1
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Ridlon JM, Gaskins HR. Another renaissance for bile acid gastrointestinal microbiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:348-364. [PMID: 38383804 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The field of bile acid microbiology in the gastrointestinal tract is going through a current rebirth after a peak of activity in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This renewed activity is a result of many factors, including the discovery near the turn of the century that bile acids are potent signalling molecules and technological advances in next-generation sequencing, computation, culturomics, gnotobiology, and metabolomics. We describe the current state of the field with particular emphasis on questions that have remained unanswered for many decades in both bile acid synthesis by the host and metabolism by the gut microbiota. Current knowledge of established enzymatic pathways, including bile salt hydrolase, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases involved in the oxidation and epimerization of bile acid hydroxy groups, the Hylemon-Bjӧrkhem pathway of bile acid C7-dehydroxylation, and the formation of secondary allo-bile acids, is described. We cover aspects of bile acid conjugation and esterification as well as evidence for bile acid C3-dehydroxylation and C12-dehydroxylation that are less well understood but potentially critical for our understanding of bile acid metabolism in the human gut. The physiological consequences of bile acid metabolism for human health, important caveats and cautionary notes on experimental design and interpretation of data reflecting bile acid metabolism are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - H Rex Gaskins
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Shao B, Shimizu-Albergine M, Kramer F, Kanter JE, Heinecke JW, Vaisar T, Mittendorfer B, Patterson BW, Bornfeldt KE. A targeted proteomics method for quantifying plasma apolipoprotein kinetics in individual mice using stable isotope labeling. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100531. [PMID: 38490635 PMCID: PMC11002879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Altered apolipoprotein kinetics play a critical role in promoting dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. Human apolipoprotein kinetics have been extensively evaluated, but similar studies in mice are hampered by the lack of robust methods suitable for the small amounts of blood that can be collected at sequential time points from individual mice. We describe a targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneously quantifying the stable isotope enrichment of several apolipoproteins represented by multiple peptides in serial blood samples (15 μl each) obtained after retro-orbital injection of 13C6,15N2-lysine (Lys8) in mice. We determined apolipoprotein fractional clearance rates (FCRs) and production rates (PRs) in WT mice and in two genetic models widely used for atherosclerosis research, LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) and apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice. Injection of Lys8 produced a unique and readily detectable mass shift of labeled compared with unlabeled peptides with sensitivity allowing robust kinetics analyses. Ldlr-/- mice showed slower FCRs of APOA1, APOA4, total APOB, APOB100, APOCs, APOE and APOM, while FCRs of APOA1, APOB100, APOC2, APOC3, and APOM were not lower in Apoe-/- mice versus WT mice. APOE PR was increased in Ldlr-/- mice, and APOB100 and APOA4 PRs were reduced in Apoe-/- mice. Thus, our method reproducibly quantifies plasma apolipoprotein kinetics in different mouse models. The method can easily be expanded to include a wide range of proteins in the same biospecimen and should be useful for determining the kinetics of apolipoproteins in animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Masami Shimizu-Albergine
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Farah Kramer
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Medicine and Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Bruce W Patterson
- Division of Nutritional Science and Obesity Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Yang J, Lee R, Henning SM, Xing E, Huang J, Yang S, Garcia MC, Surampudi V, Heber D, Li Z. Concentrated Grape Powder Consumption Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism and Homeostasis in Healthy Subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300224. [PMID: 37672802 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Four weeks' of concentrated grape powder (GP) consumption reduces circulating cholesterol in healthy free-living subjects consuming a low-fiber/low-polyphenol diet. Here, the study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms for cholesterol reduction by evaluating biomarkers of cholesterol de novo biosynthesis, intestinal absorption, miRNA involved in transcriptional regulation of cholesterol metabolism, as well as cholesterol oxidation. METHODS AND RESULTS Fasting plasma samples collected from 19 healthy free-living subjects at baseline and week 4 of GP consumption are used in this study. Gas chromatography-mass (GC-MS) analysis of plasma samples shows that lathosterol, a precursor of cholesterol synthesis, is significantly decreased after GP consumption indicating reduced cholesterol de novo biosynthesis. Markers of intestinal absorption, campesterol, and β-sitosterol are not changed. Realtime PCR shows that plasma exosomal miRNA-1 is increased after GP consumption. GC-MS also shows that GP consumption reduces the plasma cholesterol oxidation product 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC). CONCLUSIONS This study enhances the understanding of the mechanisms of the cholesterol lowering effects of GP, and provides new insights into the potential health benefits of grape consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Rupo Lee
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Susanne M Henning
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Emily Xing
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Jianjun Huang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Scarlet Yang
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Michael C Garcia
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Vijaya Surampudi
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - David Heber
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 1083390095, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
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4
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Mast N, El-Darzi N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. Quantitative characterizations of the cholesterol-related pathways in the retina and brain of hamsters. J Lipid Res 2023:100401. [PMID: 37330011 PMCID: PMC10394389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and brain are separated from the systemic circulation by the anatomical barriers, which are permeable (the outer blood-retinal barrier) and impermeable (the blood-brain and inner blood-retina barriers) to cholesterol. Herein we investigated whether the whole-body cholesterol maintenance affects cholesterol homeostasis in the retina and brain. We used hamsters, whose whole-body cholesterol handling is more similar to those in humans than in mice and conducted separate administrations of deuterated water and deuterated cholesterol. We assessed the quantitative significance of the retinal and brain pathways of cholesterol input and compared the results with those from our previous studies in mice. The utility of the measurements in the plasma of deuterated 24-hydroxycholesterol, the major cholesterol elimination product from the brain, was investigated as well. We established that despite a 7-fold higher serum LDL to HDL ratio and other cholesterol-related differences, in situ biosynthesis remained the major source of cholesterol for hamster retina, although its quantitative significance was reduced to 53% as compared to 72-78% in mouse retina. In the brain, the principal pathway of cholesterol input was also the same, in situ biosynthesis, accounting for 94% of the total brain cholesterol input (96% in mice); the interspecies differences pertained to the absolute rates of the total cholesterol input and turnover. We documented the correlations between deuterium enrichments of the brain 24-hydroxycholesterol, brain cholesterol, and plasma 24-hydroxycholesterol, which suggested that deuterium enrichment of plasma 24-hydroxycholesteol could be an in vivo marker of cholesterol elimination and turnover in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA.
