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Zhang W, Wu L, Qu R, Liu T, Wang J, Tong Y, Bei W, Guo J, Hu X. Hesperidin activates the GLP-1R/cAMP-CREB/IRS2/PDX1 pathway to promote transdifferentiation of islet α cells into β cells Across the spectrum. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35424. [PMID: 39220963 PMCID: PMC11365324 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims In all age, FoShou as a Chinese medicinal herb has been active in various kinds of Traditional Chinese medicine formula to treating diabetes. Hesperidin (HES), the main monomeric component of FoShou, has been extensively investigated for interventions with pathogenic mechanism of diabetes as well as subsequent treatment of associated complications. Islet β-cells have an essential effect on dynamically regulating blood sugar. Functional abnormalities in these cells and their death are strongly associated with the onset of diabetes. Therefore, induction of islet endocrine cell lineage re-editing for damaged βcell replenishment would be a promising therapeutic tool. Previously, it has been found that HES can protect islet β-cells in vivo, But, the regenerative function of HES in islet β cells and its role in promoting differential non-β cells transdifferentiation into β cells and cell fate rewriting associated mechanisms remain unclear.This work focused on investigating whether HES can induce islet α cells transdifferentiation into β cells for achieving damaged β cell regeneration and the causes and possible mechanisms involved in the process. Materials and methods In brief, 60 mg/kg/d streptozotocin (STZ) was administered intraperitoneally in each male C57bL/6J mouse raised by the high-sugar and high-fat diet (HFD) to create a diabetic mouse model with severe β-cell damage. After 28 consecutive days of HES treatment (160 mg/kg; 320 mg/kg; once daily, as appropriate). Tracing the dynamics of α as well as β cell transformation, together with β cells growth and apoptosis levels during treatment by cell lineage tracing. The self-enforcing transcriptional network on which the cell lineage is based is used as a clue to explore the underlying mechanisms. Guangdong Pharmaceutical University's Animal Experiment Ethics Committee (GDPulac2019180) approved all animal experiments. Results Localization by cell lineage we find that transdifferentiated newborn β-cells derived from α cells appeared in the islet endocrine cell mass of DM mice under HES'action. Compared to the model group, expressed by Tunel staining and CXCL10 levels the overall apoptosis rate of β-cells of the pancreas were reduced,the inflammatory infiltration feedback from HE staining were lower.Ki-67 positive cells showed enhanced β-cell proliferation. Decreased HbA1c and blood glucose contents, elevated C-Peptide and insulin contents which respond to ability of nascent beta cells. Also upregulated the mRNA levels of MafA, Ngn3, PDX-1, Pax4 and Arx. Moreover, increased the expression of TGR5/cAMP-CREB/GLP-1 in mouse intestinal tissues and GLP-1/GLP-1R and cAMP-CREB/IRS2/PDX-1 in pancreatic tissues. Conclusions HES directly affects β-cells, apart from being anti-apoptotic and reducing inflammatory infiltration. HES promotes GLP-1 release by intestinal L cells by activating the TGR5 receptor in DM mouse and regulating its response element CREB signaling. GLP-1 then uses the GLP-1/GLP-1R system to act on IRS2, IRS2 as a port to influence α precursor cells to express PDX-1, with the mobilization of Pax4 strong expression than Arx so that α cell lineage is finally reversed for achieving β cell endogenous proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lele Wu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ru Qu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Tong
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuguang Hu
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Alizadehmojarad AA, Yang S, Gong X, Strano MS. Analysis of Glucose Responsive Glucagon Therapeutics using Computational Models of the Glucoregulatory System. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401410. [PMID: 39205540 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Glucose-responsive glucagon (GRG) therapeutics are a promising technology for reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia as a complication of diabetes mellitus. Herein, the performance of candidate GRGs in the literature by modeling the kinetics of activation and connecting them as input into physiological glucoregulatory models is evaluated and projected the two distinct GRG designs, experimental results reported in Wu et al. (GRG-I) and Webber et al. (GRG-II) is considered. Both are evaluated using a multi-compartmental glucoregulatory model (IMPACT) and used to compare in-vivo experimental data of therapeutic performance in rats and mice. For GRG-I and GRG-II, the total integrated glucose material balances are overestimated by 41.5% ± 14% and underestimated by 24.8% ± 16% compared to in-vivo time-course data, respectively. These large differences to the relatively simple computational descriptions of glucagon dynamics in the model, which underscores the urgent need for improved glucagon models is attributed. Additionally, therapeutic insulin and glucagon infusion pumps are modeled for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) human subjects to extend the results to additional datasets. These observations suggest that both the representative physiological and non-physiological models considered in this work require additional refinement to successfully describe clinical data that involve simultaneous, coupled insulin, glucose, and glucagon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Alizadehmojarad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Wang KY, Gao MX, Qi HB, An WT, Lin JY, Ning SL, Yang F, Xiao P, Cheng J, Pan W, Cheng QX, Wang J, Fang L, Sun JP, Yu X. Differential contributions of G protein- or arrestin subtype-mediated signalling underlie urocortin 3-induced somatostatin secretion in pancreatic δ cells. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2600-2621. [PMID: 38613153 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pancreatic islets are modulated by cross-talk among different cell types and paracrine signalling plays important roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Urocortin 3 (UCN3) secreted by pancreatic β cells activates the CRF2 receptor (CRF2R) and downstream pathways mediated by different G protein or arrestin subtypes in δ cells to cause somatostatin (SST) secretion, and constitutes an important feedback circuit for glucose homeostasis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here, we used Arrb1-/-, Arrb2-/-, Gsfl/fl and Gqfl/fl knockout mice, the G11-shRNA-GFPfl/fl lentivirus, as well as functional assays and pharmacological characterization to study how the coupling of Gs, G11 and β-arrestin1 to CRF2R contributed to UCN3-induced SST secretion in pancreatic δ cells. KEY RESULTS Our study showed that CRF2R coupled to a panel of G protein and arrestin subtypes in response to UCN3 engagement. While RyR3 phosphorylation by PKA at the S156, S2706 and S4697 sites may underlie the Gs-mediated UCN3- CRF2R axis for SST secretion, the interaction of SYT1 with β-arrestin1 is also essential for efficient SST secretion downstream of CRF2R. The specific expression of the transcription factor Stat6 may contribute to G11 expression in pancreatic δ cells. Furthermore, we found that different UCN3 concentrations may have distinct effects on glucose homeostasis, and these effects may depend on different CRF2R downstream effectors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our results provide a landscape view of signalling mediated by different G protein or arrestin subtypes downstream of paracrine UCN3- CRF2R signalling in pancreatic β-δ-cell circuits, which may facilitate the understanding of fine-tuned glucose homeostasis networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Bo Qi
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Tao An
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shang-Lei Ning
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ampofo E, Pack M, Wrublewsky S, Boewe AS, Spigelman AF, Koch H, MacDonald PE, Laschke MW, Montenarh M, Götz C. CK2 activity is crucial for proper glucagon expression. Diabetologia 2024; 67:1368-1385. [PMID: 38503901 PMCID: PMC11153270 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Protein kinase CK2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin expression in pancreatic beta cells. This action is mainly mediated by phosphorylation of the transcription factor pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein 1 (PDX1). In pancreatic alpha cells, PDX1 acts in a reciprocal fashion on glucagon (GCG) expression. Therefore, we hypothesised that CK2 might positively regulate GCG expression in pancreatic alpha cells. METHODS We suppressed CK2 kinase activity in αTC1 cells by two pharmacological inhibitors and by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Subsequently, we analysed GCG expression and secretion by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, luciferase assay, ELISA and DNA pull-down assays. We additionally studied paracrine effects on GCG secretion in pseudoislets, isolated murine islets and human islets. In vivo, we examined the effect of CK2 inhibition on blood glucose levels by systemic and alpha cell-specific CK2 inhibition. RESULTS We found that CK2 downregulation reduces GCG secretion in the murine alpha cell line αTC1 (e.g. from 1094±124 ng/l to 459±110 ng/l) by the use of the CK2-inhibitor SGC-CK2-1. This was due to a marked decrease in Gcg gene expression through alteration of the binding of paired box protein 6 (PAX6) and transcription factor MafB to the Gcg promoter. The analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed that both transcription factors are displaced by PDX1. Ex vivo experiments in isolated murine islets and pseudoislets further demonstrated that CK2-mediated reduction in GCG secretion was only slightly affected by the higher insulin secretion after CK2 inhibition. The kidney capsule transplantation model showed the significance of CK2 for GCG expression and secretion in vivo. Finally, CK2 downregulation also reduced the GCG secretion in islets isolated from humans. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These novel findings not only indicate an important function of protein kinase CK2 for proper GCG expression but also demonstrate that CK2 may be a promising target for the development of novel glucose-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Pack
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Selina Wrublewsky
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anne S Boewe
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanna Koch
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthias W Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Montenarh
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Götz
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Kajani S, Laker RC, Ratkova E, Will S, Rhodes CJ. Hepatic glucagon action: beyond glucose mobilization. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1021-1060. [PMID: 38300523 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucagon's ability to promote hepatic glucose production has been known for over a century, with initial observations touting this hormone as a diabetogenic agent. However, glucagon receptor agonism [when balanced with an incretin, including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) to dampen glucose excursions] is now being developed as a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of metabolic diseases, like metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic disease/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH), and may also have benefit for obesity and chronic kidney disease. Conventionally regarded as the opposing tag-team partner of the anabolic mediator insulin, glucagon is gradually emerging as more than just a "catabolic hormone." Glucagon action on glucose homeostasis within the liver has been well characterized. However, growing evidence, in part thanks to new and sensitive "omics" technologies, has implicated glucagon as more than just a "glucose liberator." Elucidation of glucagon's capacity to increase fatty acid oxidation while attenuating endogenous lipid synthesis speaks to the dichotomous nature of the hormone. Furthermore, glucagon action is not limited to just glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism, as traditionally reported. Glucagon plays key regulatory roles in hepatic amino acid and ketone body metabolism, as well as mitochondrial turnover and function, indicating broader glucagon signaling consequences for metabolic homeostasis mediated by the liver. Here we examine the broadening role of glucagon signaling within the hepatocyte and question the current dogma, to appreciate glucagon as more than just that "catabolic hormone."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kajani
