Coffee, Caffeine, and Health

Coffee consumption and cardiometabolic health: a comprehensive review of the evidence

This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of longitudinal observational and interventional studies on the cardiometabolic effects of coffee consumption. It explores biological mechanisms, and clinical and policy implications, and highlights gaps in the evidence while suggesting future research directions. It also reviews evidence on the causal relationships between coffee consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. Findings indicate that while coffee may cause short-term increases in blood pressure, it does not contribute to long-term hypertension risk. There is limited evidence indicating that coffee intake might reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, coffee consumption is consistently linked with reduced risks of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), showing dose-response relationships. The relationship between coffee and cardiovascular disease is complex, showing potential stroke prevention benefits but ambiguous effects on coronary heart disease. Moderate coffee consumption, typically ranging from 1 to 5 cups per day, is linked to a reduced risk of heart failure, while its impact on atrial fibrillation remains inconclusive. Furthermore, coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, following a U-shaped pattern, with the largest risk reduction observed at moderate consumption levels. Except for T2D and CKD, MR studies do not robustly support a causal link between coffee consumption and adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. The potential beneficial effects of coffee on cardiometabolic health are consistent across age, sex, geographical regions, and coffee subtypes and are multi-dimensional, involving antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, lipid-modulating, insulin-sensitizing, and thermogenic effects. Based on its beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and fundamental biological processes involved in aging, moderate coffee consumption has the potential to contribute to extending the healthspan and increasing longevity. The findings underscore the need for future research to understand the underlying mechanisms and refine health recommendations regarding coffee consumption.

Biological potential and mechanisms of Tea's bioactive compounds: An Updated review

BACKGROUND

Tea (Camellia sinensis) has a rich history and is widely consumed across many countries, and is categorized into green tea, white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea, black tea, and dark tea based on the level of fermentation. Based on a review of previous literature, the commonly recognized bioactive substances in tea include tea polyphenols, amino acids, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, macro minerals, trace elements, and vitamins, which have been known to have various potential health benefits, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, and anti-obesity properties, cardiovascular protection, immune regulation, and control of the intestinal microbiota. Most studies have only pointed out the characteristics of tea's bioactivities, so a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms of tea's bioactivities and their use risks are vital.

AIM OF REVIEW

This paper aims to summarize tea's bioactive substances of tea and their pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for the application of bioactive substances in tea and outlining future research directions for the study of bioactive substances in tea.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This review summarizes the main biologically active substances, pharmacological effects, and mechanisms and discusses the potential risks. It may help researchers grasp more comprehensive progress in the study of tea bioactive substances to further promote the application of tea as a natural bioactive substance in the medical field.

Phenome-Wide Analysis of Coffee Intake on Health over 20 Years of Follow-Up Among Adults in Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

There has been limited evidence on the long-term impacts of coffee intake on health. We aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the incidence of diseases and mortality risk over 20 years among community-dwelling Chinese adults.

METHODS

Participants were from the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study who attended baseline assessments during 1995-2010. Coffee intake was self-reported through a food frequency questionnaire and was previously validated. Disease diagnoses, which were mapped into 1795 distinct phecodes, and mortality data were obtained from linkage with territory-wide electronic health records. Cox models were used to estimate the association between coffee intake and the incidence of each disease outcome and mortality among individuals without a history of the respective medical condition at baseline. All models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, and education.

RESULTS

Among the 7420 included participants (mean age 53.2 years, 72.2% women), 54.0% were non-coffee drinkers, and only 2.7% consumed more than one cup of coffee per day. Over a median follow-up of 20.0 years, any coffee intake was associated with a reduced risk of dementia, atrial fibrillation, painful respirations, infections, atopic dermatitis, and dizziness at a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.05. Furthermore, any coffee intake was associated with an 18% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval = 0.73-0.93).

CONCLUSION

In a population with relatively low coffee consumption, any coffee intake is linked to a lower risk of several neurological, circulatory, and respiratory diseases and symptoms, as well as mortality.

Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle in Persons with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease

Due to the continuous aging of the population and consequent increase in dementia, focus on its prevention is of growing importance for public health. Since effective pharmacological treatments are not yet available, other determinants of cognitive decline have become fundamental. Several studies have indicated that the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is associated with reduced incident cognitive decline and dementia, but few studies have been conducted in persons already diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We age-matched 73 patients with mild-moderate AD with 73 controls (mean age for the whole group = 76.5 ± 6.5; 67.5% women). The cases had a significantly lower adherence to the MedDiet and lower physical activity vs. controls, where only one participant (1.4%) had a high adherence to the MedDiet among cases compared to 5.5% among controls, while 52.5% of the cases had a moderate adherence to the MedDiet vs. 82.2% in controls. In multivariate analysis, only the presence of AD was significantly associated with a lower adherence to the MedDiet vs. controls. Other factors examined (gender, age, physical activity level, multimorbidity, and polypharmacy) were not significantly associated with adherence to the MedDiet. Thus, AD patients had a low adherence to the MedDiet and very low physical activity. Public health strategies aimed at promoting the Mediterranean diet and physical activity for older people should be a priority.

Integrated Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Mechanisms of Anthocyanin and Carotenoid Accumulation in the Peel of Coffea arabica

The color of coffee fruits is influenced by several factors, including cultivar, ripening stage, and metabolite composition. However, the metabolic accumulation of pigments and the molecular mechanisms underlying peel coloration during the ripening process of Coffea arabica L. remain relatively understudied. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptomics were integrated to investigate the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in the peel of Coffea arabica at different ripening stages: green peel (GP), green-yellow peel (GYRP), red peel (RP), and red-purple peel (RPP). This integration aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with these changes. A total of ten anthocyanins, six carotenoids, and thirty-five xanthophylls were identified throughout the ripening process. The results demonstrated a gradual decrease in the total carotenoid content in the peel with fruit maturation, while anthocyanin content increased significantly. Notably, the accumulation of specific anthocyanins was closely associated with the transition of peel colors from green to red. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses identified the GYRP stage as critical for this color transition. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that enzyme-coding genes such as 3AT, BZ1, and lcyE, along with transcription factors including MYB, NAC, and bHLH, which interact with PHD and SET TR, may regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and carotenoids, thereby influencing peel pigmentation. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Coffea arabica peel during fruit maturation.

Liver cirrhosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

Liver cirrhosis is the end-stage of chronic liver disease, characterized by inflammation, necrosis, advanced fibrosis, and regenerative nodule formation. Long-term inflammation can cause continuous damage to liver tissues and hepatocytes, along with increased vascular tone and portal hypertension. Among them, fibrosis is the necessary stage and essential feature of liver cirrhosis, and effective antifibrosis strategies are commonly considered the key to treating liver cirrhosis. Although different therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing or preventing fibrosis have been developed, the effects have not be more satisfactory. In this review, we discussed abnormal changes in the liver microenvironment that contribute to the progression of liver cirrhosis and highlighted the importance of recent therapeutic strategies, including lifestyle improvement, small molecular agents, traditional Chinese medicine, stem cells, extracellular vesicles, and gut remediation, that regulate liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. Meanwhile, therapeutic strategies for nanoparticles are discussed, as are their possible underlying broad application and prospects for ameliorating liver cirrhosis. Finally, we also reviewed the major challenges and opportunities of nanomedicine‒biological environment interactions. We hope this review will provide insights into the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of liver cirrhosis, thus facilitating new methods, drug discovery, and better treatment of liver cirrhosis.

Association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional and Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the associations between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome and its components, as well as the effect of milk, sugar, and artificial sweeteners on these associations.

METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 351805 UK Biobank participants. Coffee consumption data were collected via food frequency questionnaires and 24-h recall. Metabolic syndrome was identified through blood biochemistry and self-reported medication use. Odds ratios were calculated using multivariable logistic regression, and results were verified with two-sample Mendelian randomization.

RESULTS

Consuming up to two cups of coffee per day was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (1 cup/day: odds ratio [OR]: 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.92; 2 cups/day: OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.93). Higher intakes showed near-null associations. Mendelian randomization did not support a causal link between coffee intake and metabolic syndrome. Both self-reported and genetically predicted high coffee consumption (four cups per day or more) were associated with central obesity. The inverse association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome was more profound among drinkers of ground coffee than those of instant coffee. Results were similar when stratified by the use of milk and sugar, yet the use of artificial sweetener with coffee was positively associated with metabolic syndrome and all component conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Coffee consumption may increase the risk of central obesity but is unlikely to impact the risk of metabolic syndrome. The potential health effects of artificial sweeteners in coffee need further investigation.