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5
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Hastings C, Liu B, Hurst B, Cox GF, Hrynkow S. Intravenous 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Trappsol® Cyclo™) demonstrates biological activity and impacts cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in adult subjects with Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1: Results of a phase 1 trial. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:309-319. [PMID: 36279795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick Disease Type C1 (NPC1) is a disorder of intracellular cholesterol and lipid trafficking that leads to the accumulation of cholesterol and lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment, resulting in systemic manifestations (including hepatosplenomegaly and lung infiltration) and neurodegeneration. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that systemically administered 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD; Trappsol® Cyclo™) restores cholesterol metabolism and homeostasis in peripheral organs and tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HPβCD in peripheral tissues and the CNS in adult subjects with NPC1. METHODS A Phase 1, randomized, double-blind, parallel group study enrolled 13 subjects with NPC1 who received either 1500 mg/kg or 2500 mg/kg HPβCD intravenously every 2 weeks for a total of 7 doses (14 weeks). Subjects were 18 years or older, with a confirmed diagnosis of NPC1 and evidence of systemic involvement on clinical assessment. Pharmacokinetic evaluations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were performed at the first and seventh infusions. Pharmacodynamic assessments included biomarkers of systemic cholesterol synthesis (serum lathosterol) and degradation (serum 4β-hydroxycholesterol), secondary sphingomyelin storage (plasma lysosphingomyelin-509, now more accurately referred to as N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholineserine [PPCS]), and CNS-specific biomarkers of neurodegeneration (CSF total Tau) and cholesterol metabolism (serum 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol [24(S)-HC]). Safety monitoring included assessments of liver and kidney function, infusion related adverse events, and hearing evaluations. RESULTS Ten subjects completed the study, with 6 at the 1500 mg/kg dose and 4 at the 2500 mg/kg dose. One subject withdrew following the first infusion after experiencing hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and 2 subjects withdrew after meeting a stopping rule related to hearing loss. Overall, HPβCD had an acceptable safety profile. The observed pharmacokinetic profile of HPβCD was similar following the first and seventh infusions, with a plasma half-life of 2 h, a maximum concentration reached at 6 to 8 h, and no evidence of accumulation. Serum biomarkers of cholesterol metabolism showed reduced synthesis and increased degradation. Compared to Baseline, filipin staining of liver tissue showed significant reductions of trapped unesterified cholesterol at both dose levels at Week 14. Plasma PPCS levels were also reduced. HPβCD was detected at low concentrations in the CSF (maximum, 33 μM) at both dose levels and persisted longer in CSF than in plasma. Total Tau levels in CSF decreased in most subjects. Serum levels of 24(S)-HC, a cholesterol metabolite from the CNS that is exported across the blood-brain barrier and into the circulation, decreased after both the first and seventh doses. Hence, pharmacodynamic assessments in both peripheral and CNS-related tissue show target engagement. While not the aim of the study, subjects reported favorable impacts on their quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The plasma pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of HPβCD administered at two intravenous dose levels to subjects with NPC1 were comparable to those observed in preclinical models. HPβCD cleared cholesterol from the liver and improved peripheral biomarkers of cholesterol homeostasis. At low CSF concentrations, HPβCD appeared to be pharmacologically active in the CNS based on the increased efflux of 24(S)-HC and reduction in CSF total Tau, a biomarker of CNS neurodegeneration. These data support the initiation of longer-term clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous HPβCD in subjects with NPC1. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers: present trial, NCT02939547; open-label extension of the present trial, NCT03893071; global pivotal trial, NCT04860960).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hastings
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 747 52(nd) Street, Oakland, CA 94609-1809, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Benny Liu
- GI & Liver Clinics, Highland Hospital, Alameda Health System, Highland Hospital, Oakland, CA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Highland Hospital, Alameda Health Systems, Highland Care Pavilion 5th floor, 1411 East 31st Street, Oakland, CA 94602, USA
| | - Bryan Hurst
- Boyd Consultants, Electra House, Electra Avenue, Crewe CW1 6GL, UK
| | - Gerald F Cox
- Cyclo Therapeutics, Inc., 6714 NW 16(th) St., Ste B, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Sharon Hrynkow
- Cyclo Therapeutics, Inc., 6714 NW 16(th) St., Ste B, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
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7
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Stomberski CT, Venetos NM, Zhou HL, Qian Z, Collison BR, Field SJ, Premont RT, Stamler JS. A multienzyme S-nitrosylation cascade regulates cholesterol homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111538. [PMID: 36288700 PMCID: PMC9667709 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that protein S-nitrosylation is enzymatically regulated and that specificity in S-nitrosylation derives from dedicated S-nitrosylases and denitrosylases that conjugate and remove S-nitrosothiols, respectively. Here, we report that mice deficient in the protein denitrosylase SCoR2 (S-nitroso-Coenzyme A Reductase 2; AKR1A1) exhibit marked reductions in serum cholesterol due to reduced secretion of the cholesterol-regulating protein PCSK9. SCoR2 associates with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory machinery to control an S-nitrosylation cascade involving ER cargo-selection proteins SAR1 and SURF4, which moonlight as S-nitrosylases. SAR1 acts as a SURF4 nitrosylase and SURF4 as a PCSK9 nitrosylase to inhibit PCSK9 secretion, while SCoR2 counteracts nitrosylase activity by promoting PCSK9 denitrosylation. Inhibition of PCSK9 by an NO-based drug requires nitrosylase activity, and small-molecule inhibition of SCoR2 phenocopies the PCSK9-mediated reductions in cholesterol observed in SCoR2-deficient mice. Our results reveal enzymatic machinery controlling cholesterol levels through S-nitrosylation and suggest a distinct treatment paradigm for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin T Stomberski
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicholas M Venetos
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hua-Lin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Zhaoxia Qian
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Bryce R Collison
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Seth J Field
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Jonathan S Stamler
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA; Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA.
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8
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Cibelli A, Scemes E, Spray DC. Activity and Stability of Panx1 Channels in Astrocytes and Neuroblastoma Cells Are Enhanced by Cholesterol Depletion. Cells 2022; 11:3219. [PMID: 36291086 PMCID: PMC9600160 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin1 (Panx1) is expressed in both neurons and glia where it forms ATP-permeable channels that are activated under pathological conditions such as epilepsy, migraine, inflammation, and ischemia. Membrane lipid composition affects proper distribution and function of receptors and ion channels, and defects in cholesterol metabolism are associated with neurological diseases. In order to understand the impact of membrane cholesterol on the distribution and function of Panx1 in neural cells, we used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to evaluate its mobility and electrophysiology and dye uptake to assess channel function. We observed that cholesterol extraction (using methyl-β-cyclodextrin) and inhibition of its synthesis (lovastatin) decreased the lateral diffusion of Panx1 in the plasma membrane. Panx1 channel activity (dye uptake, ATP release and ionic current) was enhanced in cholesterol-depleted Panx1 transfected cells and in wild-type astrocytes compared to non-depleted or Panx1 null cells. Manipulation of cholesterol levels may, therefore, offer a novel strategy by which Panx1 channel activation might modulate various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, NY Medical College, Valhalla, NY10595, USA
| | - David C. Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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9
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Truong JK, Bennett AL, Klindt C, Donepudi AC, Malla SR, Pachura KJ, Zaufel A, Moustafa T, Dawson PA, Karpen SJ. Ileal bile acid transporter inhibition in Cyp2c70 KO mice ameliorates cholestatic liver injury. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100261. [PMID: 35934110 PMCID: PMC9460185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyp2c70 is the liver enzyme in rodents responsible for synthesis of the primary 6-hydroxylated muricholate bile acid (BA) species. Cyp2c70 KO mice are devoid of protective, hydrophilic muricholic acids, leading to a more human-like BA composition and subsequent cholestatic liver injury. Pharmacological inhibition of the ileal BA transporter (IBAT) has been shown to be therapeutic in cholestatic models. Here, we aimed to determine if IBAT inhibition with SC-435 is protective in Cyp2c70 KO mice. As compared to WT mice, we found male and female Cyp2c70 KO mice exhibited increased levels of serum liver injury markers, and our evaluation of liver histology revealed increased hepatic inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and biliary cell proliferation. We demonstrate serum and histologic markers of liver damage were markedly reduced with SC-435 treatment. Additionally, we show hepatic gene expression in pathways related to immune cell activation and inflammation were significantly upregulated in Cyp2c70 KO mice and reduced to levels indistinguishable from WT with IBAT inhibition. In Cyp2c70 KO mice, the liver BA content was significantly increased, enriched in chenodeoxycholic acid, and more hydrophobic, exhibiting a hydrophobicity index value and red blood cell lysis properties similar to human liver BAs. Furthermore, we determined IBAT inhibition reduced the total hepatic BA levels but did not affect overall hydrophobicity of the liver BAs. These findings suggest that there may be a threshold in the liver for pathological accretion of hydrophobic BAs and reducing hepatic BA accumulation can be sufficient to alleviate liver injury, independent of BA pool hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley L Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Caroline Klindt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ajay C Donepudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sudarshan R Malla
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly J Pachura
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tarek Moustafa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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10
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Keeling E, Lynn SA, Koh YM, Scott JA, Kendall A, Gatherer M, Page A, Cagampang FR, Lotery AJ, Ratnayaka JA. A High Fat "Western-style" Diet Induces AMD-Like Features in Wildtype Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100823. [PMID: 35306732 PMCID: PMC9287010 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scope The intake of a “Western‐style” diet rich in fats is linked with developing retinopathies including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Wildtype mice are given a high fat diet (HFD) to determine how unhealthy foods can bring about retinal degeneration. Methods and results Following weaning, female C57BL/6 mice are maintained on standard chow (7% kcal fat, n = 29) or a HFD (45% kcal fat, n = 27) for 12 months. Animals were sacrificed following electroretinography (ERG) and their eyes analyzed by histology, confocal immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. HFD mice become obese, but showed normal retinal function compared to chow‐fed controls. However, diminished β3tubulin labeling of retinal cross‐sections indicated fewer/damaged neuronal processes in the inner plexiform layer. AMD‐linked proteins clusterin and TIMP3 accumulated in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BrM). Neutral lipids also deposited in the outer retinae of HFD mice. Ultrastructural analysis revealed disorganized photoreceptor outer segments, collapsed/misaligned RPE microvilli, vacuoles, convoluted basolateral RPE infolds and BrM changes. Basal laminar‐like deposits were also present alongside abnormal choroidal endothelial cells. Conclusions We show that prolonged exposure to an unhealthy “Western‐style” diet alone can recapitulate early‐intermediate AMD‐like features in wildtype mice, highlighting the importance of diet and nutrition in the etiology of sight‐loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Keeling