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Rhianna C Laker
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sarah Will
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
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Luo Y, Yang L, Wu H, Xu H, Peng J, Wang Y, Zhou F. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Comorbidity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Colorectal Cancer: Insights from Bulk Omics and Single-Cell Sequencing Validation. Biomolecules 2024; 14:693. [PMID: 38927096 PMCID: PMC11201668 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and colorectal cancer (CRC) has long been extensively recognized, but their crosstalk mechanisms based on gene regulation remain elusive. In our study, for the first time, bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq data were used to explore the shared molecular mechanisms between T2DM and CRC. Moreover, Connectivity Map and molecular docking were employed to determine potential drugs targeting the candidate targets. Eight genes (EVPL, TACSTD2, SOX4, ETV4, LY6E, MLXIPL, ENTPD3, UGP2) were identified as characteristic comorbidity genes for T2DM and CRC, with EVPL and ENTPD3 further identified as core comorbidity genes. Our results demonstrated that upregulation of EVPL and downregulation of ENTPD3 were intrinsic molecular features throughout T2DM and CRC and were significantly associated with immune responses, immune processes, and abnormal immune landscapes in both diseases. Single-cell analysis highlighted a cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subset that specifically expressed ENTPD3 in CRC, which exhibited high heterogeneity and unique tumor-suppressive features that were completely different from classical cancer-promoting CAFs. Furthermore, ENTPD3+ CAFs could notably predict immunotherapy response in CRC, holding promise to be an immunotherapy biomarker at the single-cell level. Finally, we identified that droperidol may be a novel drug simultaneously targeting EVPL and ENTPD3. In conclusion, previous studies have often focused solely on metabolic alterations common to T2DM and CRC. Our study establishes EVPL and ENTPD3 as characteristic molecules and immune biomarkers of comorbidity in T2DM and CRC patients, and emphasizes the importance of considering immunological mechanisms in the co-development of T2DM and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongge Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Wuhan 430071, China
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Koutny F, Wiemann D, Eckert A, Meyhöfer S, Fritsch M, Pappa A, Wiegand S, Weyer M, Wurm M, Weghuber D, Holl RW. Poorly controlled pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): An observational study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:1027-1037. [PMID: 38558281 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies have suggested a link between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in children and adolescent, but longitudinal evidence is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between poorly controlled T1D and elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serving as a proxy for MASLD in children and adolescents over time. METHODS The study included 32,325 children aged 2-17 years with T1D from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland who had undergone at least one assessment of liver enzyme levels recorded in the Diabetes-Patienten- Verlaufsdokumentation registry. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression models were calculated to show possible associations between T1D and elevated ALT values (>26 U/L in males, >22 U/L in females) as a proxy for MASLD. RESULTS Children with poorly controlled T1D (HbA1c > 11%) exhibited increased odds of elevated ALT values, after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration and overweight (odds ratio [OR] 2.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.10-3.10; p < 0.01). This finding is substantiated by a longitudinal analysis, which reveals that inadequately controlled T1D was associated with a higher hazard ratio (HR) of elevated ALT values compared to children with controlled T1D over an observation period extending up to 5.5 (HR: 1.54; 95% CI, 1.19-2.01; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the current study strongly links poorly controlled T1D in children and adolescents to MASLD irrespective of overweight. This association is not only present cross-sectionally but also increases over time. The study underscores the critical role of effective diabetes management in reducing the risk of MASLD in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Koutny
- Department of Human Medicine, PhD Medical Science, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine 2, Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Rheumatology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, University Hospital of St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Dagobert Wiemann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Eckert
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany, and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Fritsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Angeliki Pappa
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for social-pediatric care, Charité, Germany
| | - Marc Weyer
- Kamillus-Klinik Internal Medicine, Asbach, Germany
| | - Michael Wurm
- Department of Paediatrics, St. Hedwigs Campus, University Children's Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Weghuber
- Department of Human Medicine, PhD Medical Science, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Germany, and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Contreras-Zentella ML, Alatriste-Contreras MG, Suárez-Cuenca JA, Hernández-Muñoz R. Gender effect of glucose, insulin/glucagon ratio, lipids, and nitrogen-metabolites on serum HGF and EGF levels in patients with diabetes type 2. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1362305. [PMID: 38654922 PMCID: PMC11035728 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1362305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) exhibits potent growth-inducing properties across various tissues, while epidermal growth factor (EGF) acts as a molecular integration point for diverse stimuli. HGF plays a crucial role in hepatic metabolism, tissue repair, and offers protective effects on epithelial and non-epithelial organs, in addition to its involvement in reducing apoptosis and inflammation, underscoring its anti-inflammatory capabilities. The HGF-Met system is instrumental in hepatic metabolism and enhancing insulin sensitivity in animal diabetes models. Similarly, the EGF and its receptor tyrosine kinase family (EGFR) are critical in regulating cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation in both healthy and diseased states, with EGF also contributing to insulin sensitivity. In this observational study, we aimed to identify correlations between serum levels of HGF and EGF, insulin, glucagon, glucose, and primary serum lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), taking into account the impact of gender. We noted differences in the management of glucose, insulin, and glucagon between healthy men and women, potentially due to the distinct influences of sexual hormones on the development of type 2 DM. Additionally, metabolites such as glucose, albumin, direct bilirubin, nitrites, and ammonia might influence serum levels of growth factors and hormones. In summary, our results highlight the regulatory role of insulin and glucagon in serum glucose and lipids, along with variations in HGF and EGF levels, which are affected by gender. This link is especially significant in DM, where impaired cell proliferation or repair mechanisms lead to metabolic changes. The gender-based differences in growth factors point to their involvement in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lucinda Contreras-Zentella
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha Gabriela Alatriste-Contreras
- Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos, División de Estudios Profesionales, Facultad de Economía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Suárez-Cuenca
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General “Xoco”, Secretaría de Salud (SS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Hill TG, Hill DJ. The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4070. [PMID: 38612880 PMCID: PMC11012451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Hill
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David J. Hill
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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10
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Patel N, Dinesh S, Sharma S. From Gut to Glucose: A Comprehensive Review on Functional Foods and Dietary Interventions for Diabetes Management. Curr Diabetes Rev 2024; 20:e111023222081. [PMID: 37861021 DOI: 10.2174/0115733998266653231005072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the realm of diabetes research, considerable attention has been directed toward elucidating the intricate interplay between the gastrointestinal tract and glucose regulation. The gastrointestinal tract, once exclusively considered for its role in digestion and nutrient assimilation, is presently acknowledged as a multifaceted ecosystem with regulatory supremacy over metabolic homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Recent studies indicate that alterations in the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota could potentially influence the regulation of glucose levels and glucose homeostasis in the body. Dysbiosis, characterized by perturbations in the equilibrium of gut microbial constituents, has been irrevocably linked to an augmented risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, research has revealed the potential influence of the gut microbiota on important factors, like inflammation and insulin sensitivity, which are key contributors to the onset and progression of diabetes. The key protagonists implicated in the regulation of glucose encompass the gut bacteria, gut barrier integrity, and the gut-brain axis. A viable approach to enhance glycemic control while concurrently mitigating the burden of comorbidities associated with diabetes resides in the strategic manipulation of the gut environment through adapted dietary practices. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to provide a deep understanding of the complex relationship between gut health, glucose metabolism, and diabetes treatment. CONCLUSION This study has presented an exhaustive overview of dietary therapies and functional foods that have undergone extensive research to explore their potential advantages in the management of diabetes. It looks into the role of gut health in glucose regulation, discusses the impact of different dietary elements on the course of diabetes, and evaluates how well functional foods can help with glycemic control. Furthermore, it investigates the mechanistic aspects of these therapies, including their influence on insulin sensitivity, β-cell activity, and inflammation. It deliberates on the limitations and potential prospects associated with integrating functional foods into personalized approaches to diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Patel
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bengaluru 560043, India
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11
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Mishra P, Sahu A, Naik PK, Ravi PK. Islet Dimensions and Its Impact on the Cellular Composition and Insulin-Secreting Capacity: Insights Into the Role of Non-beta Cells. Cureus 2024; 16:e52428. [PMID: 38371125 PMCID: PMC10870337 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have underscored the significance of islet dimensions, encompassing i) the necessity for islets to maintain an optimal diameter to sustain functional activity; ii) larger islets exhibit an intermingled architecture of alpha and beta cells, enhancing functional activity through paracrine effects; iii) non-alpha/beta (NAB) cells play a significant role in regulating beta cells; and iv) there is a preferential loss of larger islets in cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To delve deeper into these aspects, the authors documented the cellular composition in islets of various dimensions and regions of the pancreas, along with their secreting capacity, using the expression of the myosin Va motor protein in nine non-diabetic adult human pancreases. The proportion of NAB cells was found to be higher in intermediate islets and significantly lower in smaller and larger islets. By comparing the differences in islet composition, where NAB cells increase from smaller to intermediate islets, leading to a decrease in the proportion of alpha and beta cells, and in larger islets, there is a higher proportion of beta and alpha cells similar to smaller islets, we propose the hypothesis that NAB cells proliferate as islets increase in size. Furthermore, in larger islets, these NAB cells convert into alpha and beta cells, resulting in the scattered, intermingled arrangement observed in larger islets. The higher intensity of myosin Va expression in the islets of the tail region, along with a similar proportion of NAB cells in intermediate islets of the tail region compared to larger islets, leads to decreased inhibitory stimuli to beta cells and an increased insulin-secreting capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravash Mishra
