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Patel A, Rosenke K, Parzych EM, Feldmann F, Bharti S, Griffin AJ, Schouest B, Lewis M, Choi J, Chokkalingam N, Machado V, Smith BJ, Frase D, Ali AR, Lovaglio J, Nguyen B, Hanley PW, Walker SN, Gary EN, Kulkarni A, Generotti A, Francica JR, Rosenthal K, Kulp DW, Esser MT, Smith TRF, Shaia C, Weiner DB, Feldmann H. In vivo delivery of engineered synthetic DNA-encoded SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies for pre-exposure prophylaxis in non-human primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2294860. [PMID: 38165394 PMCID: PMC10903752 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2294860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 remains a major public health concern. Monoclonal antibodies have received emergency use authorization (EUA) for pre-exposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 among high-risk groups for treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. In addition to recombinant biologics, engineered synthetic DNA-encoded antibodies (DMAb) are an important strategy for direct in vivo delivery of protective mAb. A DMAb cocktail was synthetically engineered to encode the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains of two different two different Fc-engineered anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The DMAbs were designed to enhance in vivo expression and delivered intramuscularly to cynomolgus and rhesus macaques with a modified in vivo delivery regimen. Serum levels were detected in macaques, along with specific binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain protein and neutralization of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in pseudovirus and authentic live virus assays. Prophylactic administration was protective in rhesus macaques against signs of SARS-CoV-2 (USA-WA1/2020) associated disease in the lungs. Overall, the data support further study of DNA-encoded antibodies as an additional delivery mode for prevention of COVID-19 severe disease. These data have implications for human translation of gene-encoded mAbs for emerging infectious diseases and low dose mAb delivery against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Parzych
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Suman Bharti
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda J. Griffin
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Matt Lewis
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jihae Choi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neethu Chokkalingam
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Brian J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Drew Frase
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ali R. Ali
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Susanne N. Walker
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ebony N. Gary
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kim Rosenthal
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Daniel W. Kulp
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark T. Esser
- Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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2
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Dmytrenko O, Das S, Kovacs A, Cicka M, Liu M, Scheaffer SM, Bredemeyer A, Mack M, Diamond MS, Lavine KJ. Infiltrating monocytes drive cardiac dysfunction in a cardiomyocyte-restricted mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2024:e0117924. [PMID: 39207134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01179-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include myocardial injury, heart failure, and myocarditis and are associated with long-term disability and mortality. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and antigens are found in the myocardium of COVID-19 patients, and human cardiomyocytes are susceptible to infection in cell or organoid cultures. While these observations raise the possibility that cardiomyocyte infection may contribute to the cardiac sequelae of COVID-19, a causal relationship between cardiomyocyte infection and myocardial dysfunction and pathology has not been established. Here, we generated a mouse model of cardiomyocyte-restricted infection by selectively expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, in cardiomyocytes. Inoculation of Myh6-Cre Rosa26loxP-STOP-loxP-hACE2 mice with an ancestral, non-mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in viral replication within the heart, accumulation of macrophages, and moderate left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Cardiac pathology in this model was transient and resolved with viral clearance. Blockade of monocyte trafficking reduced macrophage accumulation, suppressed the development of LV systolic dysfunction, and promoted viral clearance in the heart. These findings establish a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 cardiomyocyte infection that recapitulates features of cardiac dysfunctions of COVID-19 and suggests that both viral replication and resultant innate immune responses contribute to cardiac pathology.IMPORTANCEHeart involvement after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection occurs in multiple ways and is associated with worse outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. It remains unclear if cardiac disease is driven by primary infection of the heart or immune response to the virus. SARS-CoV-2 is capable of entering contractile cells of the heart in a culture dish. However, it remains unclear how such infection affects the function of the heart in the body. Here, we designed a mouse in which only heart muscle cells can be infected with a SARS-CoV-2 strain to study cardiac infection in isolation from other organ systems. In our model, infected mice show viral infection, worse function, and accumulation of immune cells in the heart. A subset of immune cells facilitates such worsening heart function. As this model shows features similar to those observed in patients, it may be useful for understanding the heart disease that occurs as a part of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Dmytrenko
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Markus Cicka
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrea Bredemeyer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Ryu JK, Yan Z, Montano M, Sozmen EG, Dixit K, Suryawanshi RK, Matsui Y, Helmy E, Kaushal P, Makanani SK, Deerinck TJ, Meyer-Franke A, Rios Coronado PE, Trevino TN, Shin MG, Tognatta R, Liu Y, Schuck R, Le L, Miyajima H, Mendiola AS, Arun N, Guo B, Taha TY, Agrawal A, MacDonald E, Aries O, Yan A, Weaver O, Petersen MA, Meza Acevedo R, Alzamora MDPS, Thomas R, Traglia M, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF, Pico AR, Red-Horse K, Ellisman MH, Krogan NJ, Bouhaddou M, Ott M, Greene WC, Akassoglou K. Fibrin drives thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4. [PMID: 39198643 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Life-threatening thrombotic events and neurological symptoms are prevalent in COVID-19 and are persistent in patients with long COVID experiencing post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection1-4. Despite the clinical evidence1,5-7, the underlying mechanisms of coagulopathy in COVID-19 and its consequences in inflammation and neuropathology remain poorly understood and treatment options are insufficient. Fibrinogen, the central structural component of blood clots, is abundantly deposited in the lungs and brains of patients with COVID-19, correlates with disease severity and is a predictive biomarker for post-COVID-19 cognitive deficits1,5,8-10. Here we show that fibrin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, forming proinflammatory blood clots that drive systemic thromboinflammation and neuropathology in COVID-19. Fibrin, acting through its inflammatory domain, is required for oxidative stress and macrophage activation in the lungs, whereas it suppresses natural killer cells, after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Fibrin promotes neuroinflammation and neuronal loss after infection, as well as innate immune activation in the brain and lungs independently of active infection. A monoclonal antibody targeting the inflammatory fibrin domain provides protection from microglial activation and neuronal injury, as well as from thromboinflammation in the lung after infection. Thus, fibrin drives inflammation and neuropathology in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and fibrin-targeting immunotherapy may represent a therapeutic intervention for patients with acute COVID-19 and long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyu Ryu
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Montano
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elif G Sozmen
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karuna Dixit
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ekram Helmy
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Prashant Kaushal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (MIMG), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sara K Makanani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (MIMG), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Troy N Trevino
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min-Gyoung Shin
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reshmi Tognatta
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yixin Liu
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renaud Schuck
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucas Le
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hisao Miyajima
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikhita Arun
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Guo
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taha Y Taha
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eilidh MacDonald
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Aries
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Yan
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olivia Weaver
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Petersen
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Meza Acevedo
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar S Alzamora
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- CureScience Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- CureScience Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander R Pico
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics (MIMG), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
- COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Michael Hulton Center for HIV Cure Research at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Tatham L, Kipar A, Sharp J, Kijak E, Herriott J, Neary M, Box H, Gallardo Toledo E, Valentijn A, Cox H, Pertinez H, Curley P, Arshad U, Rajoli RKR, Rannard S, Stewart JP, Owen A. Ronapreve (REGN-CoV; casirivimab and imdevimab) reduces the viral burden and alters the pulmonary response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in K18-hACE2 mice using an experimental design reflective of a treatment use case. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0391623. [PMID: 39012120 PMCID: PMC11302283 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03916-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
With some exceptions, global policymakers have recommended against the use of existing monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 due to loss of neutralization of newer variants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Ronapreve on compartmental viral replication using paradigms for susceptible and insusceptible variants. Virological efficacy and impact on pathogenicity was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with either the Delta or BA.1 Omicron variants. Ronapreve reduced sub-genomic viral RNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate, 4 and 6 days post-infection, for the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant. It also blocked brain infection, which is seen with high frequency in K18-hACE2 mice after Delta variant infection. At day 6, the inflammatory response to lung infection with the Delta variant was altered to a multifocal granulomatous inflammation in which the virus appeared to be confined. The current study provides evidence of an altered tissue response to SARS-CoV-2 after treatment with a monoclonal antibody combination that retains neutralization activity. These data demonstrate that experimental designs that reflect treatment use cases are achievable in animal models for monoclonal antibodies. Extreme caution should be taken when interpreting prophylactic experimental designs that may not be representative of treatment.IMPORTANCEFollowing the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, the WHO recommended against the use of Ronapreve in its COVID-19 treatment guidelines due to a lack of efficacy based on current pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic understanding. However, the continued use of Ronapreve, specifically in vulnerable patients, was advocated by some based on in vitro neutralization data. Here, the virological efficacy of Ronapreve was demonstrated in both the lung and brain compartments using Delta as a paradigm for a susceptible variant. Conversely, a lack of virological efficacy was demonstrated for the Omicron variant. Comparable concentrations of both monoclonal antibodies were observed in the plasma of Delta- and Omicron-infected mice. This study made use of a reliable murine model for SARS-CoV-2 infection, an experimental design reflective of treatment, and demonstrated the utility of this approach when assessing the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19/immunology
- Lung/virology
- Lung/pathology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Humans
- Disease Models, Animal
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Viral Load/drug effects
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Female
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edyta Kijak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Herriott
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Gallardo Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rajith Kumar Reddy Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Rannard
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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5
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Guselnikov SV, Baranov KO, Kulemzin SV, Belovezhets TN, Chikaev AN, Murasheva SV, Volkova OY, Mechetina LV, Najakshin AM, Chikaev NA, Solodkov PP, Sergeeva MV, Smirnov AV, Serova IA, Serov OL, Markhaev AG, Kononova YV, Alekseev AY, Gulyaeva MA, Danilenko DM, Battulin NR, Shestopalov AM, Taranin AV. A potent, broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that efficiently protects hACE2-transgenic mice from infection with the Wuhan, BA.5, and XBB.1.5 SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1442160. [PMID: 39100673 PMCID: PMC11294225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1442160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has uncovered the high genetic variability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its ability to evade the immune responses that were induced by earlier viral variants. Only a few monoclonal antibodies that have been reported to date are capable of neutralizing a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Here, we report the isolation of a new broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, iC1. The antibody was identified through sorting the SARS-CoV-1 RBD-stained individual B cells that were isolated from the blood of a vaccinated donor following a breakthrough infection. In vitro, iC1 potently neutralizes pseudoviruses expressing a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 Spike variants, including those of the XBB sublineage. In an hACE2-transgenic mouse model, iC1 provided effective protection against the Wuhan strain of the virus as well as the BA.5 and XBB.1.5 variants. Therefore, iC1 can be considered as a potential component of the broadly neutralizing antibody cocktails resisting the SARS-CoV-2 mutation escape.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Humans