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Savannah A Lynn
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yen Min Koh
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jenny A Scott
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aaron Kendall
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Maureen Gatherer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anton Page
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Southampton, MP12, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Felino R Cagampang
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew J Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP806, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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11
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Abe RJ, Abe JI, Nguyen MTH, Olmsted-Davis EA, Mamun A, Banerjee P, Cooke JP, Fang L, Pownall H, Le NT. Free Cholesterol Bioavailability and Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:323-336. [PMID: 35332444 PMCID: PMC9050774 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-01011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As both a cholesterol acceptor and carrier in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is putatively atheroprotective. However, current pharmacological therapies to increase plasma HDL cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration have paradoxically failed to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given that free cholesterol (FC) transfer between surfaces of lipoproteins and cells is reversible, excess plasma FC can be transferred to the cells of peripheral tissue sites resulting in atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize potential mechanisms contributing to this paradox and highlight the role of excess free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability in atherosclerosis vs. atheroprotection. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings have established a complex relationship between HDL-c concentration and atherosclerosis. Systemic scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) knock out (KO) mice exhibit with increased diet-induced atherosclerosis despite having an elevated plasma HDL-c concentration compared to wild type (WT) mice. The greater bioavailability of HDL-FC in SR-B1 vs. WT mice is associated with a higher FC content in multiple cell types and tissue sites. These results suggest that dysfunctional HDL with high FC bioavailability is atheroprone despite high HDL-c concentration. Past oversimplification of HDL-c involvement in cholesterol transport has led to the failures in HDL targeted therapy. Evidence suggests that FC-mediated functionality of HDL is of higher importance than its quantity; as a result, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms by which HDL-FC bioavailability can induce atherosclerosis can have far-reaching clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei J Abe
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Minh T H Nguyen
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Abrar Mamun
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Longhou Fang
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Pownall
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Bioenergetics, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nhat-Tu Le
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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13
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Vidimce J, Pillay J, Ronda O, Boon A, Pennell E, Ashton KJ, Dijk TH, Wagner K, Verkade HJ, Bulmer AC. Sexual Dimorphism: increased sterol excretion leads to hypocholesterolaemia in female hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. J Physiol 2022; 600:1889-1911. [PMID: 35156712 PMCID: PMC9310728 DOI: 10.1113/jp282395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Circulating bilirubin is associated with reduced serum cholesterol concentrations in humans and in hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. However, mechanisms contributing to hypocholesterolaemia remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate cholesterol synthesis, transport and excretion in mutant Gunn rats. Adult Gunn and control rats were assessed for daily faecal sterol excretion using metabolic cages, and water was supplemented with [1‐13C]‐acetate to determine cholesterol synthesis. Bile was collected to measure biliary lipid secretion. Serum and liver were collected for biochemical analysis and for gene/protein expression using RT‐qPCR and western blot, respectively. Additionally, serum was collected and analysed from juvenile rats. A significant interaction of sex, age and phenotype on circulating lipids was found with adult female Gunn rats reporting significantly lower cholesterol and phospholipids. Female Gunn rats also demonstrated elevated cholesterol synthesis, greater biliary lipid secretion and increased total faecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. Furthermore, they possessed increased hepatic low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and SREBP2 expression. In contrast, there were no changes to sterol metabolism in adult male Gunn rats. This is the first study to demonstrate elevated faecal sterol excretion in female hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. Increased sterol excretion creates a negative intestinal sterol balance that is compensated for by increased cholesterol synthesis and LDL receptor expression. Therefore, reduced circulating cholesterol is potentially caused by increased hepatic uptake via the LDL receptor. Future studies are required to further evaluate the sexual dimorphism of this response and whether similar findings occur in females with benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (Gilbert's syndrome). Key points Female adult hyperbilirubinaemic (Gunn) rats demonstrated lower circulating cholesterol, corroborating human studies that report a negative association between bilirubin and cholesterol concentrations. Furthermore, female Gunn rats had elevated sterol excretion creating a negative intestinal sterol balance that was compensated for by elevated cholesterol synthesis and increased hepatic low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression. Therefore, elevated LDL receptor expression potentially leads to reduced circulating cholesterol levels in female Gunn rats providing an explanation for the hypocholesterolaemia observed in humans with elevated bilirubin levels. This study also reports a novel interaction of sex with the hyperbilirubinaemic phenotype on sterol metabolism because changes were only reported in females and not in male Gunn rats. Future studies are required to further evaluate the sexual dimorphism of this response and whether similar findings occur in females with benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (Gilbert's syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josif Vidimce
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Johara Pillay
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Onne Ronda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology Dept. Pediatrics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ai‐Ching Boon
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Evan Pennell
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Kevin J. Ashton
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine Bond University Gold Coast Australia
| | - Theo H. Dijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Department of Laboratory Medicine Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Karl‐Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology Dept. Pediatrics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Bulmer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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14
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Karpale M, Hukkanen J, Hakkola J. Nuclear Receptor PXR in Drug-Induced Hypercholesterolemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030313. [PMID: 35159123 PMCID: PMC8833906 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major global health concern. The central modifiable risk factors and causative agents of the disease are high total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. To reduce morbidity and mortality, a thorough understanding of the factors that influence an individual’s cholesterol status during the decades when the arteria-narrowing arteriosclerotic plaques are forming is critical. Several drugs are known to increase cholesterol levels; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR), the major regulator of drug metabolism and molecular mediator of clinically significant drug–drug interactions, has been shown to induce hypercholesterolemia. As a major sensor of the chemical environment, PXR may in part mediate hypercholesterolemic effects of drug treatment. This review compiles the current knowledge of PXR in cholesterol homeostasis and discusses the role of PXR in drug-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Karpale
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Janne Hukkanen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zheng A, Dubuis G, Georgieva M, Ferreira CSM, Serulla M, Del Carmen Conde Rubio M, Trofimenko E, Mercier T, Decosterd L, Widmann C. HDLs extract lipophilic drugs from cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273878. [PMID: 34981808 PMCID: PMC8919334 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) prevent cell death induced by a variety of cytotoxic drugs. The underlying mechanisms are however still poorly understood. Here, we present evidence that HDLs efficiently protect cells against thapsigargin (TG), a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor, by extracting the drug from cells. Drug efflux could also be triggered to some extent by low-density lipoproteins and serum. HDLs did not reverse the non-lethal mild ER stress response induced by low TG concentrations or by SERCA knockdown, but HDLs inhibited the toxic SERCA-independent effects mediated by high TG concentrations. HDLs could extract other lipophilic compounds, but not hydrophilic substances. This work shows that HDLs utilize their capacity of loading themselves with lipophilic compounds, akin to their ability to extract cellular cholesterol, to reduce the cell content of hydrophobic drugs. This can be beneficial if lipophilic xenobiotics are toxic but may be detrimental to the therapeutic benefit of lipophilic drugs such as glibenclamide. Summary: HDLs, akin to their capacity for extracting cholesterol, can remove lipophilic compounds from cells, thus protecting the cells when these compounds are toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Dubuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Georgieva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Serulla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Evgeniya Trofimenko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Mercier
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Decosterd
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Widmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Bugnon 7, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Characterizations of Hamster Retina as a Model for Studies of Retinal Cholesterol Homeostasis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101003. [PMID: 34681102 PMCID: PMC8533155 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This work represents a comprehensive evaluation of hamster retina by state-of-the-art methodologies and provides evidence that hamsters may represent a better model for studies of retinal cholesterol maintenance than mice. The latter is an important finding, as disturbances in retinal cholesterol homeostasis are linked to age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, which are blinding diseases. Abstract Cholesterol homeostasis in the retina, a sensory organ in the back of the eye, has been studied in mice but not hamsters, despite the latter being more similar to humans than mice with respect to their whole-body cholesterol maintenance. The goal of this study was to begin to assess hamster retina and conduct initial interspecies comparisons. First, young (3-month old) and mature (6-month old) Syrian (golden) hamsters were compared with 3- and 6-month old mice for ocular biometrics and retinal appearance on optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. Of the 30 evaluated hamsters, seven had retinal structural abnormalities and all had increased permeability of retinal blood vessels. However, hamsters did not carry the mutations causing retinal degenerations 1 and 8, had normal blood glucose levels, and only slightly elevated hemoglobin A1c content. Cholesterol and six other sterols were quantified in hamster retina and compared with sterol profiles in mouse and human retina. These comparisons suggested that cholesterol turnover is much higher in younger than mature hamster retina, and that mature hamster and human retinas share similarities in the ratios of cholesterol metabolites to cholesterol. This study supports further investigations of cholesterol maintenance in hamster retina.