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Abhijit Sahu
- Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Pradeep K Naik
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Centre of Excellence in Natural Products and Therapeutics, Sambalpur University, Burla, IND
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12
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Adamson SE, Li ZA, Hughes JW. Beta cell primary cilia mediate somatostatin responsiveness via SSTR3. Islets 2023; 15:2252855. [PMID: 37660302 PMCID: PMC10478741 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2023.2252855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a paracrine modulator of insulin secretion and beta cell function with pleotropic effects on glucose homeostasis. The mechanism of somatostatin-mediated communication between delta and beta cells is not well-understood, which we address in this study via the ciliary somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3). Primary cilia are membrane organelles that act as signaling hubs in islets by virtue of their subcellular location and enrichment in signaling proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). We show that SSTR3, a ciliary GPCR, mediates somatostatin suppression of insulin secretion in mouse islets. Quantitative analysis of calcium flux using a mouse model of genetically encoded beta cell-specific GCaMP6f calcium reporter shows that somatostatin signaling alters beta cell calcium flux after physiologic glucose stimulation, an effect that depends on endogenous SSTR3 expression and the presence of intact primary cilia on beta cells. Comparative in vitro studies using SSTR isoform antagonists demonstrate a role for SSTR3 in mediating somatostatin regulation of insulin secretion in mouse islets. Our findings support a model in which ciliary SSTR3 mediates a distinct pathway of delta-to-beta cell regulatory crosstalk and may serve as a target for paracrine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Adamson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Zipeng A. Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Jing W. Hughes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
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Ang T, Mason SA, Dao GM, Bruce CR, Kowalski GM. The impact of a single dose of whey protein on glucose flux and metabolite profiles in normoglycemic males: insights into glucagon and insulin biology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E688-E699. [PMID: 37877796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates euglycemic glucagon and insulin secretion, a response that is particularly robust with rapidly absorbing proteins. Previously, we have shown that ingestion of repeated doses of rapidly absorbing whey protein equally stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) and glucose disposal (Rd), thus explaining the preservation of euglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine if a smaller single dose of whey could elicit a large enough glucagon and insulin response to stimulate glucose flux. Therefore, in normoglycemic young adult males (n = 10; age ∼26; BMI ∼25), using [6,6-2H2] glucose tracing and quantitative targeted metabolite profiling, we determined the metabolic response to a single 25 g "standard" dose of whey protein. Whey protein ingestion did not alter glycemia, but increased circulating glucagon (peak 4-fold basal), insulin (peak 6-fold basal), amino acids, and urea while also reducing free fatty acid (FFA) and glycerol concentrations. Interestingly, the postprandial insulin response was driven by both a stimulation of insulin secretion and marked reduction in hepatic insulin clearance. Whey protein ingestion resulted in a modest stimulation of EGP and Rd, both peaking at ∼20% above baseline 1 h after protein ingestion. These findings demonstrate that the ingestion of a single standard serving of whey protein can induce a euglycemic glucagon and insulin response that stimulates glucose flux. We speculate on a theory that could potentially explain how glucagon and insulin synergistically provide hardwired control of nitrogen and glucose homeostasis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Protein ingestion concurrently stimulates glucagon and insulin secretion. Here we show that in normoglycemic males, ingestion of a single "standard" 25 g serving of rapidly absorbing whey protein drives a sufficiently large glucagon and insulin response, such that it simultaneously increases endogenous glucose production and glucose disposal. We speculate on a novel theory that could potentially explain how the antagonistic/synergistic actions of glucagon and insulin simultaneously provide tight control of glucose and nitrogen homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Ang
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shaun A Mason
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giang M Dao
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Lahoti A, Singh A, Bisen YT, Bakshi AM. Cutaneous Manifestations and Neurological Diseases. Cureus 2023; 15:e47024. [PMID: 37965391 PMCID: PMC10642374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our skin and nervous system are tightly connected. Numerous dermatomes on our skin provide sensory information to the brain. Because skin changes can occasionally be the first sign of a neurological problem, understanding skin alterations is crucial as it can indicate early about the underlying condition, which can affect the prognosis of the disease. In these cases, the dermatologists' and neurologists' skills are complementary to each other. In this article, we have categorized diseases with neuro-cutaneous manifestations under different headings, such as infections, metabolic diseases, connective tissue disorders, genodermatoses, nutritional deficiency, and the diagnostic criteria of some commonly encountered diseases. Through tabulation, it has been observed that this categorization can serve as a useful reference for managing day-to-day patients who are either diagnosed with the diseases mentioned above or suspected to have the conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Lahoti
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Adarshlata Singh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Yuganshu T Bisen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amey M Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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15
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Riahi Y, Kogot-Levin A, Kadosh L, Agranovich B, Malka A, Assa M, Piran R, Avrahami D, Glaser B, Gottlieb E, Jackson F, Cerasi E, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Helman A, Leibowitz G. Hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes: altered amino acid metabolism triggers mTORC1 activation, which drives glucagon production. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1925-1942. [PMID: 37480416 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Hyperglycaemia is associated with alpha cell dysfunction, leading to dysregulated glucagon secretion in type 1 and type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms involved are still elusive. The nutrient sensor mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a major role in the maintenance of alpha cell mass and function. We studied the regulation of alpha cell mTORC1 by nutrients and its role in the development of hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes. METHODS Alpha cell mTORC1 activity was assessed by immunostaining for phosphorylation of its downstream target, the ribosomal protein S6, and glucagon, followed by confocal microscopy on pancreatic sections and flow cytometry on dispersed human and mouse islets and the alpha cell line, αTC1-6. Metabolomics and metabolic flux were studied by 13C glucose labelling in 2.8 or 16.7 mmol/l glucose followed by LC-MS analysis. To study the role of mTORC1 in mediating hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes, we generated an inducible alpha cell-specific Rptor knockout in the Akita mouse model of diabetes and tested the effects on glucose tolerance by IPGTT and on glucagon secretion. RESULTS mTORC1 activity was increased in alpha cells from diabetic Akita mice in parallel to the development of hyperglycaemia and hyperglucagonaemia (two- to eightfold increase). Acute exposure of mouse and human islets to amino acids stimulated alpha cell mTORC1 (3.5-fold increase), whereas high glucose concentrations inhibited mTORC1 (1.4-fold decrease). The mTORC1 response to glucose was abolished in human and mouse diabetic alpha cells following prolonged islet exposure to high glucose levels, resulting in sustained activation of mTORC1, along with increased glucagon secretion. Metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis showed that exposure to high glucose levels enhanced glycolysis, glucose oxidation and the synthesis of glucose-derived amino acids. In addition, chronic exposure to high glucose levels increased the expression of Slc7a2 and Slc38a4, which encode amino acid transporters, as well as the levels of branched-chain amino acids and methionine cycle metabolites (~1.3-fold increase for both). Finally, conditional Rptor knockout in alpha cells from adult diabetic mice inhibited mTORC1, thereby inhibiting glucagon secretion (~sixfold decrease) and improving diabetes, despite persistent insulin deficiency. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Alpha cell exposure to hyperglycaemia enhances amino acid synthesis and transport, resulting in sustained activation of mTORC1, thereby increasing glucagon secretion. mTORC1 therefore plays a major role in mediating alpha cell dysfunction in diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY All sequencing data are available from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository (accession no. GSE154126; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE154126 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Riahi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviram Kogot-Levin
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Liat Kadosh
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bella Agranovich
- Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Malka
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Michael Assa
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ron Piran
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fields Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aharon Helman
- Department of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Gil Leibowitz
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Martens L, Pfeiffer AFH. The Regulation and Secretion of Glucagon in Response to Nutrient Composition: Unraveling Their Intricate Mechanisms. Nutrients 2023; 15:3913. [PMID: 37764697 PMCID: PMC10536047 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon was initially regarded as a hyperglycemic substance; however, recent research has revealed its broader role in metabolism, encompassing effects on glucose, amino acids (AAs), and lipid metabolism. Notably, the interplay of glucagon with nutrient intake, particularly of AAs, and non-nutrient components is central to its secretion. Fasting and postprandial hyperglucagonemia have long been linked to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, recent studies have brought to light the positive impact of glucagon agonists on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. This review explores the multifaceted actions of glucagon, focusing on its regulation, signaling pathways, and effects on glucose, AAs, and lipid metabolism. The interplay between glucagon and other hormones, including insulin and incretins, is examined to provide a mechanistic understanding of its functions. Notably, the liver-α-cell axis, which involves glucagon and amino acids, emerges as a critical aspect of metabolic regulation. The dysregulation of glucagon secretion and its impact on conditions such as T2DM are discussed. The review highlights the potential therapeutic applications of targeting the glucagon pathway in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
| | - Yang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Lisa Martens
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
- Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (L.M.); (A.F.H.P.)