Association of caffeine consumption with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A BALTAZAR cohort study

INTRODUCTION

We investigated the link between habitual caffeine intake with memory impairments and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

METHODS

MCI (N = 147) and AD (N = 116) patients of the Biomarker of AmyLoid pepTide and AlZheimer's diseAse Risk (BALTAZAR) cohort reported their caffeine intake at inclusion using a dedicated survey. Associations of caffeine consumption with memory impairments and CSF biomarkers (tau, p-tau181, amyloid beta 1-42 [Aβ1-42], Aβ1-40) were analyzed using logistic and analysis of covariance models.

RESULTS

Adjusted on Apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4), age, sex, education level, and tobacco, lower caffeine consumption was associated with higher risk to be amnestic (OR: 2.49 [95% CI: 1.13 to 5.46]; p = 0.023) and lower CSF Aβ1-42 (p = 0.047), Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 (p = 0.040), and Aβ1-42/p-tau181 (p = 0.020) in the whole cohort.

DISCUSSION

Data support the beneficial effect of caffeine consumption to memory impairments and CSF amyloid markers in MCI and AD patients.

HIGHLIGHTS

We studied the impact of caffeine consumption in the BALTAZAR cohort. Low caffeine intake is associated with higher risk of being amnestic in MCI/AD patients. Caffeine intake is associated with CSF biomarkers in AD patients.

Effects of Coffee on Gut Microbiota and Bowel Functions in Health and Diseases: A Literature Review

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut-brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn's disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract.

Habitual Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption, Circulating Metabolites, and the Risk of Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity

CONTEXT

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) is an increasing public health concern. Previous observational studies have suggested inverse associations between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and risks of individual cardiometabolic diseases; however, their associations with CM and related biological markers are unknown.

METHODS

This prospective study involved 172 315 (for caffeine analysis) and 188 091 (tea and coffee analysis) participants free of any cardiometabolic diseases at baseline from the UK Biobank; 168 metabolites were measured among 88 204 and 96 393 participants. CM was defined as the coexistence of at least 2 of the following conditions: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke.

RESULTS

Nonlinear inverse associations of coffee, tea, and caffeine intake with the risk of new-onset CM were observed. Compared with nonconsumers or consumers of less than 100 mg caffeine per day, consumers of moderate amount of coffee (3 drinks/d) or caffeine (200-300 mg/d) had the lowest risk for new-onset CM, with respective hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.519 (0.417-0.647) and 0.593 (0.499-0.704). Multistate models revealed that moderate coffee or caffeine intake was inversely associated with risks of almost all developmental stages of CM, including transitions from a disease-free state to single cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently to CM. A total of 80 to 97 metabolites, such as lipid components within very low-density lipoprotein, histidine, and glycoprotein acetyls, were identified to be associated with both coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and incident CM.

CONCLUSION

Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset CM and could play important roles in almost all transition phases of CM development. Future studies are warranted to validate the implicated metabolic biomarkers underlying the relation between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and CM.

Acute Effects of Oral Caffeine Intake on Human Global-Flash mfERG Responses: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked, Balanced Crossover Study

Purpose

To determine the acute effect of caffeine intake on the retinal responses as measured with a global-flash multifocal electroretinogram (gfmERG) protocol at different contrast levels.

Methods

Twenty-four young adults (age = 23.3 ± 2.4 years) participated in this placebo-controlled, double-masked, balanced crossover study. On two different days, participants orally ingested caffeine (300 mg) or placebo, and retinal responses were recorded 90 minutes later using a gfmERG at three contrast levels (95%, 50%, and 29%). The amplitude response density and peak time of the direct and induced components (direct component [DC] and induced component [IC], respectively) were extracted for five different eccentricities (1.3°, 5.0°, 9.6°, 15.2°, and 21.9°). Axial length, spherical equivalent refraction, habitual caffeine intake, and body weight were considered as continuous covariates.

Results

Increased IC amplitude response density was found after caffeine ingestion in comparison to placebo (P = 0.021, ƞp2 = 0.23), specifically for the 95% and 50% stimulus contrasts (P = 0.024 and 0.018, respectively). This effect of caffeine on IC amplitude response density was independent of the retinal eccentricity (P = 0.556). Caffeine had no effect on DC amplitude response density or DC and IC peak times.

Conclusions

Our results show that oral caffeine intake increases the inner electro-retinal activity in young adults when viewing stimuli of high- (95%) to medium-contrast (50%). Given the increasing evidence that the inner retinal function is involved in the emmetropization process, these results may suggest that caffeine or its derivatives could potentially play a role in the mechanisms involved in eye growth.

The Beverage Quality Index and risk of cardiometabolic outcomes after a myocardial infarction: A prospective analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Individual beverages have varying associations with cardiometabolic outcomes, but little is known about overall beverage quality and cardiometabolic risk after myocardial infarction (MI). We created the Beverage Quality Index (BQI) to assess beverage quality and examined its association with cardiometabolic outcomes after MI.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We included 4365 Dutch post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort, aged 60-80 years. Diet was assessed at baseline (2002-2006) with a 203-item FFQ. The BQI included eight components (coffee, tea, milk, juices, sugar-sweetened beverages, alcohol, added sugar to coffee and tea, and energy from beverages), and ranged from 0 to 80. Multivariable Cox models were used to estimate HRs for the BQI in relation to incident diabetes mellitus (DM), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and fatal CVD over 3.4 y of follow-up, with follow-up for fatal CVD extended through 2018 (12.4 y). The average BQI was 50.0 ± 12.5. During 3.4 y of follow-up, we identified 186 incident cases of DM, 601 of MACE, 310 of recurrent CVD and 140 of fatal CVD. In multivariable models, a higher BQI (T3 vs. T1) was associated with lower risk of MACE [HR: 0.73 (0.59-0.90)], and recurrent CVD [HR: 0.67 (0.50-0.91)], but not with DM or CVD mortality. After 12.4 y of follow-up, 903 CVD deaths occurred. A significant inverse association with CVD mortality during long-term follow-up was found [HR: 0.81 (0.68-0.96)].

CONCLUSION

Overall beverage intake quality, as assessed by the BQI, may represent an important target for the prevention of recurrent CVD.

Impact of Coffee Intake on Measures of Wellbeing in Mice

Coffee intake is increasingly recognized as a life-style factor associated with the preservation of health, but there is still a debate on the relative effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee. We now tested how the regular drinking of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee for 3 weeks impacted on the behavior of male and female adult mice. Males drinking caffeinated coffee displayed statistically significant lower weight gain, increased sensorimotor coordination, greater motivation in the splash test, more struggling in the forced swimming test, faster onset of nest building, more marble burying and greater sociability. Females drinking caffeinated coffee displayed statistically significant increased hierarchy fighting, greater self-care and motivation in the splash test and faster onset of nest building. A post-hoc two-way ANOVA revealed sex-differences in the effects of caffeinated coffee (p values for interaction between the effect of caffeinated coffee and sex) on the hierarchy in the tube test (p = 0.044; dominance), in the time socializing (p = 0.044) and in the latency to grooming (p = 0.048; selfcare), but not in the marble burying test (p = 0.089). Intake of decaffeinated coffee was devoid of effects in males and females. Since caffeine targets adenosine receptors, we verified that caffeinated but not decaffeinated coffee intake increased the density of adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) and increased A1R-mediated tonic inhibition of synaptic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum and ventral but not dorsal hippocampus, the effects being more evident in the ventral hippocampus of females and striatum of males. In contrast, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee both ameliorated the antioxidant status in the frontal cortex. It is concluded that caffeinated coffee increases A1R-mediated inhibition in mood-related areas bolstering wellbeing of both males and females, with increased sociability in males and hierarchy struggling and self-care in females.