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17
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Abudukeremu A, Huang C, Li H, Sun R, Liu X, Wu X, Xie X, Huang J, Zhang J, Bao J, Zhang Y. Efficacy and Safety of High-Density Lipoprotein/Apolipoprotein A1 Replacement Therapy in Humans and Mice With Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:700233. [PMID: 34422927 PMCID: PMC8377725 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.700233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although elevation of HDL-C levels by pharmaceutical drugs have no benefit of cardiovascular endpoint, the effect of high-density lipoprotein/apolipoprotein A1 (HDL/apoA-1) replacement therapy on atherosclerosis is controversial. The current meta-analysis analyzed the effects of HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapies on atherosclerotic lesions both in humans and mice. Methods: The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases were searched through June 6, 2020. The methodological quality of the human studies was assessed using Review Manager (RevMan, version 5.3.). The methodological quality of the mouse studies was assessed using a stair list. STATA (version 14.0) was used to perform all statistical analyses. Results: Fifteen randomized controlled human trials and 17 animal studies were included. The pooled results showed that HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapy use did not significantly decrease the percent atheroma volume (p = 0.766) or total atheroma volume (p = 0.510) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients (N = 754). However, HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapies were significantly associated with the final percent lesion area, final lesion area, and changes in lesion area (SMD, −1.75; 95% CI: −2.21~-1.29, p = 0.000; SMD, −0.78; 95% CI: −1.18~-0.38, p = 0.000; SMD: −2.06; 95% CI, −3.92~-0.2, p = 0.03, respectively) in mice. Conclusions: HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapies are safe but do not significantly improve arterial atheroma volume in humans. The results in animals suggest that HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapies decrease the lesion area. Additional studies are needed to investigate and explain the differences in HDL/apoA-1 replacement therapy efficacies between humans and animals. Trial registration number: Human pooled analysis: PROSPERO, CRD42020210772. prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayiguli Abudukeremu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canxia Huang
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runlu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangkun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Bao
- Comprehensive Department, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Gaillard D, Masson D, Garo E, Souidi M, Pais de Barros JP, Schoonjans K, Grober J, Besnard P, Thomas C. Muricholic Acids Promote Resistance to Hypercholesterolemia in Cholesterol-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7163. [PMID: 34281217 PMCID: PMC8269105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Although resistant to hypercholesterolemia, the mouse is a prominent model in cardiovascular research. To assess the contribution of bile acids to this protective phenotype, we explored the impact of a 2-week-long dietary cholesterol overload on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in mice. METHODS Bile acid, oxysterol, and cholesterol metabolism and transport were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, GC-MS/MS, or enzymatic assays in the liver, the gut, the kidney, as well as in the feces, the blood, and the urine. RESULTS Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were unchanged in mice fed a cholesterol-rich diet that contained 100-fold more cholesterol than the standard diet. In the liver, oxysterol-mediated LXR activation stimulated the synthesis of bile acids and in particular increased the levels of hydrophilic muricholic acids, which in turn reduced FXR signaling, as assessed in vivo with Fxr reporter mice. Consequently, biliary and basolateral excretions of bile acids and cholesterol were increased, whereas portal uptake was reduced. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in intestinal and renal bile acid absorption. CONCLUSIONS These coordinated events are mediated by increased muricholic acid levels which inhibit FXR signaling in favor of LXR and SREBP2 signaling to promote efficient fecal and urinary elimination of cholesterol and neo-synthesized bile acids. Therefore, our data suggest that enhancement of the hydrophilic bile acid pool following a cholesterol overload may contribute to the resistance to hypercholesterolemia in mice. This work paves the way for new therapeutic opportunities using hydrophilic bile acid supplementation to mitigate hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, and The Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David Masson
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Biochemistry Department, University Hospital François Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Erwan Garo
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Maamar Souidi
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France;
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Lipidomic Facility, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Institute of Bioengineering, Life Science Faculty, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jacques Grober
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Besnard
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
- Physiologie de la Nutrition, AgroSup Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Charles Thomas
- Center for Translational Medicine, UMR1231 INSERM-uB-AgroSupDijon, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France; (D.G.); (D.M.); (J.-P.P.d.B.); (J.G.)
- LipSTIC LabEx, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 21000 Dijon, France
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19
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Teramoto T, Nishio T, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Kakuta Y. The crystal structure of mouse SULT2A8 reveals the mechanism of 7α-hydroxyl, bile acid sulfation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 562:15-20. [PMID: 34030040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids play essential roles in facilitating the intestinal absorption of lipophilic nutrients as well as regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis via activation of some receptors. Bile acids are cytotoxic, and consequently their concentrations are tightly controlled. A critical pathway for bile acid elimination and detoxification is sulfation. The pattern of bile acid sulfation differs by species. Sulfation preferentially occurs at the 3α-OH of bile acids in humans, but at the 7α-OH in mice. A recent study identified mouse cytosolic sulfotransferase 2A8 (mSULT2A8) as the major hepatic 7α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfating enzyme. To elucidate the 7α-OH specific sulfation mechanism of mSULT2A8, instead of 3α-OH specific sulfation in humans, we determined a crystal structure of mSULT2A8 in complex with cholic acid, a major bile acid, and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate, the sulfate donor product. Our study shows that bile acid-binding mode of mSULT2A8 and how the enzyme holds the 7α-OH group of bile acids at the catalytic center, revealing that the mechanism underlying 7α-OH specific sulfation. The structure shows the substrate binds to mSULT2A8 in an orientation perpendicular to that of human 3α-hydroxyl bile acid-sulfotransferase (hSULT2A1). The structure of the complex provides new insight into species different bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Teramoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeaki Nishio
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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20
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Kroll T, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Monomeric bile acids modulate the ATPase activity of detergent-solubilized ABCB4/MDR3. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100087. [PMID: 34022183 PMCID: PMC8233136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB4, also called multidrug-resistant protein 3 (MDR3), is an ATP binding cassette transporter located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes that specifically translocates phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular leaflet. Due to the harsh detergent effect of bile acids, PC lipids provided by ABCB4 are extracted into the bile. While it is well known that bile acids are the major extractor of PC lipids from the membrane into bile, it is unknown whether only PC lipid extraction is improved or whether bile acids also have a direct effect on ABCB4. Using in vitro experiments, we investigated the modulation of ATP hydrolysis of ABC by different bile acids commonly present in humans. We demonstrated that all tested bile acids stimulated ATPase activity except for taurolithocholic acid, which inhibited ATPase activity due to its hydrophobic nature. Additionally, we observed a nearly linear correlation between the critical micelle concentration and maximal stimulation by each bile acid, and that this modulation was maintained in the presence of PC lipids. This study revealed a large effect of 24-nor-ursodeoxycholic acid, suggesting a distinct mode of regulation of ATPase activity compared with other bile acids. In addition, it sheds light on the molecular cross talk of canalicular ABC transporters of the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Fragki S, Dirven H, Fletcher T, Grasl-Kraupp B, Bjerve Gützkow K, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Lindeman B, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Piersma AH, Princen HMG, Uhl M, Westerhout J, Zeilmaker MJ, Luijten M. Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:141-164. [PMID: 33853480 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1888073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and increased blood lipids have been repeatedly observed in humans, but a causal relation has been debated. Rodent studies show reverse effects, i.e. decreased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, occurring however at PFAS serum levels at least 100-fold higher than those in humans. This paper aims to present the main issues regarding the modulation of lipid homeostasis by the two most common PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms relevant for humans. Overall, the apparent contrast between human and animal data may be an artifact of dose, with different molecular pathways coming into play upon exposure to PFASs at very low versus high levels. Altogether, the interpretation of existing rodent data on PFOS/PFOA-induced lipid perturbations with respect to the human situation is complex. From a mechanistic perspective, research on human liver cells shows that PFOS/PFOA activate the PPARα pathway, whereas studies on the involvement of other nuclear receptors, like PXR, are less conclusive. Other data indicate that suppression of the nuclear receptor HNF4α signaling pathway, as well as perturbations of bile acid metabolism and transport might be important cellular events that require further investigation. Future studies with human-relevant test systems would help to obtain more insight into the mechanistic pathways pertinent for humans. These studies shall be designed with a careful consideration of appropriate dosing and toxicokinetics, so as to enable biologically plausible quantitative extrapolations. Such research will increase the understanding of possible perturbed lipid homeostasis related to PFOS/ PFOA exposure and the potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Risk Analysis for Products In Development, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Kanuri B, Fong V, Ponny SR, Weerasekera R, Pulakanti K, Patel KS, Tyshynsky R, Patel SB. Generation and validation of a conditional knockout mouse model for desmosterolosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100028. [PMID: 33524375 PMCID: PMC7933790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ24 reductase (DHCR24, EC 1.3.1.72) catalyzes the conversion of desmosterol to cholesterol and is obligatory for post-squalene cholesterol synthesis. Genetic loss of this enzyme results in desmosterolosis (MIM #602398), a rare disease that presents with multiple congenital anomalies, features of which overlap with subjects with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (another post-squalene cholesterol disorder). Global knockout (KO) of Dhcr24 in mice recapitulates the biochemical phenotype, but pups die within 24 h from a lethal dermopathy, limiting its utility as a disease model. Here, we report a conditional KO mouse model (Dhcr24flx/flx) and validate it by generating a liver-specific KO (Dhcr24flx/flx,Alb-Cre). Dhcr24flx/flx,Alb-Cre mice showed normal growth and fertility, while accumulating significantly elevated levels of desmosterol in plasma and liver. Of interest, despite the loss of cholesterol synthesis in the liver, hepatic architecture, gene expression of sterol synthesis genes, and lipoprotein secretion appeared unchanged. The increased desmosterol content in bile and stool indicated a possible compensatory role of hepatobiliary secretion in maintaining sterol homeostasis. This mouse model should now allow for the study of the effects of postnatal loss of DHCR24, as well as role of tissue-specific loss of this enzyme during development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vincent Fong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sithara Raju Ponny
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kriya S Patel
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Roman Tyshynsky
- Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shailendra B Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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23
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Salehi B, Quispe C, Sharifi-Rad J, Cruz-Martins N, Nigam M, Mishra AP, Konovalov DA, Orobinskaya V, Abu-Reidah IM, Zam W, Sharopov F, Venneri T, Capasso R, Kukula-Koch W, Wawruszak A, Koch W. Phytosterols: From Preclinical Evidence to Potential Clinical Applications. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:599959. [PMID: 33519459 PMCID: PMC7841260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) are plant-originated steroids. Over 250 PSs have been isolated, and each plant species contains a characteristic phytosterol composition. A wide number of studies have reported remarkable pharmacological effects of PSs, acting as chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiatherosclerotic agents. However, PS bioavailability is a key issue, as it can be influenced by several factors (type, source, processing, preparation, delivery method, food matrix, dose, time of administration into the body, and genetic factors), and the existence of a close relationship between their chemical structures (e.g., saturation degree and side-chain length) and low absorption rates has been stated. In this sense, the present review intends to provide in-depth data on PS therapeutic potential for human health, also emphasizing their preclinical effects and bioavailability-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shobhit University, Gangoh, India
| | - Dmitryi Alexeevich Konovalov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Botany and Technology of Phytopreparations, Pyatigorsk Medical-Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Valeriya Orobinskaya
- Institute of Service, Tourism and Design (Branch) of North-Caucasus Federal University in Pyatigorsk, Pyatigorsk, Russia
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah
- Department of Environmental Science/Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- “Chinese-Tajik Innovation Center for Natural Products”, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Anna Wawruszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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24
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Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a functional biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAI-1 is a mechanistic contributor to several elements of the syndrome, including obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance. Here we show that PAI-1 is also a critical regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism. RNA sequencing revealed that PAI-1 directly regulates the transcriptional expression of numerous genes involved in mammalian lipid homeostasis, including PCSK9 and FGF21. Pharmacologic or genetic reductions in plasma PAI-1 activity ameliorates hyperlipidemia in vivo. These experimental findings are complemented with the observation that genetic deficiency of PAI-1 is associated with reduced plasma PCSK9 levels in humans. Taken together, our findings identify PAI-1 as a novel contributor to mammalian lipid metabolism and provides a fundamental mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of one of the most pervasive medical problems worldwide.