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Zhang J, Schäfer SM, Kabisch S, Csanalosi M, Schuppelius B, Kemper M, Markova M, Meyer NMT, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Keyhani-Nejad F, Rohn S, Pfeiffer AFH. Implication of sugar, protein and incretins in excessive glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes after mixed meals. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:467-476. [PMID: 36857956 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Amino acids powerfully release glucagon but their contribution to postprandial hyperglucagonemia in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. Exogenously applied GIP stimulates, while GLP-1 inhibits, glucagon secretion in humans. However, their role in mixed meals is unclear, which we therefore characterized. METHODS In three experiments, participants with type 2 diabetes and obese controls randomly received different loads of sugars and/or proteins. In the first experiment, participants ingested the rapidly cleaved saccharose (SAC) or slowly cleaved isomaltulose (ISO) which is known to elicit opposite profiles of GIP and GLP-1 secretion. In the second one participants received test meals which contained saccharose or isomaltulose in combination with milk protein. The third set of participants underwent randomized oral protein tests with whey protein or casein. Incretins, glucagon, C-peptide, and insulin were profiled by specific immunological assays. RESULTS 50 g of the sugars alone suppressed glucagon in controls but slightly less in type 2 diabetes patients. Participants with type 2 diabetes showed excessive glucagon responses within 15 min and lasting over 3 h, while the obese controls showed small initial and delayed greater glucagon responses to mixed meals. The release of GIP was significantly faster and greater with SAC compared to ISO, while GLP-1 showed an inverse pattern. The glucagon responses to whey or casein were only moderately increased in type 2 diabetes patients without a left shift of the dose response curve. CONCLUSIONS The rapid hypersecretion of glucagon after mixed meals in type 2 diabetes patients compared to controls is unaffected by endogenous incretins. The defective suppression of glucagon by glucose combined with hypersecretion to protein is required for the exaggerated response. CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBERS NCT03806920, NCT02219295, NCT04564391.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiudan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylva Mareike Schäfer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marta Csanalosi
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schuppelius
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margrit Kemper
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mariya Markova
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Marie Tosca Meyer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Reseach Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Dept. of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Farnaz Keyhani-Nejad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Hamburg School of Food Science, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum Für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Caruso I, Marrano N, Biondi G, Genchi VA, D'Oria R, Sorice GP, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Glucagon in type 2 diabetes: Friend or foe? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3609. [PMID: 36637256 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglucagonemia is one of the 'ominous' eight factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis by increasing hepatic glucose output to counterbalance insulin action. Long neglected, the introduction of dual and triple agonists exploiting glucagon signalling pathways has rekindled the interest in this hormone beyond its classic effect on glycaemia. Glucagon can promote weight loss by regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and brown and white adipose tissue functions through mechanisms still to be fully elucidated, thus its role in T2D pathogenesis should be further investigated. Moreover, the role of glucagon in the development of T2D micro- and macro-vascular complications is elusive. Mounting evidence suggests its beneficial effect in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, while few studies postulated its favourable role in peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy. Contrarily, glucagon receptor agonism might induce renal changes resembling diabetic nephropathy, and data concerning glucagon actions on the cardiovascular system are conflicting. This review aims to summarise the available findings on the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Further experimental and clinical data are warranted to better understand the implications of glucagon signalling modulation with new antidiabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caruso
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marrano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Biondi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Annamaria Genchi
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella D'Oria
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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19
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Wilkerson-Vidal QC, Wimalarathne M, Collins G, Wolfsberger JG, Clopp A, Mercado L, Fowler E, Gibson H, McConnell V, Martin S, Hunt EC, Vogler B, Love-Rutledge ST. Young adult male LEW.1WR1 rats have reduced beta cell area and develop glucose intolerance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 562:111837. [PMID: 36549462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prediabetes affects 1 in 3 American adults and is characterized by insulin resistance, insulin hypersecretion, and impaired glucose tolerance. Weanling LEW.1WR1 (1WR1) rats have increased blood insulin concentrations, so we hypothesized that young adult 1WR1 rats would develop impaired glucose tolerance due to the poor regulation of insulin. We monitored glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and weight gain for 10 weeks to assess if there was a decline in glucose processing over time. 1WR1 rats were significantly more glucose intolerant after 8 weeks. 1WR1 rats had increased body mass, yet abdominal fat mass was not significantly increased. Although the 1WR1 rats had increased circulating insulin and glucagon protein levels, 1WR1 rat beta cell area was significantly reduced. There may be underlying insulin resistance as evidenced by dysfunctional insulin regulation during fasting. Understanding the metabolic phenotype of this rat model can provide insight into the human pathophysiological changes that increase susceptibility to glucose intolerance and prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quiana C Wilkerson-Vidal
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Madushika Wimalarathne
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Genoah Collins
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - James Gerard Wolfsberger
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Amelia Clopp
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Luis Mercado
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Evann Fowler
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Helen Gibson
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Victoria McConnell
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Sidney Martin
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Emily C Hunt
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Bernhard Vogler
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Sharifa T Love-Rutledge
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
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20
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Bhargava A. Unraveling corticotropin-releasing factor family-orchestrated signaling and function in both sexes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:27-65. [PMID: 37717988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress responses to physical, psychological, environmental, or cellular stressors, has two arms: initiation and recovery. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is primarily responsible for regulating and/or initiating stress responses via, whereas urocortins (UCNs) are involved in the recovery response to stress via feedback inhibition. Stress is a loaded, polysemous word and is experienced in a myriad of ways. Some stressors are good for an individual, in fact essential, whereas other stressors are associated with bad outcomes. Perceived stress, like beauty, lies in the eye of the beholder, and hence the same stressor can result in individual-specific outcomes. In mammals, there are two main biological sexes with reproduction as primary function. Reproduction and nutrition can also be viewed as stressors; based on a body of work from my laboratory, we propose that the functions of all other organs have co-evolved to optimize and facilitate an individual's nutritional and reproductive functions. Hence, sex differences in physiologically relevant outcomes are innate and occur at all levels- molecular, endocrine, immune, and (patho)physiological. CRF and three UCNs are peptide hormones that mediate their physiological effects by binding to two known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), CRF1 and CRF2. Expression and function of CRF family of hormones and their receptors is likely to be sexually dimorphic in all organs. In this chapter, based on the large body of work from others and my laboratory, an overview of the CRF family with special emphasis on sex-specific actions of peripherally expressed CRF2 receptor in health and disease is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhargava
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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21
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A genetic strategy to measure insulin signaling regulation and physiology in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010619. [PMID: 36730473 PMCID: PMC9928101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin regulation is a hallmark of health, and impaired insulin signaling promotes metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus. However, current assays for measuring insulin signaling in all animals remain semi-quantitative and lack the sensitivity, tissue-specificity or temporal resolution needed to quantify in vivo physiological signaling dynamics. Insulin signal transduction is remarkably conserved across metazoans, including insulin-dependent phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/Protein kinase B. Here, we generated transgenic fruit flies permitting tissue-specific expression of an immunoepitope-labelled Akt (AktHF). We developed enzyme-linked immunosorption assays (ELISA) to quantify picomolar levels of phosphorylated (pAktHF) and total AktHF in single flies, revealing dynamic tissue-specific physiological regulation of pAktHF in response to fasting and re-feeding, exogenous insulin, or targeted genetic suppression of established insulin signaling regulators. Genetic screening revealed Pp1-87B as an unrecognized regulator of Akt and insulin signaling. Tools and concepts here provide opportunities to discover tissue-specific regulators of in vivo insulin signaling responses.
