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Howdeshell KL, Beverly BEJ, Blain RB, Goldstone AE, Hartman PA, Lemeris CR, Newbold RR, Rooney AA, Bucher JR. Evaluating endocrine disrupting chemicals: A perspective on the novel assessments in CLARITY-BPA. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1345-1397. [PMID: 37646438 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Bisphenol A Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA) was a collaborative research effort to better link academic research with governmental guideline studies. This review explores the secondary goal of CLARITY-BPA: to identify endpoints or technologies from CLARITY-BPA and prior/concurrent literature from these laboratories that may enhance the capacity of rodent toxicity studies to detect endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted with search terms for BPA and the CLARITY-BPA participants. Relevant studies employed a laboratory rodent model and reported results on 1 of the 10 organs/organ systems evaluated in CLARITY-BPA (brain and behavior, cardiac, immune, mammary gland, ovary, penile function, prostate gland and urethra, testis and epididymis, thyroid hormone and metabolism, and uterus). Study design and findings were summarized, and a risk-of-bias assessment was conducted. RESULTS Several endpoints and methods were identified as potentially helpful to detect effects of EDCs. For example, molecular and quantitative morphological approaches were sensitive in detecting alterations in early postnatal development of the brain, ovary, and mammary glands. Hormone challenge studies mimicking human aging reported increased susceptibility of the prostate to disease following developmental BPA exposure. Statistical analyses for nonmonotonic dose responses, and computational approaches assessing multiple treatment-related outcomes concurrently in linked hormone-sensitive organ systems, reported effects at low BPA doses. CONCLUSIONS This review provided an opportunity to evaluate the unique insights provided by nontraditional assessments in CLARITY-BPA to identify technologies and endpoints to enhance detection of EDCs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kembra L Howdeshell
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandiese E J Beverly
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Retha R Newbold
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- NIEHS, retired, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Andrew A Rooney
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John R Bucher
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- NIEHS, retired, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
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2
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He Z. Selective effects of perinatal estrogen on proliferation and new neurons in hippocampus and piriform cortex of rats at weaning. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:254-261. [PMID: 35618077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent report links heightened prenatal amniotic estrogen levels to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we examined the developmental effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activity in weaned rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 10µg/kg/day) or vehicle orally from gestational day 6 until parturition. Offspring were then treated with the same daily dose from postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21. The effects of perinatal estrogen treatment on stem cell activities in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the piriform cortex were evaluated in male and female rat pups. RESULTS EE2 treatment increased the total Ki67-immunoreactive (Ki67-ir) cell counts in the SGZ of males and females (p<0.05). However, no treatment or sex differences were detectable in the density of the doublecortin (DCX)-immunoreactive (DCX-ir) deposits in the hippocampus. In the piriform cortex, no treatment or sex differences were detected in Ki67-ir cell counts. However, the EE2 treatment significantly reduced the DCX-ir cell count in male, but not female rats (male EE2 group=292±22/mm2, male vehicle group=402±19/mm2, female EE2 group=342±15/mm2, female vehicle group=331±9/mm2). CONCLUSIONS Perinatal estrogen treatment increased hippocampal Ki67-ir cell counts in both sexes and selectively reduced DCX-ir cell counts in the piriform cortex of males. These data suggest that exposure to abnormally high levels of estrogens early in life may have an impact on neural cell development. Alterations in development so early in life may have long-term cognitive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA.