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25
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Caponio GR, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A, De Angelis M, Portincasa P. Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism by Bioactive Components of Soy Proteins: Novel Translational Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010227. [PMID: 33379362 PMCID: PMC7794713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia represents one key pathophysiological factor predisposing to increasing risk of developing cardiovascular disease worldwide. Controlling plasma cholesterol levels and other metabolic risk factors is of paramount importance to prevent the overall burden of disease emerging from cardiovascular-disease-related morbidity and mortality. Dietary cholesterol undergoes micellization and absorption in the small intestine, transport via blood, and uptake in the liver. An important amount of cholesterol originates from hepatic synthesis, and is secreted by the liver into bile together with bile acids (BA) and phospholipids, with all forming micelles and vesicles. In clinical medicine, dietary recommendations play a key role together with pharmacological interventions to counteract the adverse effects of chronic hypercholesterolemia. Bioactive compounds may also be part of initial dietary plans. Specifically, soybean contains proteins and peptides with biological activity on plasma cholesterol levels and this property makes soy proteins a functional food. Here, we discuss how soy proteins modulate lipid metabolism and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in humans, with potential outcomes in improving metabolic- and dyslipidemia-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Caponio
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-080-5442949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-5478893 (P.P.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Division of Internal Medicine Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.D.A.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-080-5442949 (M.D.A.); +39-080-5478893 (P.P.)
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26
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Schlezinger JJ, Puckett H, Oliver J, Nielsen G, Heiger-Bernays W, Webster TF. Perfluorooctanoic acid activates multiple nuclear receptor pathways and skews expression of genes regulating cholesterol homeostasis in liver of humanized PPARα mice fed an American diet. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 405:115204. [PMID: 32822737 PMCID: PMC7503133 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in their drinking water, food, air, dust, and by direct use of consumer products. Increased concentrations of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol are among the endpoints best supported by epidemiology. The objectives of this study were to generate a new model for examining PFAS-induced dyslipidemia and to conduct molecular studies to better define mechanism(s) of action. We tested the hypothesis that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure at a human-relevant level dysregulates expression of genes controlling cholesterol homeostasis in livers of mice expressing human PPARα (hPPARα). Female and male hPPARα and PPARα null mice were fed a diet based on the "What we eat in America" analysis and exposed to PFOA in drinking water (8 μM) for 6 weeks. This resulted in a serum PFOA concentration of 48 μg/ml. PFOA increased liver mass, which was associated with histologically-evident lipid accumulation. Pooled analyses of serum lipoprotein cholesterol suggest that PFOA increased serum cholesterol, particularly in male mice. PFOA induced PPARα and constitutive androstane receptor target gene expression in liver. Expression of genes in four pathways regulating cholesterol homeostasis were also measured. PFOA decreased expression of Hmgcr in a PPARα-dependent manner. PFOA decreased expression of Ldlr and Cyp7a1 in a PPARα-independent manner. Apob expression was not changed. Sex differences were evident. This novel study design (hPPARα mice, American diet, long term exposure) generated new insight on the effects of PFOA on cholesterol regulation in the liver and the role of hPPARα.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - H Puckett
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - J Oliver
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - G Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - W Heiger-Bernays
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - T F Webster
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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27
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Ma J, Hong Y, Zheng N, Xie G, Lyu Y, Gu Y, Xi C, Chen L, Wu G, Li Y, Tao X, Zhong J, Huang Z, Wu W, Yuan L, Lin M, Lu X, Zhang W, Jia W, Sheng L, Li H. Gut microbiota remodeling reverses aging-associated inflammation and dysregulation of systemic bile acid homeostasis in mice sex-specifically. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1450-1474. [PMID: 32515683 PMCID: PMC7524276 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1763770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is usually characterized with inflammation and disordered bile acids (BAs) homeostasis, as well as gut dysbiosis. The pathophysiological changes during aging are also sexual specific. However, it remains unclear about the modulating process among gut microbiota, BA metabolism, and inflammation during aging. In this study, we established a direct link between gut microbiota and BA profile changes in the liver, serum, and four intestinal segments of both sexes during aging and gut microbiota remodeling by co-housing old mice with young ones. We found aging reduced Actinobacteria in male mice but increased Firmicutes in female mice. Among the top 10 altered genera with aging, 4 genera changed oppositely between male and female mice, and most of the changes were reversed by co-housing in both sexes. Gut microbiota remodeling by co-housing partly rescued the systemically dysregulated BA homeostasis induced by aging in a sex- and tissue-specific manner. Aging had greater impacts on hepatic BA profile in females, but intestinal BA profile in males. In addition, aging increased hepatic and colonic deoxycholic acid in male mice, but reduced them in females. Moreover, muricholic acids shifted markedly in the intestine, especially in old male mice, and partially reversed by co-housing. Notably, the ratios of primary to secondary BAs in the liver, serum, and all four intestinal segments were increased in old mice and reduced by co-housing in both sexes. Together, the presented data revealed that sex divergent changes of gut microbiota and BA profile in multiple body compartments during aging and gut microbiota remodeling, highlighting the sex-specific prevention and treatment of aging-related disorders by targeting gut microbiota-regulated BA metabolism should particularly be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Ma
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Hong
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Zheng
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiang Xie
- Human Metabolomics Institute, Inc, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhi Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu Gu
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaosong Wu
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Tao
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Cent Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Lin
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong Lu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Phytochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China,Hong Kong Traditional Chinese Medicine Phenome Research Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China,Wei Jia Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Center, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lili Sheng
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Lili Sheng Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Houkai Li
- Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,CONTACT Houkai Li Functional Metabolomic and Gut Microbiome Laboratory, Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai201203, China
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28
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Minniti ME, Pedrelli M, Vedin L, Delbès A, Denis RG, Öörni K, Sala C, Pirazzini C, Thiagarajan D, Nurmi HJ, Grompe M, Mills K, Garagnani P, Ellis EC, Strom SC, Luquet SH, Wilson EM, Bial J, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Insights From Liver-Humanized Mice on Cholesterol Lipoprotein Metabolism and LXR-Agonist Pharmacodynamics in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 72:656-670. [PMID: 31785104 PMCID: PMC7496592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetically modified mice have been used extensively to study human disease. However, the data gained are not always translatable to humans because of major species differences. Liver-humanized mice (LHM) are considered a promising model to study human hepatic and systemic metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to further explore their lipoprotein metabolism and to characterize key hepatic species-related, physiological differences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , and Il2rg-/- knockout mice on the nonobese diabetic (FRGN) background were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes from different donors. Cholesterol lipoprotein profiles of LHM showed a human-like pattern, characterized by a high ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, and dependency on the human donor. This pattern was determined by a higher level of apolipoprotein B100 in circulation, as a result of lower hepatic mRNA editing and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, and higher levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. As a consequence, LHM lipoproteins bind to human aortic proteoglycans in a pattern similar to human lipoproteins. Unexpectedly, cholesteryl ester transfer protein was not required to determine the human-like cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Moreover, LHM treated with GW3965 mimicked the negative lipid outcomes of the first human trial of liver X receptor stimulation (i.e., a dramatic increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in circulation). Innovatively, LHM allowed the characterization of these effects at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS LHM represent an interesting translatable model of human hepatic and lipoprotein metabolism. Because several metabolic parameters displayed donor dependency, LHM may also be used in studies for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko E. Minniti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Anne‐Sophie Delbès
