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Cekic S, Bediou B, Achab S, Rich M, Green CS, Bavelier D. Going beyond video game consumption when considering Internet Gaming Disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 133:152500. [PMID: 38761770 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recognizing the crucial importance of understanding the impact of video games on health in today's gaming-dominated world, our study aimed to investigate the relationship between gaming time and Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). Despite the widespread assumption that a connection exists between both, previous studies have revealed highly variable associations, highlighting significant weaknesses in establishing a robust link. METHODS To unravel this complex relationship, we recruited two independent samples of League of Legends players. We combined the collection of self-reported and actual gameplay data, together with assessments of mental health, personality traits, and cognitive abilities. RESULTS Surprisingly, none of the gaming variables demonstrated a robust and stable association with IGD, regardless of whether players spent less than or more than 30 hours per week gaming-a threshold suggested by the American Psychiatric Association as a potential indicator of disordered gaming. Notably, mental health factors, such as anxiety, depression and ADHD, emerged as the most influential predictors of IGD. CONCLUSION These findings, replicated across two independent samples, challenge the prevailing belief that limiting screen time alone effectively combats IGD. Instead, mental health factors play a crucial role in mitigating risks associated with gaming. Policies focusing solely on restricting screen time are insufficient in reducing the prevalence or symptoms of IGD. Rather, a comprehensive approach that considers mental health and key personality traits must be adopted to safeguard the well-being of individuals engaged in gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Cekic
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Bediou
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Achab
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Rich
- Digital Wellness Lab, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA; Clinic for Interactive Media and Internet Disorders, Boston Children's Hospital, USA
| | - C Shawn Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-, Madison, USA
| | - Daphné Bavelier
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lilleholt L, Chapman GB, Böhm R, Zettler I. Using machine learning to unveil relevant predictors of adherence to recommended health-protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2024. [PMID: 38850198 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
What were relevant predictors of individuals' proclivity to adhere to recommended health-protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark? Applying machine learning (namely, lasso regression) to a repeated cross-sectional survey spanning 10 months comprising 25 variables (Study 1; N = 15,062), we found empathy toward those most vulnerable to COVID-19, knowledge about how to protect oneself from getting infected, and perceived moral costs of nonadherence to be strong predictors of individuals' self-reported adherence to recommended health-protective behaviors. We further explored the relations between these three factors and individuals' self-reported proclivity for adherence to recommended health-protective behaviors as they unfold between and within individuals over time in a second study, a Danish panel study comprising eight measurement occasions spanning eight months (N = 441). Results of this study suggest that the relations largely occurred at the trait-like interindividual level, as opposed to at the state-like intraindividual level. Together, the findings provide insights into what were relevant predictors for individuals' overall level of adherence to recommended health-protective behaviors (in Denmark) as well as how these predictors might (not) be leveraged to promote public adherence in future epidemics or pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Lilleholt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gretchen B Chapman
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Böhm
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Zettler
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Faust AM, Auerbeck A, Lee AM, Kim I, Conroy DE. Passive sensing of smartphone use, physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s10865-024-00499-x. [PMID: 38824462 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The research that links excessive screen time to adverse health outcomes is based on self-reported screen use. Few studies have documented how passively-sensed smartphone and app use relate to health behaviors like activity and sitting. Furthermore, they have not considered that daily fluctuations in smartphone/app use may have different relationships to these behaviors than a person's usual smartphone/app use. This study evaluated whether physical activity or sedentary (sitting) behavior are associated with either smartphone screen time or specific smartphone app use by adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adolescents and young adults aged 13-29 years wore activPAL4 micro activity monitors while their smartphones logged daily screen time and app use durations for nine days. Data were collected in 2020-2021 and analyzed in 2022-2023. Participants (N = 125) had a mean (SD) age of 19.7 (4.3) years. Participants' usual smartphone screen time was negatively associated with daily step counts. Daily deviations in smartphone screen time were negatively associated with daily step counts and moderate-vigorous physical activity durations. Time spent on Instagram, YouTube and, to a lesser extent, TikTok were linked with reduced activity levels. Daily sedentary behavior was not associated with usual or daily screen time. Interventions to promote physical activity during the transition into adulthood may benefit from limiting excessive smartphone screen time. Specific intervention targets could include limiting use of apps with infinite scrolling feeds algorithmically tuned to maintain user engagement, such as Instagram, YouTube and TikTok.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Faust
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alexandria Auerbeck
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ian Kim
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David E Conroy
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Stecher C, Pagni BA, Cloonan S, Vink S, Hill E, Ogbeama D, Delaney S, Braden BB. App-based meditation habits maintain reductions in depression symptoms among autistic adults. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1487-1502. [PMID: 37837362 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231200679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Existing research has identified an increased risk of depression among autistic adults, which can negatively impact their adaptive functioning abilities and socioeconomic outcomes. Mobile app-based meditation is a feasible, accessible, and effective self-care solution for depression among neurotypical adults, but there is limited evidence for the long-term benefits of app-based meditation among autistic adults. Habits are a key behavioral strategy for maintaining behavior change, and anchoring is one effective habit formation intervention that has yet to be tested among autistic adults. This study demonstrates that it is both feasible and effective to integrate the anchoring habit formation strategy into an app-based meditation intervention for establishing meditation habits among autistic adults. In addition, the study shows that app-based meditation habits were successful at maintaining reductions in depressive symptoms over 6 months. These results demonstrate the power of anchoring-based habit formation interventions for establishing healthy habits among autistic adults, which offers a promising behavioral intervention technique for establishing other healthy habits among autistic adults. The study also shows that app-based meditation habits are an effective long-term self-care solution for managing depressive symptoms among autistic adults that should be used by mental health providers and policymakers. Future research should test this combined anchoring and app-based meditation intervention technique among larger samples of autistic adults and over longer durations to better understand the mechanisms underlying the success of this intervention.
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Minich M, Moreno M. Real-world adolescent smartphone use is associated with improvements in mood: An ecological momentary assessment study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298422. [PMID: 38809836 PMCID: PMC11135750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rates of adolescent mood disorders and adolescent smartphone use have risen in parallel, leading some to suggest that smartphone use might have detrimental effects on adolescents' moods. Alternatively, it is possible that adolescents turn to smartphone use when experiencing negative mood. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between adolescent smartphone use and mood using a longitudinal methodology that measured both in real-time. METHOD This study used an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) procedure completed by 253 12-17-year old participants from across the United States. Participants received short surveys delivered to their smartphones at random points throughout the day. Measures included real-time, in-situ assessments of smartphone use, current mood, and mood before smartphone use. RESULTS Based on tests of a multilevel regression model, adolescent moods were positively associated with smartphone use (β = 0.261, F(1,259.49) = 19.120, p < 0.001), and that mood was positively associated with the length of phone use sessions (length of phone use β = 0.100, F(1, 112.88) = 5.616, p = 0.020). Participants also reported significant changes in mood during phone use, such that moods before phone use were significantly lower than moods during phone use (MChange = 0.539, t(2491) = 23.174, p < 0.001). Change in mood (mood before minus mood during phone use) was positively associated with the length of smartphone use sessions (β = 0.097, F(1,122.20) = 4.178, p = 0.043), such that participants who had a higher change in mood were more likely to report a longer length of smartphone use. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that adolescent smartphone use is positively associated with mood. This finding may suggest that adolescents use smartphones for mood modification, which aligns with an understanding of smartphone use as potentially addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Minich
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Megan Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Lahti H, Kokkonen M, Hietajärvi L, Lyyra N, Paakkari L. Social media threats and health among adolescents: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:62. [PMID: 38812043 PMCID: PMC11138097 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media are immensely popular among adolescents. Thus, concerns have been raised about the threats adolescents encounter on social media and the possible negative health consequences, such as depressive symptoms and anxiety. This study investigated the prevalence of nine social media threats: (1) cyberbullying, (2) sexual harassment, (3) racism, (4) unauthorized distribution of sensitive material, (5) phishing attempts, (6) misinformation, (7) the sale or distribution of drugs, (8) harmful or dangerous social media challenges, (9) content causing appearance pressures. The study also investigated how individual and social factors, problematic social media use (PSMU), and online communication with strangers are associated with social media threat exposure, as well as the association between social media threats and self-rated health, depressive feelings, and anxiety symptoms. METHODS AND FINDINGS Nationally representative Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) data from Finland were obtained from 2288 respondents aged 11, 13, and 15 years. Fixed effects regression models were applied. The most common threat, encountered daily and weekly, was misinformation. Regression models showed that individual and social factors, PSMU, and online communication with strangers explained adolescent exposure to social media threats in differing ways. Furthermore, certain factors (e.g., emotional intelligence, family support) were associated with encountering social media threats less frequently, whereas other factors (e.g., PSMU, online communication with strangers) were associated with more frequent encounters. Daily and weekly exposure to social media threats was systematically associated with poor self-rated health, frequent depressive feelings, and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the need for intervention and health promotion efforts to mitigate adolescent exposure to social media threats and ensuing negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Lahti