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Marchlewicz E, McCabe C, Djuric Z, Hoenerhoff M, Barks J, Tang L, Song PX, Peterson K, Padmanabhan V, Dolinoy DC. Gestational exposure to high fat diets and bisphenol A alters metabolic outcomes in dams and offspring, but produces hepatic steatosis only in dams. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131645. [PMID: 34426127 PMCID: PMC8595757 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. Perinatal development is a critical window for altered, lifelong health trajectory, and evidence supports the role of perinatal programming in chronic metabolic diseases. To examine the impact of diet and bisphenol A (BPA) on the developmental trajectory of NAFLD in offspring, we exposed dams from pre-gestation through lactation to a human-relevant dose of oral BPA coupled with intake of high fat Western or Mediterranean-style diets. We assessed hepatic steatosis by quantifying hepatic triglycerides (TGs) and metabolic health by measuring body weight, relative organ weights, and serum hormone levels in dams and offspring at postnatal day 10 (PND10) and 10-months of age. In dams, consumption of the Western or Mediterranean diet increased hepatic TGs 1.7-2.4-fold, independent of BPA intake. Among offspring, both perinatal diet and BPA exposure had a greater impact on metabolic outcomes than on hepatic steatosis. At PND10, serum leptin levels were elevated 2.6-4.8-fold in pups exposed to the Mediterranean diet, with a trend for sex-specific effects on body and organ weights. At 10-months, sex-specific increases in organ weight and hormone levels were observed in mice perinatally exposed to Western + BPA or Mediterranean + BPA. These findings suggest lifestage-specific interaction of perinatal exposures to experimental diets and BPA on offspring metabolic health without effects on NAFLD later in life. Importantly, alterations in dam phenotype by diet and BPA exposure appear to impact offspring health trajectory, emphasizing the need to define dam diet in assessing effects of environmental exposures on offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Marchlewicz
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carolyn McCabe
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Hoenerhoff
- In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Barks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Peter X Song
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dana C Dolinoy
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Schwartz CL, Christiansen S, Hass U, Ramhøj L, Axelstad M, Löbl NM, Svingen T. On the Use and Interpretation of Areola/Nipple Retention as a Biomarker for Anti-androgenic Effects in Rat Toxicity Studies. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:730752. [PMID: 35295101 PMCID: PMC8915873 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.730752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Areola/nipple retention (NR) is an established biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action in rat toxicity studies. It is a mandatory measurement under several OECD test guidelines and is typically assessed in combination with anogenital distance (AGD). Both NR and AGD are considered retrospective biomarkers of insufficient androgen signaling during the masculinization programming window in male fetuses. However, there are still aspects concerning NR as a biomarker for endocrine disruption that remains to be clarified. For instance, can NR be regarded a permanent adverse effect? Is it a redundant measurement if AGD is assessed in the same study? Is NR equally sensitive and specific to anti-androgenic chemical substances as a shortening of male AGD? In this review we discuss these and other aspects concerning the use of NR as a biomarker in toxicity studies. We have collected available literature from rat toxicity studies that have reported on NR and synthesized the data in order to draw a clearer picture about the sensitivity and specificity of NR as an effect biomarker for an anti-androgenic mode of action, including comparisons to AGD measurements. We carefully conclude that NR and AGD in rats for the most part display similar sensitivity and specificity, but that there are clear exceptions which support the continued assessment of both endpoints in relevant reproductive toxicity studies. Available literature also support the view that NR in infant male rats signifies a high risk for permanent nipples in adulthood. Finally, the literature suggests that the mechanisms of action leading from a chemical stressor event to either NR or short AGD in male offspring are overlapping with respect to canonical androgen signaling, yet differ with respect to other mechanisms of action.
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Zoeller RT. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and thyroid hormone action. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 92:401-417. [PMID: 34452692 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (predominantly thyroxine, T4, and triiodothyronine, T3) are essential for normal development and for adult physiology. There are several challenges, however, that make identifying chemicals that produce adverse effects by interfering with the thyroid system difficult. First, individual variability in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones represent only about 10% of the population reference range that is considered to be "normal." This means that populations studies evaluating the relationship between chemical exposure and serum thyroid hormones must be large enough to overcome this internal variance. In addition, we know that there are chemicals that do not produce changes in thyroid hormone levels, but nevertheless impact thyroid signaling in target tissues. A good example is that of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCB exposure during development are