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin O. Baranov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Belovezhets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton N. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Murasheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Y. Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ludmila V. Mechetina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel P. Solodkov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria V. Sergeeva
- Department of Vaccinology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Smirnov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Irina A. Serova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg L. Serov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Markhaev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Kononova
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Y. Alekseev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Gulyaeva
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daria M. Danilenko
- Department of Etiology and Epidemiology, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nariman R. Battulin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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6
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Fantin RF, Clark JJ, Cohn H, Jaiswal D, Bozarth B, Civljak A, Rao V, Lobo I, Nardulli JR, Srivastava K, Yong J, Andreata-Santos R, Bushfield K, Lee ES, Singh G, Kleinstein SH, Krammer F, Simon V, Bajic G, Coelho CH. Dissecting human monoclonal antibody responses from mRNA- and protein-based XBB.1.5 COVID-19 monovalent vaccines. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.15.602781. [PMID: 39071292 PMCID: PMC11275766 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.15.602781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of highly contagious and immune-evasive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has required reformulation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines to target those new variants specifically. While previous infections and booster vaccinations can enhance variant neutralization, it is unclear whether the monovalent version, administered using either mRNA or protein-based vaccine platforms, can elicit de novo B-cell responses specific for Omicron XBB.1.5 variants. Here, we dissected the genetic antibody repertoire of 603 individual plasmablasts derived from five individuals who received a monovalent XBB.1.5 vaccination either with mRNA (Moderna or Pfizer/BioNtech) or adjuvanted protein (Novavax). From these sequences, we expressed 100 human monoclonal antibodies and determined binding, affinity and protective potential against several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including JN.1. We then select two vaccine-induced XBB.1.5 mAbs, M2 and M39. M2 mAb was a de novo, antibody, i.e., specific for XBB.1.5 but not ancestral SARS-CoV-2. M39 bound and neutralized both XBB.1.5 and JN.1 strains. Our high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of M2 and M39 in complex with the XBB.1.5 spike glycoprotein defined the epitopes engaged and revealed the molecular determinants for the mAbs' specificity. These data show, at the molecular level, that monovalent, variant-specific vaccines can elicit functional antibodies, and shed light on potential functional and genetic differences of mAbs induced by vaccinations with different vaccine platforms.\.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raianna F. Fantin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hallie Cohn
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deepika Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bailey Bozarth
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alesandro Civljak
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vishal Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Igor Lobo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica R. Nardulli
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Komal Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy Yong
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Retrovirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaitlyn Bushfield
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward S. Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - PVI Study Group
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven H. Kleinstein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Biomedical Informatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Camila H. Coelho
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Li P, Liu Y, Faraone JN, Hsu CC, Chamblee M, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Horowitz JC, Mallampalli RK, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Jones D, Li J, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 and JN.1 variants in immune evasion, antigenicity, and cell-cell fusion. mBio 2024; 15:e0075124. [PMID: 38591890 PMCID: PMC11077997 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00751-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants presents a constant challenge to the global vaccination effort. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into two newly emerged variants, BA.2.87.1 and JN.1, focusing on their neutralization resistance, infectivity, antigenicity, cell-cell fusion, and spike processing. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were assessed in diverse cohorts, including individuals who received a bivalent mRNA vaccine booster, patients infected during the BA.2.86/JN.1-wave, and hamsters vaccinated with XBB.1.5-monovalent vaccine. We found that BA.2.87.1 shows much less nAb escape from WT-BA.4/5 bivalent mRNA vaccination and JN.1-wave breakthrough infection sera compared to JN.1 and XBB.1.5. Interestingly, BA.2.87.1 is more resistant to neutralization by XBB.1.5-monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera than BA.2.86/JN.1 and XBB.1.5, but efficiently neutralized by a class III monoclonal antibody S309, which largely fails to neutralize BA.2.86/JN.1. Importantly, BA.2.87.1 exhibits higher levels of infectivity, cell-cell fusion activity, and furin cleavage efficiency than BA.2.86/JN.1. Antigenically, we found that BA.2.87.1 is closer to the ancestral BA.2 compared to other recently emerged Omicron subvariants including BA.2.86/JN.1 and XBB.1.5. Altogether, these results highlight immune escape properties as well as biology of new variants and underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and informed decision-making in the development of effective vaccines. IMPORTANCE This study investigates the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants, BA.2.87.1 and JN.1, in comparison to earlier variants and the parental D614G. Varied infectivity and cell-cell fusion activity among these variants suggest potential disparities in their ability to infect target cells and possibly pathogenesis. BA.2.87.1 exhibits lower nAb escape from bivalent mRNA vaccinee and BA.2.86/JN.1-infected sera than JN.1 but is relatively resistance to XBB.1.5-vaccinated hamster sera, revealing distinct properties in immune reason and underscoring the significance of continuing surveillance of variants and reformulation of vaccines. Antigenic differences between BA.2.87.1 and other earlier variants yield critical information not only for antibody evasion but also for viral evolution. In conclusion, this study furnishes timely insights into the spike biology and immune escape of the emerging variants BA.2.87.1 and JN.1, thus guiding effective vaccine development and informing public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yajie Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julia N. Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Cheng Chih Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph S. Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Du L, Deiter F, Bouzidi MS, Billaud JN, Simmons G, Dabral P, Selvarajah S, Lingappa AF, Michon M, Yu SF, Paulvannan K, Manicassamy B, Lingappa VR, Boushey H, Greenland JR, Pillai SK. A viral assembly inhibitor blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication in airway epithelial cells. Commun Biol 2024; 7:486. [PMID: 38649430 PMCID: PMC11035691 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to evade vaccines and therapeutics underlines the need for innovative therapies with high genetic barriers to resistance. Therefore, there is pronounced interest in identifying new pharmacological targets in the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle. The small molecule PAV-104, identified through a cell-free protein synthesis and assembly screen, was recently shown to target host protein assembly machinery in a manner specific to viral assembly. In this study, we investigate the capacity of PAV-104 to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells (AECs). We show that PAV-104 inhibits >99% of infection with diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants in immortalized AECs, and in primary human AECs cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to represent the lung microenvironment in vivo. Our data demonstrate that PAV-104 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 production without affecting viral entry, mRNA transcription, or protein synthesis. PAV-104 interacts with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and interferes with its oligomerization, blocking particle assembly. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that PAV-104 reverses SARS-CoV-2 induction of the type-I interferon response and the maturation of nucleoprotein signaling pathway known to support coronavirus replication. Our findings suggest that PAV-104 is a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 with a mechanism of action that is distinct from existing clinical management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Fred Deiter
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Mohamed S Bouzidi
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Prerna Dabral
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | | | | | - Maya Michon
- Prosetta Biosciences Inc, 670 5th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Shao Feng Yu
- Prosetta Biosciences Inc, 670 5th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Kumar Paulvannan
- Prosetta Biosciences Inc, 670 5th St., San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | | | | | - Homer Boushey
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John R Greenland
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, 360 Spear St., San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA.
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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10
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Iketani S, Ho DD. SARS-CoV-2 resistance to monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:632-657. [PMID: 38640902 PMCID: PMC11084874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over four years have passed since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scientific response has been rapid and effective, with many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small molecules developed for clinical use. However, given the ability for viruses to become resistant to antivirals, it is perhaps no surprise that the field has identified resistance to nearly all of these compounds. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the resistance profile for each of these therapeutics. We hope that this resource provides an atlas for mutations to be aware of for each agent, particularly as a springboard for considerations for the next generation of antivirals. Finally, we discuss the outlook and thoughts for moving forward in how we continue to manage this, and the next, pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Anzai I, Fujita J, Ono C, Kosaka Y, Miyamoto Y, Shichinohe S, Takada K, Torii S, Taguwa S, Suzuki K, Makino F, Kajita T, Inoue T, Namba K, Watanabe T, Matsuura Y. Characterization of a neutralizing antibody that recognizes a loop region adjacent to the receptor-binding interface of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0365523. [PMID: 38415660 PMCID: PMC10986471 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03655-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the global crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is over, the global epidemic of the disease continues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, initiates infection via the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, and this interaction has been the primary target for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Here, we identified neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by screening mouse monoclonal antibodies and characterized an antibody, CSW1-1805, that targets a narrow region at the RBD ridge of the spike protein. CSW1-1805 neutralized several variants in vitro and completely protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cryo-EM and biochemical analyses revealed that this antibody recognizes the loop region adjacent to the ACE2-binding interface with the RBD in both a receptor-inaccessible "down" state and a receptor-accessible "up" state and could stabilize the RBD conformation in the up-state. CSW1-1805 also showed different binding orientations and complementarity determining region properties compared to other RBD ridge-targeting antibodies with similar binding epitopes. It is important to continuously characterize neutralizing antibodies to address new variants that continue to emerge. Our characterization of this antibody that recognizes the RBD ridge of the spike protein will aid in the development of future neutralizing antibodies.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 cell entry is initiated by the interaction of the viral spike protein with the host cell receptor. Therefore, mechanistic findings regarding receptor recognition by the spike protein help uncover the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and guide neutralizing antibody development. Here, we characterized a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody that recognizes an epitope, a loop region adjacent to the receptor-binding interface, that may be involved in the conformational transition of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein from a receptor-inaccessible "down" state into a receptor-accessible "up" state, and also stabilizes the RBD in the up-state. Our mechanistic findings provide new insights into SARS-CoV-2 receptor recognition and guidance for neutralizing antibody development.