Antagonistic interaction between caffeine and ketamine in zebrafish: Implications for aquatic toxicity

The coexistence of caffeine (CF) and ketamine (KET) in surface waters across Asia has been widely reported. Previous studies have implied that CF and KET may share a mechanism of action. However, the combined toxicity of these two chemicals on aquatic organisms remains unclear at environmental levels, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that KET antagonizes the adverse effects of CF on zebrafish larvae by modulating the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synapse pathway. Specifically, KET (10-250 ng L-1) ameliorates the locomotor hyperactivity and impaired circadian rhythms in zebrafish larvae induced by 2 mg L-1 of CF, showing a dose-dependent relationship. Additionally, the developmental abnormalities in zebrafish larvae exposed to CF are mitigated by KET, with an incidence rate reduced from 26.7% to 6.7%. The competition between CF and KET for binding sites on the GABA-A receptor (in situ and in silico) elucidates the antagonistic interactions between the two chemicals. Following a seven-day recovery period, the adverse outcomes of CF exposure persist in the fish, whereas the changes observed in the CF + KET groups are significantly alleviated, especially with KET at 10 ng L-1. Based on these results, it is imperative to further assess the environmental risks associated with CF and KET co-pollution. This pilot study underscores the utility of systems toxicology approaches in estimating the combined toxicity of environmental chemicals on aquatic organisms. Moreover, the nighttime behavioral functions of fish could serve as a sensitive biomarker for evaluating the toxicity of psychoactive substances.

Caffeine consumption outcomes on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression and cognition

Caffeine consumption outcomes on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) including progression, survival and cognition remain poorly defined and may depend on its metabolization influenced by genetic variants. 378 ALS patients with a precise evaluation of their regular caffeine consumption were monitored as part of a prospective multicenter study. Demographic, clinical characteristics, functional disability as measured with revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R), cognitive deficits measured using Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen (ECAS), survival and riluzole treatment were recorded. 282 patients were genotyped for six single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging different genes involved in caffeine intake and/or metabolism: CYP1A1 (rs2472297), CYP1A2 (rs762551), AHR (rs4410790), POR (rs17685), XDH (rs206860) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) genes. Association between caffeine consumption and ALSFRS-R, ALSFRS-R rate, ECAS and survival were statistically analyzed to determine the outcome of regular caffeine consumption on ALS disease progression and cognition. No association was observed between caffeine consumption and survival (p = 0.25), functional disability (ALSFRS-R; p = 0.27) or progression of ALS (p = 0.076). However, a significant association was found with higher caffeine consumption and better cognitive performance on ECAS scores in patients carrying the C/T and T/T genotypes at rs2472297 (p-het = 0.004). Our results support the safety of regular caffeine consumption on ALS disease progression and survival and also show its beneficial impact on cognitive performance in patients carrying the minor allele T of rs2472297, considered as fast metabolizers, that would set the ground for a new pharmacogenetic therapeutic strategy.

Unraveling tea and coffee consumption effects on cardiovascular diseases risk factors: A narrative review

Backgrounds and Aims

Daily lifestyle plays a vital role in modifying the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Our daily life isn't inseparable from nutrition intake. As such, tea and coffee are often regarded as the most consumed beverages worldwide. There have been a lot of debates on the adverse effects and benefits of consuming these popular beverages. This comprehensive review explores the different types of tea and coffee and their mechanism of action. It delves deeper into their roles in reducing CVD risk, aiding CVD recovery, lowering CVD mortality, and their varying effects across populations and regions.

Methods

An extensive literature search was conducted on PubMed. Relevant articles were identified through cross-referencing and manual searches. Excluded from the study were commentaries, case reports, clinical vignettes, and non-English articles.

Results

Tea and coffee contain varying levels of caffeine and other bioactive compounds with cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, and more. Genetic factors further modulate their effects. Tea flavonoids benefit cholesterol, blood pressure, and endothelial function, while coffee constituents impact oxidative stress, metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and gut flora. Moderate consumption of both beverages may offer cardiovascular benefits, but outcomes vary depending on populations and conditions. Tea and coffee consumption may influence CVD recovery by reducing mortality and improving survival, however, it must be noted that it has the potential to be harmful to some individuals.

Conclusion

Evidence suggests that moderate consumption of these beverages may be linked to reduced cardiovascular mortality, although individual characteristics and pre-existing conditions can influence outcomes. Excessive caffeine consumption, found in both beverages, may pose risks such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality in CVD patients, with a dose-dependent nature. Future research should delve into mechanisms, genetic factors, and diverse cultural impacts of its use. Health care providers should consider individual characteristics when advising on tea and coffee consumption in the context of cardiovascular health.

Decoding coffee cardiometabolic potential: Chemical composition, nutritional, and health relationships

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, recognized for its unique taste and aroma and for its social and health impacts. Coffee contains a plethora of nutritional and bioactive components, whose content can vary depending on their origin, processing, and extraction methods. Gathered evidence in literature shows that the regular coffee consumption containing functional compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and melanoidins) can have potential beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk factors such as abdominal adiposity, hyperglycemia, and lipogenesis. On the other hand, coffee compounds, such as caffeine, diterpenes, and advanced glycation end products, may be considered a risk for cardiometabolic health. The present comprehensive review provides up-to-date knowledge on the structure-function relationships between different chemical compounds present in coffee, one of the most prevalent beverages present in human diet, and cardiometabolic health.

Enjoy or quit: impact of coffee on cardiac and metabolic health

Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. The effects of coffee on the body are primarily attributed to its key active ingredient, caffeine, a methylxanthine derivative with stimulant effects. However, coffee contains over one hundred bioactive compounds apart from caffeine, such as phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acids, tannin, thiamin, spermidine, quinides, trigonelline, lignins, and minerals like potassium and magnesium, all of which may contribute to its effects on the body. Each of these compounds may have beneficial effects. A common misconception is that coffee consumption should be avoided, especially by those with cardiovascular problems. However, recent data support the safety of moderate habitual consumption of two to three cups of coffee per day. Furthermore, this moderate regular consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality, lower blood pressure, and improved metabolic state. Many recent studies report additional medical benefits associated with coffee consumption. In this article, we review recent literature on the cardiometabolic effects of regular coffee drinking, including its impact on cardiac arrhythmia, blood pressure, and glucose and lipid metabolism. To sum up the medical evidence in the literature, individuals who drink modest amounts of coffee should feel comfortable continuing to enjoy it, provided they do not experience adverse effects.

Diet enriched with high-phenolic cocoa potentiates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and neurogenesis in healthy adult micewith subtle effects on memory

Cocoa is widely known for its health benefits, but its neurocognitive impact remains underexplored. This preclinical study aimed to investigate the effects of cocoa and cocoa polyphenols on hippocampal neuroplasticity, cognitive function and emotional behavior. Seventy young-adult C57BL/6JRj male and female mice were fed either a standard diet (CTR) or a diet enriched with 10% high-phenolic content cocoa (HPC) or low-phenolic content cocoa (LPC) for at least four weeks. In a first experiment, behavioral tests assessing exploratory behavior, emotional responses and hippocampal-dependent memory were conducted four weeks into the diet, followed by animal sacrifice a week later. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and western blot. In a different experiment, hippocampal synaptic response, long-term potentiation and presynaptic-dependent short-term plasticity were studied by electrophysiology. Cocoa-enriched diets had minimal effects on exploratory activity and anxiety-like behavior, except for reduced locomotion in the LPC group. Only the HPC diet enhanced object recognition memory, while place recognition memory and spatial navigation remained unaffected. The HPC diet also increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis, boosting the proliferation, survival and number of young adult-born neurons. However, both cocoa-enriched diets increased immobility in the forced swimming test and hippocampal BDNF expression. Hippocampal electrophysiology revealed no alterations in neuroplasticity among diets. The results were mostly unaffected by sex. Overall, the HPC diet demonstrated greater potential regarding cognitive and neuroplastic benefits, suggesting a key role of cocoa flavanols in dietary interventions aimed at enhancing brain health.

The associations of coffee consumption, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis: Results from NHANES 2009-2014

BACKGROUND

Coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages and is the main dietary source of caffeine for most people. The various molecular effects of caffeine suggest that it may enhance bone loss. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis.