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (L), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Marja Kokkonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (L), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Hietajärvi
- Department of Education, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelli Lyyra
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (L), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Paakkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (L), 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Allcott H, Gentzkow M, Mason W, Wilkins A, Barberá P, Brown T, Cisneros JC, Crespo-Tenorio A, Dimmery D, Freelon D, González-Bailón S, Guess AM, Kim YM, Lazer D, Malhotra N, Moehler D, Nair-Desai S, Nait El Barj H, Nyhan B, Paixao de Queiroz AC, Pan J, Settle J, Thorson E, Tromble R, Velasco Rivera C, Wittenbrink B, Wojcieszak M, Zahedian S, Franco A, Kiewiet de Jonge C, Stroud NJ, Tucker JA. The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321584121. [PMID: 38739793 PMCID: PMC11126999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321584121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We study the effect of Facebook and Instagram access on political beliefs, attitudes, and behavior by randomizing a subset of 19,857 Facebook users and 15,585 Instagram users to deactivate their accounts for 6 wk before the 2020 U.S. election. We report four key findings. First, both Facebook and Instagram deactivation reduced an index of political participation (driven mainly by reduced participation online). Second, Facebook deactivation had no significant effect on an index of knowledge, but secondary analyses suggest that it reduced knowledge of general news while possibly also decreasing belief in misinformation circulating online. Third, Facebook deactivation may have reduced self-reported net votes for Trump, though this effect does not meet our preregistered significance threshold. Finally, the effects of both Facebook and Instagram deactivation on affective and issue polarization, perceived legitimacy of the election, candidate favorability, and voter turnout were all precisely estimated and close to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunt Allcott
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Drew Dimmery
- Meta, Menlo Park, CA94025
- Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Deen Freelon
- University of North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC27514
| | | | - Andrew M. Guess
- Department of Politics and School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Young Mie Kim
- School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI53706
| | - David Lazer
- Northeastern University Lab of Texts, Maps, and Networks, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115
| | - Neil Malhotra
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | | | | | - Brendan Nyhan
- Department of Government, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | | | - Jennifer Pan
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jaime Settle
- Department of Government, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA23185
| | - Emily Thorson
- Department of Political Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY13244
| | - Rebekah Tromble
- School of Media and Public Affairs and Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics, George Washington University, Washington, DC20052
| | | | | | - Magdalena Wojcieszak
- Department of Communication, University of California Davis, Davis, CA95616
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam15791, Netherlands
| | - Saam Zahedian
- Department of Economics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | | | | | - Joshua A. Tucker
- Wilf Family Department of Politics and Center for Social Media and Politics, New York University, New York, NY10012
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McDuff D, Barakat A, Winbush A, Jiang A, Cordeiro F, Crowley R, Kahn LE, Hernandez J, Allen NB. The Google Health Digital Well-Being Study: Protocol for a Digital Device Use and Well-Being Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e49189. [PMID: 38743938 PMCID: PMC11134241 DOI: 10.2196/49189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of digital device use on health and well-being is a pressing question. However, the scientific literature on this topic, to date, is marred by small and unrepresentative samples, poor measurement of core constructs, and a limited ability to address the psychological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the relationships between device use and well-being. Recent authoritative reviews have made urgent calls for future research projects to address these limitations. The critical role of research is to identify which patterns of use are associated with benefits versus risks and who is more vulnerable to harmful versus beneficial outcomes, so that we can pursue evidence-based product design, education, and regulation aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing the risks of smartphones and other digital devices. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to provide normative data on objective patterns of smartphone use. We aim to (1) identify how patterns of smartphone use impact well-being and identify groups of individuals who show similar patterns of covariation between smartphone use and well-being measures across time; (2) examine sociodemographic and personality or mental health predictors and which patterns of smartphone use and well-being are associated with pre-post changes in mental health and functioning; (3) discover which nondevice behavior patterns mediate the association between device use and well-being; (4) identify and explore recruitment strategies to increase and improve the representation of traditionally underrepresented populations; and (5) provide a real-world baseline of observed stress, mood, insomnia, physical activity, and sleep across a representative population. METHODS This is a prospective, nonrandomized study to investigate the patterns and relationships among digital device use, sensor-based measures (including both behavioral and physiological signals), and self-reported measures of mental health and well-being. The study duration is 4 weeks per participant and includes passive sensing based on smartphone sensors, and optionally a wearable (Fitbit), for the complete study period. The smartphone device will provide activity, location, phone unlocks and app usage, and battery status information. RESULTS At the time of submission, the study infrastructure and app have been designed and built, the institutional review board of the University of Oregon has approved the study protocol, and data collection is underway. Data from 4182 enrolled and consented participants have been collected as of March 27, 2023. We have made many efforts to sample a study population that matches the general population, and the demographic breakdown we have been able to achieve, to date, is not a perfect match. CONCLUSIONS The impact of digital devices on mental health and well-being raises important questions. The Digital Well-Being Study is designed to help answer questions about the association between patterns of smartphone use and well-being. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/49189.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ari Winbush
- University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Hamilton JL, Dalack M, Boyd SI, Jorgensen S, Dreier MJ, Sarna J, Brent DA. Positive and negative social media experiences and proximal risk for suicidal ideation in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024. [PMID: 38740058 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media (SM) has received considerable attention as a potential risk factor for adolescent suicide. Few empirical studies, however, have examined adolescents' daily negative and positive experiences on SM and its proximal impacts on suicidal ideation (SI), particularly using intensive monitoring designs. METHOD Adolescents (N = 60; 14-17 years; 49% girls; 62% LGBTQ+) recruited using SM across the United States and participated in an 8-week intensive monitoring protocol. Ecological momentary assessment (three brief surveys per day) asked about negative and positive SM experiences and SI (passive and active). Multilevel modelling was used to evaluate the within-person relationships between daily SM experiences (e.g. individual fluctuations compared to a person's average) and SI, controlling for average levels of SM experiences, SM use screen time, and lifetime SI. RESULTS Significant within-person effects of negative and positive SM experiences were associated with days when adolescents had SI. Specifically, on days when teens endorsed more frequent negative SM experiences than usual, they were more likely to report SI. However, more positive SM experiences than usual were associated with a lower likelihood of having SI. There were no significant effects of SM use ('screen time') on SI or on the reverse associations of SI on next-day SM experiences. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that SM experiences may be dynamic and modifiable risk and protective factors for SI in adolescents, whereas there is no effect of SM screen time on SI. Our results highlight that targeting negative SM experiences and augmenting the positive experiences on SM may be critical targets to improve teens' mental health and prevent suicide, rather than focusing on limiting SM screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Dalack
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Saskia Jorgensen
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Melissa J Dreier
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jas Sarna
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David A Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Stecher C, Chen CH, Codella J, Cloonan S, Hendler J. Combining anchoring with financial incentives to increase physical activity: a randomized controlled trial among college students. J Behav Med 2024:10.1007/s10865-024-00492-4. [PMID: 38704776 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare the relative efficacy of different combinations of three behavioral intervention strategies (i.e., personalized reminders, financial incentives, and anchoring) for establishing physical activity habits using an mHealth app and (2) to examine the effects of these different combined interventions on intrinsic motivation for physical activity and daily walking habit strength. A four-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted in a sample of college students (N = 161) who had a self-reported personal wellness goal of increasing their physical activity. Receiving cue-contingent financial incentives (i.e., incentives conditional on performing physical activity within ± one hour of a prespecified physical activity cue) combined with anchoring resulted in the highest daily step counts and greatest odds of temporally consistent walking during both the four-week intervention and the full eight-week study period. Cue-contingent financial incentives were also more successful at increasing physical activity and maintaining these effects post-intervention than traditional non-cue-contingent incentives. There were no differences in intrinsic motivation or habit strength between study groups at any time point. Financial incentives, particularly cue-contingent incentives, can be effectively used to support the anchoring intervention strategy for establishing physical activity habits. Moreover, mHealth apps are a feasible method for delivering the combined intervention technique of financial incentives with anchoring.