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Grants
- JP16H06429, JP16K21723, JP16H06432 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP16H06429, JP16K21723, JP16H06434 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP22H02521 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP21K15042 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP21H02736 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP25K000013 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP20K22630 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP223fa627002, JP22am0401030, JP23fk0108659, JP20jk0210021, JP22gm1610010, JP19fk0108113 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP223fa627002 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP19fk0108113, JP20fk0108281, JP20pc0101047 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP20fk0108401, JP21fk0108493 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP21am0101117, JP17pc0101020 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JPMJOP1861 MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- JPMJMS2025 MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Anzai
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Makino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and Spring-8 Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Phan T, Zitzmann C, Chew KW, Smith DM, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Hughes MD, Choudhary MC, Deo R, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Modeling the emergence of viral resistance for SARS-CoV-2 during treatment with an anti-spike monoclonal antibody. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011680. [PMID: 38635853 PMCID: PMC11060554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the loss of lives during the COVID-19 pandemic, emergency use authorization was given to several anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in patients with a high risk of progressing to severe disease. Monoclonal antibodies used to treat SARS-CoV-2 target the spike protein of the virus and block its ability to enter and infect target cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy can thus accelerate the decline in viral load and lower hospitalization rates among high-risk patients with variants susceptible to mAb therapy. However, viral resistance has been observed, in some cases leading to a transient viral rebound that can be as large as 3-4 orders of magnitude. As mAbs represent a proven treatment choice for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections, evaluation of treatment-emergent mAb resistance can help uncover underlying pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may also help in the development of the next generation of mAb therapies. Although resistance can be expected, the large rebounds observed are much more difficult to explain. We hypothesize replenishment of target cells is necessary to generate the high transient viral rebound. Thus, we formulated two models with different mechanisms for target cell replenishment (homeostatic proliferation and return from an innate immune response antiviral state) and fit them to data from persons with SARS-CoV-2 treated with a mAb. We showed that both models can explain the emergence of resistant virus associated with high transient viral rebounds. We found that variations in the target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters have a strong impact on the magnitude or observability of the viral rebound associated with the emergence of resistant virus. Both variations in target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters may explain why only some individuals develop observable transient resistant viral rebound. Our study highlights the conditions that can lead to resistance and subsequent viral rebound in mAb treatments during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Carolin Zitzmann
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kara W. Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Hughes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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13
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Li P, Liu Y, Faraone J, Hsu CC, Chamblee M, Zheng YM, Carlin C, Bednash JS, Horowitz JC, Mallampalli RK, Saif LJ, Oltz EM, Jones D, Li J, Gumina RJ, Liu SL. Distinct Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 and JN.1 Variants in Immune Evasion, Antigenicity and Cell-Cell Fusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.583978. [PMID: 38559216 PMCID: PMC10979924 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.583978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants presents a constant challenge to the global vaccination effort. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation into two newly emerged variants, BA.2.87.1 and JN.1, focusing on their neutralization resistance, infectivity, antigenicity, cell-cell fusion, and spike processing. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers were assessed in diverse cohorts, including individuals who received a bivalent mRNA vaccine booster, patients infected during the BA.2.86/JN.1-wave, and hamsters vaccinated with XBB.1.5-monovalent vaccine. We found that BA.2.87.1 shows much less nAb escape from WT-BA.4/5 bivalent mRNA vaccination and JN.1-wave breakthrough infection sera compared to JN.1 and XBB.1.5. Interestingly. BA.2.87.1 is more resistant to neutralization by XBB.15-monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera than BA.2.86/JN.1 and XBB.1.5, but efficiently neutralized by a class III monoclonal antibody S309, which largely fails to neutralize BA.2.86/JN.1. Importantly, BA.2.87.1 exhibits higher levels of infectivity, cell-cell fusion activity, and furin cleavage efficiency than BA.2.86/JN.1. Antigenically, we found that BA.2.87.1 is closer to the ancestral BA.2 compared to other recently emerged Omicron subvariants including BA.2.86/JN.1 and XBB.1.5. Altogether, these results highlight immune escape properties as well as biology of new variants and underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and informed decision-making in the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yajie Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia Faraone
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cheng Chih Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michelle Chamblee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi-Min Zheng
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claire Carlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joseph S. Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rama K. Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Animal Sciences Department, OARDC, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eugene M. Oltz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard J. Gumina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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14
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Chiyyeadu A, Asgedom G, Bruhn M, Rocha C, Schlegel TU, Neumann T, Galla M, Vollmer Barbosa P, Hoffmann M, Ehrhardt K, Ha TC, Morgan M, Schoeder CT, Pöhlmann S, Kalinke U, Schambach A. A tetravalent bispecific antibody outperforms the combination of its parental antibodies and neutralizes diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants. Clin Immunol 2024; 260:109902. [PMID: 38218210 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.109902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The devastating impact of COVID-19 on global health shows the need to increase our pandemic preparedness. Recombinant therapeutic antibodies were successfully used to treat and protect at-risk patients from COVID-19. However, the currently circulating Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 are largely resistant to therapeutic antibodies, and novel approaches to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies are urgently needed. Here, we describe a tetravalent bispecific antibody, A7A9 TVB, which actively neutralized many SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including early Omicron subvariants. Interestingly, A7A9 TVB neutralized more variants at lower concentration as compared to the combination of its parental monoclonal antibodies, A7K and A9L. A7A9 also reduced the viral load of authentic Omicron BA.1 virus in infected pseudostratified primary human nasal epithelial cells. Overall, A7A9 displayed the characteristics of a potent broadly neutralizing antibody, which may be suitable for prophylactic and therapeutic applications in the clinics, thus highlighting the usefulness of an effective antibody-designing approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chiyyeadu
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Girmay Asgedom
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Bruhn
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheila Rocha
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tom U Schlegel
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Philippe Vollmer Barbosa
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Teng-Cheong Ha
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; REBIRTH Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
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15
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Zimmerman O, Altman Doss AM, Ying B, Liang CY, Mackin SR, Davis-Adams HG, Adams LJ, VanBlargan LA, Chen RE, Scheaffer SM, Desai P, Raju S, Mantia TL, O’Shaughnessy CC, Monroy JM, Wedner HJ, Rigell CJ, Kau AL, Dy TB, Ren Z, Turner JS, O’Halloran JA, Presti RM, Kendall PL, Fremont DH, Ellebedy AH, Diamond MS. Immunoglobulin replacement products protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo despite poor neutralizing activity. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176359. [PMID: 38175703 PMCID: PMC10967375 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) replacement products are used routinely in patients with immune deficiency and other immune dysregulation disorders who have poor responses to vaccination and require passive immunity conferred by commercial antibody products. The binding, neutralizing, and protective activity of intravenously administered IG against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants remains unknown. Here, we tested 198 different IG products manufactured from December 2019 to August 2022. We show that prepandemic IG had no appreciable cross-reactivity or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike antibody titers and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020 D614G increased gradually after the pandemic started and reached levels comparable to vaccinated healthy donors 18 months after the diagnosis of the first COVID-19 case in the United States in January 2020. The average time between production to infusion of IG products was 8 months, which resulted in poor neutralization of the variant strain circulating at the time of infusion. Despite limited neutralizing activity, IG prophylaxis with clinically relevant dosing protected susceptible K18-hACE2-transgenic mice against clinical disease, lung infection, and lung inflammation caused by the XBB.1.5 Omicron variant. Moreover, following IG prophylaxis, levels of XBB.1.5 infection in the lung were higher in FcγR-KO mice than in WT mice. Thus, IG replacement products with poor neutralizing activity against evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants likely confer protection to patients with immune deficiency disorders through Fc effector function mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew L. Kau
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- Center for Women’s Infectious Disease Research
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachel M. Presti
- Department of Medicine, and
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Department of Molecular Microbiology
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, and
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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16
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Sankhala RS, Dussupt V, Chen WH, Bai H, Martinez EJ, Jensen JL, Rees PA, Hajduczki A, Chang WC, Choe M, Yan L, Sterling SL, Swafford I, Kuklis C, Soman S, King J, Corbitt C, Zemil M, Peterson CE, Mendez-Rivera L, Townsley SM, Donofrio GC, Lal KG, Tran U, Green EC, Smith C, de Val N, Laing ED, Broder CC, Currier JR, Gromowski GD, Wieczorek L, Rolland M, Paquin-Proulx D, van Dyk D, Britton Z, Rajan S, Loo YM, McTamney PM, Esser MT, Polonis VR, Michael NL, Krebs SJ, Modjarrad K, Joyce MG. Antibody targeting of conserved sites of vulnerability on the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain. Structure 2024; 32:131-147.e7. [PMID: 38157856 PMCID: PMC11145656 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Given the continuous emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VoCs), immunotherapeutics that target conserved epitopes on the spike (S) glycoprotein have therapeutic advantages. Here, we report the crystal structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S receptor-binding domain (RBD) at 1.95 Å and describe flexibility and distinct conformations of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-binding site. We identify a set of SARS-CoV-2-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with broad RBD cross-reactivity including SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants, SARS-CoV-1, and other sarbecoviruses and determine the crystal structures of mAb-RBD complexes with Ab246 and CR3022 mAbs targeting the class IV site, WRAIR-2134, which binds the recently designated class V epitope, and WRAIR-2123, the class I ACE2-binding site. The broad reactivity of class IV and V mAbs to conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 VoCs and other sarbecovirus provides a framework for long-term immunotherapeutic development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwer S Sankhala
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongjun Bai
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Martinez
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jaime L Jensen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis A Rees
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agnes Hajduczki
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Chang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Misook Choe
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Spencer L Sterling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabella Swafford
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin Kuklis
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sandrine Soman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn King
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Courtney Corbitt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Zemil
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline E Peterson
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Letzibeth Mendez-Rivera
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samantha M Townsley
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina C Donofrio
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerri G Lal
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula Tran
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ethan C Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clayton Smith
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dewald van Dyk
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Britton
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Saravanan Rajan
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh Ming Loo
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Patrick M McTamney
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- Vaccines and Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shelly J Krebs
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Acar DD, Witkowski W, Wejda M, Wei R, Desmet T, Schepens B, De Cae S, Sedeyn K, Eeckhaut H, Fijalkowska D, Roose K, Vanmarcke S, Poupon A, Jochmans D, Zhang X, Abdelnabi R, Foo CS, Weynand B, Reiter D, Callewaert N, Remaut H, Neyts J, Saelens X, Gerlo S, Vandekerckhove L. Integrating artificial intelligence-based epitope prediction in a SARS-CoV-2 antibody discovery pipeline: caution is warranted. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104960. [PMID: 38232633 PMCID: PMC10803917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (nABs) showed great promise in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of resistant strains, however, quickly rendered the majority of clinically approved nABs ineffective. This underscored the imperative to develop nAB cocktails targeting non-overlapping epitopes. METHODS Undertaking a nAB discovery program, we employed a classical workflow, while integrating artificial intelligence (AI)-based prediction to select non-competing nABs very early in the pipeline. We identified and in vivo validated (in female Syrian hamsters) two highly potent nABs. FINDINGS Despite the promising results, in depth cryo-EM structural analysis demonstrated that the AI-based prediction employed with the intention to ensure non-overlapping epitopes was inaccurate. The two nABs in fact bound to the same receptor-binding epitope in a remarkably similar manner. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that, even in the Alphafold era, AI-based predictions of paratope-epitope interactions are rough and experimental validation of epitopes remains an essential cornerstone of a successful nAB lead selection. FUNDING Full list of funders is provided at the end of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Diana Acar
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Wojciech Witkowski
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Wejda
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruifang Wei
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tim Desmet
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Sieglinde De Cae
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Hannah Eeckhaut
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Daria Fijalkowska
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Vanmarcke
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Jochmans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Caroline S Foo
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Reiter
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium; VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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18