clearly associated with cognitive deficits in humans. But PCB exposure isn't uniformly associated with a reduction in serum thyroid hormone in human populations despite mechanistic studies showing that PCBs reduce serum T4 in animals. In contrast, perchlorate is a chemical that inhibits iodide uptake, thereby reducing thyroid hormone synthesis and serum hormone levels. Human studies have been variable in identifying a relationship between thyroid hormone and perchlorate exposure, but studies also show that dietary iodine, cigarette smoking and other factors can modify this relationship. The conclusion is that identifying chemicals that interfere with thyroid hormone could depend on in vitro analysis of chemicals that interact with different proteins important for thyroid hormone to function properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States; School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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Sexual Behavior, Profile of Steroid Hormones, and Morphology of the Medial Preoptic Nuclei in F1 Male Rat Progeny Prenatally Exposed to Low-Dose Bisphenol A. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-021-09895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cargnelutti F, Di Nisio A, Pallotti F, Sabovic I, Spaziani M, Tarsitano MG, Paoli D, Foresta C. Effects of endocrine disruptors on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age. Endocrine 2021; 72:358-374. [PMID: 32757113 PMCID: PMC8128728 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous substances able to impair endocrine system; consequently, they may cause numerous adverse effects. Over the last years, particular focus has been given to their harmful effects on reproductive system, but very little is known, especially in males. The aim of this review is to discuss the detrimental effects of EDs exposure on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age. METHODS A search for the existing literature focusing on the impact of EDs on fetal testis development, male puberty, andrological parameters (anogenital distance, penile length, and testicular volume), and testicular cancer with particular regard to pubertal age provided the most current information available for this review. Human evidence-based reports were given priority over animal and in vitro experimental results. Given the paucity of available articles on this subject, all resources were given careful consideration. RESULTS Information about the consequences associated with EDs exposure in the current literature is limited and often conflicting, due to the scarcity of human studies and their heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that current evidence does not clarify the impact of EDs on human male reproductive health, although severe harmful effects had been reported in animals. Despite controversial results, overall conclusion points toward a positive association between exposure to EDs and reproductive system damage. Further long-term studies performed on wide number of subjects are necessary in order to identify damaging compounds and remove them from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cargnelutti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Nisio
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Iva Sabovic
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Spaziani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tarsitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini", Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Operative Unit of Andrology and Medicine of Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
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Heindel JJ, Belcher S, Flaws JA, Prins GS, Ho SM, Mao J, Patisaul HB, Ricke W, Rosenfeld CS, Soto AM, Vom Saal FS, Zoeller RT. Data integration, analysis, and interpretation of eight academic CLARITY-BPA studies. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:29-60. [PMID: 32682780 PMCID: PMC7365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity" (CLARITY-BPA) was a comprehensive "industry-standard" Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)-compliant 2-year chronic exposure study of bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity that was supplemented by hypothesis-driven independent investigator-initiated studies. The investigator-initiated studies were focused on integrating disease-associated, molecular, and physiological endpoints previously found by academic scientists into an industry standard guideline-compliant toxicity study. Thus, the goal of this collaboration was to provide a more comprehensive dataset upon which to base safety standards and to determine whether industry-standard tests are as sensitive and predictive as molecular and disease-associated endpoints. The goal of this report is to integrate the findings from the investigator-initiated studies into a comprehensive overview of the observed impacts of BPA across the multiple organs and systems analyzed. For each organ system, we provide the rationale for the study, an overview of methodology, and summarize major findings. We then compare the results of the CLARITY-BPA studies across organ systems with the results of previous peer-reviewed studies from independent labs. Finally, we discuss potential influences that contributed to differences between studies. Developmental exposure to BPA can lead to adverse effects in multiple organs systems, including the brain, prostate gland, urinary tract, ovary, mammary gland, and heart. As published previously, many effects were at the lowest dose tested, 2.5μg/kg /day, and many of the responses were non-monotonic. Because the low dose of BPA affected endpoints in the same animals across organs evaluated in different labs, we conclude that these are biologically - and toxicologically - relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 94924, United States.