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11
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Burnell K, Garrett SL, Nelson BW, Prinstein MJ, Telzer EH. Daily links between objective smartphone use and sleep among adolescents. J Adolesc 2024. [PMID: 38698757 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concerns abound on how digital technology such as smartphone use may impair adolescent sleep. Although these linkages are supported in cross-sectional studies, research involving intensive longitudinal assessments and objective measures has called into question the robustness of associations. METHODS In this study, a sample of ethnically diverse U.S. adolescents (N = 71; Mage = 16.49; 56% girls) wore Fitbit devices and submitted screenshots of their smartphone screen time, pickups, and notifications over a 14-day period in 2021. The Fitbits recorded nightly sleep quality and sleep onset. Adolescents also completed daily diaries reporting the previous night's sleep onset time and sleep quality. RESULTS On days when adolescents engaged in greater nighttime screen time and, to some extent, pickups relative to their own average, they also had poorer sleep outcomes that night. Greater screen time was associated with later self-reported and Fitbit-recorded sleep onset and poorer self-reported sleep quality. Greater pickups was associated with later self-reported and Fitbit-recorded sleep onset. Smartphone use during the day did not relate to sleep outcomes, indicating the importance of distinguishing nighttime from daytime use. CONCLUSIONS Parents and clinicians should help adolescents develop healthy digital skills to avoid exacerbating sleep problems that are known to occur during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Burnell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shedrick L Garrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin W Nelson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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12
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Mao P, Cai Z, Chen B, Sun X. The association between problematic internet use and burnout: A three-level meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:321-332. [PMID: 38302068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout has received considerable attention in recent years because of the adverse consequences for people. Theoretical perspectives propose that problematic internet use is a significant potential risk for burnout. Despite a plethora of studies showing a positive association between problematic internet use and burnout, there remains a contentious debate regarding the extent and direction of this association. METHODS This study aims to perform a three-level meta-analysis to evaluate the strength of the relationship between problematic internet use and burnout through a quantitative synthesis of eligible studies published until April 2023. RESULTS A total of 42 studies with 54,121 participants and 103 effect sizes were identified. The results indicated a positive, moderate, and significant association between problematic internet use and burnout. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis found that this association was moderated by population, dimension of burnout, and the measure of burnout, however, some study features (i.e., region, type of problematic internet use, gender, and publication year) could not explain the heterogeneity across individual studies. LIMITATIONS Studies included in the current meta-analysis mainly used cross-sectional designs, which limited the potential to make inferences on the causal relationship between problematic internet use and burnout. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with problematic internet use have exhibited higher levels of burnout. Overall, these findings develop a deeper understanding of this association between problematic internet use and burnout and have implications for the direction of future research and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Mao
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhihui Cai
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Bizhong Chen
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; Beijing Normal University Collaboration Innovation Center, Central China Normal University Branch, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Hayat T. Creative webs: decoding the creativity potential of Twitter followers. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1294838. [PMID: 38751762 PMCID: PMC11094310 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1294838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies have associated creativity to one's social networks. This study builds on this framework and examines the premise that one's social fabric is a catalyst for creativity, specifically probing the dynamics between online social connections and creative expressions in the realm of Esports. Therefore, this research paper examined a correlation between people's creativity and their Effective Network Size (non-redundant ties) on Twitter, to see if potentially non-redundant information is related to creativity. Methods Creativity score was defined as the propensity of a participant to utilize specific terms relating to Esports in its emerging stages, prior to its peak popularity as evidenced by Google Trends. Effective Network Size was analyzed based on the social ties of participants on Twitter (N = 50,000). Results The findings indicate that the higher the Effective Network Size score, the higher the creativity score. Furthermore, geographically dispersed social networks moderated the relationship between Effective Network Size and creativity. For people with more dispersed social networks, ENS was more constructive for creativity. Discussion These findings are discussed in the broader context of the relevancy of online social networking sites for creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsahi Hayat
- Sammy Ofer School of Communications, Reichman University, Herzliya, Israel
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Paquin V, Ferrari M, Rej S, Boivin M, Ouellet-Morin I, Geoffroy MC, Shah JL. Trajectories of Adolescent Media Use and Their Associations With Psychotic Experiences. JAMA Psychiatry 2024:2817594. [PMID: 38598210 PMCID: PMC11007660 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Importance Adolescent media use is thought to influence mental health, but whether it is associated with psychotic experiences (PEs) is unclear. Objective To examine longitudinal trajectories of adolescent media use and their associations with PEs at 23 years of age. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included participants from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998-2021): children who were born in Québec, Canada, and followed up annually or biennially from ages 5 months through 23 years. Data were analyzed between January 2023 and January 2024. Exposures Participants reported their weekly amount of television viewing, video gaming, computer use, and reading at ages 12, 13, 15, and 17 years. Main Outcome and Measures Lifetime occurrence of PEs was measured at 23 years of age. Covariables included sociodemographic, genetic, family, and childhood characteristics between ages 5 months and 12 years. Results A total of 1226 participants were included in the analyses (713 [58.2%] female, 513 [41.8%] male). For each media type, latent class mixed modeling identified 3 group-based trajectories, with subgroups following trajectories of higher use: television viewing, 128 (10.4%); video gaming, 145 (11.8%); computer use, 353 (28.8%); and reading, 140 (11.4%). Relative to lower video gaming, higher video gaming was preceded by higher levels of mental health and interpersonal problems at age 12 years. Adjusting for these risk factors mitigated the association between higher video gaming and PEs at age 23 years. The curved trajectory of computer use (189 [15.4%] participants), characterized by increasing levels of use until age 15 years followed by a decrease, was associated with higher PEs (estimated difference, +5.3%; 95% CI, +1.5% to +9.3%) relative to lower use (684 [55.8%] participants). This association remained statistically significant after covariable adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that longitudinal trajectories of media use during adolescence were modestly associated with PEs at age 23 years, likely reflecting the influence of shared risk factors. Understanding the environmental determinants and psychosocial functions of media use during adolescence may help better integrate digital technologies in the prevention and management of PEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuela Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Soham Rej
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jai L. Shah
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Van de Casteele M, Flamant N, Ponnet K, Soenens B, Van Hees V, Vansteenkiste M. Adolescents' mental health in the social-media era: The role of offline and online need-based experiences. J Adolesc 2024; 96:612-631. [PMID: 38112170 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Debate about the precise role of social media use (SMU) in the mental health of today's adolescents is still ongoing. The present study adds to the literature by focusing on adolescents' experiences during SMU and in their offline activities through the lens of basic psychological needs, which are central to self-determination theory. METHODS To examine the joint and supplementary effects of need-experiences in the offline and SMU domain (i.e., SMU satisfaction, offline satisfaction, SMU frustration, offline frustration) on several indicators of adolescents' mental health (i.e., vitality, life satisfaction, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression), polynomial regression analyses were used. Three cross-sectional samples were collected in Belgium, including early to mid-adolescents during the COVID-pandemic (Sample 1; N = 447; Mage = 14.26; 54.4% female) as well as postpandemic (Sample 2; N = 179, Mage = 15.25; 54.2% female), and among college students in postpandemic times (Sample 3; N = 4977; Mage = 20.72; 69.1% female). RESULTS The results showed that need-experiences common to both domains were a robust factor associated with mental health. This finding was obtained across all samples and outcomes, with need satisfaction playing a beneficial and need frustration a harmful role. We further found that offline need-experiences serve as a more crucial predictor of adolescents' mental health than need experiences on social media. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' experiences of need satisfaction and need frustration on social media and in offline activities are central to their mental health. However, only relying on SMU as a single source of need satisfaction may not be recommended, given that offline experiences seem to be more decisive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Van de Casteele
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Flamant
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Media Innovation and Communication Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Soenens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valerie Van Hees
- Support Centre Inclusive Higher Education (SIHO), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Kohne J, Montag C. ChatDashboard: A Framework to collect, link, and process donated WhatsApp Chat Log Data. Behav Res Methods 2024; 56:3658-3684. [PMID: 38123827 PMCID: PMC11133087 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present ChatDashboard, a framework for collecting, linking, and processing donated WhatsApp chat log data. The framework consists of the WhatsR R package for parsing, anonymizing, and preprocessing donated WhatsApp chat logs, the ChatDashboard R Shiny web app for uploading, reviewing, and securely donating WhatsApp chat logs, and DashboardTester, an automated script for testing the correct setup of the framework by simulating participants. With ChatDashboard, researchers can set up their own data collections to gather transparently donated WhatsApp chat log data from consenting participants and link them to survey responses. It enables researchers to retrospectively collect highly granular data on interpersonal interactions and communication without building their own tools from scratch. We briefly discuss the advantages of donated WhatsApp chat log data for investigating social relationships and provide a detailed explanation of the ChatDashboard framework. Additionally, we provide a step-by-step guideline in the supplementary materials for researchers to set up their own data donation pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kohne
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Department of Computational Social Science, Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8, 50667, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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17
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Nygaard M, Andersen TO, Rod NH. Can social connections become stressful? Exploring the link between social media use and perceived stress in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 25,053 adults. J Ment Health 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38545943 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2024.2332802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media has become a dominant part of daily lives for many, but excessive use may lead to an experience of stress. Only relatively few studies have investigated social media's influence on mental health. AIMS We aimed to investigate whether social media use is associated with perceived stress and changes in perceived stress over 18 months. METHODS The study population consisted of 25,053 adults (mean age 42.8; 62% women) from the SmartSleep Study. Self-reported frequency of social media use, of 10 specific social media platforms, and of perceived stress (the Perceived Stress Scale 4 item) was obtained at baseline and 18-months follow-up (N = 1745). The associations were evaluated at baseline and follow-up using multiple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Compared to non-use, high social media use (at least every second hour) was associated with a slightly higher perceived stress level at baseline. No association was found between the frequency of social media use and changes in perceived stress during follow-up. Only small differences in these associations were noted across social media platforms. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to comprehensively explore the relationship between excessive social media use and mental health, recognizing different characteristics across social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Nygaard
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thea Otte Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naja Hulvej Rod
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Vaid SS, Kroencke L, Roshanaei M, Talaifar S, Hancock JT, Back MD, Gosling SD, Ram N, Harari GM. Variation in social media sensitivity across people and contexts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6571. [PMID: 38503817 PMCID: PMC10951328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media impacts people's wellbeing in different ways, but relatively little is known about why this is the case. Here we introduce the construct of "social media sensitivity" to understand how social media and wellbeing associations differ across people and the contexts in which these platforms are used. In a month-long large-scale intensive longitudinal study (total n = 1632; total number of observations = 120,599), we examined for whom and under which circumstances social media was associated with positive and negative changes in social and affective wellbeing. Applying a combination of frequentist and Bayesian multilevel models, we found a small negative average association between social media use AND subsequent wellbeing, but the associations were heterogenous across people. People with psychologically vulnerable dispositions (e.g., those who were depressed, lonely, not satisfied with life) tended to experience heightened negative social media sensitivity in comparison to people who were not psychologically vulnerable. People also experienced heightened negative social media sensitivity when in certain types of places (e.g., in social places, in nature) and while around certain types of people (e.g., around family members, close ties), as compared to using social media in other contexts. Our results suggest that an understanding of the effects of social media on wellbeing should account for the psychological dispositions of social media users, and the physical and social contexts surrounding their use. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of social media sensitivity for scholars, policymakers, and those in the technology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumer S Vaid
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Negotiations, Organizations and Marketing Unit, Harvard Business School, Boston, USA.