METHODS

Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014. Total coffee and different types of coffee consumption were acquired through a 24-h dietary recall. Urinary caffeine metabolites were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC‒ESI‒MS/MS). The association of coffee, coffee types, and caffeine metabolites with periodontitis and its severity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 3309 eligible participants were included. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, a positive association was observed between coffee consumption (particularly certain types of coffee) and periodontitis. Notably, a positive correlation was also found between total coffee intake and the severity of periodontitis. Additionally, for urinary caffeine metabolites, there was a significant positive association between 1-methyluric acid (1-MU), 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU), 3,7-dimethyluric acid (3,7-DMU), 1,7-dimethylxanthine (1,7-DMX), or 5-actlyamino-6-amino-3-methyluracil (AAMU) and periodontitis, with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 1.10 (1.02, 1.19), 1.86 (1.05, 3.29), 0.94 (0.90, 0.98), 1.29 (1.03, 1.62), and 1.15 (1.05, 1.26), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggests a positive association of coffee intake (especially certain coffee types) and caffeine metabolites (1-MU, 1,3-DMU, 3,7-DMU, 1,7-DMX, and AAMU) with periodontitis and its severity.

A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized clinical trials on the effect of coffee consumption on heart rate

CONTEXT

Resting heart rate (HR) is increasingly recognized as an indicator of disease and overall morbidity and mortality. Whether chronic coffee consumption affects resting HR is an important consideration for individual consumers as well as from a public health perspective.

OBJECTIVE

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to examine the effectiveness of coffee consumption on resting HR.

DATA SOURCES

Original RCTs assessing the effect of coffee consumption on resting HR and published prior to March 2023 were identified by searching online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases.

DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS

Data searches and extraction and risk-of-bias assessments were performed according to the Cochrane guidelines, and the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Data on study characteristics, type, and amount of coffee and net change and measurement resting HR were extracted. A random-effects or a fixed-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect sizes. Homogeneity was determined with the Cochran Q test, and publication bias was assessed through Begg's test, Egger's test, and funnel plots.

RESULTS

A total of 6 RCTs with 11 intervention trials or arms involving 485 individuals were included. The participants were generally healthy, although some had hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or were overweight. The trial duration ranged from 2 weeks to 24 weeks. The overall pooled analysis showed that coffee consumption resulted in a negligible increase in resting HR of 0.40 beats per minute (95% CI: -0.78 to 1.57; P = 0.506), which was statistically insignificant. Subgroup analysis of all specified categories was consistent with the overall analysis. No heterogeneity was observed among included trials (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.756).

CONCLUSION

The results of the present meta-analysis study demonstrate that daily coffee consumption of 3 to 6 cups for a period of 2 to 24 weeks has no statistically significant effect on resting HR.

The impact of lifestyle factors on atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF), with its significant associated morbidity and mortality contributes to significant healthcare utilisation and expenditure. Given its progressively rising incidence, strategies to limit AF development and progression are urgently needed. Lifestyle modification is a potentially potent but underutilised weapon against the AF epidemic. The purpose of this article is to review the role of lifestyle factors as risk factors for AF, outline potential mechanisms of pathogenesis and examine the available evidence for lifestyle intervention in primary and secondary AF prevention. It will also highlight the need for investment by physicians, researchers, health services and governments in order to facilitate delivery of the comprehensive, multidisciplinary AF care that is required to manage this complex and multifactorial disease.

Death Due to Caffeine and Methamphetamine Toxicity: A Case Report

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an over-the-counter psychostimulant that, when used in appropriate amounts, is generally considered safe. However, excessive use can cause various symptoms and, in severe cases, can even be life-threatening. A 34-year-old man with a reported history of psychiatric disorders was found unresponsive at his girlfriend's house and transported to an emergency department. He was presumed to have taken several caffeine pills and was pronounced dead approximately six hours later. There was no evidence of trauma or natural diseases at autopsy. Toxicology testing on hospital blood samples revealed toxic levels of caffeine and methamphetamine. After investigation of the circumstances surrounding the death and accounting for the autopsy and toxicology findings, the cause and manner of death were certified as combined caffeine and methamphetamine toxicity and accident, respectively. Lethal levels of caffeine have been reported when blood concentration exceeds 80 mg/L. Caution is needed to avoid excessive caffeine intake, especially when consumed in concentrated forms like tablets or powders. Caffeine should be used with care not only in cases of cardiovascular disease or genetic vulnerability but also for those with psychiatric disorders. Although deaths from caffeine are rare, they are consistently reported, necessitating attention and caution in its use.

Association of caffeine intake with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in diabetes and prediabetes

BACKGROUD

The association between caffeine intake and mortality in prediabetes and diabetes is not well defined. This study was designed to investigate the association between caffeine intake and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in adults with prediabetes and diabetes in the United States.

METHODS

This analysis included 18,914 adult patients with diabetes and prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018. Follow-up extended to December 31, 2019. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality and CVD mortality.

RESULTS

During 142,460 person-years of follow-up, there were 3,166 cases of all-cause mortality and 1,031 cases of CVD mortality recorded. In the fully adjusted models, caffeine intake showed a significant dose-response association with the risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. When comparing extreme quartiles of caffeine intake, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.78 (0.67-0.91) (P for trend = 0.007); however, there was no significant association with the risk of CVD mortality. Results remained consistent in stratified analyses by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level, family income-poverty ratio, BMI, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol intake, and HEI-2015.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that caffeine intake is significantly inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes and prediabetes. In individuals with prediabetes, there is also a significant inverse association between caffeine intake and CVD events, but this association is not present in those with diabetes.

Evaluation of the Caffeine Content in Servings of Popular Coffees in Terms of Its Safe Intake-Can We Drink 3-5 Cups of Coffee per Day, as Experts Advise?

The spreading knowledge of the health benefits of coffee and the development of gastronomy with a wide range of coffees prompt an evaluation of their caffeine content in terms of safe intake. The study analyzed the caffeine content of popular coffees in comparison with recommendations for a safe single dose (200 mg) and daily caffeine intake (400 mg), and guidelines for drinking 3-5 cups of coffee per day. A total of 299 coffee samples from franchise shops and homemade coffees were tested. The "takeaway" coffees had a three times higher mean caffeine content (p < 0.005) compared to homemade coffees. Americano coffee was the "strongest" (143 mg caffeine/serving on average), while coffee prepared by pouring hot water over one teaspoon of ground coffee was the "lightest" (23 mg caffeine/serving on average) (p < 0.05). Over 200 mg of caffeine per serving was found in 4% of samples. Over 400 mg of caffeine would be consumed by people drinking "on the go" 4-5 servings of many types of coffee, except espresso. In this respect, homemade coffees are safer. Therefore, recommendations on drinking coffee should be more practical, and indicate not only the number of cups, but also the "strength" of various types of coffee, in order to avoid the regular intake of high amounts of caffeine.

Threshold effects between caffeine intake and urine flow rate: a population-based cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

The potential benefits of caffeine intake are currently receiving much attention and exploration. Urine flow rate (UFR) is an objective index to comprehensively reflect bladder function. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between caffeine intake and UFR using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database.

METHODS

14,142 participants were enrolled in this study. Weighted multivariate adjusted regression models were used to explore the relationship between caffeine intake and UFR. The dose-response relationships were explored using a restricted cubic spline (RCS) and a threshold effect analysis was conducted based on the inflection points identified by the two-segment linear regression model. In addition, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were applied.

RESULTS

The findings suggested that the intake of caffeine was correlated with improved UFR [Model 3: 0.091 (0.057, 0.126), P value < 0.001]. In addition, the RCS supported a nonlinear relationship between them. The analysis of threshold effect further revealed a specific level of caffeine intake (34.51 mg/day) that exhibited a significant enhancement in UFR. Finally, through re-analyzing the data set obtained after multiple imputation (MI), we obtained similar results.

CONCLUSION

This study found a nonlinear beneficial relationship between caffeine intake and UFR, and revealed the recommended intake of caffeine. The values varied by gender, race, education, and smoking status.