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Keller MW, Keong LM, Rambo-Martin BL, Hassell N, Lacek KA, Wilson MM, Kirby MK, Liddell J, Owuor DC, Sheth M, Madden J, Lee JS, Kondor RJ, Wentworth DE, Barnes JR. Targeted amplification and genetic sequencing of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 surface glycoprotein. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0298223. [PMID: 38084972 PMCID: PMC10783008 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02982-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an unprecedented surveillance effort. The resulting data were and will continue to be critical for surveillance and control of SARS-CoV-2. However, some genomic surveillance methods experienced challenges as the virus evolved, resulting in incomplete and poor quality data. Complete and quality coverage, especially of the S-gene, is important for supporting the selection of vaccine candidates. As such, we developed a robust method to target the S-gene for amplification and sequencing. By focusing on the S-gene and imposing strict coverage and quality metrics, we hope to increase the quality of surveillance data for this continually evolving gene. Our technique is currently being deployed globally to partner laboratories, and public health representatives from 79 countries have received hands-on training and support. Expanding access to quality surveillance methods will undoubtedly lead to earlier detection of novel variants and better inform vaccine strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Keller
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa M. Keong
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Rambo-Martin
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Norman Hassell
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kristine A. Lacek
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Malania M. Wilson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marie K. Kirby
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jimma Liddell
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - D. Collins Owuor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph Madden
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justin S. Lee
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kondor
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E. Wentworth
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R. Barnes
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Kintrilis N, Galinos I. Outpatient Intravenous Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe COVID-19: An Observational Study from a Greek Hospital. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 19:173-178. [PMID: 36999701 DOI: 10.2174/2772434418666230331083714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remdesivir, a viral RNA polymerase inhibitor, has been a powerful weapon in the battle against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Originally approved for use in hospitalized patients, remdesivir improves clinical outcomes in patients with moderate to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After proving efficacious in hospitalized patients, its use was approved in early disease for symptomatic, non-hospitalized patients that present risk factors for progression to severe disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether administration of the antiviral medication remdesivir at an outpatient basis has an effect on hospital admissions of patients presenting with SARSCoV- 2 infection. METHODS We conducted an observational clinical trial involving 107 non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients who attended the emergency department of a third-level greek hospital seeking care for symptoms appearing within the previous 5 days and who had at least one risk factor for progression to severe disease. After arterial blood gas evaluation, eligible patients received intravenous remdesivir at a dose of 200 mg on day 1 and 100 mg on days 2 and 3. The efficacy endpoint was set as COVID-19-related hospitalization or death in the next 14 days. RESULTS A total of 107 patients (57.0% men) participated in the study, 51 (47.7%) of them fully vaccinated. Most prevalent were age ≥ 60 years old, cardiovascular/cerebrovascular disease, immunosuppression or malignancy, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and chronic lung disease. All patients enrolled completed the 3-day course, with a total of 3 out of 107 patients (2.8%) eventually having a COVID-19-related hospitalization by day 14, while no deaths were reported by day 14. CONCLUSION Among non-hospitalized patients with at least one risk factor for progression to severe COVID-19, a 3-day course of intravenous remdesivir yielded favourable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kintrilis
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iosif Galinos
- Infectious Diseases Unit, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Adams LJ, VanBlargan LA, Liu Z, Gilchuk P, Zhao H, Chen RE, Raju S, Chong Z, Whitener BM, Shrihari S, Jethva PN, Gross ML, Crowe JE, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Fremont DH. A broadly reactive antibody targeting the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike confers Fc-mediated protection. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101305. [PMID: 38039973 PMCID: PMC10772349 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Most neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein. Here, we characterize a panel of mAbs targeting the N-terminal domain (NTD) or other non-RBD epitopes of S. A subset of NTD mAbs inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry at a post-attachment step and avidly binds the surface of infected cells. One neutralizing NTD mAb, SARS2-57, protects K18-hACE2 mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection in an Fc-dependent manner. Structural analysis demonstrates that SARS2-57 engages an antigenic supersite that is remodeled by deletions common to emerging variants. In neutralization escape studies with SARS2-57, this NTD site accumulates mutations, including a similar deletion, but the addition of an anti-RBD mAb prevents such escape. Thus, our study highlights a common strategy of immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 variants and how targeting spatially distinct epitopes, including those in the NTD, may limit such escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Prashant N Jethva
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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21
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Baboo S, Diedrich JK, Torres JL, Copps J, Singh B, Garrett PT, Ward AB, Paulson JC, Yates JR. Evolving spike-protein N-glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539897. [PMID: 37214937 PMCID: PMC10197516 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since >3 years, SARS-CoV-2 has plunged humans into a colossal pandemic. Henceforth, multiple waves of infection have swept through the human population, led by variants that were able to partially evade acquired immunity. The co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants with human immunity provides an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between viral pathogens and their human hosts. The heavily N-glycosylated spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in initiating infection and is the target for host immune-response, both of which are impacted by host-installed N-glycans. Using highly-sensitive DeGlyPHER approach, we compared the N-glycan landscape on spikes of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain to seven WHO-defined variants of concern/interest, using recombinantly expressed, soluble spike-protein trimers, sharing same stabilizing-mutations. We found that N-glycan processing is conserved at most sites. However, in multiple variants, processing of N-glycans from high mannose- to complex-type is reduced at sites N165, N343 and N616, implicated in spike-protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick T. Garrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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22
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Li H, Ding L, Liao R, Li N, Hong X, Jiang Z, Liu D. Global genomic diversity and conservation of SARS-CoV-2 since the COVID-19 outbreak. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0282623. [PMID: 37909759 PMCID: PMC10714991 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02826-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Our results indicate that most severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genomes sampled from patients had a mutation rate ≤1.07 ‰ and genome-tail proteins (including S protein) were the main sources of genetic polymorphism. The analysis of the virus-host interaction network of genome-tail proteins showed that they shared some antiviral signaling pathways, especially the intracellular protein transport pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Geriatric Center, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Ding
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Nini Li
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenyou Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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23
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Tai W, Yang K, Liu Y, Li R, Feng S, Chai B, Zhuang X, Qi S, Shi H, Liu Z, Lei J, Ma E, Wang W, Tian C, Le T, Wang J, Chen Y, Tian M, Xiang Y, Yu G, Cheng G. A lung-selective delivery of mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8042. [PMID: 38052844 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system, especially the lung, is the key site of pathological injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the low feasibility of targeted delivery of antibodies into the lungs by intravenous administration and the short half-life period of antibodies in the lungs by intranasal or aerosolized immunization, mRNA encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies with lung-targeting capability can perfectly provide high-titer antibodies in lungs to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we firstly identify a human monoclonal antibody, 8-9D, with broad neutralizing potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The neutralization mechanism of this antibody is explained by the structural characteristics of 8-9D Fabs in complex with the Omicron BA.5 spike. In addition, we evaluate the efficacy of 8-9D using a safe and robust mRNA delivery platform and compare the performance of 8-9D when its mRNA is and is not selectively delivered to the lungs. The lung-selective delivery of the 8-9D mRNA enables the expression of neutralizing antibodies in the lungs which blocks the invasion of the virus, thus effectively protecting female K18-hACE2 transgenic mice from challenge with the Beta or Omicron BA.1 variant. Our work underscores the potential application of lung-selective mRNA antibodies in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Tai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yubin Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruofan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shengyong Feng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Benjie Chai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Zhuang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Shaolong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huicheng Shi
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, 030032, China
| | - Jiaqi Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Enhao Ma
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Chongyu Tian
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Ting Le
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
| | - Ye Xiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Guocan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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24
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Streblow DN, Hirsch AJ, Stanton JJ, Lewis AD, Colgin L, Hessell AJ, Kreklywich CN, Smith JL, Sutton WF, Chauvin D, Woo J, Bimber BN, LeBlanc CN, Acharya SN, O'Roak BJ, Sardar H, Sajadi MM, Tehrani ZR, Walter MR, Martinez-Sobrido L, Kobie JJ, Reader RJ, Olstad KJ, Hobbs TR, Saphire EO, Schendel SL, Carnahan RH, Knoch J, Branco LM, Crowe JE, Van Rompay KKA, Lovalenti P, Vu Truong, Forthal DN, Haigwood NL. Aerosol delivery of SARS-CoV-2 human monoclonal antibodies in macaques limits viral replication and lung pathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7062. [PMID: 37923717 PMCID: PMC10624670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Passively administered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) given before or after viral infection can prevent or blunt disease. Here, we examine the efficacy of aerosol mAb delivery to prevent infection and disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant via intranasal and intratracheal routes. SARS-CoV-2 human mAbs or a human mAb directed to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are nebulized and delivered using positive airflow via facemask to sedated macaques pre- and post-infection. Nebulized human mAbs are detectable in nasal, oropharyngeal, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. SARS-CoV-2 mAb treatment significantly reduces levels of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and infectious virus in the upper and lower respiratory tracts relative to controls. Reductions in lung and BAL virus levels correspond to reduced BAL inflammatory cytokines and lung pathology. Aerosolized antibody therapy for SARS-CoV-2 could be effective for reducing viral burden and limiting disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Alec J Hirsch
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Stanton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Lois Colgin
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Craig N Kreklywich
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jessica L Smith
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cierra N LeBlanc
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sonia N Acharya
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J O'Roak
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Harjinder Sardar
- Environmental Health & Safety, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zahra R Tehrani
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark R Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - James J Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rachel J Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Theodore R Hobbs
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sharon L Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Vu Truong
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals, Los Gatos, CA, USA.
| | - Donald N Forthal
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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25
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Wang L, Patrone PN, Kearsley AJ, Izac JR, Gaigalas AK, Prostko JC, Kwon HJ, Tang W, Kosikova M, Xie H, Tian L, Elsheikh EB, Kwee EJ, Kemp T, Jochum S, Thornburg N, McDonald LC, Gundlapalli AV, Lin-Gibson S. Monoclonal Antibodies as SARS-CoV-2 Serology Standards: Experimental Validation and Broader Implications for Correlates of Protection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15705. [PMID: 37958688 PMCID: PMC10650176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has highlighted challenges in the measurement quality and comparability of serological binding and neutralization assays. Due to many different assay formats and reagents, these measurements are known to be highly variable with large uncertainties. The development of the WHO international standard (WHO IS) and other pool standards have facilitated assay comparability through normalization to a common material but does not provide assay harmonization nor uncertainty quantification. In this paper, we present the results from an interlaboratory study that led to the development of (1) a novel hierarchy of data analyses based on the thermodynamics of antibody binding and (2) a modeling framework that quantifies the probability of neutralization potential for a given binding measurement. Importantly, we introduced a precise, mathematical definition of harmonization that separates the sources of quantitative uncertainties, some of which can be corrected to enable, for the first time, assay comparability. Both the theory and experimental data confirmed that mAbs and WHO IS performed identically as a primary standard for establishing traceability and bridging across different assay platforms. The metrological anchoring of complex serological binding and neuralization assays and fast turn-around production of an mAb reference control can enable the unprecedented comparability and traceability of serological binding assay results for new variants of SARS-CoV-2 and immune responses to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Paul N. Patrone
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (P.N.P.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Anthony J. Kearsley
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (P.N.P.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Jerilyn R. Izac
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Adolfas K. Gaigalas
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | | | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.J.K.); (W.T.); (M.K.); (H.X.)
| | - Weichun Tang
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.J.K.); (W.T.); (M.K.); (H.X.)
| | - Martina Kosikova
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.J.K.); (W.T.); (M.K.); (H.X.)
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.J.K.); (W.T.); (M.K.); (H.X.)
| | - Linhua Tian
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Elzafir B. Elsheikh
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Edward J. Kwee
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
| | - Troy Kemp
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNLCR), Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Simon Jochum
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany;
| | - Natalie Thornburg
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.T.); (L.C.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - L. Clifford McDonald
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.T.); (L.C.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Adi V. Gundlapalli
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (N.T.); (L.C.M.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Sheng Lin-Gibson
- Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (J.R.I.); (A.K.G.); (L.T.); (E.B.E.); (E.J.K.)