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Raphaël G.P. Denis
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Divya Thiagarajan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Research CenterKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Harri J. Nurmi
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland,Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of PediatricsOregon Stem Cell CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOR,Yecuris CorporationTualatinOR
| | - Kevin Mills
- Center for Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, and “L. Galvani” Interdepartmental Research CenterUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyDivision of SurgeryKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Serge H. Luquet
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | | | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of MedicineMetabolism UnitKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Patient Area Nephrology and Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection ThemeKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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29
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Cholesterol metabolism in mice models of genetic hypercholesterolemia. J Physiol Biochem 2020; 76:437-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-020-00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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31
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Nóbrega C, Conceição A, Costa RG, Koppenol R, Sequeira RL, Nunes R, Carmo-Silva S, Marcelo A, Matos CA, Betuing S, Caboche J, Cartier N, Alves S. The cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activates autophagy and decreases mutant huntingtin build-up in a neuroblastoma culture model of Huntington's disease. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:210. [PMID: 32276655 PMCID: PMC7149904 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compromised brain cholesterol turnover and altered regulation of brain cholesterol metabolism have been allied with some neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). Following our previous studies in HD, in this study we aim to investigate in vitro in a neuroblastoma cellular model of HD, the effect of CYP46A1 overexpression, an essential enzyme in cholesterol metabolism, on huntingtin aggregation and levels. RESULTS We found that CYP46A1 reduces the quantity and size of mutant huntingtin aggregates in cells, as well as the levels of mutant huntingtin protein. Additionally, our results suggest that the observed beneficial effects of CYP46A1 in HD cells are linked to the activation of autophagy. Taken together, our results further demonstrate that CYP46A1 is a pertinent target to counteract HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévio Nóbrega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal. .,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal. .,Algarve Biomedical Center, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal. .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - André Conceição
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rafael G Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rebekah Koppenol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel L Sequeira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Nunes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Sara Carmo-Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Marcelo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Matos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Biomedical Center, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénerie, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- INSERM U1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Sandro Alves
- Brainvectis, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital Paris, 75646, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Simultaneous determination of cholesterol, ascorbic acid and uric acid as three essential biological compounds at a carbon paste electrode modified with copper oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite and ionic liquid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 560:208-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang HH, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. Recent Advances in the Critical Role of the Sterol Efflux Transporters ABCG5/G8 in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:105-136. [PMID: 32705597 PMCID: PMC8118135 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, cell death, and fibrosis in the arterial wall and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cholesterol gallstone disease is caused by complex genetic and environmental factors and is one of the most prevalent and costly digestive diseases in the USA and Europe. Although sitosterolemia is a rare inherited lipid storage disease, its genetic studies led to identification of the sterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 that are located on chromosome 2p21 in humans and chromosome 17 in mice. Human and animal studies have clearly demonstrated that ABCG5/G8 play a critical role in regulating hepatic secretion and intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols. Sitosterolemia is caused by a mutation in either the ABCG5 or the ABCG8 gene alone, but not in both simultaneously. Polymorphisms in the ABCG5/G8 genes are associated with abnormal plasma cholesterol metabolism and may play a key role in the genetic determination of plasma cholesterol concentrations. Moreover, ABCG5/G8 is a new gallstone gene, LITH9. Gallstone-associated variants in ABCG5/G8 are involved in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones in European, Asian, and South American populations. In this chapter, we summarize the latest advances in the critical role of the sterol efflux transporters ABCG5/G8 in regulating hepatic secretion of biliary cholesterol, intestinal absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols, the classical reverse cholesterol transport, and the newly established transintestinal cholesterol excretion, as well as in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of ABCG5/G8-related metabolic diseases such as sitosterolemia, cardiovascular disease, and cholesterol gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Nóbrega C, Mendonça L, Marcelo A, Lamazière A, Tomé S, Despres G, Matos CA, Mechmet F, Langui D, den Dunnen W, de Almeida LP, Cartier N, Alves S. Restoring brain cholesterol turnover improves autophagy and has therapeutic potential in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:837-858. [PMID: 31197505 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are devastating neurodegenerative disorders for which no curative or preventive therapies are available. Deregulation of brain cholesterol metabolism and impaired brain cholesterol turnover have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. SCA3 or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is the most prevalent ataxia worldwide. We show that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the key enzyme allowing efflux of brain cholesterol and activating brain cholesterol turnover, is decreased in cerebellar extracts from SCA3 patients and SCA3 mice. We investigated whether reinstating CYP46A1 expression would improve the disease phenotype of SCA3 mouse models. We show that administration of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding CYP46A1 to a lentiviral-based SCA3 mouse model reduces mutant ataxin-3 accumulation, which is a hallmark of SCA3, and preserves neuronal markers. In a transgenic SCA3 model with a severe motor phenotype we confirm that cerebellar delivery of AAVrh10-CYP46A1 is strongly neuroprotective in adult mice with established pathology. CYP46A1 significantly decreases ataxin-3 protein aggregation, alleviates motor impairments and improves SCA3-associated neuropathology. In particular, improvement in Purkinje cell number and reduction of cerebellar atrophy are observed in AAVrh10-CYP46A1-treated mice. Conversely, we show that knocking-down CYP46A1 in normal mouse brain impairs cholesterol metabolism, induces motor deficits and produces strong neurodegeneration with impairment of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, a phenotype closely resembling that of SCA3. Remarkably, we demonstrate for the first time both in vitro, in a SCA3 cellular model, and in vivo, in mouse brain, that CYP46A1 activates autophagy, which is impaired in SCA3, leading to decreased mutant ataxin-3 deposition. More broadly, we show that the beneficial effect of CYP46A1 is also observed with mutant ataxin-2 aggregates. Altogether, our results confirm a pivotal role for CYP46A1 and brain cholesterol metabolism in neuronal function, pointing to a key contribution of the neuronal cholesterol pathway in mechanisms mediating clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. This study identifies CYP46A1 as a relevant therapeutic target not only for SCA3 but also for other SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévio Nóbrega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Marcelo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gaetan Despres
- INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Carlos A Matos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fatich Mechmet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Dominique Langui
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- INSERM U1169 92265 Fontenay aux Roses and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
- INSERM U1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Sandro Alves
- Brainvectis, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital Paris, 75646, Paris, CEDEX 13, France.