| | | | - Mahnaz Roshanaei
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Hancock
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Samuel D Gosling
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
- Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gabriella M Harari
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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19
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Vargas C, Altamura L, Blanco-Gandía MC, Gil L, Mañá A, Montagud S, Salmerón L. Print and digital reading habits and comprehension in children with and without special education needs. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2024; 146:104675. [PMID: 38266354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Text comprehension is a major obstacle for many Primary school students with special education needs (SEN). Reading episodes bring students opportunities to be exposed to new vocabulary and knowledge, potentially boosting their development of text comprehension skills. AIMS Our study seeks to understand how reading frequency (leisure and academic) and reading medium (print and digital) contribute to the development of text comprehension during Primary school in students with and without SEN. METHODS AND PROCEDURES We tested 2289 Spanish students from fourth to sixth grade, from which 212 had an official decision of SEN. Students self-reported their reading frequency (as a measure of their reading habits) and completed a standardized text comprehension test. We employed multiple regression models with a robust maximum likelihood estimator to test associations between reading frequency and comprehension. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Students' comprehension was positively associated with their leisure print reading habits, and negatively associated with their frequency of academic digital reading. Those associations were independent of SEN status. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Results highlight the importance of promoting leisure reading in print to all students, regardless of SEN status. In addition, caution is advised when encouraging Primary school children to use digital texts when the emphasis is on comprehending texts for acquiring knowledge.
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20
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Maza MT, Kwon SJ, Jorgensen NA, Capella J, Prinstein MJ, Lindquist KA, Telzer EH. Neurobiological sensitivity to popular peers moderates daily links between social media use and affect. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 65:101335. [PMID: 38183857 PMCID: PMC10818203 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media behaviors increase during adolescence, and quantifiable feedback metrics (e.g., likes, followers) may amplify the value of social status for teens. Social media's impact on adolescents' daily affect may be exacerbated given the neurodevelopmental changes that increase youths' sensitivity to socio-emotional information. This study examines whether neurobiological sensitivity to popularity moderates daily links between social media use and affect. Adolescents (N = 91, Mage=13.6 years, SDage=0.6 years) completed an fMRI task in which they viewed faces of their high (>1 SD above the mean) and low (<1 SD below the mean) popular peers based on peer-nominated sociometric ratings from their school social networks. Two years later, adolescents reported their time spent on social media and affect daily for two weeks. Neural tracking of popularity in the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex moderated the association between time on social media and affect. Specifically, adolescents who tracked high popular peers in the vmPFC reported more positive affect on days when they used social media more. Adolescents who tracked low popular peers in the vmPFC and dmPFC reported more negative affect on days when they used social media more. Results suggest that links between social media and affect depend on individual differences in neural sensitivity to popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Maza
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Seh-Joo Kwon
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathan A Jorgensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jimmy Capella
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristen A Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Jagayat A, Choma BL. A primer on open-source, experimental social media simulation software: Opportunities for misinformation research and beyond. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101726. [PMID: 38048652 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Social media simulation software (SMSS) allows researchers to collect behavioural data on how participants to engage with researcher-specified social media content using natural, interactive social media user interfaces. A notable subset of SMSS allow for experimental observation of how people engage with different types of content or user interfaces. Providing an avenue for collecting causal evidence on how algorithmic recommendation systems and design affordances of social media platforms impact behaviour; particularly online harms like misinformation. This article reviews key similarities and differences between three notable SMSS (The (Mis)information Game, the Mock Social Media Website Tool, and the Truman Platform), provides recommendations for use, and perspectives on the future of SMSS.
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22
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Ochs C, Gahrmann C, Sonderegger A. Learning in hybrid classes: the role of off-task activities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1629. [PMID: 38238399 PMCID: PMC10796355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid teaching (synchronous online and on-site teaching) offers many advantages (e.g., increased flexibility). However, previous research has suggested that students who join classes online suffer higher levels of distractibility, which might translate into students engaging in more off-task activities. This, in turn, can impair students' learning performance. The following quasi-experimental field study investigated this specific link between teaching mode, engagement in off-task activities, and learning performance. We collected survey data from N = 690 students in six hybrid classes (N = 254 online, N = 436 on-site). Participants reported the amount of time they spent engaging in digital and non-digital off-task activities and responded to a quiz on the course material. Results revealed that online students spent more time engaging in off-task activities than on-site students. Further, results were consistent with our hypothesis that joining the class online is associated with lower learning performance via time spent on digital off-task activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli Ochs
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - Andreas Sonderegger
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
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23
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Qiu R, Guo Z, Wang X, Wang X, Cheng S, Zhu X. The Relationships between Effortful Control, Mind Wandering, and Mobile Phone Addiction Based on Network Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:140. [PMID: 38255028 PMCID: PMC10815513 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevailing mobile phone use brought the problem of addiction, which might cause negative consequences. Effortful control and mind wandering were associated with addictive behavior. The present study aimed to investigate the dimension-level relationships between effortful control, mind wandering, and mobile phone addiction. METHODS A total of 1684 participants participated this study. The mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering were measured through self-report scales, respectively. Dimension-level network of these psychological variables was estimated and bridge expected influence (BEI) values for each node was calculated. RESULTS Dimensions of mobile phone addiction, effortful control, and mind wandering exhibited distinct and complex links to each other. The node "activation control" exhibited the highest negative BEI value (BEI = -0.32), whereas "spontaneous thinking" showed the highest positive BEI value (BEI = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Different dimensions of effortful control and mind wandering had varied yet significant connections with distinct dimensions of mobile phone addiction, facilitating understanding of the specific pathways underlying the three constructs. The identified dominant bridge nodes can provide potential targets for the intervention of mobile phone addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (R.Q.); (Z.G.); (X.W.); (X.W.); (S.C.)