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26
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Wu D, Cong J, Wei J, Hu J, Sun W, Ran W, Liao C, Zheng H, Ye L. A Naïve Phage Display Library-Derived Nanobody Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 and Three Variants of Concern. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:5781-5795. [PMID: 37869063 PMCID: PMC10588750 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s427990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs) requires the continuous development of safe, effective, and affordable prevention and therapeutics. Nanobodies have demonstrated antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, providing a new candidate for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Methods SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein spike 1 subunit (S1) was selected as the target antigen for nanobody screening of a naïve phage display library. We obtained a nanobody, named Nb-H6, and then determined its affinity, inhibition, and stability by ELISA, Competitive ELISA, and Biolayer Interferometry (BLI). Infection assays of authentic and pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 were performed to evaluate the neutralization of Nb-H6. The structure and mechanism of action were investigated by AlphaFold, docking, and residue mutation assays. Results We isolated and characterized a nanobody, Nb-H6, which exhibits a broad affinity for S1 and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, or Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (C.37), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5), and blocks receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding. Moreover, Nb-H6 can retain its binding capability after pH or thermal treatment and effectively neutralize both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2, as well as VOC Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5) pseudoviruses. We also confirmed that Nb-H6 binds two distinct amino acid residues of the RBD, preventing SARS-CoV-2 from interacting with the host receptor. Conclusion Our study highlights a novel nanobody, Nb-H6, that may be useful therapeutically in SARS-CoV-2 and VOC outbreaks and pandemics. These findings also provide a molecular foundation for further studies into how nanobodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 and variants and imply potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junxiao Cong
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Wei
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Liao
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Housheng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ye
- Department of Immunology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Wade J, Petitpas KM, Dar W, Ali A, Radojevic JA, Lawlor MT, Hammond JA, Gluck J, Feingold AD, Jaiswal A, Ebcioglu Z, Einstein M, Morgan G, Emmanuel B, Ye X, Singh JU, Sotil EU, Swales C, Kent R, Richardson E, Cheema F, Serrano OK. Non-Lung Solid Organ Transplantation From SARS-CoV-2-Positive Donors to Uninfected Recipients. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:1793-1798. [PMID: 37487863 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of evidence on the risk of donor-recipient transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 in solid organ transplant recipients. Initial impressions suggest non-lung solid organs may be safely transplanted from SARS-CoV-2-positive donors without risk of viral transmission. METHODS We reviewed clinical results of transplants in which SARS-CoV-2-negative recipients received non-lung solid organs from SARS-CoV-2-positive donors at a single transplant center. No prisoners were used in this study, and participants were neither coerced nor paid. The manuscript was created in compliance with the Helsinki Congress and the Declaration of Istanbul. RESULTS Between June 2021 and January 2023, we transplanted 26 solid organs, including 13 kidneys, 8 livers, 3 hearts, and 1 simultaneous heart and kidney, from 23 SARS-CoV-2-positive donors into 25 SARS-CoV-2 negative recipients. Two of the recipients had a positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction after transplantation, but otherwise, patients had no SARS-CoV-2-related complications, and all patients to date are alive with excellent allograft function. CONCLUSION Transplantation of non-lung solid organs from SARS-CoV-2-positive donors into uninfected recipients can be safely performed without adverse effects from SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wade
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | | | - Wasim Dar
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Ayyaz Ali
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Radojevic
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Michael T Lawlor
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jonathan A Hammond
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Jason Gluck
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Andrew D Feingold
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Abhishek Jaiswal
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Center for Advanced Heart Failure and Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Zeynep Ebcioglu
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Michael Einstein
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Glyn Morgan
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Bishoy Emmanuel
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xiaoyi Ye
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joseph U Singh
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Eva U Sotil
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Colin Swales
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Rebecca Kent
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Richardson
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Faiqa Cheema
- Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Oscar K Serrano
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut; Transplant & Comprehensive Liver Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.
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28
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Case JB, Scheaffer SM, Darling TL, Bricker TL, Adams LJ, Harastani HH, Trende R, Sanapala S, Fremont DH, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.5.5 and BQ.1.1 Omicron variants in mice and hamsters. J Virol 2023; 97:e0062823. [PMID: 37676002 PMCID: PMC10537574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00628-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continued evolution and emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have resulted in challenges to vaccine and antibody efficacy. The emergence of each new variant necessitates the need to re-evaluate and refine animal models used for countermeasure testing. Here, we tested a recently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variant, BQ.1.1, in multiple rodent models including K18-human ACE2 (hACE2) transgenic, C57BL/6J, and 129S2 mice, and Syrian golden hamsters. In contrast to a previously dominant BA.5.5 Omicron variant, inoculation of K18-hACE2 mice with BQ.1.1 resulted in substantial weight loss, a characteristic seen in pre-Omicron variants. BQ.1.1 also replicated to higher levels in the lungs of K18-hACE2 mice and caused greater lung pathology than the BA.5.5 variant. However, in C57BL/6J mice, 129S2 mice, and Syrian hamsters, BQ.1.1 did not cause increased respiratory tract infection or disease compared to animals administered BA.5.5. Moreover, the rates of direct contact or airborne transmission in hamsters were not significantly different after BQ.1.1 and BA.5.5 infections. Taken together, these data suggest that the BQ.1.1 Omicron variant has increased virulence in rodent species that express hACE2, possibly due to the acquisition of unique spike mutations relative to earlier Omicron variants. IMPORTANCE As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, there is a need to rapidly assess the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics against newly emergent variants. To do so, the commonly used animal models must also be re-evaluated. Here, we determined the pathogenicity of the BQ.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant in multiple SARS-CoV-2 animal models including transgenic mice expressing human ACE2 (hACE2), two strains of conventional laboratory mice, and Syrian hamsters. While BQ.1.1 and BA.5.5 infection resulted in similar levels of viral burden and clinical disease in hamsters and the conventional strains of laboratory mice tested, increases in lung infection were detected in hACE2-expressing transgenic mice, which corresponded with greater levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lung pathology. Taken together, our data highlight important differences in two closely related Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide a foundation for evaluating countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Scheaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamarand L. Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lucas J. Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Houda H. Harastani
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reed Trende
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shilpa Sanapala
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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29
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Borhani SG, Levine MZ, Krumpe LH, Wilson J, Henrich CJ, O'Keefe BR, Lo DC, Sittampalam GS, Godfrey AG, Lunsford RD, Mangalampalli V, Tao D, LeClair CA, Thole AP, Frey D, Swartz J, Rao G. An approach to rapid distributed manufacturing of broad spectrum anti-viral griffithsin using cell-free systems to mitigate pandemics. N Biotechnol 2023; 76:13-22. [PMID: 37054948 PMCID: PMC10330340 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the cell-free biomanufacturing of a broad-spectrum antiviral protein, griffithsin (GRFT) such that it can be produced in microgram quantities with consistent purity and potency in less than 24 h. We demonstrate GRFT production using two independent cell-free systems, one plant and one microbial. Griffithsin purity and quality were verified using standard regulatory metrics. Efficacy was demonstrated in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 and was nearly identical to that of GRFT expressed in vivo. The proposed production process is efficient and can be readily scaled up and deployed wherever a viral pathogen might emerge. The current emergence of viral variants of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in frequent updating of existing vaccines and loss of efficacy for front-line monoclonal antibody therapies. Proteins such as GRFT with its efficacious and broad virus neutralizing capability provide a compelling pandemic mitigation strategy to promptly suppress viral emergence at the source of an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan G Borhani
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Max Z Levine
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Lauren H Krumpe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Curtis J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald C Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - G Sitta Sittampalam
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Alexander G Godfrey
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - R Dwayne Lunsford
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Venkata Mangalampalli
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Dingyin Tao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Christopher A LeClair
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Aaron P Thole
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Douglas Frey
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - James Swartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5025, USA
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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30
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Nguyen H, Nguyen HL, Lan PD, Thai NQ, Sikora M, Li MS. Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells and antibodies: experiment and simulation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6497-6553. [PMID: 37650302 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01170g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the devastating global COVID-19 pandemic announced by WHO in March 2020. Through unprecedented scientific effort, several vaccines, drugs and antibodies have been developed, saving millions of lives, but the fight against COVID-19 continues as immune escape variants of concern such as Delta and Omicron emerge. To develop more effective treatments and to elucidate the side effects caused by vaccines and therapeutic agents, a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with them and human cells is required. With special interest in computational approaches, we will focus on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 and the interaction of its spike protein with human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a prime entry point of the virus into host cells. In addition, other possible viral receptors will be considered. The fusion of viral and human membranes and the interaction of the spike protein with antibodies and nanobodies will be discussed, as well as the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on protein synthesis in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Dang Lan
- Life Science Lab, Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, 729110 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics, VNUHCM-University of Science, 227, Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, 749000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Quoc Thai
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Ward 6, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap, Vietnam
| | - Mateusz Sikora
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland.