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Abstract
Plasma glucose is tightly regulated via the secretion of the two glucose-regulating hormones insulin and glucagon. Situated next to the insulin-secreting β-cells, the α-cells produce and secrete glucagon-one of the body's few blood glucose-increasing hormones. Diabetes is a bihormonal disorder, resulting from both inadequate insulin secretion and dysregulation of glucagon. The year 2023 marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon, making it particularly timely to highlight the roles of this systemic metabolic messenger in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E MacDonald
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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23
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Scheen AJ, Lefèbvre PJ. Glucagon, from past to present: a century of intensive research and controversies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:129-138. [PMID: 36566754 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
2022 corresponds to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of glucagon. This TimeCapsule aims to recall the main steps leading to the discovery, characterisation, and clinical importance of the so-called second pancreatic hormone. We describe the early historical findings in basic research (ie, discovery, purification, structure, α-cell origin, radioimmunoassay, glucagon gene [GCG], and glucagon receptor [GLR]), in which three future Nobel Prize laureates were actively involved. Considered as an anti-insulin hormone, glucagon was rapidly used to treat insulin-induced hypoglycaemic coma episodes in people with type 1 diabetes. A key step in the story of glucagon was the discovery of its role and the role of α cells in the physiology and pathophysiology (ie, paracrinopathy) of type 2 diabetes. This concept led to the design of different strategies targeting glucagon, among which GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists were a major breakthrough, and combination of inhibition of glucagon secretion with stimulation of insulin secretion (both in a glucose-dependent manner). Taking advantage of the glucagon-induced increase in energy metabolism, biased coagonists were developed. Besides the GLP-1 receptor, these coagonists also target the glucagon receptor to further promote weight loss. Thus, the 100-year story of glucagon has most probably not come to an end.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Pierre J Lefèbvre
- Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of medicine, CHU Liège, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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24
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Kalwat MA, Rodrigues-dos-Santos K, Binns DD, Wei S, Zhou A, Evans MR, Posner BA, Roth MG, Cobb MH. Small molecule glucagon release inhibitors with activity in human islets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1114799. [PMID: 37152965 PMCID: PMC10157210 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Type 1 diabetes (T1D) accounts for an estimated 5% of all diabetes in the United States, afflicting over 1.25 million individuals. Maintaining long-term blood glucose control is the major goal for individuals with T1D. In T1D, insulin-secreting pancreatic islet β-cells are destroyed by the immune system, but glucagon-secreting islet α-cells survive. These remaining α-cells no longer respond properly to fluctuating blood glucose concentrations. Dysregulated α-cell function contributes to hyper- and hypoglycemia which can lead to macrovascular and microvascular complications. To this end, we sought to discover small molecules that suppress α-cell function for their potential as preclinical candidate compounds. Prior high-throughput screening identified a set of glucagon-suppressing compounds using a rodent α-cell line model, but these compounds were not validated in human systems. Results Here, we dissociated and replated primary human islet cells and exposed them to 24 h treatment with this set of candidate glucagon-suppressing compounds. Glucagon accumulation in the medium was measured and we determined that compounds SW049164 and SW088799 exhibited significant activity. Candidate compounds were also counter-screened in our InsGLuc-MIN6 β-cell insulin secretion reporter assay. SW049164 and SW088799 had minimal impact on insulin release after a 24 h exposure. To further validate these hits, we treated intact human islets with a selection of the top candidates for 24 h. SW049164 and SW088799 significantly inhibited glucagon release into the medium without significantly altering whole islet glucagon or insulin content. In concentration-response curves SW088799 exhibited significant inhibition of glucagon release with an IC50 of 1.26 µM. Conclusion Given the set of tested candidates were all top hits from the primary screen in rodent α-cells, this suggests some conservation of mechanism of action between human and rodents, at least for SW088799. Future structure-activity relationship studies of SW088799 may aid in elucidating its protein target(s) or enable its use as a tool compound to suppress α-cell activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Kalwat
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael A. Kalwat, ;
| | - Karina Rodrigues-dos-Santos
- Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Derk D. Binns
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Anwu Zhou
- Department Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Matthew R. Evans
- Department Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Department Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michael G. Roth
- Department Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Melanie H. Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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25
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Panzer JK, Tamayo A, Caicedo A. Restoring glutamate receptor signaling in pancreatic alpha cells rescues glucagon responses in type 1 diabetes. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111792. [PMID: 36516761 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells is crucial to prevent hypoglycemia. People with type 1 diabetes lose this glucoregulatory mechanism and are susceptible to dangerous hypoglycemia for reasons still unclear. Here we determine that alpha cells in living pancreas slices from donors with type 1 diabetes do not mount an adequate glucagon response and cannot activate the positive autocrine feedback mediated by AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors. This feedback is required to elicit full glucagon responses in the healthy state. Reactivating residual AMPA/kainate receptor function with positive allosteric modulators restores glucagon secretion in human slices from donors with type 1 diabetes as well as glucose counterregulation in non-obese diabetic mice. Our study thus identifies a defect in autocrine signaling that contributes to alpha cell failure. The use of positive allosteric modulators of AMPA/kainate receptors overcomes this deficiency and prevents hypoglycemia, an effect that could be used to improve the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Panzer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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26
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Arjunolic acid from Cyclocarya paliurus selectively inhibits glucagon secretion from α cells and ameliorates diabetes via ephrin-A1 and EphA4 interaction. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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27
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Klempel N, Thomas K, Conlon JM, Flatt PR, Irwin N. Alpha-cells and therapy of diabetes: Inhibition, antagonism or death? Peptides 2022; 157:170877. [PMID: 36108978 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Absolute or relative hyperglucagonaemia is a characteristic of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, resulting in fasting hyperglycaemia due in part to increased hepatic glucose production and lack of postprandial suppression of circulating glucagon concentrations. Consequently, therapeutics that target glucagon secretion or biological action may be effective antidiabetic agents. In this regard, specific glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists have been developed that exhibit impressive glucose-lowering actions, but unfortunately may cause off-target adverse effects in humans. Further to this, several currently approved antidiabetic agents, including GLP-1 mimetics, DPP-4 inhibitors, metformin, sulphonylureas and pramlintide likely exert part of their glucose homeostatic actions through direct or indirect inhibition of GCGR signalling. In addition to agents that inhibit the release of glucagon, compounds that enhance the transdifferentiation of glucagon secreting alpha-cells towards an insulin positive beta-cell phenotype could also help curb excess glucagon secretion in diabetes. Use of alpha-cell toxins represents another possible strategy to address hyperglucagonaemia in diabetes. In that respect, research from the 1920 s with diguanides such as synthalin A demonstrated effective glucose-lowering with alpha-cell ablation in both animal models and humans with diabetes. However, further clinical use of synthalin A was curtailed due its adverse effects and the increased availability of insulin. Overall, these observations with therapeutics that directly target alpha-cells, or GCGR signaling, highlight a largely untapped potential for diabetes therapy that merits further detailed consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Klempel
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Keith Thomas
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - J Michael Conlon
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
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28
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Kim NY, Lim CM, Park HM, Kim J, Pham TH, Yang Y, Lee HP, Hong JT, Yoon DY. MMPP promotes adipogenesis and glucose uptake via binding to the PPARγ ligand binding domain in 3T3-L1 MBX cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:994584. [PMID: 36339572 PMCID: PMC9634037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.994584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis, and its transcriptional activity depends on its ligands. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), well-known PPARγ agonists, are drugs that improve insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. However, TZDs are associated with severe adverse effects. As current therapies are not well designed, novel PPARγ agonists have been investigated in adipocytes. (E)-2-methoxy-4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl) prop-1-en-1-yl) phenol (MMPP) is known to have anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. In this study, we demonstrated the adipogenic effects of MMPP on the regulation of PPARγ transcriptional activity during adipocyte differentiation in vitro. MMPP treatment increased PPARγ transcriptional activity, and molecular docking studies revealed that MMPP binds directly to the PPARγ ligand binding domain. MMPP and rosiglitazone showed similar binding affinities to the PPARγ. MMPP significantly promoted lipid accumulation in adipocyte cells and increased the expression of C/EBPβ and the levels of p-AKT, p-GSK3, and p-AMPKα at an early stage. MMPP enhanced the expression of adipogenic markers such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, FAS, ACC, GLUT4, FABP4 and adiponectin in the late stage. MMPP also improved insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake. Thus, MMPP, as a PPARγ agonist, may be a potential drug for type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders, which may help increase adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Min Lim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinju Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thu-Huyen Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Pom Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy & Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Do-Young Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Van Name M, Sherr J. When insulin isn't enough: targeting glucagon in type 1 diabetes. Nat Med 2022; 28:2007-2008. [PMID: 36192555 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Van Name
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Sherr
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT, USA.
