies (AABs) or had only low-titre islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs) at diagnosis. METHODS The FPDR, covering approximately 90% of newly diagnosed diabetic individuals aged ≤15 years in Finland starting from 2002, includes data on diabetes-associated HLA genotypes and AAB data (ICA, and autoantibodies against insulin, GAD, islet antigen 2 and zinc transporter 8) at diagnosis. A next generation sequencing gene panel including 42 genes was used to identify monogenic diabetes. We interpreted the variants in HNF1A by using the gene-specific standardised criteria and reported pathogenic and likely pathogenic findings only. For other genes, we also reported variants of unknown significance if an individual's phenotype suggested monogenic diabetes. RESULTS Out of 6482 participants, we sequenced DNA for 152 (2.3%) testing negative for all AABs and 49 (0.8%) positive only for low-titre ICAs (ICAlow). A monogenic form of diabetes was revealed in 19 (12.5%) of the AAB-negative patients (14 [9.2%] had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants) and two (4.1%) of the ICAlow group. None had ketoacidosis at diagnosis or carried HLA genotypes conferring high risk for type 1 diabetes. The affected genes were GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A, HNF1B, INS, KCNJ11, RFX6, LMNA and WFS1. A switch from insulin to oral medication was successful in four of five patients with variants in HNF1A, HNF4A or KCNJ11. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION More than 10% of AAB-negative children with newly diagnosed diabetes had a genetic finding associated with monogenic diabetes. Because the genetic diagnosis can lead to major changes in treatment, we recommend referring all AAB-negative paediatric patients with diabetes for genetic testing. Low-titre ICAs in the absence of other AABs does not always indicate a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Harsunen
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jarno L T Kettunen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Om Dwivedi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Lehtovirta
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi J Miettinen
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Stem Cell Biology and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Israël M, Berg E, Tenenbaum G. Cancer Metabolism: Fasting Reset, the Keto-Paradox and Drugs for Undoing. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041589. [PMID: 36836124 PMCID: PMC9960359 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In tumor cells, ketolysis "via" succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid-CoAtransferase (SCOT) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) is a major source of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA. Active ACAT1 tetramers stabilize by tyrosine phosphorylation, which facilitates the SCOT reaction and ketolysis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase PK M2 has the opposite effect, stabilizing inactive dimers, while pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which is already inhibited by phosphorylation, is acetylated by ACAT1 and is doubly locked. This closes the glycolytic supply of acetyl-CoA. In addition, since tumor cells must synthesize fatty acids to create new membranes, they automatically turn off the degradation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA ("via" the malonyl-CoA brake for the fatty acid carnityl transporter). Thus, inhibiting SCOT the specific ketolytic enzyme and ACAT1 should hold back tumor progression. However, tumor cells are still able to take up external acetate and convert it into acetyl-CoA in their cytosol "via" an acetyl-CoA synthetase, which feeds the lipogenic pathway; additionally, inhibiting this enzyme would make it difficult for tumor cells to form new lipid membrane and survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Israël
- Institut Alfred Fessard, CNRS, 2 Av. Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric Berg
- Independent Researcher, 4501 Ford Ave., Alexandria, VA 22302, USA
| | - Guy Tenenbaum
- Independent Researcher, 5558 E Leitner Drive, Coral Springs, FL 33067, USA
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Abstract
Plasma glucose is tightly regulated via the secretion of the two glucose-regulating hormones insulin and glucagon. Situated next to the insulin-secreting β-cells, the α-cells produce and secrete glucagon-one of the body's few blood glucose-increasing hormones. Diabetes is a bihormonal disorder, resulting from both inadequate insulin secretion and dysregulation of glucagon. The year 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon, making it particularly timely to highlight the roles of this systemic metabolic messenger in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Asadi F, Dhanvantari S. Misrouting of glucagon and stathmin-2 towards lysosomal system of α-cells in glucagon hypersecretion of diabetes. Islets 2022; 14:40-57. [PMID: 34923907 PMCID: PMC8726656 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2021.2011550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon hypersecretion from the pancreatic α-cell is a characteristic sign of diabetes, which exacerbates fasting hyperglycemia. Thus, targeting glucagon secretion from α-cells may be a promising approach for combating hyperglucagonemia. We have recently identified stathmin-2 as an α-cell protein that regulates glucagon secretion by directing glucagon toward the endolysosomal system in αTC1-6 cells. We hypothesized that disruption of Stmn2-mediated trafficking of glucagon to the endolysosomes in diabetes contributes to hyperglucagonemia. In isolated islets from male mice treated with streptozotocin (STZ), glucagon secretion and cellular content were augmented, but cellular Stmn2 levels were reduced (p < .01), as measured by both ELISA and immunofluorescence intensity. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, the colocalization of glucagon and Stmn2 in Lamp2A+ lysosomes was dramatically reduced (p < .001) in islets from diabetic mice, and the colocalization of Stmn2, but not glucagon, with the late endosome marker, Rab7, significantly (p < .01) increased. Further studies were conducted in αTC1-6 cells cultured in media containing high glucose (16.7 mM) for 2 weeks to mimic glucagon hypersecretion of diabetes. Surprisingly, treatment of αTC1-6 cells with the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 reduced K+-induced glucagon secretion, suggesting that high glucose may induce glucagon secretion from another lysosomal compartment. Both glucagon and Stmn2 co-localized with Lamp1, which marks secretory lysosomes, in cells cultured in high glucose. We propose that, in addition to enhanced trafficking and secretion through the regulated secretory pathway, the hyperglucagonemia of diabetes may also be due to re-routing of glucagon from the degradative Lamp2A+ lysosome toward the secretory Lamp1+ lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Asadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Savita Dhanvantari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Metabolism & Diabetes and Imaging Programs, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- CONTACT Savita Dhanvantari Lawson Health Research Institute, PO Box 5777, Stn B, London, ONN6A 4V2, Canada
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Importance of multiple endocrine cell types in islet organoids for type 1 diabetes treatment. Transl Res 2022; 250:68-83. [PMID: 35772687 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost 50 years ago, scientists developed the bi-hormonal abnormality hypothesis, stating that diabetes is not caused merely by the impaired insulin signaling. Instead, the presence of inappropriate level of glucagon is a prerequisite for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is widely understood that the hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted by healthy β and α cells respectively, operate in a negative feedback loop to maintain the body's blood sugar levels. Despite this fact, traditional T1D treatments rely solely on exogenous insulin injections. Furthermore, research on cell-based therapies and stem-cell derived tissues tends to focus on the replacement of β cells alone. In vivo, the pancreas is made up of 4 major endocrine cell types, that is, insulin-producing β cells, glucagon-producing α cells, somatostatin-producing δ cells, and pancreatic polypeptide-producing γ cells. These distinct cell types are involved synergistically in regulating islet functions. Therefore, it is necessary to produce a pancreatic islet organoid in vitro consisting of all these cell types that adequately replaces the function of the native islets. In this review, we describe the unique function of each pancreatic endocrine cell type and their interactions contributing to the maintenance of normoglycemia. Furthermore, we detail current sources of whole islets and techniques for their long-term expansion and culture. In addition, we highlight a vast potential of the pancreatic islet organoids for transplantation and diabetes research along with updated new approaches for successful transplantation using stem cell-derived islet organoids.
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Zaborska KE, Jordan KL, Thorson AS, Dadi PK, Schaub CM, Nakhe AY, Dickerson MT, Lynch JC, Weiss AJ, Dobson JR, Jacobson DA. Liraglutide increases islet Ca 2+ oscillation frequency and insulin secretion by activating hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1741-1752. [PMID: 35546791 PMCID: PMC9843726 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels impact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) modulation of islet Ca2+ handling and insulin secretion. METHODS The impact of liraglutide (GLP-1 analogue) on islet Ca2+ handling, HCN currents and insulin secretion was monitored with fluorescence microscopy, electrophysiology and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Furthermore, liraglutide-mediated β-to-δ-cell cross-communication was assessed following selective ablation of either mouse islet δ or β cells. RESULTS Liraglutide increased β-cell Ca2+ oscillation frequency in mouse and human islets under stimulatory glucose conditions. This was dependent in part on liraglutide activation of HCN channels, which also enhanced insulin secretion. Similarly, liraglutide activation of HCN channels also increased β-cell Ca2+ oscillation frequency in islets from rodents exposed to a diabetogenic diet. Interestingly, liraglutide accelerated Ca2+ oscillations in a majority of islet δ cells, which showed synchronized Ca2+ oscillations equivalent to β cells; therefore, we assessed if either cell type was driving this liraglutide-mediated islet Ca2+ response. Although δ-cell loss did not impact liraglutide-mediated increase in β-cell Ca2+ oscillation frequency, β-cell ablation attenuated liraglutide-facilitated acceleration of δ-cell Ca2+ oscillations. CONCLUSION The data presented here show that liraglutide-induced stimulation of islet HCN channels augments Ca2+ oscillation frequency. As insulin secretion oscillates with β-cell Ca2+ , these findings have important implications for pulsatile insulin secretion that is probably enhanced by liraglutide activation of HCN channels and therapeutics that target GLP-1Rs for treating diabetes. Furthermore, these studies suggest that liraglutide as well as GLP-1-based therapies enhance δ-cell Ca2+ oscillation frequency and somatostatin secretion kinetics in a β-cell-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina E Zaborska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kelli L Jordan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ariel S Thorson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Prasanna K Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Charles M Schaub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Arya Y Nakhe