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24
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Sanders T, Noetel M, Parker P, Del Pozo Cruz B, Biddle S, Ronto R, Hulteen R, Parker R, Thomas G, De Cocker K, Salmon J, Hesketh K, Weeks N, Arnott H, Devine E, Vasconcellos R, Pagano R, Sherson J, Conigrave J, Lonsdale C. An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths' interactions with electronic screens. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:82-99. [PMID: 37957284 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of electronic screens on the health of children and adolescents and their education is not well understood. In this prospectively registered umbrella review (PROSPERO identifier CRD42017076051 ), we harmonized effects from 102 meta-analyses (2,451 primary studies; 1,937,501 participants) of screen time and outcomes. In total, 43 effects from 32 meta-analyses met our criteria for statistical certainty. Meta-analyses of associations between screen use and outcomes showed small-to-moderate effects (range: r = -0.14 to 0.33). In education, results were mixed; for example, screen use was negatively associated with literacy (r = -0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.20 to -0.09, P ≤ 0.001, k = 38, N = 18,318), but this effect was positive when parents watched with their children (r = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.28, P = 0.028, k = 12, N = 6,083). In health, we found evidence for several small negative associations; for example, social media was associated with depression (r = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.19, P ≤ 0.001, k = 12, N = 93,740). Limitations of our review include the limited number of studies for each outcome, medium-to-high risk of bias in 95 out of 102 included meta-analyses and high heterogeneity (17 out of 22 in education and 20 out of 21 in health with I2 > 50%). We recommend that caregivers and policymakers carefully weigh the evidence for potential harms and benefits of specific types of screen use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taren Sanders
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Michael Noetel
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Parker
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Borja Del Pozo Cruz
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Stuart Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Scienchresholds for statistical credibilites, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rimante Ronto
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan Hulteen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rhiannon Parker
- The Centre for Social Impact, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - George Thomas
- The Health and Wellbeing Centre for Research Innovation, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katrien De Cocker
- Department of Movement and Sport Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Hesketh
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole Weeks
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hugh Arnott
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emma Devine
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roberta Vasconcellos
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pagano
- School of Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jamie Sherson
- School of Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Conigrave
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Myruski S, Pérez-Edgar K, Buss KA. Adolescent coping and social media use moderated anxiety change during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc 2024; 96:177-195. [PMID: 37919867 PMCID: PMC10842370 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is a sensitive period during which stressors and social disruptions uniquely contribute to anxiety symptoms. Adolescent's coping strategies (i.e., avoidance and approach) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be differentially related to anxiety symptom changes. Further, social media use (SMU) is ubiquitous and may serve as an avenue to deploy avoidant and/or approach coping. METHOD Participants included 265 adolescents (ages 12-20 years; 55.8% female, 43.8% male) and one parent per adolescent. At two time points separated by ~6 months, adolescents reported on SMU and coping strategies, and parents and adolescents reported demographic information and adolescents' anxiety symptoms. Data were collected online in the United States, from summer 2020 through spring 2021. RESULTS Increases in avoidant coping predicted increasing anxiety, particularly when approach coping decreased. Decreases in both avoidant coping and SMU coincided with decreasing anxiety. Older adolescents showed decreasing anxiety when avoidant coping declined and SMU increased. CONCLUSION Coping strategies and SMU predicted patterns of adolescent anxiety symptom change across 6 months during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results highlight that coping and SMU should be contextualized within the time course of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Myruski
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Koraly Pérez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristin A Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Strowger M, Guzman RA, Geyer RB, Ward RM, Braitman AL. Following social media influencers who share alcohol-related content is associated with college drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev 2024; 43:86-97. [PMID: 37248671 PMCID: PMC10684821 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frequent exposure to peer-shared alcohol-related content (ARC) on social media is associated with greater alcohol consumption and related consequences among undergraduates. Social media influencers also share ARC; yet, the effect of exposure to influencer-shared ARC on alcohol outcomes has not been examined. The current study examined whether following influencers who share ARC and the frequency of sharing were associated with alcohol outcomes, and associations between influencer type (e.g., actors) and alcohol outcomes. METHODS Undergraduates (N = 528) from two universities in the United States completed an online survey assessing demographics, social media use, alcohol use and related consequences. They listed up to five influencers they followed and viewed the most content from. A series of linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS Having a larger proportion of influencers sharing ARC was associated with greater quantity, frequency and peak drinks, but not consequences. Frequency of influencers sharing ARC was associated with greater quantity and peak drinks, but not frequency or consequences. Findings remained significant, even after controlling for peer ARC. Actor ARC, everyday person ARC and 'other' type influencer ARC were associated with several alcohol outcomes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study added to the literature by examining how following influencers who share ARC, and sharing frequency, were associated with drinking outcomes over and above exposure to peer ARC. It also examined whether ARC content from specific types of influencers was associated with alcohol outcomes. Findings highlight that the source of ARC is relevant when studying the effects of ARC exposure on college drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Strowger
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA
| | | | | | - Rose Marie Ward
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Abby L. Braitman
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA
- Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical Psychology, Norfolk, USA
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Thulin EJ, Florimbio AR, Philyaw-Kotov ML, Walton MA, Bonar EE. Measuring Electronically Shared Rape Myths: Scale Creation and Correlates. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:369-392. [PMID: 37650611 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased access to information online (e.g., social media) provides opportunities for exposure to rape myths (i.e., false beliefs about incidents of sexual assault). Social media, in particular, may serve a critical role in shaping rape culture. Thus, it is important to identify ways to assess online exposure to rape myths, especially given the influence online exposure may have on offline behaviors. Data were analyzed from 2,609 18-25-year-old participants (mean age = 20.9 years; 46.1% male; 71.6% White) recruited in 2017 through social media to complete an online survey on experiences and perceptions of sexual violence. We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) to evaluate the relatedness of nine items adapted to reflect rape myths posted by friends on social media. We split the sample into training (50%) and testing (50%) sets for the EFA and CFA, respectively, then evaluated the correlation between experiences of sexual violence, substance use, and social media use and exposure to online rape myths. Eigenvalues (1-factor: 5.509; 2-factor: 0.803; 3-factor: 0.704; 4-factor: 0.482), factor loadings, fit statistics (RMSEA: 0.03; CFI: 0.99; TLI: 0.99; SRMR: 0.057), interpretability, and existing theory supported a 1-factor solution, which was supported by CFA fit statistics (RMSEA: 0.021; CFI: 0.99; TLI: 0.99; SRMR: 0.038). Cronbach's alpha of the nine items was .77. Greater exposure to online rape myths was associated with greater likelihood of attempted rape perpetration (β = .052, SE = .016, p < .005), rape victimization (β = .045, SE = .009, p < .005), use of illicit drugs (β = .021, SE = 0.008, p < .05), being male (β = .017, SE = .008, p < .05), and being younger (β = -.008, SE = .002, p < .005). Our findings support assessing exposure to online rape myths, which may be important for informing sexual violence prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse J Thulin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Data Science, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Burén J, Nutley SB, Thorell LB. Screen time and addictive use of gaming and social media in relation to health outcomes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1258784. [PMID: 38192395 PMCID: PMC10773792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1258784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study examined associations between screen time and addictive use (i.e., heavy involvement and negative consequences) of gaming and social media, and their independent effects on health outcomes. Methods Survey data were collected from 2,265 participants (mean age = 21.57). Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Social Media Disorder (SMD) were measured with the Gaming and Social Media Questionnaire (GSMQ-9), with separate measures for heavy involvement and negative consequences. Screen time was measured by weekly hours of gaming and social media. Assessed health outcomes were psychological problems, low self-concept, social problems, sleep problems, and sleep time. Results Screen time and addictive use were significantly associated for both gaming and social media, with associations being stronger for symptoms of heavy involvement compared to symptoms of negative consequences. However, despite significant associations, a substantial proportion of the participants with a high screen time did not meet any or just one symptom of addiction. More importantly, it was primarily negative consequences that had independent effects on health outcomes, except for sleep. High levels of heavy involvement in gaming, were even related to lower, not higher, levels of psychological problems. Conclusion The present findings study show that screen time is a poor indicator of addictive use of gaming and social media. Given that it was primarily negative consequences of gaming or social media that had effects on health outcomes, our study also emphasizes the need to distinguish between different types of addictive use and to further examine the diagnostic validity of the nine IGD symptom criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Burén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Lee D, Jiang T, Crocker J, Way B. Social Media Use and Its Concurrent and Subsequent Relation to a Biological Marker of Inflammation: Short-Term Longitudinal Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e46309. [PMID: 38064253 PMCID: PMC10746962 DOI: 10.2196/46309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have examined the impact of social media use (SMU) on mental health, very few studies have examined the association of SMU with health-relevant biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Addressing this gap, we conducted a short-term longitudinal study examining the link between SMU and C-reactive protein (CRP), a biological marker of systemic inflammation predictive of major depression, chronic diseases, and mortality. METHODS We measured college students' weekly amount of SMU for 5 consecutive weeks objectively via the Screen Time app and collected blood samples at baseline and 5 weeks later. RESULTS In separate cross-sectional analyses conducted at phase 1 (baseline) and at phase 2 (5 weeks after baseline), objective SMU had a positive, concurrent association with CRP at both time points. Critically, in a longitudinal analysis, more SMU between phase 1 and phase 2 predicted increased CRP between these time points, suggesting that increased SMU led to heightened inflammation during that period. CONCLUSIONS Although more research is needed to understand why SMU led to higher inflammation, the association between objective SMU and a marker of a biological process critical to physical health presents an intriguing opportunity for future research on social media effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Tao Jiang