| | - Scott Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States
| | - Jiude Mao
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - William Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705, United States
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ana M Soto
- Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Christiansen S, Axelstad M, Scholze M, Johansson HKL, Hass U, Mandrup K, Frandsen HL, Frederiksen H, Isling LK, Boberg J. Grouping of endocrine disrupting chemicals for mixture risk assessment - Evidence from a rat study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105870. [PMID: 32593051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupting chemicals may contribute to the rising incidence of hormone-related diseases in humans. Real-life mixtures are complex, comprised of chemicals with mixed modes of action, and essential knowledge is often lacking on how to group such chemicals into cumulative assessment groups, which is an essential prerequisite to conduct a chemical mixture risk assessment. We investigated if mixtures of chemicals with diverse endocrine modes of action can cause mixture effects on hormone sensitive endpoints in developing and adult rat offspring after perinatal exposure. Wistar rats were exposed during pregnancy and lactation simultaneously to either bisphenol A and butylparaben (Emix), diethylhexyl phthalate and procymidone (Amix), or a mixture of all four substances (Totalmix). In male offspring, the anogenital distance was significantly reduced and nipple retention increased in animals exposed to Amix and Totalmix, and the mixture effects were well approximated by the dose addition model. The combination of Amix and Emix responded with more marked changes on these and other endocrine-sensitive endpoints than each binary mixture on its own. Sperm counts were reduced by all exposures. These experimental outcomes suggest that the grouping of chemicals for mixture risk assessment should be based on common health outcomes rather than only similar modes or mechanisms of action. Mechanistic-based approaches such as the concept of Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) can provide important guidance if both the information on shared target tissues and the information on shared mode/mechanism of action are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Martin Scholze
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Quad North, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hanna K L Johansson
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Karen Mandrup
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lauritz Frandsen
- Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Krag Isling
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Schwartz CL, Vinggaard AM, Christiansen S, Darde TA, Chalmel F, Svingen T. Distinct Transcriptional Profiles of the Female, Male, and Finasteride-Induced Feminized Male Anogenital Region in Rat Fetuses. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:303-311. [PMID: 30768126 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A short anogenital distance (AGD) in males is a marker for incomplete masculinization and a predictor of adverse effects on male reproductive health. For this reason, AGD is used to assess the endocrine disrupting potential of chemicals for risk assessment purposes. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this chemically induced shortening of the AGD, however, remains unclear. Although it is clear that androgen receptor-mediated signaling is essential, evidence also suggest the involvement of other signaling pathways. This study presents the first global transcriptional profile of the anogenital tissue in male rat fetuses with chemically induced short AGD, also including comparison to normal male and female control animals. The antiandrogenic drug finasteride (10 mg/kg bw/day) was used to induce short AGD by exposing time-mated Sprague Dawley rats at gestation days 7-21. The AGD was 37% shorter in exposed male fetuses compared with control males at gestation day 21. Transcriptomics analysis on anogenital tissues revealed a sexually dimorphic transcriptional profile. More than 350 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the 3 groups. The expression pattern of 4 genes of particular interest (Esr1, Padi2, Wnt2, and Sfrp4) was also tested by RT-qPCR analyses, indicating that estrogen and Wnt2 signaling play a role in the sexually dimorphic development of the anogenital region. Our transcriptomics profiles provide a stepping-stone for future studies aimed at characterizing the molecular events governing development of the anogenital tissues, as well as describing the detailed Adverse Outcome Pathways for short AGD; an accepted biomarker of endocrine effects for chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindgren Schwartz
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Alain Darde
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Chalmel
- INSERM, Université de Rennes, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Zaccaroni M, Massolo A, Beani L, Seta DD, Farabollini F, Giannelli G, Fusani L, Dessì-Fulgheri F. Developmental exposure to low levels of ethinylestradiol affects social play in juvenile male rats. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:301-310. [PMID: 33005589 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile social play contributes to the development of adult social and emotional skills in humans and non-human animals and is therefore a useful endpoint to study the effects of endocrine disrupters on behavior in animal models. Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a widely produced, powerful synthetic estrogen is widespread in the environment mainly because it is a component of the contraceptive pill. To understand whether clinical or environmental exposure to EE2 during critical perinatal periods can affect male social play, we exposed 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats to EE2 or vehicle either during gestation (from gestation day (GD) 5 through 20) or during lactation (from postnatal day (PND) 1 through 21). Two doses of EE2 were used to treat the dams: a lower dose in the range of possible environmental exposure (4 ng/kg/day) and a higher dose similar to that received during contraceptive treatment (400 ng/kg/day). Social play was observed between PND 40 and 45. A principal component analysis (PCA) of frequencies of behavioral items observed during play sessions allowed to allocate behaviors to the two main components that we named aggressive-like play and defensive-like play. Aggressive-like play was increased by gestational and decreased by lactational exposure. Defensive-like play was decreased by treatment. For both types of play the lower dose (4 ng/kg/day) was as effective as the higher one. Total social activity was increased by gestational and decreased by lactational exposure. These findings provide further evidence that exposure to low and to very low doses of EE2 during critical periods of development can affect essential aspects of social behavior, and that the timing of exposure is critical to understand its developmental action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaroni
- Department di Biology, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laura Beani
- Department di Biology, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, and Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Camacho L, Lewis S, Vanlandingham M, Olson G, Davis K, Patton R, Twaddle N, Doerge D, Churchwell M, Bryant M, McLellen F, Woodling K, Felton R, Maisha M, Juliar B, Gamboa da Costa G, Delclos K. A two-year toxicology study of bisphenol A (BPA) in Sprague-Dawley rats: CLARITY-BPA core study results. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 132:110728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Bansal R, Zoeller RT. CLARITY-BPA: Bisphenol A or Propylthiouracil on Thyroid Function and Effects in the Developing Male and Female Rat Brain. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1771-1785. [PMID: 31135896 PMCID: PMC6937519 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The CLARITY-BPA experiment, a large collaboration between the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Toxicology Program, and the US Food and Drug Administration, is designed to test the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a variety of endocrine systems and end points. The specific aim of this subproject was to test the effect of BPA exposure on thyroid functions and thyroid hormone action in the developing brain. Timed-pregnant National Center for Toxicological Research Sprague-Dawley rats (strain code 23) were dosed by gavage with vehicle control (0.3% carboxymethylcellulose) or one of five doses of BPA [2.5, 25, 250, 2500, or 25,000 µg/kg body weight (bw) per day] or ethinyl estradiol (EE) at 0.05 or 0.50 µg/kg bw/d (n = 8 for each group) beginning on gestational day 6. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 1 (day of birth is PND 0), the pups were directly gavaged with the same dose of vehicle, BPA, or EE. We also obtained a group of animals treated with 3 ppm propylthiouracil in the drinking water and an equal number of concordant controls. Neither BPA nor EE affected serum thyroid hormones or thyroid hormone‒sensitive end points in the developing brain at PND 15. In contrast, propylthiouracil (PTU) reduced serum T4 to the expected degree (80% reduction) and elevated serum TSH. Few effects of PTU were observed in the male brain and none in the female brain. As a result, it is difficult to interpret the negative effects of BPA on the thyroid in this rat strain because the thyroid system appears to respond differently from that of other rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Bansal
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - R Thomas Zoeller
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: R. Thomas Zoeller, PhD, Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003. E-mail:
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14
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Developmental neurotoxicity of inorganic arsenic exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 72:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Vom Saal FS. Flaws in design, execution and interpretation limit CLARITY-BPA's value for risk assessments of bisphenol A. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125 Suppl 3:32-43. [PMID: 30589220 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA) involved the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program and 14 academic investigators funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Two key questions to be answered by CLARITY-BPA were as follows: (1) Would the academic investigator studies show effects at low doses of bisphenol A (BPA) while the core guideline study conducted by the FDA only showed toxic effects at high doses? (2) Would the academic investigators be able to replicate their numerous prior studies with animals raised and treated in the FDA's toxicology centre? Several flaws in the design and execution of CLARITY-BPA biased the experiment towards not finding significant results (Type 2 error): (1) use of the oestrogen-insensitive NCTR CD-SD rat, (2) use of a stressful daily gavage BPA administration procedure throughout life, (3) lack of inclusion of non-gavaged negative controls and (4) lack of a comprehensive examination of animals for BPA contamination. In spite of these flaws, in some of the experiments conducted by CLARITY-BPA academic investigators, and also in the FDA's core study, there were significant low-dose effects, but these were ignored by the FDA. Thus, immediately after releasing the results from their core portion of CLARITY-BPA, the FDA issued a statement concluding BPA was "safe," and they ignored non-monotonic dose-response relationships. The FDA should not base its BPA risk assessment only on outdated guideline studies, but instead on the vast (~8000) number of publications documenting the similar health hazards BPA poses to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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16
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Advancing Chemical Risk Assessment through Human Physiology-Based Biochemical Process Modeling. FLUIDS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Physiology-Based BioKinetic (PBBK) models are of increasing interest in modern risk assessment, providing quantitative information regarding the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion (ADME). They focus on the estimation of the effective dose at target sites, aiming at the identification of xenobiotic levels that are able to result in perturbations to the biological pathway that are potentially associated with adverse outcomes. The current study aims at the development of a lifetime PBBK model that covers a large chemical space, coupled with a framework for human biomonitoring (HBM) data assimilation. The methodology developed herein was demonstrated in the case of bisphenol A (BPA), where exposure analysis was based on European HBM data. Based on our calculations, it was found that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/day proposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure was estimated and compared with the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose and an alternative internal exposure reference value, namely biological pathway altering dose (BPAD); the use of such a refined exposure metric, showed that environmentally relevant exposure levels are below the concentrations associated with the activation of biological pathways relevant to toxicity based on High Throughput Screening (HTS) in vitro studies.