Exploring the complex relationship between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia: A review of epidemiological and clinical studies

This review delves into the intricate interplay between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia, examining evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies. While epidemiological research offers conflicting findings regarding the association between coffee intake and schizophrenia risk, clinical studies reveal diverse impacts of caffeine on symptomatology and cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. Some epidemiological studies suggest a potential protective effect of coffee consumption against schizophrenia, whereas others fail to establish a significant correlation. Clinical investigations highlight the complexity of caffeine's influence, with varied effects on symptom severity and cognitive function observed among schizophrenia patients. Notably, caffeine may exacerbate positive symptoms while alleviating negative symptoms and cognitive deficits in this population. However, limitations such as small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported data hinder the generalizability of these findings. Furthermore, genetic factors, prenatal exposure, and substance abuse contribute to the complexity of the relationship between caffeine and schizophrenia. Studies indicate that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may be more vulnerable to the effects of caffeine, while prenatal exposure to caffeine may elevate the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. Additionally, substance abuse, including high caffeine and nicotine consumption, is prevalent among individuals with schizophrenia, exacerbating symptom severity. Future research directions include addressing methodological limitations, such as small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported data, and exploring the effects of caffeine on schizophrenia using larger, more diverse cohorts and controlled methodologies. A deeper understanding of caffeine's impact on schizophrenia is crucial for informing clinical practice and developing personalized interventions for patients. Ultimately, this review underscores the need for further investigation into the complex relationship between caffeine consumption and schizophrenia to improve patient outcomes and inform evidence-based interventions.

Coffee and Alzheimer's disease

Coffee, a universally consumed beverage, is known to contain thousands of bioactive constituents that have garnered interest due to their potential neuroprotective effects against various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive research has been conducted on coffee constituents such as Caffeine, Trigonelline, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, focusing on their neuroprotective properties. These compounds have potential to impact key mechanisms in AD development, including amyloidopathy, tauopathy, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, apart from its neuroprotective effects, coffee consumption has been associated with anticancerogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, thereby enhancing its therapeutic potential. Studies suggest that moderate coffee intake, typically around two to three cups daily, could potentially contribute to mitigating AD progression and lowering the risk of related neurological disorders. This literature underscores the potential neuroprotective properties of coffee compounds, which usually perform their neuronal protective effects via modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and many other molecules.

Coffee Consumption and CYP1A2 Polymorphism Involvement in Type 2 Diabetes in a Romanian Population

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is known to be the main enzyme directly responsible for caffeine metabolism. Rs762551 (NC_000015.10:g.74749576C>A) is a single nucleotide polymorphism of the CYP1A2 gene, and it is known mainly for metabolizing caffeine. A significant worldwide health issue, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has been reported to be negatively associated with coffee consumption. Yet, some studies have proven that high intakes of coffee can lead to a late onset of T2DM.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to find any significant correlations among CYP1A2 polymorphism, coffee consumption, and T2DM.

METHODS

A total of 358 people were enrolled in this study-218 diagnosed with T2DM, and 140 representing the control sample. The qPCR technique was performed, analyzing rs762551 (assay C_8881221) on the LightCycler 480 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) with Gene Scanning software version 1.5.1 (Roche).

RESULTS

Our first observation was that the diabetic patients were likely to consume more coffee than the non-diabetic subjects. People with the AA genotype, or the fast metabolizers, are the least common, yet they are the highest coffee consumers and present the highest glucose and cholesterol levels. Another important finding is the correlation between coffee intake and glucose level, which showed statistically significant differences between the diabetic group (p = 0.0002) and the control group (p = 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS

The main conclusion of this study is that according to genotype, caffeine levels, glucose, and cholesterol are interconnected and proportionally related, regardless of type 2 diabetes.

Quality of Arabica coffee grown in Brazilian Savannah and impact of potassium sources

Located in Brazil's Central Plateau, the Cerrado Savannah is an emerging coffee-growing region with significant potential for the national coffee market. This study investigated the impact of potassium fertilization on Arabica coffee quality in the Cerrado, using three potassium sources (K2SO4, KCl, and KNO3) and five cultivars (Arara, Aranãs, IPR103, Catiguá and Topázio) across two consecutive harvests. We focused on productivity, granulometry, chemical composition, and sensory characteristics. No significant difference in productivity across the cultivars studied or potassium sources as isolated factors were observed. Regarding chemical parameters, potassium sources only affected NO3- and SO42- levels in the grains. Cultivar-specific differences were noted in caffeine (CAF), citric acid (CA), and sucrose (SUC), highlighting a strong genetic influence. K2SO4 improved productivity in Arara (15 %) and IPR103 (11 %), while KNO3 reduced flat grain percentage to 70 % in Catiguá. Sensory evaluation showed that all potassium sources and cultivars produced specialty coffees, with the Arara cultivar treated with K2SO4 achieving the highest SCA score (83.3) while IPR 103 treated with KCl scored the lowest at 78. Only three treatments were below but very close to the threshold (80). Multivariate analysis indicated a trend where specific treatments correlated with higher productivity and quality. Despite the subtle differences in productivity and quality among potassium sources, a cost-benefit analysis may favor KCl due to its affordability, suggesting its viability as a potassium fertilization option in coffee cultivation. Future research is needed to confirm these trends and optimize potassium source selection to enhance coffee quality in the Cerrado.

Effects of the active botanical blend "WKUP GT" on attention and cognitive functions after lunch in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVES

"WKUP GT", a low caffeine beverage consisting of carob, Guarana, Green Tea and Elderberry extracts was studied on attention and cognitive functions post-lunch in a pilot randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.

METHODS

Thirty healthy volunteers were included in a crossover design trial, presenting five beverages randomly assigned to the following groups: placebo, "WKUP GT" (single, double or triple doses), or "caffeine" as an active control. Hemodynamic measurements were assessed as safety outcomes. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), was used to evaluate the patients when beverages were consumed 30 and 120 min after lunch (respectively Delta30 and Delta120 considering baseline).

RESULTS

Drinking "caffeine" or "WKUP GT" after lunch, showed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in rapid visual information processing compared to placebo (Delta120 of "caffeine", "WKUP" single and double). In addition, improvement in Multitasking Test (Delta30 for "WKUP" double, and Delta120 for "caffeine" and "WKUP" triple compared to placebo) was observed. "WKUP" triple also showed significant improvement for "memory" when compared to placebo (Delta120). Compared to "caffeine", WKUP GT did not increase systolic blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

"WKUP GT" showed improvements for attention, memory, psychomotor and executive function tasks after lunch without increase in pulse rate.

Integration of widely targeted metabolomics and the e-tongue reveals the chemical variation and taste quality of Yunnan Arabica coffee prepared using different primary processing methods

UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and electronic tongue analysis were applied to analyse the metabolic profile and taste quality of Yunnan Arabica coffee under seven primary processing methods. The total phenolic content ranged from 34.44 to 44.42 mg/g DW, the e-tongue results revealed the strongest umami sensor response value in the sample prepared with traditional dry processing, while the samples prepared via honey processing II had the strongest astringency sensor response value. Metabolomics analysis identified 221 differential metabolites, with higher contents of amino acids and derivatives within dry processing II sample, and increased contents of lipids and phenolic acids in the honey processing III sample. The astringency and aftertaste-astringency of the coffee samples positively correlated with the trigonelline, 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid and 4-caffeoylquinic acid content. The results contributed to a better understanding of how the primary processing process affects coffee quality, and supply useful information for the enrichment of coffee biochemistry theory.

Associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and child development: Longitudinal results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

Objective

Though caffeine use during pregnancy is common, its longitudinal associations with child behavioral and physical health outcomes remain poorly understood. Here, we estimated associations between prenatal caffeine exposure, body mass index (BMI), and behavior as children enter adolescence.

Method

Longitudinal data and caregiver-reported prenatal caffeine exposure were obtained from the ongoing Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) SM Study, which recruited 11,875 children aged 9-11 years at baseline from 21 sites across the United States starting June 1, 2016. Prenatal caffeine exposure was analyzed as a 4-level categorical variable, and further group contrasts were used to characterize "any exposure" and "daily exposure" groups. Outcomes included psychopathology characteristics in children, sleep problems, and BMI. Potentially confounding covariates included familial (e.g., income, familial psychopathology), pregnancy (e.g., prenatal substance exposure), and child (e.g., caffeine use) variables.

Results

Among 10,873 children (5,686 boys [52.3%]; mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years) with nonmissing prenatal caffeine exposure data, 6,560 (60%) were exposed to caffeine prenatally. Relative to no exposure, daily caffeine exposure was associated with higher child BMI (β=0.08; FDR-corrected p=0.02), but was not associated with child behavior. Those exposed to two or more cups of caffeine daily (n=1,028) had greater sleep problems than those with lower/no exposure (β>0.92; FDR-corrected p<0.04).