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31
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Phan T, Zitzmann C, Chew KW, Smith DM, Daar ES, Wohl DA, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Hughes MD, Choudhary MC, Deo R, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Modeling the emergence of viral resistance for SARS-CoV-2 during treatment with an anti-spike monoclonal antibody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557679. [PMID: 37745410 PMCID: PMC10515893 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to over 760 million cases and 6.9 million deaths worldwide. To mitigate the loss of lives, emergency use authorization was given to several anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in patients with a high risk of progressing to severe disease. Monoclonal antibodies used to treat SARS-CoV-2 target the spike protein of the virus and block its ability to enter and infect target cells. Monoclonal antibody therapy can thus accelerate the decline in viral load and lower hospitalization rates among high-risk patients with susceptible variants. However, viral resistance has been observed, in some cases leading to a transient viral rebound that can be as large as 3-4 orders of magnitude. As mAbs represent a proven treatment choice for SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections, evaluation of treatment-emergent mAb resistance can help uncover underlying pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may also help in the development of the next generation of mAb therapies. Although resistance can be expected, the large rebounds observed are much more difficult to explain. We hypothesize replenishment of target cells is necessary to generate the high transient viral rebound. Thus, we formulated two models with different mechanisms for target cell replenishment (homeostatic proliferation and return from an innate immune response anti-viral state) and fit them to data from persons with SARS-CoV-2 treated with a mAb. We showed that both models can explain the emergence of resistant virus associated with high transient viral rebounds. We found that variations in the target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters have a strong impact on the magnitude or observability of the viral rebound associated with the emergence of resistant virus. Both variations in target cell supply rate and adaptive immunity parameters may explain why only some individuals develop observable transient resistant viral rebound. Our study highlights the conditions that can lead to resistance and subsequent viral rebound in mAb treatments during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Carolin Zitzmann
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kara W. Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - David A. Wohl
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Judith S. Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Manish C. Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rinki Deo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology & Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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32
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Williams AH, Zhan CG. Staying Ahead of the Game: How SARS-CoV-2 has Accelerated the Application of Machine Learning in Pandemic Management. BioDrugs 2023; 37:649-674. [PMID: 37464099 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, machine learning (ML) techniques have garnered considerable interest for their potential use in accelerating the rate of drug discovery. With the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the utilization of ML has become even more crucial in the search for effective antiviral medications. The pandemic has presented the scientific community with a unique challenge, and the rapid identification of potential treatments has become an urgent priority. Researchers have been able to accelerate the process of identifying drug candidates, repurposing existing drugs, and designing new compounds with desirable properties using machine learning in drug discovery. To train predictive models, ML techniques in drug discovery rely on the analysis of large datasets, including both experimental and clinical data. These models can be used to predict the biological activities, potential side effects, and interactions with specific target proteins of drug candidates. This strategy has proven to be an effective method for identifying potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other disease treatments. This paper offers a thorough analysis of the various ML techniques implemented to combat COVID-19, including supervised and unsupervised learning, deep learning, and natural language processing. The paper discusses the impact of these techniques on pandemic drug development, including the identification of potential treatments, the understanding of the disease mechanism, and the creation of effective and safe therapeutics. The lessons learned can be applied to future outbreaks and drug discovery initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Williams
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- GSK Upper Providence, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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33
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Corleis B, Bastian M, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Dorhoi A. Animal models for COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223260. [PMID: 37638020 PMCID: PMC10451089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections cause tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Amongst these diseases, tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which often affects the lung, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), stand out as major drivers of epidemics of global concern. Despite their unrelated etiology and distinct pathology, these infections affect the same vital organ and share immunopathogenesis traits and an imperative demand to model the diseases at their various progression stages and localizations. Due to the clinical spectrum and heterogeneity of both diseases experimental infections were pursued in a variety of animal models. We summarize mammalian models employed in TB and COVID-19 experimental investigations, highlighting the diversity of rodent models and species peculiarities for each infection. We discuss the utility of non-human primates for translational research and emphasize on the benefits of non-conventional experimental models such as livestock. We epitomize advances facilitated by animal models with regard to understanding disease pathophysiology and immune responses. Finally, we highlight research areas necessitating optimized models and advocate that research of pulmonary infectious diseases could benefit from cross-fertilization between studies of apparently unrelated diseases, such as TB and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Max Bastian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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34
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Robertson SJ, Bedard O, McNally KL, Shaia C, Clancy CS, Lewis M, Broeckel RM, Chiramel AI, Shannon JG, Sturdevant GL, Rosenke R, Anzick SL, Forte E, Preuss C, Baker CN, Harder JM, Brunton C, Munger S, Bruno DP, Lack JB, Leung JM, Shamsaddini A, Gardina P, Sturdevant DE, Sun J, Martens C, Holland SM, Rosenthal NA, Best SM. Genetically diverse mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection reproduce clinical variation in type I interferon and cytokine responses in COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4481. [PMID: 37491352 PMCID: PMC10368652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection drives severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is influenced by host genetics. To understand mechanisms of inflammation, animal models that reflect genetic diversity and clinical outcomes observed in humans are needed. We report a mouse panel comprising the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains crossed to human ACE2 transgenic mice (K18-hACE2) that confers susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Infection of CC x K18-hACE2 resulted in a spectrum of survival, viral replication kinetics, and immune profiles. Importantly, in contrast to the K18-hACE2 model, early type I interferon (IFN-I) and regulated proinflammatory responses were required for control of SARS-CoV-2 replication in PWK x K18-hACE2 mice that were highly resistant to disease. Thus, virus dynamics and inflammation observed in COVID-19 can be modeled in diverse mouse strains that provide a genetically tractable platform for understanding anti-coronavirus immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly J Robertson
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Kristin L McNally
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Chad S Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rebecca M Broeckel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Abhilash I Chiramel
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shannon
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elvira Forte
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Springer Nature, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel P Bruno
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amirhossein Shamsaddini
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Gardina
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurological Infections and Immunity, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Gonzalez-Bocco IH, Beluch K, Cho A, Lahoud C, Reyes FA, Moshovitis DG, Unger-Mochrie GM, Wang W, Hammond SP, Manne-Goehler J, Koo S. Safety and tolerability study of sotrovimab (VIR-7831) prophylaxis against COVID-19 infection in immunocompromised individuals with impaired SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2023; 9:100. [PMID: 37328890 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple vaccines have been approved since August 2021 to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2; however, 20-40% of immunocompromised people fail to develop SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination and remain at high risk of infection and more severe illness than non-immunocompromised hosts. Sotrovimab (VIR-7831) is a monoclonal neutralizing antibody that binds a conserved epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. It is neither renally excreted nor metabolized by P450 enzymes and therefore unlikely to interact with concomitant medications (e.g., immunosuppressive medications). In this open-label feasibility study protocol, we will define the optimal dose and dosing interval of sotrovimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis for immunocompromised individuals as well as its safety and tolerability in this population specifically. METHODS We will enroll 93 eligible immunocompromised adults with a negative or low-positive (< 50 U/mL) SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody. In phase 1, the first 10 patients will participate in a lead-in pharmacokinetics (PK) cohort study to determine the optimal dosing interval. Phase 2 will expand this population to 50 participants to examine rates of infusion-related reactions (IRR) with a 30-min 500 mg sotrovimab IV infusion. Phase 3 will be an expansion cohort for further assessment of the safety and tolerability of sotrovimab. In phase 4, the first 10 patients receiving 2000 mg IV of sotrovimab on the second sotrovimab infusion day will comprise a lead-in safety cohort that will inform the duration of observation following administration of the drug. The patients will be followed for safety and COVID-19 events for 36 weeks after the second dose. DISCUSSION In a previous phase III randomized, placebo-controlled pivotal trial, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of adverse events in patients receiving sotrovimab vs. placebo. Thus, we propose an open-label feasibility study protocol of sotrovimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis for immunocompromised individuals to evaluate its PK in immunocompromised individuals with impaired SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity and define optimal dosing intervals. We also aim to determine COVID-19 infections over the study period and self-reported quality of life measures throughout the study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05210101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel H Gonzalez-Bocco
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Katherine Beluch
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyssa Cho
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chloe Lahoud
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabiola A Reyes
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dimitrios G Moshovitis
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah P Hammond
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Manne-Goehler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Koo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Tada T, Minnee J, Landau NR. Vectored immunoprophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303509120. [PMID: 37252952 PMCID: PMC10266030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303509120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectored immunoprophylaxis was first developed as a means of establishing engineered immunity to HIV using an adenoassociated viral vector expressing a broadly neutralizing antibody. We applied this concept to establish long-term prophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a mouse model using adenoassociated virus and lentiviral vectors expressing a high-affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoy. Administration of decoy-expressing (adenoassociated virus) AAV2.retro and AAV6.2 vectors by intranasal instillation or intramuscular injection protected mice against high-titered SARS-CoV-2 infection. AAV and lentiviral vectored immunoprophylaxis was durable and was active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. The AAV vectors were also effective therapeutically when administered postinfection. Vectored immunoprophylaxis could be of value for immunocompromised individuals for whom vaccination is not practical and as a means to rapidly establish protection from infection. Unlike monoclonal antibody therapy, the approach is expected to remain active despite continued evolution viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Julia Minnee
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Nathaniel R. Landau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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37
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Pillai S, Du L, Deiter F, Bouzidi M, Billaud JN, Graham S, Prerna D, Selvarajah S, Lingappa A, Michon M, Yu S, Paulvannan K, Lingappa V, Boushey H, Greenland J. A Novel Viral Assembly Inhibitor Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Airway Epithelial Cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2887435. [PMID: 37292622 PMCID: PMC10246244 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887435/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to evade vaccines and therapeutics underlines the need for novel therapies with high genetic barriers to resistance. The small molecule PAV-104, identified through a cell-free protein synthesis and assembly screen, was recently shown to target host protein assembly machinery in a manner specific to viral assembly. Here, we investigated the capacity of PAV-104 to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway epithelial cells (AECs). Our data demonstrate that PAV-104 inhibited > 99% of infection with diverse SARS-CoV-2 variants in primary and immortalized human AECs. PAV-104 suppressed SARS-CoV-2 production without affecting viral entry or protein synthesis. PAV-104 interacted with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and interfered with its oligomerization, blocking particle assembly. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that PAV-104 reversed SARS-CoV-2 induction of the Type-I interferon response and the 'maturation of nucleoprotein' signaling pathway known to support coronavirus replication. Our findings suggest that PAV-104 is a promising therapeutic candidate for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Du
- Vitalant Research Institute/UCSF
| | - Fred Deiter
- Veterans Administration Health Care System/UCSF
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38
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Havranek B, Lindsey GW, Higuchi Y, Itoh Y, Suzuki T, Okamoto T, Hoshino A, Procko E, Islam SM. A computationally designed ACE2 decoy has broad efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants and related viruses in vitro and in vivo. Commun Biol 2023; 6:513. [PMID: 37173421 PMCID: PMC10177734 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, especially B.1.1.529/omicron and its sublineages, continues to mutate to evade monoclonal antibodies and antibodies elicited by vaccination. Affinity-enhanced soluble ACE2 (sACE2) is an alternative strategy that works by binding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, acting as a 'decoy' to block the interaction between the S and human ACE2. Using a computational design strategy, we designed an affinity-enhanced ACE2 decoy, FLIF, that exhibited tight binding to SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants. Our computationally calculated absolute binding free energies (ABFE) between sACE2:SARS-CoV-2 S proteins and their variants showed excellent agreement to binding experiments. FLIF displayed robust therapeutic utility against a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants and sarbecoviruses, and neutralized omicron BA.5 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we directly compared the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of wild-type ACE2 (non-affinity enhanced ACE2) against FLIF. A few wild-type sACE2 decoys have shown to be effective against early circulating variants such as Wuhan in vivo. Our data suggest that moving forward, affinity-enhanced ACE2 decoys like FLIF may be required to combat evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. The approach described herein emphasizes how computational methods have become sufficiently accurate for the design of therapeutics against viral protein targets. Affinity-enhanced ACE2 decoys remain highly effective at neutralizing omicron subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Havranek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- ComputePharma, LLC., Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Cyrus Biotechnology, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shahidul M Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