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Rubin BS, Schaeberle CM, Soto AM. The Case for BPA as an Obesogen: Contributors to the Controversy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:30. [PMID: 30787907 PMCID: PMC6372512 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of the term endocrine disruptor, the idea that the environment is an important determinant of phenotype has motivated researchers to explore the effect of low dose exposure to BPA during organogenesis. The syndrome observed was complex, affecting various endpoints such as reproduction and reproductive tissues, behavior, mammary gland development and carcinogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and obesity. This constellation of impacted endpoints suggests the possibility of complex interactions among the multiple effects of early BPA exposure. One key finding of our rodent studies was alterations of energy and amino-acid metabolism that were detected soon after birth and continued to be present at all time points examined through 6 months of age. The classical manifestations of obesity and associated elements of metabolic disease took a longer time to become apparent. Here we examine the validity of the often-mentioned lack of reproducibility of obesogenic effects of BPA, starting from the known environmental causes of variation, which are diverse and range from the theoretical like the individuation process and the non-monotonicity of the dose-response curve, to the very pragmatic like housing, feed, and time and route of exposure. We then explore environmental conditions that may hinder reproducibility and discuss the effect of confounding factors such as BPA-induced hyperactivity. In spite of all the potential sources of variation, we find that some obesogenic or metabolic effects of BPA are reproducibly observed when study conditions are analogous. We recommend that study authors describe details of their study conditions including the environment, husbandry, and feed. Finally, we show that when experimental conditions are strictly maintained, reproducibility, and stability of the obese phenotype is consistently observed.
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Schwartz CL, Christiansen S, Vinggaard AM, Axelstad M, Hass U, Svingen T. Anogenital distance as a toxicological or clinical marker for fetal androgen action and risk for reproductive disorders. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:253-272. [PMID: 30430187 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Male reproductive development is intricately dependent on fetal androgen action. Consequently, disrupted androgen action during fetal life can interfere with the development of the reproductive system resulting in adverse effects on reproductive function later in life. One biomarker used to evaluate fetal androgen action is the anogenital distance (AGD), the distance between the anus and the external genitalia. A short male AGD is strongly associated with genital malformations at birth and reproductive disorders in adulthood. AGD is therefore used as an effect readout in rodent toxicity studies aimed at testing compounds for endocrine activity and anti-androgenic properties, and in human epidemiological studies to correlate fetal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals to feminization of new-born boys. In this review, we have synthesized current data related to intrauterine exposure to xenobiotics and AGD measurements. We discuss the utility of AGD as a retrospective marker of in utero anti-androgenicity and as a predictive marker for male reproductive disorders, both with respect to human health and rodent toxicity studies. Finally, we highlight four areas that need addressing to fully evaluate AGD as a biomarker in both a regulatory and clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lindgren Schwartz
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie Christiansen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulla Hass
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Zaccaroni M, Massolo A, Della Seta D, Farabollini F, Giannelli G, Fusani L, Dessì-Fulgheri F. Developmental Exposure to Low Levels of Ethinylestradiol Affects Play Behavior in Juvenile Female Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:876-886. [PMID: 29260494 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile social play contributes to the development of adult social and emotional skills in humans and non-human animals, and is therefore a useful endpoint to study the effects of endocrine disrupters on behavior in animal models. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a widely produced, powerful synthetic estrogen that is widespread in the environment mainly because is a component of the contraceptive pill. In addition, fetuses may be exposed to EE2 when pregnancy is undetected during contraceptive treatment. To understand whether exposure to EE2 during gestation or lactation affects social play, we exposed 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats to EE2 or vehicle either during gestation (gestation day (GD) 5 through GD 20) or during lactation (from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND 21). Two doses of EE2 were used to treat the dams: a lower dose in the range of possible environmental exposure (4 ng/kg/day) and a higher dose equivalent to that received during contraceptive treatment (400 ng/kg/day). Behavioral testing was carried out between PND 40 and 45. A principal component analysis of frequencies of behavioral items observed during play sessions identified three main components: defensive-like play, aggressive-like play, and exploration. Aggressive-like play was significantly increased by both doses of EE2, and the gestational administration was in general more effective than the lactational one. Defensive-like play and exploration were not significantly affected by treatment. This research showed that low and very low doses of EE2 that mimic clinical or environmental exposure during development can affect important aspects of social behavior even during restricted time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zaccaroni