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Rana R, Shearer AM, Fletcher EK, Nguyen N, Guha S, Cox DH, Abdelmalek M, Wang Y, Baleja JD, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. PAR2 controls cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 29:99-113. [PMID: 31668396 PMCID: PMC6742970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increases in hepatic and plasma cholesterol occur in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), although the reason for this is not well understood. We investigated whether Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) plays a role in cholesterol and lipid homeostasis in NAFLD. METHODS Human liver biopsies (n = 108) were quantified for PAR2 expression from NAFLD cases randomly selected and stratified by liver fibrosis stage, the primary predictor for clinical outcomes, while controlling for age, gender, and BMI between fibrosis groups. Demographic data and laboratory studies on plasma samples were obtained within 6 months of liver biopsy. Wild-type and PAR2-KO (C57BL/6 F2rl1-/-) mice were fed either normal or high fat diet for 16 weeks and plasma and liver assayed for lipids and soluble metabolites. RESULTS Severity of NAFLD and plasma cholesterol levels significantly correlated with hepatocyte PAR2 expression in NAFLD patients. Conversely, PAR2 deficiency in mice resulted in reduced expression of key hepatic genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, a 50% drop in plasma and total liver cholesterol, and induced a reverse cholesterol transport system that culminated in 25% higher fecal bile acid output. PAR2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation with a ketogenic shift and an unexpected increase in liver glycogenesis. Mechanistic studies identified Gi-Jnk1/2 as key downstream effectors of protease-activated PAR2 in the regulation of lipid and cholesterol homeostasis in liver. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that PAR2 may be a new target for the suppression of plasma cholesterol and hepatic fat accumulation in NAFLD and related metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Rana
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Andrew M Shearer
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Fletcher
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Nga Nguyen
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Srijoy Guha
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Daniel H Cox
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Manal Abdelmalek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James D Baleja
- Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lidija Covic
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA, 02111, USA; Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Cheng X, Wang Y, Tian J, Zhou L, Chen X, Guo H, Zeng J, Shen N, Li J, Ke J, Zhu Y, Gong J, Chang J, Liu L, Zhong R. SLC10A1 S267F variant influences susceptibility to HBV infection and reduces cholesterol level by impairing bile acid uptake. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:1178-1185. [PMID: 31177598 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The SLC10A1 Ser267Phe (S267F) variant has been reported to severely inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and taurocholate transport activity. This study aimed to clarify the effects of this variant on HBV infection and bile acid metabolism. SLC10A1 S267F was genotyped in 2907 HBV-exposed subjects (including HBV persistent carriers and spontaneously recovered subjects) and 1364 unexposed subjects (HBV marker-negative subjects), followed by replication I, comprising 914 exposed subjects and 1123 unexposed subjects, and replication II, comprising 355 children born to HBsAg-positive mothers (226 HBV-infected children and 129 controls). Intriguingly, SLC10A1 AA was observed only in the unexposed group, but not in the exposed group. The SLC10A1 A allele consistently decreased HBV infection risk compared with the G allele (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.64-0.90 in combined samples). In addition, children with the SLC10A1 GA genotype had a reduced risk of perinatal transmission (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71). Moreover, unexposed subjects with the SLC10A1 AA genotype exhibited decreased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to those with the GG or GA genotypes (P = 2.975 × 10-4 and 0.004, respectively). The study highlighted the role of the SLC10A1 S267F variant in the loss of the ability to support HBV infection and taurocholate transport activity. Subjects with the AA genotype may escape from HBV infection and present decreased cholesterol levels as a consequence of impaired bile acid uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Virology, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junchao Zeng
- Medical Examination Center, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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van de Peppel IP, Bertolini A, van Dijk TH, Groen AK, Jonker JW, Verkade HJ. Efficient reabsorption of transintestinally excreted cholesterol is a strong determinant for cholesterol disposal in mice. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1562-1572. [PMID: 31324653 PMCID: PMC6718438 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a major route for eliminating cholesterol from the body and a potential therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia. The underlying mechanism, however, is largely unclear, and its contribution to cholesterol disposal from the body is obscured by the counteracting process of intestinal cholesterol reabsorption. To determine the quantity of TICE independent from its reabsorption, we studied two models of decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. Cholesterol absorption was inhibited either by ezetimibe or, indirectly, by the genetic inactivation of the intestinal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT; SLC10A2). Both ezetimibe treatment and Asbt inactivation virtually abrogated fractional cholesterol absorption (from 46% to 4% and 6%, respectively). In both models, fecal neutral sterol excretion and net intestinal cholesterol balance were considerably higher than in control mice (5- and 7-fold, respectively), suggesting that, under physiological conditions, TICE is largely reabsorbed. In addition, the net intestinal cholesterol balance was increased to a similar extent but was not further increased when the models were combined, suggesting that the effect on cholesterol reabsorption was already maximal under either condition alone. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that the inhibition of cholesterol (re)absorption combined with stimulating TICE will be most effective in increasing cholesterol disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H van Dijk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Lei X, Wong GW. C1q/TNF-related protein 2 (CTRP2) deletion promotes adipose tissue lipolysis and hepatic triglyceride secretion. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15638-15649. [PMID: 31439668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRP) family of secreted hormones has emerged as important regulators of insulin action and of sugar and fat metabolisms. Among these, the specific biological function of CTRP2 remains elusive. Here, we show that the expression of human CTRP2 is positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and is up-regulated in obesity. We used a knockout (KO) mouse model to determine CTRP2 function and found that Ctrp2-KO mice have significantly elevated metabolic rates and energy expenditure leading to lower body weights and lower adiposity. CTRP2 deficiency up-regulated the expression of lipolytic enzymes and protein kinase A signaling, resulting in enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis. In cultured adipocytes, CTRP2 treatment suppressed triglyceride (TG) hydrolysis, and its deficiency enhanced agonist-induced lipolysis in vivo CTRP2-deficient mice also had altered hepatic and plasma lipid profiles. Liver size and hepatic TG content were significantly reduced, but plasma TG was elevated in KO mice. Both plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels, however, were reduced in KO mice. Loss of CTRP2 also enhanced hepatic TG secretion and contributed to impaired plasma lipid clearance following an oral lipid gavage. Liver metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in diacylglycerols and phospholipids, suggesting that increased membrane remodeling may underlie the altered hepatic TG secretion we observed. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence that CTRP2 regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lei
- Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - G William Wong
- Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Flynn CR, Albaugh VL, Abumrad NN. Metabolic Effects of Bile Acids: Potential Role in Bariatric Surgery. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:235-246. [PMID: 31075353 PMCID: PMC6664228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective and durable treatment for morbid obesity, with an unexplained yet beneficial side effect of restoring insulin sensitivity and improving glycemia, often before weight loss is observed. Among the many contributing mechanisms often cited, the altered handling of intestinal bile acids is of considerable therapeutic interest. Here, we review a growing body of literature examining the metabolic effects of bile acids ranging from their physical roles in dietary fat handling within the intestine to their functions as endocrine and paracrine hormones in potentiating responses to bariatric surgery. The roles of 2 important bile acid receptors, Takeda G-protein coupled receptor (also known as G-protein coupled bile acid receptor) and farnesoid X receptor, are highlighted as is downstream signaling through glucagon-like polypeptide 1 and its cognate receptor. Additional improvements in other phenotypes and potential contributions of commensal gut bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila, which are manifest after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and other emulations, such as gallbladder bile diversion to the ileum, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Flynn
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Charles R. Flynn, PhD, 1161 21st Avenue S, CCC-2308 MCN, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2730. fax: (615) 343-6456.
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Fernandez CG, Hamby ME, McReynolds ML, Ray WJ. The Role of APOE4 in Disrupting the Homeostatic Functions of Astrocytes and Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:14. [PMID: 30804776 PMCID: PMC6378415 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), increasing the risk of developing the disease by 3-fold in the 14% of the population that are carriers. Despite 25 years of research, the exact mechanisms underlying how APOE4 contributes to AD pathogenesis remain incompletely defined. APOE in the brain is primarily expressed by astrocytes and microglia, cell types that are now widely appreciated to play key roles in the pathogenesis of AD; thus, a picture is emerging wherein APOE4 disrupts normal glial cell biology, intersecting with changes that occur during normal aging to ultimately cause neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. This review article will summarize how APOE4 alters specific pathways in astrocytes and microglia in the context of AD and the aging brain. APOE itself, as a secreted lipoprotein without enzymatic activity, may prove challenging to directly target therapeutically in the classical sense. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the underlying pathways responsible for APOE4 toxicity is needed so that more tractable pathways and drug targets can be identified to reduce APOE4-mediated disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia G Fernandez
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute of Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary E Hamby
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute of Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Morgan L McReynolds
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute of Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - William J Ray
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute of Applied Cancer Science (IACS), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: the role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res Int 2018; 112:250-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Oh TK, Kim K, Jheon S, Lee HJ, Do SH. Association between perioperative cholesterol level and analgesia after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Korean J Anesthesiol 2018; 72:135-142. [PMID: 29969888 PMCID: PMC6458511 DOI: 10.4097/kja.d.18.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol plays an important role in the action of opioid analgesics, but its association with postoperative pain has not been clarified. Our study examined the association of pre- and postoperative total serum cholesterol (TSC), and change between the pre- and postoperative TSC levels with postoperative pain outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS lobectomy at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in South Korea. We sought to determine the association between preoperative TSC, TSC on postoperative day (POD) 0-1, and pre- and postoperative changes in TSC by comparing numeric rating scale (NRS) scores on POD 0, 1, and 2 and total morphine equivalent consumption on POD 0-2. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 1,720 patients with NSCLC who underwent VATS lobectomy were included in the analysis. The change in TSC, preoperative TSC, and postoperative TSC showed no associations with morphine equivalent consumption on POD 0-2 (P > 0.05). In addition, the changes in TSC, preoperative TSC, and postoperative TSC were not associated with postoperative NRS pain score on POD 0, 1, and 2 (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that no significant association was observed between pre- and postoperative TSC level and postoperative pain outcome after VATS lobectomy of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tak Kyu Oh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kwanmien Kim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sanghoon Jheon
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hei-Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Do