- ComputePharma, LLC., Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
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39
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An Z, Zhang Y, Yu X, Xia J, Yin Y, Li G, Lu J, Fan X, Xu Y. The Screening of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein by mRNA Immunization in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051412. [PMID: 37242654 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), the popular antiviral drugs used for the treatment of COVID-19, are effective in reducing viral load and hospitalization. Currently, most nAbs are screened from convalescent or vaccinated individuals through single B-cell sequencing which requires cutting-edge facilities. Moreover, owing to the rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2, some approved nAbs are no longer effective. In the present study, we designed a new approach to acquiring broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from mRNA-vaccinated mice. Using the flexibility and speed of mRNA vaccine preparation, we designed a chimeric mRNA vaccine and sequential immunization strategies to acquire bnAbs in mice within a short period. By comparing different vaccination orders, we found that the initially administered vaccine had a greater effect on the neutralizing potency of mouse sera. Ultimately, we screened a strain of bnAb that neutralized wild-type, Beta, and Delta SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses. We synthesized the mRNAs of the heavy and light chains of this antibody and verified its neutralizing potency. This study developed a new strategy to screen for bnAbs in mRNA-vaccinated mice and identified a more effective immunization strategy for inducing bnAbs, providing valuable insights for future antibody drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyin An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jia Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanan Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Guoming Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Shanghai RNACure Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuemei Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Alsoussi WB, Malladi SK, Zhou JQ, Liu Z, Ying B, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Lei T, Horvath SC, Sturtz AJ, McIntire KM, Evavold B, Han F, Scheaffer SM, Fox IF, Mirza SF, Parra-Rodriguez L, Nachbagauer R, Nestorova B, Chalkias S, Farnsworth CW, Klebert MK, Pusic I, Strnad BS, Middleton WD, Teefey SA, Whelan SPJ, Diamond MS, Paris R, O'Halloran JA, Presti RM, Turner JS, Ellebedy AH. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans. Nature 2023; 617:592-598. [PMID: 37011668 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary two-dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine series are strongly immunogenic in humans, but the emergence of highly infectious variants necessitated additional doses and the development of vaccines aimed at the new variants1-4. SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans primarily recruit pre-existing memory B cells5-9. However, it remains unclear whether the additional doses induce germinal centre reactions whereby re-engaged B cells can further mature, and whether variant-derived vaccines can elicit responses to variant-specific epitopes. Here we show that boosting with an mRNA vaccine against the original monovalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine or the bivalent B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 (Beta/Delta) mRNA vaccine induced robust spike-specific germinal centre B cell responses in humans. The germinal centre response persisted for at least eight weeks, leading to significantly more mutated antigen-specific bone marrow plasma cell and memory B cell compartments. Spike-binding monoclonal antibodies derived from memory B cells isolated from individuals boosted with either the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, bivalent Beta/Delta vaccine or a monovalent Omicron BA.1-based vaccine predominantly recognized the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nonetheless, using a more targeted sorting approach, we isolated monoclonal antibodies that recognized the BA.1 spike protein but not the original SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from individuals who received the mRNA-1273.529 booster; these antibodies were less mutated and recognized novel epitopes within the spike protein, suggesting that they originated from naive B cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 booster immunizations in humans induce robust germinal centre B cell responses and can generate de novo B cell responses targeting variant-specific epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa B Alsoussi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sameer Kumar Malladi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tingting Lei
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen C Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexandria J Sturtz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine M McIntire
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Birk Evavold
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangjie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Isabella F Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Senaa F Mirza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael K Klebert
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iskra Pusic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin S Strnad
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William D Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharlene A Teefey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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41
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Case JB, Scheaffer SM, Darling TL, Bricker TL, Adams LJ, Harastani H, Trende R, Sanapala S, Fremont DH, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.5.5 and BQ.1.1 Omicron Variants in Mice and Hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.28.538747. [PMID: 37205409 PMCID: PMC10187162 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.28.538747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The continued evolution and emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants has resulted in challenges to vaccine and antibody efficacy. The emergence of each new variant necessitates the need to re-evaluate and refine animal models used for countermeasure testing. Here, we tested a currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage variant, BQ.1.1, in multiple rodent models including K18-hACE2 transgenic, C57BL/6J, and 129S2 mice, and Syrian golden hamsters. In contrast to a previously dominant BA.5.5 Omicron variant, inoculation of K18-hACE2 mice with BQ.1.1 resulted in a substantial weight loss, a characteristic seen in pre-Omicron variants. BQ.1.1 also replicated to higher levels in the lungs of K18-hACE2 mice and caused greater lung pathology than the BA.5.5 variant. However, C57BL/6J mice, 129S2 mice, and Syrian hamsters inoculated with BQ.1.1 showed no differences in respiratory tract infection or disease compared to animals administered BA.5.5. Airborne or direct contact transmission in hamsters was observed more frequently after BQ.1.1 than BA.5.5 infection. Together, these data suggest that the BQ.1.1 Omicron variant has increased virulence in some rodent species, possibly due to the acquisition of unique spike mutations relative to other Omicron variants. IMPORTANCE As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, there is a need to rapidly assess the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral therapeutics against newly emergent variants. To do so, the commonly used animal models must also be reevaluated. Here, we determined the pathogenicity of the circulating BQ.1.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant in multiple SARS-CoV-2 animal models including transgenic mice expressing human ACE2, two strains of conventional laboratory mice, and Syrian hamsters. While BQ.1.1 infection resulted in similar levels of viral burden and clinical disease in the conventional laboratory mice tested, increases in lung infection were detected in human ACE2-expressing transgenic mice, which corresponded with greater levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lung pathology. Moreover, we observed a trend towards greater animal-to-animal transmission of BQ.1.1 than BA.5.5 in Syrian hamsters. Together, our data highlight important differences in two closely related Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant strains and provide a foundation for evaluating countermeasures.
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42
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Yao Z, Geng B, Marcon E, Pu S, Tang H, Merluza J, Bello A, Snider J, Lu P, Wood H, Stagljar I. Omicron Spike Protein Is Vulnerable to Reduction. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168128. [PMID: 37100168 PMCID: PMC10125213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus spike (S) protein is an envelope protein responsible for binding to the ACE2 receptor, driving subsequent entry into host cells. The existence of multiple disulfide bonds in the S protein makes it potentially susceptible to reductive cleavage. Using a tri-part split luciferase-based binding assay, we evaluated the impacts of chemical reduction on S proteins from different virus variants and found that those from the Omicron family are highly vulnerable to reduction. Through manipulation of different Omicron mutations, we found that alterations in the receptor binding module (RBM) are the major determinants of this vulnerability. Specifically we discovered that Omicron mutations facilitate the cleavage of C480-C488 and C379-C432 disulfides, which consequently impairs binding activity and protein stability. The vulnerability of Omicron S proteins suggests a mechanism that can be harnessed to treat specific SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yao
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
| | - Betty Geng
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Shuye Pu
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hua Tang
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - John Merluza
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Heidi Wood
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštrovićevo Šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Croatia.
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43
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Zabidi NZ, Liew HL, Farouk IA, Puniyamurti A, Yip AJW, Wijesinghe VN, Low ZY, Tang JW, Chow VTK, Lal SK. Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Implications on Immune Escape, Vaccination, Therapeutic and Diagnostic Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040944. [PMID: 37112923 PMCID: PMC10145020 DOI: 10.3390/v15040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a lower fatality rate than its SARS and MERS counterparts. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to multiple variants with varying pathogenicity and transmissibility, such as the Delta and Omicron variants. Individuals with advanced age or underlying comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, are at a higher risk of increased disease severity. Hence, this has resulted in an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic and preventive approaches. This review describes the origin and evolution of human coronaviruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2 and its variants as well as sub-variants. Risk factors that contribute to disease severity and the implications of co-infections are also considered. In addition, various antiviral strategies against COVID-19, including novel and repurposed antiviral drugs targeting viral and host proteins, as well as immunotherapeutic strategies, are discussed. We critically evaluate strategies of current and emerging vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and their efficacy, including immune evasion by new variants and sub-variants. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 evolution on COVID-19 diagnostic testing is also examined. Collectively, global research and public health authorities, along with all sectors of society, need to better prepare against upcoming variants and future coronavirus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Zawanah Zabidi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hern Liang Liew
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Puniyamurti
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Julian W Tang
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
| | - Sunil K Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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44
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Alves RPDS, Wang YT, Mikulski Z, McArdle S, Shafee N, Valentine KM, Miller R, Verma SK, Batiz FAS, Maule E, Nguyen MN, Timis J, Mann C, Zandonatti M, Alarcon S, Rowe J, Kronenberg M, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hastie K, Saphire EO, Festin S, Kim K, Shresta S. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) shows minimal neurotropism in a double-humanized mouse model. Antiviral Res 2023; 212:105580. [PMID: 36940916 PMCID: PMC10027296 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initially infects the respiratory tract, it also directly or indirectly affects other organs, including the brain. However, little is known about the relative neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs), including Omicron (B.1.1.529), which emerged in November 2021 and has remained the dominant pathogenic lineage since then. To address this gap, we examined the relative ability of Omicron, Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) to infect the brain in the context of a functional human immune system by using human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) knock-in triple-immunodeficient NGC mice with or without reconstitution with human CD34+ stem cells. Intranasal inoculation of huCD34+-hACE2-NCG mice with Beta and Delta resulted in productive infection of the nasal cavity, lungs, and brain on day 3 post-infection, but Omicron was surprisingly unique in its failure to infect either the nasal tissue or brain. Moreover, the same infection pattern was observed in hACE2-NCG mice, indicating that antiviral immunity was not responsible for the lack of Omicron neurotropism. In independent experiments, we demonstrate that nasal inoculation with Beta or with D614G, an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 with undetectable replication in huCD34+-hACE2-NCG mice, resulted in a robust response by human innate immune cells, T cells, and B cells, confirming that exposure to SARS-CoV-2, even without detectable infection, is sufficient to induce an antiviral immune response. Collectively, these results suggest that modeling of the neurologic and immunologic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection requires careful selection of the appropriate SARS-CoV-2 strain in the context of a specific mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Ting Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Norazizah Shafee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristen M Valentine
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robyn Miller
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Verma
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fernanda Ana Sosa Batiz
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erin Maule
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael N Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia Timis
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Zandonatti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suzie Alarcon
- Sequencing Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Rowe
- Charles River Laboratories Research Models and Services Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Festin
- Charles River Laboratories Research Models and Services Inc., Wilmington, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Histopathology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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45