Conclusion

Daily prenatal caffeine exposure is associated with heightened childhood BMI, and when used multiple times a day greater sleep problems even after accounting for potential confounds. Whether this relationship is a consequence of prenatal caffeine exposure or its correlated factors remains unknown.

Caffeine regulates both osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation via the AKT, NF-κB, and MAPK pathways

Background: Although caffeine generally offers benefits to human health, its impact on bone metabolism remains unclear. Aim and Methods: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the long-term effects of caffeine administration on osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and ovariectomy-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP). Results: Our in vitro findings revealed that 3.125 and 12.5 μg/mL caffeine inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 cells through the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, accompanied by the inactivation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor NFATc1. Similarly, 3.125 and 12.5 μg/mL of caffeine modulated MC3T3-E1 osteogenesis via the AKT, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. However, 50 μg/mL of caffeine promoted the phosphorylation of IκBα, P65, JNK, P38, and AKT, followed by the activation of NFATc1 and the inactivation of Runx2 and Osterix, ultimately disrupting the balance between osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In vivo studies showed that gavage with 55.44 mg/kg caffeine inhibited osteoclastogenesis, promoted osteogenesis, and ameliorated bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Conclusion: Conversely, long-term intake of high-dose caffeine (110.88 mg/kg) disrupted osteogenesis activity and promoted osteoclastogenesis, thereby disturbing bone homeostasis. Collectively, these findings suggest that a moderate caffeine intake (approximately 400 mg in humans) can regulate bone homeostasis by influencing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. However, long-term high-dose caffeine consumption (approximately 800 mg in humans) could have detrimental effects on the skeletal system.

Habitual coffee drinking and the chance of prediabetes remission: findings from a population with low coffee consumption

Introduction

We aimed to investigate the association between coffee drinking and total caffeine intakes with the chance of prediabetes (Pre-DM) regression and progression over 9-years of follow-up.

Research design and methods

This cohort study included 334 Pre-DM individuals (mean age of 49.4 ± 12.8 years and 51.5% men) who participated in the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008). A validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline assessed habitual coffee consumption. All measurements were done at baseline and all subsequent examinations with 3-year follow-up intervals. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of Pre-DM regression to normal glycemia or progression to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in coffee drinkers/non-drinkers were estimated using multinomial logistic regression analysis.

Results

During the study follow-up 39.8% of the study participants were progressed to T2D and 39.8% returned to normal glycemia. Coffee consumption nearly doubled the chance of returning to normal (OR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.03-4.97). Total caffeine intake was not related to Pre-DM progression and regression. Compared to non-drinkers, coffee drinkers had significantly lower 2-hour serum glucose concentrations over time (152, 95% CI = 144-159 vs. 162, 95% CI = 155-169 mg/dL, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

Habitual coffee drinking may increase the chance of returning to normal glycemia in Pre-DM subjects.

The relationship between caffeine consumption and colon cancer prevalence in a nationally representative population

Aims

This study examines the correlation between caffeine consumption and the prevalence of colon cancer.

Methods

Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2001 to 2014, we applied weighted logistic regression to evaluate the association between caffeine consumption and the prevalence of colon cancer. This analysis accounted for variables including age, gender, race, education, poverty income ratio, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diabetes. The findings were expressed as weighted odds ratios (ORs) with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The restricted cubic spline analysis was performed to exam the dose-dependent relationship.

Results

The study included 27,637 participants, of which 144 were diagnosed with colon cancer and 27,493 served as controls. Individuals in the highest quartile (Q4) of caffeine consumption (Q4) displayed a significantly increased risk of colon cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile (Q1), with a weighted OR of 2.00 (95% CI: 1.11-3.59; p = 0.022). Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a significant correlation between higher caffeine intake and increased colon cancer risk, with an overall association p-value of 0.007.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a potential relationship between higher levels of caffeine consumption and an increased risk of colon cancer. The dose-response relationship suggests a notable correlation at higher caffeine intake levels. Further investigations are warranted to confirm these results and elucidate potential underlying mechanisms.

Polyphenols vs. Caffeine in Coffee from Franchise Coffee Shops: Which Serving of Coffee Provides the Optimal Amount of This Compounds to the Body

The scientific literature indicates that there is a limited number of data on the content of bioactive components in coffees consumed "on the go". Therefore, this study examined the polyphenol and caffeine content of different types of coffee from franchise coffee shops, and the caffeine/total polyphenol ratio. The five most popular types of coffee purchased in six franchise coffee shops in Warsaw were analysed. A total of 120 coffee samples were tested. A significant positive (r = 0.7407, p < 0.001) correlation was found between the total polyphenol and caffeine content in all coffee types tested. Per unit volume, espresso coffee had the highest significant (p < 0.005) average total polyphenol and caffeine contents (232.9 ± 63.9 mg/100 mL and 198.6 ± 68.3 mg/100 mL, respectively). After taking into account the coffee's serving size, a serving of Americano provided significantly (p < 0.05) the most total polyphenol (average 223.5 ± 81.5 mg), while the highest caffeine content was provided by a serving of ice latte/latte frappe (average 136 ± 57.0 mg). The most favourable ratio of caffeine to total polyphenols (0.56) was found in a serving of Americano coffee; therefore, it seems that this coffee can be considered optimal in terms of the content of both compounds. These findings demonstrate that the polyphenol and caffeine contents of coffees offered in franchise coffee shops are closely related to the serving size.

Caffeine consumption and withdrawal among patients in the intensive care unit

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of data surrounding the use of therapeutic caffeine among adults admitted to intensive care units (ICUs).

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine reported caffeine use and withdrawal symptoms among patients admitted to the ICU to inform future prospective interventional trials.

METHODS

This study used a cross-sectional survey design, where a survey was conducted by a registered dietitian among 100 adult patients admitted to an ICU in Brisbane, Australia.

RESULTS

The median age of patients was 59.8 y (interquartile range: 44.0-70.0), and 68% were male. Ninety-nine percent of patients had daily consumption of caffeine with a median 338 mg (interquartile range: 162-504). Caffeine consumption was self-reported in 89% of patients and was uncovered by detailed identification in 10%. Almost one-third (29%) reported caffeine withdrawal symptoms while admitted to intensive care. Common withdrawal symptoms reported were headaches, irritability, fatigue, anxiety, and constipation. Eighty-eight percent of patients reported willingness to participate in future studies of therapeutic caffeine if they were admitted to the ICU. Preferred methods of parenteral and enteral routes of administration varied by patient and illness characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients admitted to this ICU were ubiquitous consumers of caffeine before admission, and one-tenth were unaware. Patients viewed trials of therapeutic caffeine as highly acceptable. The results provide important baseline information for future prospective studies.

Association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults

BACKGROUND

Sedentary behavior has been demonstrated to be a modifiable factor for several chronic diseases, while coffee consumption is believed to be beneficial for health. However, the joint associations of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with mortality remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the independent and joint associations of daily sitting time and coffee intakes with mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among US adults.

METHODS

An analysis of a prospective cohort from the 2007-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of US adults (n = 10,639). Data on mortality were compiled from interview and physical examination data until December 31, 2019. Daily sitting time was self-reported. Coffee beverages were from the 24-hour diet recall interview. The main outcomes of the study were all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. The adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CI] were imputed by Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

Among 10,639 participants in the study cohort, there were 945 deaths, 284 of whom died of CVD during the follow-up period of up to 13 years. Multivariable models showed that sitting more than 8 h/d was associated with higher risks of all-cause (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.17-1.81) and CVD (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.21-2.66) mortality, compared with those sitting for less than 4 h/d. People with the highest quartile of coffee consumption were observed for the reduced risks of both all-cause (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.84) and CVD (HR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.30-0.69) mortality compared with non-coffee consumers. Notably, joint analyses firstly showed that non-coffee drinkers who sat six hours or more per day were 1.58 (95% CI, 1.25-1.99) times more likely to die of all causes than coffee drinkers sitting for less than six hours per day, indicating that the association of sedentary with increased mortality was only observed among adults with no coffee consumption but not among those who had coffee intake.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified that sedentary behavior for more than 6 h/d accompanied with non-coffee consumption, were strongly associated with the increased risk of mortality from all-cause and CVD.