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30
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Petersen MC, Gallop MR, Flores Ramos S, Zarrinpar A, Broussard JL, Chondronikola M, Chaix A, Klein S. Complex physiology and clinical implications of time-restricted eating. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1991-2034. [PMID: 35834774 PMCID: PMC9423781 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary intervention that limits food consumption to a specific time window each day. The effect of TRE on body weight and physiological functions has been extensively studied in rodent models, which have shown considerable therapeutic effects of TRE and important interactions among time of eating, circadian biology, and metabolic homeostasis. In contrast, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the effect of TRE in people because of the heterogeneity in results, TRE regimens, and study populations. In this review, we 1) provide a background of the history of meal consumption in people and the normal physiology of eating and fasting; 2) discuss the interaction between circadian molecular metabolism and TRE; 3) integrate the results of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the effects of TRE on body weight and physiological functions; 4) summarize other time-related dietary interventions that have been studied in people; and 4) identify current gaps in knowledge and provide a framework for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Molly R Gallop
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephany Flores Ramos
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Amir Zarrinpar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Veterans Affairs San Diego Health System, La Jolla, California
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Departments of Nutrition and Radiology, University of California, Davis, California
- Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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31
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Toren E, Liu Y, Bethea M, Wade A, Hunter CS. The Ldb1 transcriptional co-regulator is required for establishment and maintenance of the pancreatic endocrine lineage. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22460. [PMID: 35881062 PMCID: PMC9397370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200410r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet cell development is regulated by transcription factors (TFs) that mediate embryonic progenitor differentiation toward mature endocrine cells. Prior studies from our lab and others showed that the islet-enriched TF, Islet-1 (Isl1), interacts with the broadly-expressed transcriptional co-regulator, Ldb1, to regulate islet cell maturation and postnhyperatal function (by embryonic day (E)18.5). However, Ldb1 is expressed in the developing pancreas prior to Isl1 expression, notably in multipotent progenitor cells (MPCs) marked by Pdx1 and endocrine progenitors (EPs) expressing Neurogenin-3 (Ngn3). MPCs give rise to the endocrine and exocrine pancreas, while Ngn3+ EPs specify pancreatic islet endocrine cells. We hypothesized that Ldb1 is required for progenitor identity in MPC and EP populations during development to impact islet appearance and function. To test this, we generated a whole-pancreas Ldb1 knockout, termed Ldb1ΔPanc , and observed severe developmental and postnatal pancreas defects including disorganized progenitor pools, a significant reduction of Ngn3-expressing EPs, Pdx1HI β-cells, and early hormone+ cells. Ldb1ΔPanc neonates presented with severe hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and drastically reduced hormone expression in islets, yet no change in total pancreas mass. This supports the endocrine-specific actions of Ldb1. Considering this, we also developed an endocrine-enriched model of Ldb1 loss, termed Ldb1ΔEndo . We observed similar dysglycemia in this model, as well as a loss of islet identity markers. Through in vitro and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments, we found that Ldb1 occupies key Pdx1 and Ngn3 promoter domains. Our findings provide insight into novel regulation of endocrine cell differentiation that may be vital toward improving cell-based diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Toren
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yanping Liu
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maigen Bethea
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexa Wade
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chad S Hunter
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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32
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Ursino G, Ramadori G, Höfler A, Odouard S, Teixeira PDS, Visentin F, Veyrat-Durebex C, Lucibello G, Firnkes R, Ricci S, Vianna CR, Jia L, Dirlewanger M, Klee P, Elmquist JK, Roth J, Vogl T, Schwitzgebel VM, Jornayvaz FR, Boland A, Coppari R. Hepatic non-parenchymal S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis normalizes diabetic ketogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4107. [PMID: 35840613 PMCID: PMC9287425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrestrained ketogenesis leads to life-threatening ketoacidosis whose incidence is high in patients with diabetes. While insulin therapy reduces ketogenesis this approach is sub-optimal. Here, we report an insulin-independent pathway able to normalize diabetic ketogenesis. By generating insulin deficient male mice lacking or re-expressing Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) only in liver or hepatocytes, we demonstrate that hepatic TLR4 in non-parenchymal cells mediates the ketogenesis-suppressing action of S100A9. Mechanistically, S100A9 acts extracellularly to activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in a TLR4-dependent manner. Accordingly, hepatic-restricted but not hepatocyte-restricted loss of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 (TSC1, an mTORC1 inhibitor) corrects insulin-deficiency-induced hyperketonemia. Therapeutically, recombinant S100A9 administration restrains ketogenesis and improves hyperglycemia without causing hypoglycemia in diabetic mice. Also, circulating S100A9 in patients with ketoacidosis is only marginally increased hence unveiling a window of opportunity to pharmacologically augment S100A9 for preventing unrestrained ketogenesis. In summary, our findings reveal the hepatic S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis in non-parenchymal cells as a promising therapeutic target for restraining diabetic ketogenesis. Excess ketogenesis can lead to ketoacidosis, a serious complication in patients with diabetes. Here the authors report an insulin independent pathway, the hepatic nonparenchymal S100A9-TLR4-mTORC1 axis, that is able to normalize diabetic ketogenesis and pre-clinical data to suggest potential for development of S100A9 based adjunctive therapy to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ursino
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ramadori
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Höfler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soline Odouard
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Visentin
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Veyrat-Durebex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Lucibello
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Firnkes
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serena Ricci
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudia R Vianna
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lin Jia
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Mirjam Dirlewanger
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Klee
- Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Munster, 48149, Munster, Germany
| | - Valérie M Schwitzgebel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic patient education, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boland
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wu Y, Wong CW, Chiles EN, Mellinger AL, Bae H, Jung S, Peterson T, Wang J, Negrete M, Huang Q, Wang L, Jang C, Muddiman DC, Su X, Williamson I, Shen X. Glycerate from intestinal fructose metabolism induces islet cell damage and glucose intolerance. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1042-1053.e6. [PMID: 35688154 PMCID: PMC9897509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fructose, especially in the context of a high-fat western diet, has been linked to type 2 diabetes. Although the effect of fructose on liver metabolism has been extensively studied, a significant portion of the fructose is first metabolized in the small intestine. Here, we report that dietary fat enhances intestinal fructose metabolism, which releases glycerate into the blood. Chronic high systemic glycerate levels induce glucose intolerance by slowly damaging pancreatic islet cells and reducing islet sizes. Our findings provide a link between dietary fructose and diabetes that is modulated by dietary fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Chi Wut Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric N Chiles
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Allyson L Mellinger
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ted Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jamie Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Marcos Negrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710004, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Shared Resource, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ian Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Laurenti MC, Arora P, Dalla Man C, Andrews JC, Rizza RA, Matveyenko A, Bailey KR, Cobelli C, Vella A. The relationship between insulin and glucagon concentrations in non-diabetic humans. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15380. [PMID: 35822422 PMCID: PMC9277417 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal postprandial suppression of glucagon in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has been attributed to impaired insulin secretion. Prior work suggests that insulin and glucagon show an inverse coordinated relationship. However, dysregulation of α-cell function in prediabetes occurs early and independently of changes in β-cells, which suggests insulin having a less significant role on glucagon control. We therefore, sought to examine whether hepatic vein hormone concentrations provide evidence to further support the modulation of glucagon secretion by insulin. As part of a series of experiments to measure the effect of diabetes-associated genetic variation in TCF7L2 on islet cell function, hepatic vein insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured at 2-minute intervals during fasting and a hyperglycemic clamp. The experiment was performed on 29 nondiabetic subjects (age = 46 ± 2 years, BMI 28 ± 1 Kg/m2 ) and enabled post-hoc analysis, using Cross-Correlation and Cross-Approximate Entropy (Cross-ApEn) to evaluate the interaction of insulin and glucose. Mean insulin concentrations rose from fasting (33 ± 4 vs. 146 ± 12 pmol/L, p < 0.01) while glucagon was suppressed (96 ± 8 vs. 62 ± 5 ng/L, p < 0.01) during the clamp. Cross-ApEn was used to measure pattern reproducibility in the two hormones using glucagon as control mechanism (0.78 ± 0.03 vs. 0.76 ± 0.03, fasting vs. hyperglycemia) and using insulin as a control mechanism (0.78 ± 0.02 vs. 0.76 ± 0.03, fasting vs. hyperglycemia). Values did not differ between the two scenarios. Cross-correlation analysis demonstrated a small in-phase coordination between insulin and glucagon concentrations during fasting, which inverted during hyperglycemia. This data suggests that the interaction between the two hormones is not driven by either. On a minute-to-minute basis, direct control and secretion of glucagon is not mediated (or restrained) by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello C. Laurenti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & MetabolismEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Biomedical Engineering and Physiology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Praveer Arora
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & MetabolismEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Chiara Dalla Man
- Department of Information EngineeringUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - James C. Andrews
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Robert A. Rizza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & MetabolismEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & MetabolismEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kent R. Bailey
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Claudio Cobelli
- Department of Woman and Child's HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & MetabolismEndocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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35
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Wendt A, Eliasson L. Pancreatic alpha cells and glucagon secretion: Novel functions and targets in glucose homeostasis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102199. [PMID: 35245797 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of dysregulation of both insulin and glucagon. Still, insulin has attracted much more attention than glucagon. Glucagon is released from alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans in response to low glucose and certain amino acids. Drugs with the primary aim of targeting glucagon signalling are scarce. However, glucagon is often administered to counteract severe hypoglycaemia, and commonly used diabetes medications such as GLP-1 analogues, sulfonylureas and SGLT2-inhibitors also affect alpha cells. Indeed, there are physiological and developmental similarities between the alpha cell and the insulin-secreting beta cell and new data confirm that alpha cells can be converted into insulin-secreting cells. These aspects and attributes, the need to find novel therapies targeting the alpha cell and more are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wendt
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, SUS, Malmö, Sweden.