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Jennifer Crocker
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Baldwin Way
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Montag C, Marciano L, Schulz PJ, Becker B. Unlocking the brain secrets of social media through neuroscience. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:1102-1104. [PMID: 37838613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscientific buzzwords, such as 'brain hacks', have become commonplace when discussing social media (SM)-platform engineering. Despite societal debates, few studies have used neuroscientific approaches to validate the claims empirically. We call here for a transformative shift engaging scientists and other stakeholders to address this critical knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Laura Marciano
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Schulz
- Institute of Communication and Health, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Communication & Media, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Benjamin Becker
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hamamura T, Kurokawa M, Mishima K, Konishi T, Nagata M, Honjo M. Standalone effects of focus mode and social comparison functions on problematic smartphone use among adolescents. Addict Behav 2023; 147:107834. [PMID: 37634339 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has been reported, particularly among adolescents. Digital interventions may be offered for preventing and reducing PSU. This study evaluated the effects of two smartphone-based interventions among adolescents. Grounded in nudge theory, the focus function allowed users to hide smartphone applications (apps) for a selected length of time, while the feedback function provided a social comparison of the smartphone use of the user and other users. In total, 305 adolescents with Android smartphones were randomly allocated to the focus-function group, feedback-function group or control group. Participants used their smartphones as usual during the two-week baseline period, followed by the one-week period of intervention app instillation and four-week period of intervention use. The primary outcome was self-reported PSU after the intervention period. The secondary outcomes were self-reported smartphone use time during weekdays and app-recorded smartphone use time and frequency. The Group × Time interaction effects showed reduced self-reported PSU in the focus-function and feedback-function groups, Cohen's d = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.63, -0.008], Cohen's d = -0.36, 95% CI [-0.66, -0.06], respectively. The app-recorded smartphone use frequency was also reduced in the focus-function and feedback-function groups, Cohen's d = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.07, -0.25], Cohen's d = -0.32, 95% CI [-0.23, -0.41], respectively. The findings suggest that both utilizing time-outs from nonessential apps and engaging in social comparison lower PSU and smartphone use frequency with small effect sizes. These functions may be noncoercive interventions for preventing and reducing PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Hamamura
- KDDI Research, Inc, Japan; National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan; College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Masayuki Kurokawa
- Department of School Education, Aichi University of Education, Japan
| | - Koji Mishima
- Department of Contemporary Education, Chubu University, Japan
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Gentzler AL, Hughes JL, Johnston M, Alderson JE. Which social media platforms matter and for whom? Examining moderators of links between adolescents' social media use and depressive symptoms. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1725-1748. [PMID: 37698125 PMCID: PMC10841255 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite extensive research on social media and risks for mental health, not enough is known about individual differences in these risks. METHODS The present study, with data collected from 2018 to 2020, investigated the association between social media use (total and for specific platforms) and depressive symptoms in a sample of 237 American adolescents (Mage = 15.10; SD = 0.49; 51.1% girls and 48.5% boys). We investigated several moderators: gender, self-esteem, personality, and negative reactions to social media. Covariates were gender, timing of the follow-up (pre vs. during the pandemic), and depressive symptoms a year earlier. RESULTS Results indicated that greater total time spent on social media was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. This effect held for Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube (but not Snapchat, Facebook, or Twitter). Several moderated effects were found. Twitter was associated with more depressive symptoms for girls but not boys. More frequent Instagram use was linked to more depressive symptoms for less or average-level extraverted teens but not for more extraverted teens, suggesting extraversion may be protective. More frequent TikTok use was associated with more depressive symptoms, particularly for teens who said they have more or average-level negative reactions to social media a year earlier. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that certain adolescents may be at increased risk for serious mental health challenges, like elevated depressive symptoms, when using TikTok, Instagram, or Twitter more frequently, underscoring the importance of examining individual differences and particular social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Gentzler
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Matty Johnston
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Chen S, Liao J, Wang X, Wei M, Liu Y. Bidirectional relations between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination among Chinese university students: Self-control as a mediator. Sleep Med 2023; 112:53-62. [PMID: 37806036 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on theoretical and empirical evidence, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and the potential mediating role of self-control. METHODS Between November 2021 and November 2022, a three waves longitudinal design was employed. Wave 1 included 622 Chinese college students (46.95% male, Mage = 18.16, SD = 0.73), with 6-month intervals between waves. The data was collected using self-report assessments. RESULTS The results of the cross-lagged panel models show that problematic smartphone use positively predicted later bedtime procrastination, and the bedtime procrastination also positively predicted later problematic smartphone use among college students. More importantly, self-control played a mediating role in their bidirectional predictive relationship. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to the understanding of the causal relationship between problematic smartphone use and bedtime procrastination and reveal the core psychological mechanisms underlying their vicious cycle, with important practical implications for the prevention and intervention of problematic smartphone use and sleep problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jinqian Liao
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mingchen Wei
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Research Center of Mental Health Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yee AZH, Yu R, Lim SS, Lim KH, Dinh TTA, Loh L, Hadianto A, Quizon M. ScreenLife Capture: An open-source and user-friendly framework for collecting screenomes from Android smartphones. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:4068-4085. [PMID: 36289177 PMCID: PMC9607811 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-02006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As our interactions with each other become increasingly digitally mediated, there is growing interest in the study of people's digital experiences. To better understand digital experiences, some researchers have proposed the use of screenomes. This involves the collection of sequential high-frequency screenshots which provide detailed objective records of individuals' interaction with screen devices over time. Despite its usefulness, there remains no readily available tool that researchers can use to run their own screenome studies. To fill this gap, we introduce ScreenLife Capture, a user-friendly and open-source software to collect screenomes from smartphones. Using this tool, researchers can set up smartphone screenome studies even with limited programming knowledge and resources. We piloted the tool in an exploratory mixed-method study of 20 college students, collecting over 740,000 screenshots over a 2-week period. We found that smartphone use is highly heterogeneous, characterized by threads of experiences. Using in-depth interviews, we also explored the impact that constant background surveillance of smartphone use had on participants. Participants generally had slight psychological discomfort which fades after a few days, would suspend screen recording for activity perceived to be extremely private, and recounted slight changes in behavior. Implications for future research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z H Yee
- Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Ryan Yu
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Sun Sun Lim
- Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Kwan Hui Lim
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Tien Tuan Anh Dinh
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Lionell Loh
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Andre Hadianto
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Miguel Quizon
- Information Systems Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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Kang Y, Ahn J, Cosme D, Mwilambwe-Tshilobo L, McGowan A, Zhou D, Boyd ZM, Jovanova M, Stanoi O, Mucha PJ, Ochsner KN, Bassett DS, Lydon-Staley D, Falk EB. Frontoparietal functional connectivity moderates the link between time spent on social media and subsequent negative affect in daily life. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20501. [PMID: 37993522 PMCID: PMC10665348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the harms and benefits of social media use is mixed, in part because the effects of social media on well-being depend on a variety of individual difference moderators. Here, we explored potential neural moderators of the link between time spent on social media and subsequent negative affect. We specifically focused on the strength of correlation among brain regions within the frontoparietal system, previously associated with the top-down cognitive control of attention and emotion. Participants (N = 54) underwent a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Participants then completed 28 days of ecological momentary assessment and answered questions about social media use and negative affect, twice a day. Participants who spent more than their typical amount of time on social media since the previous time point reported feeling more negative at the present moment. This within-person temporal association between social media use and negative affect was mainly driven by individuals with lower resting state functional connectivity within the frontoparietal system. By contrast, time spent on social media did not predict subsequent affect for individuals with higher frontoparietal functional connectivity. Our results highlight the moderating role of individual functional neural connectivity in the relationship between social media and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kang
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA.