Diet strategies for promoting healthy aging and longevity: An epidemiological perspective

In recent decades, global life expectancies have risen significantly, accompanied by a marked increase in chronic diseases and population aging. This narrative review aims to summarize recent findings on the dietary factors influencing chronic diseases and longevity, primarily from large cohort studies. First, maintaining a healthy weight throughout life is pivotal for healthy aging and longevity, mirroring the benefits of lifelong, moderate calorie restriction in today's obesogenic food environment. Second, the specific types or food sources of dietary fat, protein, and carbohydrates are more important in influencing chronic disease risk and mortality than their quantity. Third, some traditional diets (e.g., the Mediterranean, Nordic, and Okinawa) and contemporary dietary patterns, such as healthy plant-based diet index, the DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) diet, and alternate healthy eating index, have been associated with lower mortality and healthy longevity. These patterns share many common components (e.g., a predominance of nutrient-rich plant foods; limited red and processed meats; culinary herbs and spices prevalent in global cuisines) while embracing distinct elements from different cultures. Fourth, combining a healthy diet with other lifestyle factors could extend disease-free life expectancies by 8-10 years. While adhering to core principles of healthy diets, it is crucial to adapt dietary recommendations to individual preferences and cultures as well as nutritional needs of aging populations. Public health strategies should aim to create a healthier food environment where nutritious options are readily accessible, especially in public institutions and care facilities for the elderly. Although further mechanistic studies and human trials are needed to better understand molecular effects of diet on aging, there is a pressing need to establish and maintain long-term cohorts studying diet and aging in culturally diverse populations.

F. Coffee Intake, Plasma Caffeine Levels, and Kidney Function: Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Among East Asian and European Ancestries

Introduction

Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies for the coffee-kidney association have reported inconsistent relationships in European populations and never examined mediators of this association. We aimed to evaluate this causal relationship using two-sample MR among both East Asian and European ancestries and to explore underlying mechanisms using plasma caffeine levels.

Methods

Among East Asians, the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for coffee intake, plasma caffeine levels, and kidney outcomes were obtained from 152,634; 8940; and 47,070 Japanese adults. Among Europeans, summary statistics were acquired from European GWAS with 428,860; 7719; and 564,470 adults for each trait. We applied different MR methods (inverse-variance weighted [IVW] with random effects, weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger).

Results

After excluding possible pleiotropic variants, among East Asian ancestry, drinking an extra coffee intake per week showed a protective association on serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcre) (β = 0.077; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.003 to 0.150). Analysis in European ancestry also showed a causal relationship between drinking an extra coffee intake per day and eGFRcre (β = 0.052; 95% CI = 0.027 to 0.078). These results were consistent across different MR methods accounting for invalid instruments. Higher plasma caffeine levels were associated with lower eGFRcre among both East Asian (β = -0.071; 95% CI = -0.137 to -0.006) and European ancestries (β = -0.048; 95% CI = -0.057 to -0.040).

Conclusions

Our cross-ancestry MR study found beneficial effects of coffee intake on eGFRcre. However, given the possible adverse effects of plasma caffeine levels on eGFRcre, interpretation of the results should be carefully considered and further investigations on noncaffeine and biological pathways are needed.

Problematic coffee use and associated factors among medical and health science students in Dilla University, Ethiopia

Objective

Coffee holds a cherished place in Ethiopian culture, its consumption among students raises concerns despite its perceived benefits for alertness and productivity. Moderate caffeine intake remains unproblematic, but exceeding 400 mg daily can trigger detrimental health effects such as fatigue, memory impairment, and even attention-deficit disorder. Research on problematic coffee use among young adults, specifically Ethiopian students, remains limited, hindering our understanding of its potential scope and impact. To address this knowledge gap, researchers at Dilla University, Ethiopia, undertook a comprehensive study in 2022, focusing on the university's student population. This investigation holds significant potential to unveil the previously obscured landscape of excessive coffee consumption in this demographic and inform future research and potential interventions.

Methodology

An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in August-July, 2022. To measure problematic coffee use, this study used the Diagnostic Statistical Manual five criteria for substance use disorder. Those who scored >2 out of 11 criteria were considered to have problematic coffee use. To measure a significant association between the outcome and independent variable, a multivariable logistic regression analysis at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval was employed.

Result

This study included 414 respondents. More than half of the respondents, 347 (59.7%) were male. Out of all respondents, 182 (44.0%) had a boy/girlfriend. Nearly half of the respondents, 218 (52.7%) were orthodox, Christian religion followers. According to this study's findings, 137 (33.1%) respondents were considered to have problematic coffee use. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that 5-10 years duration of coffee use (AOR = 4.62, 95% CI: 2.96-7.85; p = 0.001), start to use coffee before joining university (AOR = 2.977, 95% CI: 1.332-6.653; p = 0.008) and 6-9 cups of daily coffee use (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.14-5.89; p = 0.00) were associated with problematic coffee use.

Conclusion

This study showed that one-third of the respondents had problematic coffee use. The starting point, duration, and amount of use had a strong association with problematic coffee use. Hence, focusing on addressing the mental health challenges associated with problematic/excessive coffee consumption among higher education students is advisable. Additionally, promoting awareness of problematic/excessive coffee use and its potential remedies is recommended.

Caffeine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Cellular Assays, Animal Experiments, and Epidemiological Investigation

The use of caffeine in treating various liver diseases has made substantial progress in the past decade owing to advances in science, technology, and medicine. However, whether caffeine has a preventive effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its mechanism are still worth further investigation. In this review, we summarize and analyze the efficacy and safety of caffeine in the prevention of HCC. We conducted a review of articles published in PubMed and Web of Science in the past 2 decades until December 6, 2023, which were searched for using the terms "Caffeine" and "Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Studies have found that coffee intake is negatively correlated with HCC risk, especially caffeinated coffee. Recent studies have found that caffeine has beneficial effects on liver health, decreasing levels of enzymes responsible for liver damaging and slowing the progression of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Caffeine also acts against liver fibrosis through adenosine receptors (ARs), which promote tissue remodeling by inducing fibrin and collagen production. Additionally, new studies have found that moderate consumption of caffeinated beverages can decrease various the levels of various collagens in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds in coffee can improve fat homeostasis, reduce oxidative stress, and prevent liver steatosis and fibrosis. Moreover, many in vitro studies have shown that caffeine can protect liver cells and inhibit the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. Taken together, we describe the benefits of caffeine for liver health and highlight its potential values as a drug to prevent various hepatic diseases. As a protective agent of liver inflammation, non-selective AR inhibitor caffeine can inhibit the growth of HCC cells by inhibiting adenosine and AR binding to initiate immune response, providing a basis for the future development of caffeine as an adjuvant drug against HCC.

Caffeine intake and its association with nutrition, sleep, and physical activity among schoolchildren in the United Arab Emirates: a national cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

Recent surveys indicate a significant increase in total caffeine intake among schoolchildren. Limited research has been published concerning the total intake of caffeine among schoolchildren in the Middle East and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, including the UAE.

METHODS

This cross-sectional survey estimated the total caffeine intake from foods and beverages among 10,275 schoolchildren in the UAE. Caffeine intakes were related to the European Food Safety Authority's level of no safety concern (3.0 mg/kg BW) and level of effects on sleep (1.4 mg/kg BW).

RESULTS

More than half (56.2%) of the students consumed more than 100 mg (the upper limit allowed) of caffeine from dietary sources. High intake of caffeine (> 100 mg/day) was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with reduced sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, infrequent exercising, using smart devices for more than 2 h a day, getting a lower GPA, skipping breakfast, eating fewer servings of vegetables than recommended, frequent consumption of fast food and more frequent snack consumption.

CONCLUSION

Excessive intake of caffeine from different dietary sources coexists with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors and sleep problems. Tailoring educational programs and intervention strategies is warranted to correct the unhealthy intake of caffeine and the associated unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors among schoolchildren in the UAE.

Prevalence of energy drink consumption world-wide: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The increasing market for energy drinks (EDs) in recent years, as well as the health risks caused by their consumption, prompt calls to estimate the prevalence of ED use among different countries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of ED use in different continents and age groups.