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36
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Moullé VS. Autonomic control of pancreatic beta cells: What is known on the regulation of insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation in rodents and humans. Peptides 2022; 148:170709. [PMID: 34896576 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation are tightly regulated by several signals such as hormones, nutrients, and neurotransmitters. However, the autonomic control of beta cells is not fully understood. In this review, we describe mechanisms involved in insulin secretion as well as metabolic and mitogenic actions on its target tissues. Since pancreatic islets are physically connected to the brain by nerves, parasympathetic and sympathetic neurotransmitters can directly potentiate or repress insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation. Finally, we highlight the role of the autonomic nervous system in metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
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37
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Makarchikov AF, Kudyrka TG, Luchko TA, Yantsevich AV, Rusina IM, Makar AA, Kolas IK, Usanov SA. Synthesis, physico-chemical properties and effect of adenosine thiamine triphosphate on vitamin B 1 metabolism in the liver of alloxan diabetic rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130086. [PMID: 35016976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP) is a nucleotide discovered in bacteria and some other living organisms more than a decade ago. No biochemical function for AThTP has been established yet, however, experimental data available indicate its possible involvement in metabolic regulation or cell signaling. Metabolism of AThTP in mammals, as well as the feasibility of its pharmacological application, is essentially unstudied. METHODS Preparative low-pressure chromatography was employed to purify chemically synthesized AThTP with its further analysis by mass spectrometry, HPLC, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy. Enzyme activity assays along with HPLC were used to examine the effects of AThTP and thiamine on vitamin B1 metabolism in the liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. RESULTS An improved procedure for AThTP synthesis and purification is elaborated. Solution stability, optical spectral properties and the molar absorption coefficient for AThTP were determined. The levels of thiamine compounds were found to be increased in the liver of diabetic rats. Neither AThTP nor thiamine treatment affected hepatic vitamin B1 metabolism. Fasting blood glucose concentration was also unchangeable after AThTP or thiamine administration. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Contrast to the widespread view about thiamine deficiency in diabetes, our results clearly shows an adaptive increase in the level of B1 vitamers in the liver of alloxan diabetic rats with no further rising after AThTP or thiamine treatment at a moderate dose. Neither AThTP nor thiamine is effective in glycaemic control. These findings are to be considered in future studies dealing with thiamine or its analogues application to correct metabolic disturbances in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Makarchikov
- Grodno State Agrarian University, 28 Tereshkova St., Grodno 230008, Belarus; Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus.
| | - Tatsiana G Kudyrka
- Grodno State Agrarian University, 28 Tereshkova St., Grodno 230008, Belarus; Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Tatyana A Luchko
- Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Aliaksei V Yantsevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 5/2 Kuprevicha St., Minsk 220141, Belarus
| | - Iryna M Rusina
- Grodno State Agrarian University, 28 Tereshkova St., Grodno 230008, Belarus; Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Alena A Makar
- Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Iryna K Kolas
- Grodno State Agrarian University, 28 Tereshkova St., Grodno 230008, Belarus; Institute of Biochemistry of Biologically Active Compounds, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 50 BLK, Grodno 230030, Belarus
| | - Sergey A Usanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 5/2 Kuprevicha St., Minsk 220141, Belarus
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Memaj P, Jornayvaz FR. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 1 diabetes: Prevalence and pathophysiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1031633. [PMID: 36531463 PMCID: PMC9752856 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1031633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent chronic liver disease in the general population with a global prevalence of 25%. It is often associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, as insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are known to be favoring factors. Recent studies have described growing incidence of NAFLD in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as well. Although increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in these patients seems to explain part of this increase in NAFLD, other underlying mechanisms may participate in the emergence of NAFLD. Notably, some genetic factors are more associated with fatty liver disease, but their prevalence in T1D has not been evaluated. Moreover, oxidative stress, poor glucose control and long-lasting hyperglycemia, as well as exogenous insulin administration play an important role in intrahepatic fat homeostasis. The main differential diagnosis of NAFLD in T1D is glycogenic hepatopathy, which needs to be considered mostly in T1D patients with poor glycemic control. This article aims to review the prevalence and pathophysiology of NAFLD in T1D and open perspectives for clinicians taking care of T1D patients with potential hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plator Memaj
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R. Jornayvaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: François R. Jornayvaz,
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Langlois A, Dumond A, Vion J, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Crosstalk Communications Between Islets Cells and Insulin Target Tissue: The Hidden Face of Iceberg. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836344. [PMID: 35185804 PMCID: PMC8851682 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of insulin secretion is under control of a complex inter-organ/cells crosstalk involving various metabolites and/or physical connections. In this review, we try to illustrate with current knowledge how β-cells communicate with other cell types and organs in physiological and pathological contexts. Moreover, this review will provide a better understanding of the microenvironment and of the context in which β-cells exist and how this can influence their survival and function. Recent studies showed that β-cell insulin secretion is regulated also by a direct and indirect inter-organ/inter-cellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of "the hidden face of the iceberg". Moreover, any disruption on the physiological communication between β-cells and other cells or organs can participate on diabetes onset. Therefore, for new anti-diabetic treatments' development, it is necessary to consider the entire network of cells and organs involved in the regulation of β-cellular function and no longer just β-cell or pancreatic islet alone. In this context, we discuss here the intra-islet communication, the β-cell/skeletal muscle, β-cell/adipose tissue and β-cell/liver cross talk.
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40
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Hughson BN. The Glucagon-Like Adipokinetic Hormone in Drosophila melanogaster - Biosynthesis and Secretion. Front Physiol 2021; 12:710652. [PMID: 35002748 PMCID: PMC8733639 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.710652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis requires the precise regulation of circulating sugar titers. In mammals, homeostatic control of circulating sugar titers requires the coordinated secretion and systemic activities of glucagon and insulin. Metabolic homeostasis is similarly regulated in Drosophila melanogaster through the glucagon-like adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and the Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs). In flies and mammals, glucagon and AKH are biosynthesized in and secreted from specialized endocrine cells. KATP channels borne on these cells respond to fluctuations in circulating glucose titers and thereby regulate glucagon secretion. The influence of glucagon in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is now recognized, and a crucial mechanism that regulates glucagon secretion was reported nearly a decade ago. Ongoing efforts to develop D. melanogaster models for metabolic syndrome must build upon this seminal work. These efforts make a critical review of AKH physiology timely. This review focuses on AKH biosynthesis and the regulation of glucose-responsive AKH secretion through changes in CC cell electrical activity. Future directions for AKH research in flies are discussed, including the development of models for hyperglucagonemia and epigenetic inheritance of acquired metabolic traits. Many avenues of AKH physiology remain to be explored and thus present great potential for improving the utility of D. melanogaster in metabolic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon N. Hughson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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41
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Mertens J, De Block C, Spinhoven M, Driessen A, Francque SM, Kwanten WJ. Hepatopathy Associated With Type 1 Diabetes: Distinguishing Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease From Glycogenic Hepatopathy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768576. [PMID: 34759828 PMCID: PMC8573337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells results in the permanent loss of insulin production in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The daily necessity to inject exogenous insulin to treat hyperglycemia leads to a relative portal vein insulin deficiency and potentiates hypoglycemia which can induce weight gain, while daily fluctuations of blood sugar levels affect the hepatic glycogen storage and overall metabolic control. These, among others, fundamental characteristics of T1D are associated with the development of two distinct, but in part clinically similar hepatopathies, namely non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and glycogen hepatopathy (GlyH). Recent studies suggest that NAFLD may be increasingly common in T1D because more people with T1D present with overweight and/or obesity, linked to the metabolic syndrome. GlyH is a rare but underdiagnosed complication hallmarked by extremely brittle metabolic control in, often young, individuals with T1D. Both hepatopathies share clinical similarities, troubling both diagnosis and differentiation. Since NAFLD is increasingly associated with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease, whereas GlyH is considered self-limiting, awareness and differentiation between both condition is important in clinical care. The exact pathogenesis of both hepatopathies remains obscure, hence licensed pharmaceutical therapy is lacking and general awareness amongst physicians is low. This article aims to review the factors potentially contributing to fatty liver disease or glycogen storage disruption in T1D. It ends with a proposal for clinicians to approach patients with T1D and potential hepatopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mertens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Spinhoven
- Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ann Driessen
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,CORE, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sven M Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wilhelmus J Kwanten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Abstract
β-Cells in the islet of Langerhans have a central role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Understanding the physiology of β-cells and other islet cells requires a deep understanding of their structural and functional organization, their interaction with vessels and nerves, the layout of paracrine interactions, and the relationship between subcellular compartments and protein complexes inside each cell. These elements are not static; they are dynamic and exert their biological actions at different scales of time. Therefore, scientists must be able to investigate (and visualize) short- and long-lived events within the pancreas and β-cells. Current technological advances in microscopy are able to bridge multiple spatiotemporal scales in biology to reveal the complexity and heterogeneity of β-cell biology. Here, I briefly discuss the historical discoveries that leveraged microscopes to establish the basis of β-cell anatomy and structure, the current imaging platforms that allow the study of islet and β-cell biology at multiple scales of resolution, and their challenges and implications. Lastly, I outline how the remarkable longevity of structural elements at different scales in biology, from molecules to cells to multicellular structures, could represent a previously unrecognized organizational pattern in developing and adult β-cells and pancreas biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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43
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Krentz NAJ, Shea LD, Huising MO, Shaw JAM. Restoring normal islet mass and function in type 1 diabetes through regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021; 9:708-724. [PMID: 34480875 PMCID: PMC10881068 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterised by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cell mass. With the advent of insulin therapy a century ago, type 1 diabetes changed from a progressive, fatal disease to one that requires lifelong complex self-management. Replacing the lost β-cell mass through transplantation has proven successful, but limited donor supply and need for lifelong immunosuppression restricts widespread use. In this Review, we highlight incremental advances over the past 20 years and remaining challenges in regenerative medicine approaches to restoring β-cell mass and function in type 1 diabetes. We begin by summarising the role of endocrine islets in glucose homoeostasis and how this is altered in disease. We then discuss the potential regenerative capacity of the remaining islet cells and the utility of stem cell-derived β-like cells to restore β-cell function. We conclude with tissue engineering approaches that might improve the engraftment, function, and survival of β-cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A J Krentz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Surgery, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James A M Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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44