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Jeesung Ahn
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Cosme
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Amanda McGowan
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dale Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary M Boyd
- Department of Mathematics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84604, USA
| | - Mia Jovanova
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ovidia Stanoi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Peter J Mucha
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Kevin N Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emily B Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Wharton Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Wharton Operations, Information and Decisions Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Zendle D, Flick C, Halgarth D, Ballou N, Cutting J, Drachen A. The Relationship Between Lockdowns and Video Game Playtime: Multilevel Time-Series Analysis Using Massive-Scale Data Telemetry. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e40190. [PMID: 37938889 PMCID: PMC10666013 DOI: 10.2196/40190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 led governments worldwide to enact a variety of containment and closure policies. Substantial attention has been directed toward the idea that these public health measures may have unanticipated negative side effects. One proposed effect relates to video games. There is a nascent evidence base suggesting that individuals played video games for longer and in a more disordered manner during lockdowns and school closures specifically. These increases are commonly framed as a potential health concern in relation to disordered gaming. However, the evidence base regarding changes in gaming during the COVID-19 pandemic is based on self-report and, thus, is susceptible to bias. Therefore, it is unclear what the true consequences of lockdowns were for gaming behavior worldwide. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to estimate whether any specific lockdown policy led to meaningful increases in the amount of time individuals spent playing video games. METHODS Rather than relying on self-report, we used >251 billion hours of raw gameplay telemetry data from 184 separate countries to assess the behavioral correlates of COVID-19-related policy decisions. A multilevel model estimated the impact of varying enforcement levels of 8 containment and closure policies on the amount of time that individual users spent in-game. Similar models estimated the impact of policy on overall playtime and the number of users within a country. RESULTS No lockdown policy can explain substantial variance in playtime per gamer. School closures were uniquely associated with meaningful increases in total playtime within a country (r2=0.048). However, this was associated with increases in the number of unique individuals playing games (r2=0.057) rather than increases in playtime per gamer (r2<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Previous work using self-report data has suggested that important increases in heavy gaming may occur during pandemics because of containment and closure ("lockdown") procedures. This study contrasts with the previous evidence base and finds no evidence of such a relationship. It suggests that significant further work is needed before increases in disordered or heavy gaming are considered when planning public health policies for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zendle
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Flick
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Darel Halgarth
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Ballou
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Cutting
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Drachen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, United Kingdom
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Hartanto A, Chua YJ, Quek FYX, Wong J, Ooi WM, Majeed NM. Problematic smartphone usage, objective smartphone engagement, and executive functions: A latent variable analysis. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2610-2625. [PMID: 37188861 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The negative consequences of smartphone usage have seen frequent discourse in popular media. While existing studies seek to resolve these debates in relation to executive functions, findings are still limited and mixed. This is partly due to the lack of conceptual clarity about smartphone usage, the use of self-reported measures, and problems related to task impurity. Addressing these limitations, the current study utilizes a latent variable approach to examine various types of smartphone usage, including objectively measured data-logged screen time and screen-checking, and nine executive function tasks in 260 young adults through a multi-session study. Our structural equation models showed no evidence that self-reported normative smartphone usage, objective screen time, and objective screen-checking are associated with deficits in latent factors of inhibitory control, task-switching, and working memory capacity. Only self-reported problematic smartphone usage was associated with deficits in latent factor task-switching. These findings shed light on the boundary conditions of the link between smartphone usage and executive functions and suggest that smartphone usage in moderation may not have inherent harms on cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Jing Chua
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Joax Wong
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Ming Ooi
- Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
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Brosnan BJ, Wickham SR, Meredith-Jones KA, Galland BC, Haszard JJ, Taylor RW. Development of a Protocol for Objectively Measuring Digital Device Use in Youth. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:923-931. [PMID: 37156402 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Screen time is predominantly measured using questionnaires assessing a limited range of activities. This project aimed to develop a coding protocol that reliably identified screen time, including device type and specific screen behaviors, from video-camera footage. METHODS Screen use was captured from wearable and stationary PatrolEyes video cameras in 43 participants (aged 10-14 years) within the home environment (May-December 2021, coding in 2022, statistical analysis in 2023). After extensive piloting, the inter-rater reliability of the final protocol was determined in 4 coders using 600 minutes of footage from 18 participants who spent unstructured time on digital devices. Coders independently annotated all footage to determine 8 device types (e.g., phone, TV) and 9 screen activities (e.g., social media, video gaming) using Observer XT (behavioral coding software). Reliability was calculated using weighted Cohen's κ for duration per sequence (meets criteria for total time in each category) and frequency per sequence (meets criteria for total time in each category and order of use) for every coder pair on a per-participant and footage type basis. RESULTS Overall reliability of the full protocol was excellent (≥0.8) for both duration per sequence (κ=0.89-0.93) and the more conservative frequency per sequence (κ=0.83-0.86) analyses. This protocol reliably differentiates between different device types (κ=0.92-0.94) and screen behaviors (κ=0.81-0.87). Coder agreement ranged from 91.7% to 98.8% across 28.6-107.3 different instances of screen use. CONCLUSIONS This protocol reliably codes screen activities in adolescents, offering promise for improving the understanding of the impact of different screen activities on health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara C Galland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jillian J Haszard
- Biostatistics Centre, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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von Andrian-Werburg MTP, Siegers P, Breuer J. A Re-evaluation of Online Pornography Use in Germany: A Combination of Web Tracking and Survey Data Analysis. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:3491-3503. [PMID: 37644357 PMCID: PMC10703962 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Several researchers have questioned the reliability of pornography research's findings. Following a recent call to use more reliable data sources, we conducted two analyses to investigate patterns and predictors of online pornography use (OPU). Our analyses were based on data from a large-scale German online web tracking panel (N = 3018) gathered from June 2018 to June 2019. The study we present here has two parts: In the first part, we looked at group differences (gender and age) in tracked OPU. Overall, this part's results confirm questionnaire-based research findings regarding sex and age differences. In the second part of our study, we combined the web tracking data with data from an online survey which was answered by a subset of the tracking participants (n = 1315) to assess the relevance of various predictors of OPU that have been identified in previous research. Again, our results mostly echoed previous findings based on self-reports. Online pornography was used more by males and younger individuals, while relationship status, sexist attitudes, and social dominance orientation were not associated with OPU. However, we did find differences in OPU between members of different religious communities. Our study confirms some critical findings on OPU from previous questionnaire-based research while extending existing research by providing a more fine-grained analysis of usage patterns based on web tracking data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Siegers
- GESIS-Leibnitz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Breuer
- GESIS-Leibnitz Institute for the Social Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Center for Advanced Internet Studies, Bochum, Germany
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40
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Sapienza A, Lítlá M, Lehmann S, Alessandretti L. Exposure to urban and rural contexts shapes smartphone usage behavior. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad357. [PMID: 38034094 PMCID: PMC10683949 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Smartphones have profoundly changed human life. Nevertheless, the factors that shape how we use our smartphones remain unclear, in part due to limited availability of usage-data. Here, we investigate the impact of a key environmental factor: users' exposure to urban and rural contexts. Our analysis is based on a global dataset describing mobile app usage and location for ∼500,000 individuals. We uncover strong and nontrivial patterns. First, we confirm that rural users tend to spend less time on their phone than their urban counterparts. We find, however, that individuals in rural areas tend to use their smartphones for activities such as gaming and social media. In cities, individuals preferentially use their phone for activities such as navigation and business. Are these effects (1) driven by differences between individuals who choose to live in urban vs. rural environments or do they (2) emerge because the environment itself affects online behavior? Using a quasi-experimental design based on individuals that move from the city to the countryside-or vice versa-we confirm hypothesis (2) and find that smartphone use changes according to users's environment. This work presents a quantitative step forward towards understanding how the interplay between environment and smartphones impacts human lives. As such, our findings could provide information to better regulate persuasive technologies embedded in smartphone apps. Further, our work opens the door to understanding new mechanisms leading to urban/rural divides in political and socioeconomic attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sapienza
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
| | - Marita Lítlá
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Sune Lehmann
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
| | - Laura Alessandretti
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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Bunker CJ, Kwan VSY. Deviation from Design: A Meta-Analytic Review on the Link Between Social Media Use and Less Connection Between the Self and Others. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:805-822. [PMID: 37738319 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Social media were designed to connect people and support interpersonal relationships. However, whether social media use is linked to the connection between the self and others is unknown. The present research reviewed findings across psychology to address whether social media use is linked to defining and expressing the self as connected to others (i.e., interdependence) versus separate from others (i.e., independence) and whether this link appears in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Eligible studies reported an association between social media use (e.g., time spent, frequency of use) and a characteristic supportive of independence (e.g., narcissism, envy, self-enhancement). Meta-analytic results of 133 effect sizes across the reviewed studies show that social media use is linked to independence rather than interdependence. This relationship was more pronounced in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. These findings suggest that characteristics linked to social media use differ from what one might expect based on the design of social media to connect people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Bunker
- Department of Marketing Communication, Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia S Y Kwan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Lilleholt L, Zettler I, Betsch C, Böhm R. Development and validation of the pandemic fatigue scale. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6352. [PMID: 37816702 PMCID: PMC10564944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence and nature of pandemic fatigue-defined as a gradually emerging subjective state of weariness and exhaustion from, and a general demotivation towards, following recommended health-protective behaviors, including keeping oneself informed during a pandemic-has been debated. Herein, we introduce the Pandemic Fatigue Scale and show how pandemic fatigue evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic, using data from one panel survey and two repeated cross-sectional surveys in Denmark and Germany (overall N = 34,582). We map the correlates of pandemic fatigue and show that pandemic fatigue is negatively related to people's self-reported adherence to recommended health-protective behaviors. Manipulating the (de)motivational aspect of pandemic fatigue in a preregistered online experiment (N = 1584), we further show that pandemic fatigue negatively affects people's intention to adhere to recommended health-protective behaviors. Combined, these findings provide evidence not only for the existence of pandemic fatigue, but also its psychological and behavioral associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lau Lilleholt