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew T Dickerson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua C Lynch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Adam J Weiss
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jordyn R Dobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Wang ZH, Chu M, Yin N, Huang W, Liu W, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi J. Biological chemotaxis-guided self-thermophoretic nanoplatform augments colorectal cancer therapy through autonomous mucus penetration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3917. [PMID: 35767627 PMCID: PMC9242589 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery systems have great potential to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the drug delivery efficiency is restricted by limited CRC-related intestine positioning and dense mucus barrier. Here, we present a biological chemotaxis-guided self-thermophoretic nanoplatform that facilitates precise intestinal positioning and autonomous mucus penetration. The nanoplatform introduces asymmetric platinum-sprayed mesoporous silica to achieve autonomous movement in intestinal mucus. Furthermore, inspired by the intense interaction between pathogenic microbes and CRC, the nanoplatform is camouflaged by Staphylococcus aureus membrane to precisely anchor in CRC-related intestine. Owing to 4.3-fold higher biological chemotactic anchoring of CRC-related intestine and 14.6-fold higher autonomous mucus penetration performance, the nanoplatform vastly improves the oral bioavailability of cisplatin, leading to a tumor inhibition rate of 99.1% on orthotopic CRC-bearing mice. Together, the exquisitely designed nanoplatform to overcome multiple physiological barriers provides a new horizon for the development of oral drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengyu Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Brotherton EE, Neal TJ, Kaldybekov DB, Smallridge MJ, Khutoryanskiy VV, Armes SP. Aldehyde-functional thermoresponsive diblock copolymer worm gels exhibit strong mucoadhesion. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6888-6898. [PMID: 35774174 PMCID: PMC9200053 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thermoresponsive diblock copolymer worm gels is prepared via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) aqueous dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate using a water-soluble methacrylic precursor bearing pendent cis-diol groups. Selective oxidation using an aqueous solution of sodium periodate affords the corresponding aldehyde-functional worm gels. The aldehyde groups are located within the steric stabilizer chains and the aldehyde content can be adjusted by varying the periodate/cis-diol molar ratio. These aldehyde-functional worm gels are evaluated in terms of their mucoadhesion performance with the aid of a fluorescence microscopy-based assay. Using porcine urinary bladder mucosa as a model substrate, we demonstrate that these worm gels offer a comparable degree of mucoadhesion to that afforded by chitosan, which is widely regarded to be a 'gold standard' positive control in this context. The optimum degree of aldehyde functionality is approximately 30%: lower degrees of functionalization lead to weaker mucoadhesion, whereas higher values compromise the desirable thermoresponsive behavior of these worm gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Brotherton
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
| | - Thomas J Neal
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
| | - Daulet B Kaldybekov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 224, Reading Berkshire RG6 6DX UK
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty 050040 Kazakhstan
| | | | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights PO Box 224, Reading Berkshire RG6 6DX UK
| | - Steven P Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield South Yorkshire S3 7HF UK
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43
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Reducing obesity and inflammation in mice with organically-derivatized polyoxovanadate clusters. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yoshihara E. Adapting Physiology in Functional Human Islet Organogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:854604. [PMID: 35557947 PMCID: PMC9086403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.854604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of three-dimensional (3D)-structured functional human islets is expected to be an alternative cell source for cadaveric human islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), offer infinite resources for newly synthesized human islets. Recent advancements in hPSCs technology have enabled direct differentiation to human islet-like clusters, which can sense glucose and secrete insulin, and those islet clusters can ameliorate diabetes when transplanted into rodents or non-human primates (NHPs). However, the generated hPSC-derived human islet-like clusters are functionally immature compared with primary human islets. There remains a challenge to establish a technology to create fully functional human islets in vitro, which are functionally and transcriptionally indistinguishable from cadaveric human islets. Understanding the complex differentiation and maturation pathway is necessary to generate fully functional human islets for a tremendous supply of high-quality human islets with less batch-to-batch difference for millions of patients. In this review, I summarized the current progress in the generation of 3D-structured human islets from pluripotent stem cells and discussed the importance of adapting physiology for in vitro functional human islet organogenesis and possible improvements with environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yoshihara