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Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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45
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Kim SK, Tsao DD, Suh GSB, Miguel-Aliaga I. Discovering signaling mechanisms governing metabolism and metabolic diseases with Drosophila. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1279-1292. [PMID: 34139200 PMCID: PMC8612010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There has been rapid growth in the use of Drosophila and other invertebrate systems to dissect mechanisms governing metabolism. New assays and approaches to physiology have aligned with superlative genetic tools in fruit flies to provide a powerful platform for posing new questions, or dissecting classical problems in metabolism and disease genetics. In multiple examples, these discoveries exploit experimental advantages as-yet unavailable in mammalian systems. Here, we illustrate how fly studies have addressed long-standing questions in three broad areas-inter-organ signaling through hormonal or neural mechanisms governing metabolism, intestinal interoception and feeding, and the cellular and signaling basis of sexually dimorphic metabolism and physiology-and how these findings relate to human (patho)physiology. The imaginative application of integrative physiology and related approaches in flies to questions in metabolism is expanding, and will be an engine of discovery, revealing paradigmatic features of metabolism underlying human diseases and physiological equipoise in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Deborah D Tsao
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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46
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Ng XW, Chung YH, Piston DW. Intercellular Communication in the Islet of Langerhans in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2191-2225. [PMID: 34190340 PMCID: PMC8985231 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose homeostasis requires proper function of pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the β-, α-, and δ-cells, respectively. Each islet cell type is equipped with intrinsic mechanisms for glucose sensing and secretory actions, but these intrinsic mechanisms alone cannot explain the observed secretory profiles from intact islets. Regulation of secretion involves interconnected mechanisms among and between islet cell types. Islet cells lose their normal functional signatures and secretory behaviors upon dispersal as compared to intact islets and in vivo. In dispersed islet cells, the glucose response of insulin secretion is attenuated from that seen from whole islets, coordinated oscillations in membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ activity, as well as the two-phase insulin secretion profile, are missing, and glucagon secretion displays higher basal secretion profile and a reverse glucose-dependent response from that of intact islets. These observations highlight the critical roles of intercellular communication within the pancreatic islet, and how these communication pathways are crucial for proper hormonal and nonhormonal secretion and glucose homeostasis. Further, misregulated secretions of islet secretory products that arise from defective intercellular islet communication are implicated in diabetes. Intercellular communication within the islet environment comprises multiple mechanisms, including electrical synapses from gap junctional coupling, paracrine interactions among neighboring cells, and direct cell-to-cell contacts in the form of juxtacrine signaling. In this article, we describe the various mechanisms that contribute to proper islet function for each islet cell type and how intercellular islet communications are coordinated among the same and different islet cell types. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2191-2225, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue W Ng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yong H Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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47
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Manaithiya A, Alam O, Sharma V, Javed Naim M, Mittal S, Khan IA. GPR119 agonists: Novel therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104998. [PMID: 34048996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) is a group of genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorders whose frequency has gradually risen worldwide. Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (T2D) has started to achieve a pandemic level, and it is estimated that within the next decade, cases of diabetes might get double due to increase in aging population. Diabetes is rightly called the 'silent killer' because it has emerged to be one of the major causes, leading to renal failure, loss of vision; besides cardiac arrest in India. Thus, a clinical requirement for the oral drug molecules monitoring glucose homeostasis appears to be unmet. GPR119 agonist, a family of G-protein coupled receptors, usually noticed in β-cells of pancreatic as well as intestinal L cells, drew considerable interest for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). GPR119 monitors physiological mechanisms that enhance homeostasis of glucose, such as glucose-like peptide-1, gastrointestinal incretin hormone levels, pancreatic beta cell-dependent insulin secretion and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). In this manuscript, we have reviewed the work done in the last five years (2015-2020) which gives an approach to design, synthesize, evaluate and study the structural activity relationship of novel GPR119 agonist-based lead compounds. Our article would help the researchers and guide their endeavours in the direction of strategy and development of innovative, effective GPR119 agonist-based compounds for the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.
| | - Vrinda Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Mohd Javed Naim
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Shruti Mittal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Imran A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India
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48
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Lafferty RA, O’Harte FPM, Irwin N, Gault VA, Flatt PR. Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:689678. [PMID: 34093449 PMCID: PMC8171296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.689678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered as an impurity in insulin preparations, our understanding of the hyperglycaemic hormone glucagon has evolved markedly over subsequent decades. With description of the precursor proglucagon, we now appreciate that glucagon was just the first proglucagon-derived peptide (PGDP) to be characterised. Other bioactive members of the PGDP family include glucagon-like peptides -1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2), oxyntomodulin (OXM), glicentin and glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (GRPP), with these being produced via tissue-specific processing of proglucagon by the prohormone convertase (PC) enzymes, PC1/3 and PC2. PGDP peptides exert unique physiological effects that influence metabolism and energy regulation, which has witnessed several of them exploited in the form of long-acting, enzymatically resistant analogues for treatment of various pathologies. As such, intramuscular glucagon is well established in rescue of hypoglycaemia, while GLP-2 analogues are indicated in the management of short bowel syndrome. Furthermore, since approval of the first GLP-1 mimetic for the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2005, GLP-1 therapeutics have become a mainstay of T2DM management due to multifaceted and sustainable improvements in glycaemia, appetite control and weight loss. More recently, longer-acting PGDP therapeutics have been developed, while newfound benefits on cardioprotection, bone health, renal and liver function and cognition have been uncovered. In the present article, we discuss the physiology of PGDP peptides and their therapeutic applications, with a focus on successful design of analogues including dual and triple PGDP receptor agonists currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor A. Gault
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
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49
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Aslanoglou D, Bertera S, Sánchez-Soto M, Benjamin Free R, Lee J, Zong W, Xue X, Shrestha S, Brissova M, Logan RW, Wollheim CB, Trucco M, Yechoor VK, Sibley DR, Bottino R, Freyberg Z. Dopamine regulates pancreatic glucagon and insulin secretion via adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:59. [PMID: 33589583 PMCID: PMC7884786 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) are catecholamines primarily studied in the central nervous system that also act in the pancreas as peripheral regulators of metabolism. Pancreatic catecholamine signaling has also been increasingly implicated as a mechanism responsible for the metabolic disturbances produced by antipsychotic drugs (APDs). Critically, however, the mechanisms by which catecholamines modulate pancreatic hormone release are not completely understood. We show that human and mouse pancreatic α- and β-cells express the catecholamine biosynthetic and signaling machinery, and that α-cells synthesize DA de novo. This locally-produced pancreatic DA signals via both α- and β-cell adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors with different affinities to regulate glucagon and insulin release. Significantly, we show DA functions as a biased agonist at α2A-adrenergic receptors, preferentially signaling via the canonical G protein-mediated pathway. Our findings highlight the interplay between DA and NE signaling as a novel form of regulation to modulate pancreatic hormone release. Lastly, pharmacological blockade of DA D2-like receptors in human islets with APDs significantly raises insulin and glucagon release. This offers a new mechanism where APDs act directly on islet α- and β-cell targets to produce metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Aslanoglou
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Suzanne Bertera
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Marta Sánchez-Soto
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - R. Benjamin Free
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jeongkyung Lee
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Wei Zong
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Xiangning Xue
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Ryan W. Logan
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.249880.f0000 0004 0374 0039Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME USA
| | - Claes B. Wollheim
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Trucco
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Vijay K. Yechoor
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Beta Cell Biology Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - David R. Sibley
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- grid.417046.00000 0004 0454 5075Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Zachary Freyberg
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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50
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Svendsen B, Holst JJ. Paracrine regulation of somatostatin secretion by insulin and glucagon in mouse pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2021; 64:142-151. [PMID: 33043402 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05288-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The endocrine pancreas comprises the islets of Langerhans, primarily consisting of beta cells, alpha cells and delta cells responsible for secretion of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin, respectively. A certain level of intra-islet communication is thought to exist, where the individual hormones may reach the other islet cells and regulate their secretion. Glucagon has been demonstrated to importantly regulate insulin secretion, while somatostatin powerfully inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion. In this study we investigated how secretion of somatostatin is regulated by paracrine signalling from glucagon and insulin. METHODS Somatostatin secretion was measured from perfused mouse pancreases isolated from wild-type as well as diphtheria toxin-induced alpha cell knockdown, and global glucagon receptor knockout (Gcgr-/-) mice. We studied the effects of varying glucose concentrations together with infusions of arginine, glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, as well as infusions of antagonists of insulin, somatostatin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptors. RESULTS A tonic inhibitory role of somatostatin was demonstrated with infusion of somatostatin receptor antagonists, which significantly increased glucagon secretion at low and high glucose, whereas insulin secretion was only increased at high glucose levels. Infusion of glucagon dose-dependently increased somatostatin secretion approximately twofold in control mice. Exogenous glucagon had no effect on somatostatin secretion in Gcgr-/- mice, and a reduced effect when combined with the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin 9-39. Diphtheria toxin-induced knockdown of glucagon producing cells led to reduced somatostatin secretion in response to 12 mmol/l glucose and arginine infusions. In Gcgr-/- mice (where glucagon levels are dramatically increased) overall somatostatin secretion was increased. However, infusion of exendin 9-39 in Gcgr-/- mice completely abolished somatostatin secretion in response to glucose and arginine. Neither insulin nor an insulin receptor antagonist (S961) had any effect on somatostatin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that somatostatin and glucagon secretion are linked in a reciprocal feedback cycle with somatostatin inhibiting glucagon secretion at low and high glucose levels, and glucagon stimulating somatostatin secretion via the glucagon and GLP-1 receptors. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Svendsen
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens J Holst
- NovoNordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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