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Li J, Dawson PA. Animal models to study bile acid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:895-911. [PMID: 29782919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of animal models, particularly genetically modified mice, continues to play a critical role in studying the relationship between bile acid metabolism and human liver disease. Over the past 20 years, these studies have been instrumental in elucidating the major pathways responsible for bile acid biosynthesis and enterohepatic cycling, and the molecular mechanisms regulating those pathways. This work also revealed bile acid differences between species, particularly in the composition, physicochemical properties, and signaling potential of the bile acid pool. These species differences may limit the ability to translate findings regarding bile acid-related disease processes from mice to humans. In this review, we focus primarily on mouse models and also briefly discuss dietary or surgical models commonly used to study the basic mechanisms underlying bile acid metabolism. Important phenotypic species differences in bile acid metabolism between mice and humans are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Brum A, Pereira SA, Cardoso L, Chagas EC, Chaves FCM, Mouriño JLP, Martins ML. Blood biochemical parameters and melanomacrophage centers in Nile tilapia fed essential oils of clove basil and ginger. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:444-449. [PMID: 29353078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most farmed freshwater fish in the world, however, disease outbreaks are the main cause of losses in production. Due to this, there is an increasing interest in natural products for enhancing disease resistance, without causing physiological impairment. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the essential oils of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on physiological and immunological parameters of nile tilapia. After 35 and 55 days of supplementation (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%), blood collection was performed for determination of metabolites (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum total protein and immunoglobulins) and lysozyme activity. Spleen tissue was also collected at 55 days for analyzing melanomacrophages centers. At 35 days, cholesterol showed significant reduction in the treatments 0.5% and 1.5 ginger and 1.5% clove basil. The serum triglycerides showed significant reduction in these same treatments, in addition to 1.0% clove basil. At 55 days all the supplemented groups showed significant reduction for both parameters. The lysozyme activity at 35 days was significantly higher in fish supplemented with 1.0% ginger and showed no difference among the treatments at 55 days. Regarding the melanomacrophage centers, at 35 days increased number in fish supplemented with 0.5% clove basil was observed but with no significant difference in the total percent area of spleen occupied by centers. The levels of glucose, total serum protein and immunoglobulins did not show significant differences in both sampling times. The addition of essential oils showed to be useful for improving physiological status of the fish, without excessive activation of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Brum
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Scheila Anelise Pereira
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Luiz Pedreira Mouriño
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maurício Laterça Martins
- AQUOS - Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, CEP: 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Ce O, Rs P, Ab W, S D, Cj W, Qm M, D L. Potential Link Between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 32352077 DOI: 10.31531/2581-4745.1000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease [AD] is not only the most common neurodegenerative disease but is also currently incurable. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 [PCSK9] is an indirect regulator of plasma low density lipoprotein [LDL] levels controlling LDL receptor expression at the plasma membrane. PCSK9 also appears to regulate the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, inflammation, and hypertension, conditions that have been identified as risk factors for AD. PCSK9 levels also depend on age, sex, and ethnic background, factors associated with AD. Herein, we will review indirect evidence that suggests a link between PCSK9 levels and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldham Ce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Powell Rs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Williams Ab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Dixon S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Wooten Cj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Melendez Qm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Lopez D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
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Wang HH, Garruti G, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherosclerosis: Recent Advances In reverse Cholesterol Transport. Ann Hepatol 2017; 16:s27-s42. [PMID: 29080338 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, cell death and fibrosis in the arterial wall, and is major pathological basis for ischemic coronary heart disease (CHD), which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA and Europe. Intervention studies with statins have shown to reduce LDL cholesterol levels and subsequently the risk of developing CHD. However, not all the aggressive statin therapy could decrease the risk of developing CHD. Many clinical and epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that the HDL cholesterol is inversely associated with risk of CHD and is a critical and independent component of predicting its risk. Elucidations of HDL metabolism give rise to therapeutic targets with potential to raising plasma HDL cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of developing CHD. The concept of reverse cholesterol transport is based on the hypothesis that HDL displays an cardioprotective function, which is a process involved in the removal of excess cholesterol that is accumulated in the peripheral tissues (e.g., macrophages in the aortae) by HDL, transporting it to the liver for excretion into the feces via the bile. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in the role of the lymphatic route in reverse cholesterol transport, as well as the biliary and the non-biliary pathways for removal of cholesterol from the body. These studies will greatly increase the likelihood of discovering new lipid-lowering drugs, which are more effective in the prevention and therapeutic intervention of CHD that is the major cause of human death and disability worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplants, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica "A. Murri", University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Bagam P, Singh DP, Inda ME, Batra S. Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:429-455. [PMID: 28275881 PMCID: PMC7088210 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose major socioeconomic and health-related threats to millions of people across the globe. Strategies to combat infectious diseases derive from our understanding of the complex interactions between the host and specific bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that play important role in life cycle of microbes. Interaction of microbial pathogens with host membrane rafts influences not only their initial colonization but also their spread and the induction of inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategies aimed at modulating the assembly of membrane rafts and/or regulating raft-directed signaling pathways are attractive approaches for the. management of infectious diseases. The current review discusses the latest advances in terms of techniques used to study the role of membrane microdomains in various pathological conditions and provides updated information regarding the role of membrane rafts during bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Dhirendra P Singh
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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48
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Deng J, Wang K, Mai K, Chen L, Zhang L, Mi H. Effects of replacing fish meal with rubber seed meal on growth, nutrient utilization, and cholesterol metabolism of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:941-954. [PMID: 28616765 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with rubber seed meal (RSM) on growth, nutrient utilization, and cholesterol metabolism of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus). Five experimental diets were formulated with 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 g kg-1 RSM replacing graded levels of fish meal, respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish (initial average weight 65.3 g) per aquarium in a rearing system maintained at 29 ± 1 °C for 8 weeks. Dietary 150 g kg-1 RSM inclusion did not affect the weight gain and daily growth coefficient, whereas these were depressed by a further inclusion. Additionally, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were not affected by dietary RSM inclusion regardless of inclusion level. However, the inclusion of 450 and 600 g kg-1 RSM decreased the mid-intestinal trypsin, lipase, and amylase activities; the hepatic acyl-CoA/cholesterol acyl transferase; low-density lipoprotein receptor; and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activities. Similarly, dietary 600 g kg-1 RSM inclusion inhibited the plasma catalase and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activities. These results indicated that 150 g kg-1 RSM can be included in tilapia diets, whereas higher inclusion of RSM inhibited the growth rate, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liqiao Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610093, China
| | - Haifeng Mi
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610093, China.
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49
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Kim DS, Jackson AU, Li YK, Stringham HM, Kuusisto J, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Burant CF, Salomaa V, Boehnke M, Laakso M, Speliotes EK. Novel association of TM6SF2 rs58542926 genotype with increased serum tyrosine levels and decreased apoB-100 particles in Finns. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1471-1481. [PMID: 28539357 PMCID: PMC5496043 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p076034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A glutamate-to-lysine variant (rs58542926-T) in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) is associated with increased fatty liver disease and diabetes in conjunction with decreased cardiovascular disease risk. To identify mediators of the effects of TM6SF2, we tested for associations between rs58542926-T and serum lipoprotein/metabolite measures in cross-sectional data from nondiabetic statin-naïve participants. We identified independent associations between rs58542926-T and apoB-100 particles (β = -0.057 g/l, P = 1.99 × 10-14) and tyrosine levels (β = 0.0020 mmol/l, P = 1.10 × 10-8), controlling for potential confounders, in 6,929 Finnish men. The association between rs58542926-T and apoB-100 was confirmed in an independent sample of 2,196 Finnish individuals from the FINRISK study (βreplication = -0.029, Preplication = 0.029). Secondary analyses demonstrated an rs58542926-T dose-dependent decrease in particle concentration, cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) content for VLDL and LDL particles (P < 0.001 for all). No significant associations between rs58542926-T and HDL measures were observed. TM6SF2 SNP rs58542926-T and tyrosine levels were associated with increased incident T2D risk in both METSIM and FINRISK. Decreased liver production/secretion of VLDL, decreased cholesterol and TGs in VLDL/LDL particles in serum, and increased tyrosine levels identify possible mechanisms by which rs58542926-T exerts its effects on increasing risk of fatty liver disease, decreasing cardiovascular disease, and increasing diabetes risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seung Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yatong K. Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - FinMetSeq Investigators
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti J. Kangas
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine and Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Medicine,Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Long SL, Gahan CGM, Joyce SA. Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:54-65. [PMID: 28602676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released into the intestine to aid the digestion of dietary lipids. The host enzymes that contribute to bile acid synthesis in the liver and the regulatory pathways that influence the composition of the total bile acid pool in the host have been well established. In addition, the gut microbiota provides unique contributions to the diversity of bile acids in the bile acid pool. Gut microbial enzymes contribute significantly to bile acid metabolism through deconjugation and dehydroxylation reactions to generate unconjugated bile acids and secondary bile acids. These microbial enzymes (which include bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and bile acid-inducible (BAI) enzymes) are essential for bile acid homeostasis in the host and represent a vital contribution of the gut microbiome to host health. Perturbation of the gut microbiota in disease states may therefore significantly influence bile acid signatures in the host, especially in the context of gastrointestinal or systemic disease. Given that bile acids are ligands for host cell receptors (including the FXR, TGR5 and Vitamin D Receptor) alterations to microbial enzymes and associated changes to bile acid signatures have significant consequences for the host. In this review we examine the contribution of microbial enzymes to the process of bile acid metabolism in the host and discuss the implications for microbe-host signalling in the context of C. difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Long
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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