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Centre for the Experimental-Philosophical Study of Discrimination, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 7, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ingo Zettler
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelia Betsch
- Institute for Planetary Health Behaviour, University of Erfurt, Nordhäuser Str. 63, 99089, Erfurt, Germany
- Health Communication, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Böhm
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitätsstrasse 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
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Vuorre M, Magnusson K, Johannes N, Butlin J, Przybylski AK. An intensive longitudinal dataset of in-game player behaviour and well-being in PowerWash Simulator. Sci Data 2023; 10:622. [PMID: 37704660 PMCID: PMC10499864 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential impacts that video games might have on players' well-being are under increased scrutiny but poorly understood empirically. Although extensively studied, a level of understanding required to address concerns and advise policy is lacking, at least partly because much of this science has relied on artificial settings and limited self-report data. We describe a large and detailed dataset that addresses these issues by pairing video game play behaviors and events with in-game well-being and motivation reports. 11,080 players (from 39 countries) of the first person PC game PowerWash Simulator volunteered for a research version of the game that logged their play across 10 in-game behaviors and events (e.g. task completion) and 21 variables (e.g. current position), and responses to 6 psychological survey instruments via in-game pop-ups. The data consists of 15,772,514 gameplay events, 726,316 survey item responses, and 21,202,667 additional gameplay status records, and spans 222 days. The data and codebook are publicly available with a permissive CC0 license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vuorre
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kristoffer Magnusson
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rozgonjuk D, Ignell J, Mech F, Rothermund E, Gündel H, Montag C. Smartphone and Instagram use, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders: investigating the associations using self-report and tracked data. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:149. [PMID: 37667321 PMCID: PMC10478361 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has linked smartphone and Instagram use to higher body dissatisfaction (BD) as well as eating disorder (ED) symptomatology. However, these studies have typically been limited to using self-report measures for technology use which, as shown by scientific literature, might not be reliable. In the present work, we combine self-reported assessments as well as tracked smartphone and Instagram use. METHODS The effective sample comprised N = 119 women (34 with ED diagnosis history) who were queried about BD and ED symptomatology, and who provided the data about their smartphone and Instagram use duration for each day of the previous week. RESULTS The study results show that women with an ED diagnosis history scored higher on both BD as well as ED scales. Although women with an ED diagnosis history had higher smartphone screen time, there were no statistically significant differences in Instagram screen time. Tracked smartphone use duration was positively correlated with both BD and ED symptomatology, but the role of Instagram use needs to be further elucidated. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that while BD and ED symptomatology are correlated with smartphone use, it may be that Instagram use is not the main contributor to that relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Johanna Ignell
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franziska Mech
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Rothermund
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Harald Gündel
- Ulm University Medical Center, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 8/1, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Ghai S, Fassi L, Awadh F, Orben A. Lack of Sample Diversity in Research on Adolescent Depression and Social Media Use: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:759-772. [PMID: 37694229 PMCID: PMC10491482 DOI: 10.1177/21677026221114859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on whether social media use relates to adolescent depression is rapidly increasing. However, is it adequately representing the diversity of global adolescent populations? We conducted a preregistered scoping review (research published between 2018 and 2020; 34 articles) to investigate the proportion of studies recruiting samples from the Global North versus Global South and assess whether the association between social media and depression varies depending on the population being studied. Sample diversity was lacking between regions: More than 70% of studies examined Global North populations. The link between social media and depression was positive and significant in the Global North but null and nonsignificant in the Global South. There was also little evidence of diversity within regions in both sampling choices and reporting of participants' demographics. Given that most adolescents live in the Global South and sample diversity is crucial for the generalizability of research findings, urgent action is needed to address these oversights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Ghai
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
| | - Luisa Fassi
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
| | - Faisal Awadh
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge
| | - Amy Orben
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge
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Bradley AHM, Howard AL. Stress and Mood Associations With Smartphone Use in University Students: A 12-Week Longitudinal Study. Clin Psychol Sci 2023; 11:921-941. [PMID: 37694230 PMCID: PMC10491487 DOI: 10.1177/21677026221116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study used device-logged screen-time records to measure week-to-week within-person associations between stress and smartphone use in undergraduate students (N = 187; mean age = 20.1 years). The study was conducted during fall 2020 and focused on differences across types of app used and whether accumulated screen use each week predicted end-of-week mood states. Participants uploaded weekly screenshots from their iPhone "Screen Time" settings display and completed surveys measuring stress, mood, and COVID-19 experiences. Results of multilevel models showed no week-to-week change in smartphone hours of use or device pickups. Higher stress levels were not concurrently associated with heavier smartphone use, either overall or by type of app. Heavier smartphone use in a given week did not predict end-of-week mood states, but students who tended to spend more time on their phones in general reported slightly worse moods-a between-persons effect potentially reflecting deficits in well-being that are present in students' off-line lives as well. Our findings contribute to a growing scholarly consensus that time spent on smartphones tells us little about young people's well-being.
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Stangl FJ, Riedl R, Kiemeswenger R, Montag C. Negative psychological and physiological effects of social networking site use: The example of Facebook. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1141663. [PMID: 37599719 PMCID: PMC10435997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1141663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Social networking sites (SNS), with Facebook as a prominent example, have become an integral part of our daily lives and more than four billion people worldwide use SNS. However, the (over-)use of SNS also poses both psychological and physiological risks. In the present article, we review the scientific literature on the risk of Facebook (over-)use. Addressing this topic is critical because evidence indicates the development of problematic Facebook use ("Facebook addiction") due to excessive and uncontrolled use behavior with various psychological and physiological effects. We conducted a review to examine the scope, range, and nature of prior empirical research on the negative psychological and physiological effects of Facebook use. Our literature search process revealed a total of 232 papers showing that Facebook use is associated with eight major psychological effects (perceived anxiety, perceived depression, perceived loneliness, perceived eating disorders, perceived self-esteem, perceived life satisfaction, perceived insomnia, and perceived stress) and three physiological effects (physiological stress, human brain alteration, and affective experience state). The review also describes how Facebook use is associated with these effects and provides additional details on the reviewed literature, including research design, sample, age, and measures. Please note that the term "Facebook use" represents an umbrella term in the present work, and in the respective sections it will be made clear what kind of Facebook use is associated with a myriad of investigated psychological variables. Overall, findings indicate that certain kinds of Facebook use may come along with significant risks, both psychologically and physiologically. Based on our review, we also identify potential avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. Stangl
- Digital Business Institute, School of Business and Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
| | - René Riedl
- Digital Business Institute, School of Business and Management, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Steyr, Austria
- Institute of Business Informatics – Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Roman Kiemeswenger
- Institute of Business Informatics – Information Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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48
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Yao N, Chen J, Huang S, Montag C, Elhai JD. Depression and social anxiety in relation to problematic TikTok use severity: The mediating role of boredom proneness and distress intolerance. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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49
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Vuorre M, Przybylski AK. Estimating the association between Facebook adoption and well-being in 72 countries. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221451. [PMID: 37564066 PMCID: PMC10410217 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Social media's potential effects on well-being have received considerable research interest, but much of past work is hampered by an exclusive focus on demographics in the Global North and inaccurate self-reports of social media engagement. We describe associations linking 72 countries' Facebook adoption to the well-being of 946 798 individuals from 2008 to 2019. We found no evidence suggesting that the global penetration of social media is associated with widespread psychological harm: Facebook adoption predicted life satisfaction and positive experiences positively, and negative experiences negatively, both between countries and within countries over time. Nevertheless, the observed associations were small and did not reach a conventional 97.5% one-sided credibility threshold in all cases. Facebook adoption predicted aspects of well-being more positively for younger individuals, but country-specific results were mixed. To move beyond studying aggregates and to better understand social media's roles in people's lives, and their potential causal effects, we need more transparent collaborative research between independent scientists and the technology industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vuorre
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3JS, UK
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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50
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Francis ER, Tsaligopoulou A, Stock SE, Pingault J, Baldwin JR. Subjective and objective experiences of childhood adversity: a meta-analysis of their agreement and relationships with psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1185-1199. [PMID: 37186463 PMCID: PMC10617978 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers use both subjective self-report and objective measures, such as official records, to investigate the impact of childhood adversity on psychopathology. However, it is unclear whether subjective and objective measures of childhood adversity (a) show agreement, and (b) differentially predict psychopathology. METHOD To address this, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis to examine the agreement between subjective and objective measures of childhood adversity, and their prediction of psychopathology. We searched in PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase for articles with both subjective measures (self-reports) and objective measures of childhood adversity (comprising official records, or reports from multiple informants unrelated to the target individual), and measures of psychopathology. RESULTS We identified 22 studies (n = 18,163) with data on agreement between subjective and objective measures of childhood adversities, and 17 studies (n = 14,789) with data on the associations between subjective and objective measures with psychopathology. First, we found that subjective and objective measures of childhood adversities were only moderately correlated (e.g. for maltreatment, r = .32, 95% CI = 0.23-0.41). Second, subjective measures of childhood adversities were associated with psychopathology, independent of objective measures (e.g. for maltreatment, r = .16, 95% CI = 0.09-0.22). In contrast, objective measures of childhood adversities had null or minimal associations with psychopathology, independent of subjective measures (e.g. r for maltreatment = .06, 95% CI = -0.02-0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the effects of childhood adversity on psychopathology are primarily driven by a person's subjective experience. If this is the case, clinical interventions targeting memories and cognitive processes surrounding childhood adversity may reduce the risk of psychopathology in exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. Francis
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Anna Tsaligopoulou
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Child Study CentreYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sarah E. Stock
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Institute of Epidemiology & HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Pingault
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jessie R. Baldwin
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health PsychologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
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