METHOD

We searched two databases (i.e. PubMed and PsycInfo) on 31 March 2023 to identify studies reporting the prevalence of ED use. A total of 192 studies (196 distinct samples; n = 1 120 613; 53.37% males) from the United States, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa were included in the analysis. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence at several time-periods. Subgroup analyses were performed to provide prevalence based on continent and age group. The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg's Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Measurements included prevalence of ED use (i.e. life-time, past 12 months, past 30 days, past 7 days and daily use), continent and age group (i.e. children, adolescents, young adults and adults).

RESULTS

The life-time ED use world-wide-pooled prevalence was estimated to be 54.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 48.8-60.6; I2  = 99.80], 43.4% (95% CI = 36.1-50.6; I2  = 99.92) in the past 12 months, 32.3% (95% CI = 28.8-35.8; I2  = 99.82) in the past 30 days, 21.6% (95% CI = 18.7-24.5; I2  = 99.95) in the past 7 days and 8.82% (95% CI = 6.3-11.4; I2  = 99.95) daily ED use. Subgroups analyses showed significant differences in ED life-time use within age groups (P = 0.002) and continents (P = 0.035).

CONCLUSIONS

The world-wide prevalence of energy drink use appears to be high, particularly among adolescents and young adults.

Genetic investigation into the broad health implications of caffeine: evidence from phenome-wide, proteome-wide and metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization

BACKGROUND

Caffeine is one of the most utilized drugs in the world, yet its clinical effects are not fully understood. Circulating caffeine levels are influenced by the interplay between consumption behaviour and metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of circulating caffeine levels by considering genetically predicted variation in caffeine metabolism.

METHODS

Leveraging genetic variants related to caffeine metabolism that affect its circulating levels, we investigated the clinical effects of plasma caffeine in a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). We validated novel findings using a two-sample Mendelian randomization framework and explored the potential mechanisms underlying these effects in proteome-wide and metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization.

RESULTS

Higher levels of genetically predicted circulating caffeine among caffeine consumers were associated with a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio (OR) per standard deviation increase in caffeine = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) CI: 0.95-0.98, p = 2.47 × 10-4), osteoarthrosis (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.98, P=1.10 × 10-8) and osteoarthritis (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.98, P = 1.09 × 10-6). Approximately one third of the protective effect of plasma caffeine on osteoarthritis risk was estimated to be mediated through lower bodyweight. Proteomic and metabolomic perturbations indicated lower chronic inflammation, improved lipid profiles, and altered protein and glycogen metabolism as potential biological mechanisms underlying these effects.

CONCLUSIONS

We report novel evidence suggesting that long-term increases in circulating caffeine may reduce bodyweight and the risk of osteoarthrosis and osteoarthritis. We confirm prior genetic evidence of a protective effect of plasma caffeine on risk of overweight and obesity. Further clinical study is warranted to understand the translational relevance of these findings before clinical practice or lifestyle interventions related to caffeine consumption are introduced.

Teadenol B as a Component of Microorganism-Fermented Tea Extract Inhibited Breast Cancers by Promoting Autophagy

Breast cancer is a significant threat to life and health, which needs more safe and effective drugs to be explored. Teadenol B is a characteristic chemical component of microbial fermented tea. This study discovered that teadenol B could exhibit obvious inhibitory effects on all four different clinical subtype characteristics of breast cancer cells. Proteomic studies show that deoxycytidine triphosphate deaminase (DCTD), which could block DNA synthesis and repair DNA damage, had the most significant and consistent reduction in all four types of breast cancer cells with the treatment of teadenol B. Considering MDA-MB-231 cells exhibit poor clinical prognosis and displayed substantial statistical differences in KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results, we investigated its impact on the size and growth of MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast tumors transplanted into nude mice and demonstrated that teadenol B significantly suppressed tumor growth without affecting body weight significantly. Finally, we found that the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II in MDA-MB-231 increased significantly with teadenol B treatment. This proved that teadenol B could be a strong autophagy promotor, which explained the down-regulation of DCTD to some extent and may be the potential mechanism underlying teadenol B's anti-breast cancer effects. This finding provides new evidence for drinking fermented tea to prevent breast cancer and highlights the potential of teadenol B as a novel therapeutic option for breast cancer prevention and treatment, necessitating further investigations to clarify its exact target and the details involved.

Coffee consumption and risk of kidney function decline in a Dutch population-based cohort

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Whether coffee consumption is associated with changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is unknown. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and annual eGFR change in a large Dutch population-based study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study was performed in 78,346 participants without chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study. Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline using food frequency questionnaires. Outcomes were annual eGFR change and a composite kidney outcome (defined as eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or >20 % eGFR decline). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of coffee consumption (categories and cups/day) with kidney outcomes. Overall, 90 % of the participants drank coffee daily and 36 % drank >2-4 cups/day. Unadjusted mean ± SD annual eGFR change ranged from -2.86 ± 2.96 (for non-coffee drinkers) to -2.35 ± 2.62 (for participants consuming >6 cups/day) mL/min per 1.73 m2. During 3.6 ± 0.9 years follow-up, 11.1 % of participants reached the composite kidney outcome. As compared to non-coffee drinkers, higher coffee consumption was associated with less annual eGFR decline in multivariable models (β [95 % CIs] ranged from 0.15 [0.07, 0.22] for >0-2 cups/day to 0.29 [0.20, 0.38] for >6 cups/day, P-trend <0.001). Consumption of one more cup of coffee per day was associated with a 3 % lower risk of the composite kidney outcome (OR [95%CI], 0.97 [0.96, 0.99]). The inverse association was more pronounced in a subgroup of individuals with diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Coffee consumption was inversely associated with annual eGFR change and CKD risk in a large Dutch population-based cohort.

Terahertz Spectroscopic Identification of Roast Degree and Variety of Coffee Beans

In this study, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was proposed to identify coffee of three different varieties and three different roasting degrees of one variety. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract features from frequency-domain spectral data, and the extracted features were used for classification prediction through linear discrimination (LD), support vector machine (SVM), naive Bayes (NB), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN). The classification effect and misclassification of the model were analyzed via confusion matrix. The coffee varieties, namely Catimor, Typica 1, and Typica 2, under the condition of shallow drying were used for comparative tests. The LD classification model combined with PCA had the best effect of dimension reduction classification, while the speed and accuracy reached 20 ms and 100%, respectively. The LD model was found with the highest speed (25 ms) and accuracy (100%) by comparing the classification results of Typica 1 for three different roasting degrees. The coffee bean quality detection method based on THz-TDS combined with a modeling analysis method had a higher accuracy, faster speed, and simpler operation, and it is expected to become an effective detection method in coffee identification.

The high-expression programming of SR-B1 mediates adrenal dysfunction in female offspring induced by prenatal caffeine exposure and its cholesterol accumulation mechanism

The cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis of adrenal are important for steroidogenesis. Our previous studies found that prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) can inhibit adrenal steroidogenesis in offspring, but whether the mechanism is related to local imbalance of cholesterol metabolism remains unknown. Here, we found that PCE inhibited adrenal steroidogenesis and increased the expression of cell pyroptosis and inflammatory-related indicators (NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β) in female adult offspring rats, and at the same time, the cholesterol levels in serum and adrenal gland also significantly increased. In vitro, the high level of cholesterol could inhibit adrenal corticosteroid synthesis through pyroptosis and an inflammatory response. It suggested that the low adrenal steroidogenesis in PCE female adult offspring is related to local cholesterol accumulation-mediated pyroptosis and inflammation. Furthermore, dating back to the intrauterine period, PCE increased the serum CORT level in female fetal rats, and increased the expression of the adrenal cholesterol intake gene SR-B1, which persisted after birth and even into adulthood. At the cellular level, silencing SR-B1 could reverse the increase of intracellular cholesterol content caused by high levels of cortisol in NCI-H295R cells. Finally, we confirmed that high concentrations of glucocorticoids increased the expression and H3K14ac level of the promoter region in SR-B1 by upregulating the GR/SREBP1/p300 pathway in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, we clarified that the high-expression programming of SR-B1 mediates adrenal dysfunction in PCE female offspring and its cholesterol accumulation mechanism, which provided a favorable basis for finding novel targets to prevent and treat fetal-originated diseases.