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Morriseau TS, Doucette CA, Dolinsky VW. More than meets the islet: aligning nutrient and paracrine inputs with hormone secretion in health and disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E446-E463. [PMID: 35373587 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00411.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is responsive to an array of endocrine, paracrine, and nutritional inputs that adjust hormone secretion to ensure accurate control of glucose homeostasis. Although the mechanisms governing glucose-coupled insulin secretion have received the most attention, there is emerging evidence for a multitude of physiological signaling pathways and paracrine networks that collectively regulate insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin release. Moreover, the modulation of these pathways in conditions of glucotoxicity or lipotoxicity are areas of both growing interest and controversy. In this review, the contributions of external, intrinsic, and paracrine factors in pancreatic β-, α-, and δ-cell secretion across the full spectrum of physiological (i.e., fasting and fed) and pathophysiological (gluco- and lipotoxicity; diabetes) environments will be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor S Morriseau
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Christine A Doucette
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Vernon W Dolinsky
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Jiang X, Yang Z, Wang S, Deng S. “Big Data” Approaches for Prevention of the Metabolic Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:810152. [PMID: 35571045 PMCID: PMC9095427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.810152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by the concurrence of multiple metabolic disorders resulting in the increased risk of a variety of diseases related to disrupted metabolism homeostasis. The prevalence of MetS has reached a pandemic level worldwide. In recent years, extensive amount of data have been generated throughout the research targeted or related to the condition with techniques including high-throughput screening and artificial intelligence, and with these “big data”, the prevention of MetS could be pushed to an earlier stage with different data source, data mining tools and analytic tools at different levels. In this review we briefly summarize the recent advances in the study of “big data” applications in the three-level disease prevention for MetS, and illustrate how these technologies could contribute tobetter preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Jiang
- Department of United Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuanglin Deng
- Department of Oncological Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shuanglin Deng,
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47
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Khan D, Moffett RC, Flatt PR, Tarasov AI. Classical and non-classical islet peptides in the control of β-cell function. Peptides 2022; 150:170715. [PMID: 34958851 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dual role of the pancreas as both an endocrine and exocrine gland is vital for food digestion and control of nutrient metabolism. The exocrine pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine aiding digestion of sugars and fats, whereas the endocrine pancreas secretes a cocktail of hormones into the blood, which is responsible for blood glucose control and regulation of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Classical islet hormones, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, interact in an autocrine and paracrine manner, to fine-tube the islet function and insulin secretion to the needs of the body. Recently pancreatic islets have been reported to express a number of non-classical peptide hormones involved in metabolic signalling, whose major production site was believed to reside outside pancreas, e.g. in the small intestine. We highlight the key non-classical islet peptides, and consider their involvement, together with established islet hormones, in regulation of stimulus-secretion coupling as well as proliferation, survival and transdifferentiation of β-cells. We furthermore focus on the paracrine interaction between classical and non-classical islet hormones in the maintenance of β-cell function. Understanding the functional relationships between these islet peptides might help to develop novel, more efficient treatments for diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Khan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrei I Tarasov
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Boeder SC, Gregory JM, Giovannetti ER, Pettus JH. SGLT2 Inhibition Increases Fasting Glucagon but Does Not Restore the Counterregulatory Hormone Response to Hypoglycemia in Participants With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2022; 71:511-519. [PMID: 34857545 PMCID: PMC8893946 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with type 1 diabetes have an impaired glucagon counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors increase glucagon concentrations. We evaluated whether SGLT inhibition restores the glucagon counterregulatory hormone response to hypoglycemia. Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 22) were treated with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (5 mg daily) or placebo for 4 weeks in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. After each treatment phase, participants underwent a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp. Basal glucagon concentrations were 32% higher following dapagliflozin versus placebo, with a median within-participant difference of 2.75 pg/mL (95% CI 1.38-12.6). However, increased basal glucagon levels did not correlate with decreased rates of hypoglycemia and thus do not appear to be protective in avoiding hypoglycemia. During hypoglycemic clamp, SGLT2 inhibition did not change counterregulatory hormone concentrations, time to recovery from hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia symptoms, or cognitive function. Thus, despite raising basal glucagon concentrations, SGLT inhibitor treatment did not restore the impaired glucagon response to hypoglycemia. We propose that clinical reduction in hypoglycemia associated with these agents is a result of changes in diabetes care (e.g., lower insulin doses or improved glycemic variability) as opposed to a direct, physiologic effect of these medications on α-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schafer C. Boeder
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Corresponding author: Schafer C. Boeder,
| | - Justin M. Gregory
- Ian M. Burr Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Erin R. Giovannetti
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeremy H. Pettus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Andersen DB, Holst JJ. Peptides in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Peptides 2022; 148:170683. [PMID: 34748791 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by the glucoregulatory hormones, glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, secreted from the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is the body's most important anti-hypoglycemic hormone, mobilizing glucose from glycogen stores in the liver in response to fasting, thus maintaining plasma glucose levels within healthy limits. Glucagon secretion is regulated by both circulating nutrients, hormones and neuronal inputs. Hormones that may regulate glucagon secretion include locally produced insulin and somatostatin, but also urocortin-3, amylin and pancreatic polypeptide, and from outside the pancreas glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2, peptide tyrosine tyrosine and oxyntomodulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, neurotensin and ghrelin, as well as the hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin, and calcitonin from the thyroid. Each of these hormones have distinct effects, ranging from regulating blood glucose, to regulating appetite, stomach emptying rate and intestinal motility, which makes them interesting targets for treating metabolic diseases. Awareness regarding the potential effects of the hormones on glucagon secretion is important since secretory abnormalities could manifest as hyperglycemia or even lethal hypoglycemia. Here, we review the effects of each individual hormone on glucagon secretion, their interplay, and how treatments aimed at modulating the plasma levels of these hormones may also influence glucagon secretion and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Karlsson D, Ahnmark A, Sabirsh A, Andréasson AC, Gennemark P, Sandinge AS, Chen L, Tyrberg B, Lindén D, Sörhede Winzell M. Inhibition of SGLT2 Preserves Function and Promotes Proliferation of Human Islets Cells In Vivo in Diabetic Mice. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020203. [PMID: 35203411 PMCID: PMC8868601 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dapagliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetes. This study examines the effects of dapagliflozin on human islets, focusing on alpha and beta cell composition in relation to function in vivo, following treatment of xeno-transplanted diabetic mice. Mouse beta cells were ablated by alloxan, and dapagliflozin was provided in the drinking water while controls received tap water. Body weight, food and water intake, plasma glucose, and human C-peptide levels were monitored, and intravenous arginine/glucose tolerance tests (IVarg GTT) were performed to evaluate islet function. The grafted human islets were isolated at termination and stained for insulin, glucagon, Ki67, caspase 3, and PDX-1 immunoreactivity in dual and triple combinations. In addition, human islets were treated in vitro with dapagliflozin at different glucose concentrations, followed by insulin and glucagon secretion measurements. SGLT2 inhibition increased the animal survival rate and reduced plasma glucose, accompanied by sustained human C-peptide levels and improved islet response to glucose/arginine. SGLT2 inhibition increased both alpha and beta cell proliferation (Ki67+glucagon+ and Ki67+insulin+) while apoptosis was reduced (caspase3+glucagon+ and caspase3+insulin+). Alpha cells were fewer following inhibition of SGLT2 with increased glucagon/PDX-1 double-positive cells, a marker of alpha to beta cell transdifferentiation. In vitro treatment of human islets with dapagliflozin had no apparent impact on islet function. In summary, SGLT2 inhibition supported human islet function in vivo in the hyperglycemic milieu and potentially promoted alpha to beta cell transdifferentiation, most likely through an indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Karlsson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Andrea Ahnmark
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Alan Sabirsh
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anne-Christine Andréasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (A.-S.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (P.G.); (A.-S.S.)
| | - Lihua Chen
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Sörhede Winzell
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, 43150 Gothenburg, Sweden; (D.K.); (A.A.); (A.-C.A.); (L.C.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence:
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