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Mackin SR, Desai P, Whitener BM, Karl CE, Liu M, Baric RS, Edwards DK, Chicz TM, McNamara RP, Alter G, Diamond MS. Fc-γR-dependent antibody effector functions are required for vaccine-mediated protection against antigen-shifted variants of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:569-580. [PMID: 37012355 PMCID: PMC10797606 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with antigenic changes in the spike protein are neutralized less efficiently by serum antibodies elicited by legacy vaccines against the ancestral Wuhan-1 virus. Nonetheless, these vaccines, including mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, retained their ability to protect against severe disease and death, suggesting that other aspects of immunity control infection in the lung. Vaccine-elicited antibodies can bind Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and mediate effector functions against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and this property correlates with improved clinical coronavirus disease 2019 outcome. However, a causal relationship between Fc effector functions and vaccine-mediated protection against infection has not been established. Here, using passive and active immunization approaches in wild-type and FcγR-knockout mice, we determined the requirement for Fc effector functions to control SARS-CoV-2 infection. The antiviral activity of passively transferred immune serum was lost against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in mice lacking expression of activating FcγRs, especially murine FcγR III (CD16), or depleted of alveolar macrophages. After immunization with the pre-clinical mRNA-1273 vaccine, control of Omicron BA.5 infection in the respiratory tract also was lost in mice lacking FcγR III. Our passive and active immunization studies in mice suggest that Fc-FcγR engagement and alveolar macrophages are required for vaccine-induced antibody-mediated protection against infection by antigenically changed SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meizi Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Taras M Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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46
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Liu W, Li H. COVID-19: Attacks Immune Cells and Interferences With Antigen Presentation Through MHC-Like Decoy System. J Immunother 2023; 46:75-88. [PMID: 36799912 PMCID: PMC9987643 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 is related to poor antigen presentation and lymphopenia. Cytomegalovirus and the herpes family encode a series of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-like molecules required for targeted immune responses to achieve immune escape. In this present study, domain search results showed that many proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus had MHC-like domains, which were similar to decoys for the human immune system. MHC-like structures could bind to MHC receptors of immune cells (such as CD4 + T-cell, CD8 + T-cell, and natural killer-cell), interfering with antigen presentation. Then the oxygen free radicals generated by E protein destroyed immune cells after MHC-like of S protein could bind to them. Mutations in the MHC-like region of the viral proteins such as S promoted weaker immune resistance and more robust transmission. S 127-194 were the primary reason for the robust transmission of delta variants. The S 144-162 regulated the formation of S trimer. The mutations of RdRP: G671S and N: D63G of delta variant caused high viral load. S 62-80 of alpha, beta, lambda variants were the important factor for fast-spreading. S 616-676 and 1014-1114 were causes of high mortality for gamma variants infections. These sites were in the MHC-like structure regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Liu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, China
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
| | - Hualan Li
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, China
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47
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Mäkelä AR, Uğurlu H, Hannula L, Kant R, Salminen P, Fagerlund R, Mäki S, Haveri A, Strandin T, Kareinen L, Hepojoki J, Kuivanen S, Levanov L, Pasternack A, Naves RA, Ritvos O, Österlund P, Sironen T, Vapalahti O, Kipar A, Huiskonen JT, Rissanen I, Saksela K. Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1637. [PMID: 36964125 PMCID: PMC10037368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of increasingly immunoevasive SARS-CoV-2 variants emphasizes the need for prophylactic strategies to complement vaccination in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Intranasal administration of neutralizing antibodies has shown encouraging protective potential but there remains a need for SARS-CoV-2 blocking agents that are less vulnerable to mutational viral variation and more economical to produce in large scale. Here we describe TriSb92, a highly manufacturable and stable trimeric antibody-mimetic sherpabody targeted against a conserved region of the viral spike glycoprotein. TriSb92 potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2, including the latest Omicron variants like BF.7, XBB, and BQ.1.1. In female Balb/c mice intranasal administration of just 5 or 50 micrograms of TriSb92 as early as 8 h before but also 4 h after SARS-CoV-2 challenge can protect from infection. Cryo-EM and biochemical studies reveal triggering of a conformational shift in the spike trimer as the inhibitory mechanism of TriSb92. The potency and robust biochemical properties of TriSb92 together with its resistance against viral sequence evolution suggest that TriSb92 could be useful as a nasal spray for protecting susceptible individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Mäkelä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hasan Uğurlu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liina Hannula
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ravi Kant
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petja Salminen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku Fagerlund
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Mäki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomas Strandin
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Kareinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lev Levanov
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Pasternack
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rauno A Naves
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUS Diagnostic Centre, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Rissanen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalle Saksela
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- HUS Diagnostic Centre, HUSLAB, Clinical Microbiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Bianchini F, Crivelli V, Abernathy ME, Guerra C, Palus M, Muri J, Marcotte H, Piralla A, Pedotti M, De Gasparo R, Simonelli L, Matkovic M, Toscano C, Biggiogero M, Calvaruso V, Svoboda P, Cervantes Rincón T, Fava T, Podešvová L, Shanbhag AA, Celoria A, Sgrignani J, Stefanik M, Hönig V, Pranclova V, Michalcikova T, Prochazka J, Guerrini G, Mehn D, Ciabattini A, Abolhassani H, Jarrossay D, Uguccioni M, Medaglini D, Pan-Hammarström Q, Calzolai L, Fernandez D, Baldanti F, Franzetti-Pellanda A, Garzoni C, Sedlacek R, Ruzek D, Varani L, Cavalli A, Barnes CO, Robbiani DF. Human neutralizing antibodies to cold linear epitopes and subdomain 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade0958. [PMID: 36701425 PMCID: PMC9972897 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade0958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants diminishes the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral monoclonal antibodies. Continued development of immunotherapies and vaccine immunogens resilient to viral evolution is therefore necessary. Using coldspot-guided antibody discovery, a screening approach that focuses on portions of the virus spike glycoprotein that are both functionally relevant and averse to change, we identified human neutralizing antibodies to highly conserved viral epitopes. Antibody fp.006 binds the fusion peptide and cross-reacts against coronaviruses of the four genera, including the nine human coronaviruses, through recognition of a conserved motif that includes the S2' site of proteolytic cleavage. Antibody hr2.016 targets the stem helix and neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. Antibody sd1.040 binds to subdomain 1, synergizes with antibody rbd.042 for neutralization, and, similar to fp.006 and hr2.016, protects mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 against infection when present as a bispecific antibody. Thus, coldspot-guided antibody discovery reveals donor-derived neutralizing antibodies that are cross-reactive with Orthocoronavirinae, including SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Bianchini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Crivelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Concetta Guerra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martin Palus
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute; Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jonathan Muri
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia, Italy
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Raoul De Gasparo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Milos Matkovic
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Toscano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maira Biggiogero
- Clinical Research Unit, Clinica Luganese Moncucco; Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Pavel Svoboda
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute; Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University; Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences; Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomás Cervantes Rincón
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Fava
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Podešvová
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Akanksha A. Shanbhag
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Celoria
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Veterinary Research Institute; Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Hönig
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute; Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pranclova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Michalcikova
- Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC); Ispra, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies; University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies; University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC); Ispra, Italy
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Sarafan ChEM-H Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University; Stanford, USA
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo; Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia; Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Christian Garzoni
- Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco; Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre of Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Veterinary Research Institute; Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University; Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christopher O. Barnes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University; Stanford, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, USA
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana; Bellinzona, Switzerland
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49
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Liu STH, Mirceta M, Lin G, Anderson DM, Broomes T, Jen A, Abid A, Reich D, Hall C, Aberg JA. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulin Intravenous (Human) Investigational Product (COVID-HIGIV) in Healthy Adults: a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blinded, Phase 1 Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0151422. [PMID: 36852998 PMCID: PMC10019156 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01514-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (human) investigational product (COVID-HIGIV) is a purified immunoglobulin preparation containing SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal antibodies. This single-center clinical trial aimed to characterize the safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV in healthy, adult volunteers. Participants were enrolled to receive one of three doses of COVID-HIGIV (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) or placebo in a 2:2:2:1 randomization scheme. Between 24 December 2020 and 27 July 2021, 28 participants met eligibility and were randomized with 27 of these 28 (96.4%) being administered either COVID-HIGIV (n = 23) or placebo (n = 4). Only one SAE was observed, and it occurred in the placebo group. A total of 18 out of 27 participants (66.7%) reported 50 adverse events (AEs) overall. All COVID-HIGIV-related adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and transient. The most frequent AEs (>5% of participants) reported in the safety population were headache (n = 6, 22.2%), chills (n = 3, 11.1%), increased bilirubin (n = 2, 7.4%), muscle spasms (n = 2, 7.4%), seasonal allergies (n = 2, 7.4%), pyrexia (n = 2, 7.4%), and oropharyngeal pain (n = 2, 7.4%). Using the SARS-CoV-2 binding IgG immunoassay (n = 22, specific for pharmacokinetics), the geometric means of Cmax (AU/mL) for the three COVID-HIGIV dose levels (low to high) were 7.69, 17.02, and 33.27 AU/mL; the average values of Tmax were 7.09, 7.93, and 5.36 h, respectively. The half-life of COVID-HIGIV per dose level was 24 d (583 h), 31 d (753 h), and 26 d (619 h) for the 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg groups, respectively. The safety and pharmacokinetics of COVID-HIGIV support its development as a single-dose regimen for postexposure prophylaxis or treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. H. Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mila Mirceta
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grace Lin
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Tarashon Broomes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Alina Jen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashley Abid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Reich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christine Hall
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada, Inc., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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50
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Tatham L, Kipar A, Sharp J, Kijak E, Herriott J, Neary M, Box H, Toledo EG, Valentijn A, Cox H, Pertinez H, Curley P, Arshad U, Rajoli RKR, Rannard S, Stewart J, Owen A. Ronapreve (REGN-CoV; casirivimab and imdevimab) reduces the viral burden and alters the pulmonary response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in K18-hACE2 mice using an experimental design reflective of a treatment use case. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.01.23.477397. [PMID: 35118468 PMCID: PMC8811901 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.23.477397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Ronapreve demonstrated clinical application in post-exposure prophylaxis, mild/moderate disease and in the treatment of seronegative patients with severe COVID19 prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant in late 2021. Numerous reports have described loss of in vitro neutralisation activity of Ronapreve and other monoclonal antibodies for BA.1 Omicron and subsequent sub-lineages of the Omicron variant. With some exceptions, global policy makers have recommended against the use of existing monoclonal antibodies in COVID19. Gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies are noted, and further preclinical study will help understand positioning of new monoclonal antibodies under development. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Ronapreve on compartmental viral replication as a paradigm for a monoclonal antibody combination. The study also sought to confirm absence of in vivo activity against BA.1 Omicron (B.1.1.529) relative to the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant. Methods Virological efficacy of Ronapreve was assessed in K18-hACE2 mice inoculated with either the SARS-CoV-2 Delta or Omicron variants. Viral replication in tissues was quantified using qRT-PCR to measure sub-genomic viral RNA to the E gene (sgE) as a proxy. A histological examination in combination with staining for viral antigen served to determine viral spread and associated damage. Results Ronapreve reduced sub-genomic viral RNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate, 4 and 6 days post infection, for the Delta variant but not the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 at doses 2-fold higher than those shown to be active against previous variants of the virus. It also appeared to block brain infection which is seen with high frequency in K18-hACE2 mice after Delta variant infection. At day 6, the inflammatory response to lung infection with the Delta variant was altered to a mild multifocal granulomatous inflammation in which the virus appeared to be confined. A similar tendency was also observed in Omicron infected, Ronapreve-treated animals. Conclusions The current study provides evidence of an altered tissue response to the SARS-CoV-2 after treatment with a monoclonal antibody combination that retains neutralization activity. These data also demonstrate that experimental designs that reflect the treatment use case are achievable in animal models for monoclonal antibodies deployed against susceptible variants. Extreme caution should be taken when interpreting prophylactic experimental designs when assessing plausibility of monoclonal antibodies for treatment use cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Tatham
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edyta Kijak
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanne Herriott
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Megan Neary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Box
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Eduardo Gallardo Toledo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anthony Valentijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Henry Pertinez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Curley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rajith KR Rajoli
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve Rannard
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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