- Department di Biology, University of Firenze, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Leonida Fusani
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, and Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Lejonklou MH, Dunder L, Bladin E, Pettersson V, Rönn M, Lind L, Waldén TB, Lind PM. Effects of Low-Dose Developmental Bisphenol A Exposure on Metabolic Parameters and Gene Expression in Male and Female Fischer 344 Rat Offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:067018. [PMID: 28657538 PMCID: PMC5743697 DOI: 10.1289/ehp505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that may contribute to development of obesity and metabolic disorders. Humans are constantly exposed to low concentrations of BPA, and studies support that the developmental period is particularly sensitive. OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the effects of low-dose developmental BPA exposure on metabolic parameters in male and female Fischer 344 (F344) rat offspring. METHODS Pregnant F344 rats were exposed to BPA via their drinking water, corresponding to 0.5 μg/kg BW/d (BPA0.5; n=21) or 50 μg/kg BW/d (BPA50; n=16), from gestational day (GD) 3.5 until postnatal day (PND) 22, and controls were given vehicle (n=26). Body weight (BW), adipose tissue, liver (weight, histology, and gene expression), heart weight, and lipid profile were investigated in the 5-wk-old offspring. RESULTS Males and females exhibited differential susceptibility to the different doses of BPA. Developmental BPA exposure increased plasma triglyceride levels (0.81±0.10 mmol/L compared with 0.57±0.03 mmol/L, females BPA50 p=0.04; 0.81±0.05 mmol/L compared with 0.61±0.04 mmol/L, males BPA0.5 p=0.005) in F344 rat offspring compared with controls. BPA exposure also increased adipocyte cell density by 122% in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) of female offspring exposed to BPA0.5 compared with controls (68.2±4.4 number of adipocytes/HPF compared with 55.9±1.5 number of adipocytes/HPF; p=0.03) and by 123% in BPA0.5 females compared with BPA50 animals (68.2±4.4 number of adipocytes/high power field (HPF) compared with 55.3±2.9 number of adipocytes/HPF; p=0.04). In iWAT of male offspring, adipocyte cell density was increased by 129% in BPA50-exposed animals compared with BPA0.5-exposed animals (69.9±5.1 number of adipocytes/HPF compared with 54.0±3.4 number of adipocytes/HPF; p=0.03). Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in lipid and adipocyte homeostasis was significantly different between exposed animals and controls depending on the tissue, dose, and sex. CONCLUSIONS Developmental exposure to 0.5 μg/kg BW/d of BPA, which is 8-10 times lower than the current preliminary EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 μg/kg BW/d and is within the range of environmentally relevant levels, was associated with sex-specific differences in the expression of genes in adipose tissue plasma triglyceride levels in males and adipocyte cell density in females when F344 rat offspring of dams exposed to BPA at 0.5 μg/kg BW/d were compared with the offspring of unexposed controls. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP505.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta H Lejonklou
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linda Dunder
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Bladin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vendela Pettersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Rönn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas B Waldén
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
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He Z, Cui L, Paule MG, Ferguson SA. Estrogen Selectively Mobilizes Neural Stem Cells in the Third Ventricle Stem Cell Niche of Postnatal Day 21 Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 52:927-33. [PMID: 26041664 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective properties of stem cells have been described for various pathophysiological states. Here, we determined the effects of exogenous perinatal estrogen treatment on endogenous neural stem cell activity in the third ventricle stem cell niche (3VSCN) and the caudal third ventricle (C3V). Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 10 μg/kg/day) or vehicle on gestational days 6-21, and their offspring were similarly treated from birth to weaning on postnatal day 21. At weaning, neural stem cell activity was investigated using the stem cell markers nestin, Ki-67, phosphohistone H3 (PHH3), and doublecortin (DCX). The 3VSCN was characterized by nestin labeling, but little DCX labeling, while both the subventricular (SVZ) and subgranular zones (SGZ) displayed robust DCX expression. Ki-67 cell counts in the 3VSCN were 2.2 to 6.4 times those of the C3V. In the 3VSCN, EE2 treatment significantly increased Ki-67, PHH3, and co-labeled cell counts by 135-207 %, effects which appeared stronger in females. EE2 treatment had only marginally significant effects in the C3V, mildly increasing PHH3 and co-labeled cell counts. Perinatal estrogen treatment selectively increased and mobilized proliferative cells in the 3VSCN at weaning, potentially providing increased neuroprotection. Because PHH3 cells are thought to be in the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and Ki-67 cells can be found in most phases of the cycle, the effect of estrogen treatment on 3VSCN cells appears to involve enhancement of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- HFT-132, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA,
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22
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Hong J, Chen F, Wang X, Bai Y, Zhou R, Li Y, Chen L. Exposure of preimplantation embryos to low-dose bisphenol A impairs testes development and suppresses histone acetylation of StAR promoter to reduce production of testosterone in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 427:101-11. [PMID: 26975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that bisphenol A (BPA) is a potential endocrine disruptor and testicular toxicant. The present study focused on exploring the impact of exposure to low dose of BPA on male reproductive development during the early embryo stage and the underlying mechanisms. BPA (20 μg/kg/day) was orally administered to female mice on days 1-5 of gestation. The male offspring were euthanized at PND10, 20, 24, 35 or PND50. We found that the mice exposed to BPA before implantation (BPA-mice) displayed retardation of testicular development with reduction of testosterone level. The diameter and epithelium height of seminiferous tubules were reduced in BPA-mice at PND35. The numbers of spermatogenic cells at different stages were significantly reduced in BPA-mice at PND50. BPA-mice showed a persistent reduction in serum and testicular testosterone levels starting from PND24, whereas GnRH mRNA was significantly increased at PND35 and PND50. The expressions of testicular StAR and P450scc in BPA-mice also decreased relative to those of the controls at PND35 and PND50. Further analysis found that the levels of histone H3 and H3K14 acetylation (Ac-H3 and H3K14ac) in the promoter of StAR were decreased relative to those of control mice, whereas the level of Ac-H3 in the promoter of P450scc was not significantly different between the groups. These results provide evidence that exposure to BPA in preimplantation embryo retards the development of testes by reducing histone acetylation of the StAR promoter to disrupt the testicular testosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hong
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yinyang Bai
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214002, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China; Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
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Johnson SA, Javurek AB, Painter MS, Ellersieck MR, Welsh TH, Camacho L, Lewis SM, Vanlandingham MM, Ferguson SA, Rosenfeld CS. Effects of developmental exposure to bisphenol A on spatial navigational learning and memory in rats: A CLARITY-BPA study. Horm Behav 2016; 80:139-148. [PMID: 26436835 PMCID: PMC4818668 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous industrial chemical used in the production of a wide variety of items. Previous studies suggest BPA exposure may result in neuro-disruptive effects; however, data are inconsistent across animal and human studies. As part of the Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity (CLARITY-BPA), we sought to determine whether female and male rats developmentally exposed to BPA demonstrated later spatial navigational learning and memory deficits. Pregnant NCTR Sprague-Dawley rats were orally dosed from gestational day 6 to parturition, and offspring were directly orally dosed until weaning (postnatal day 21). Treatment groups included a vehicle control, three BPA doses (2.5μg/kg body weight (bw)/day-[2.5], 25μg/kg bw/day-[25], and 2500μg/kg bw/day-[2500]) and a 0.5μg/kg/day ethinyl estradiol (EE)-reference estrogen dose. At adulthood, 1/sex/litter was tested for seven days in the Barnes maze. The 2500 BPA group sniffed more incorrect holes on day 7 than those in the control, 2.5 BPA, and EE groups. The 2500 BPA females were less likely than control females to locate the escape box in the allotted time (p value=0.04). Although 2.5 BPA females exhibited a prolonged latency, the effect did not reach significance (p value=0.06), whereas 2.5 BPA males showed improved latency compared to control males (p value=0.04), although the significance of this result is uncertain. No differences in serum testosterone concentration were detected in any male or female treatment groups. Current findings suggest developmental exposure of rats to BPA may disrupt aspects of spatial navigational learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Johnson
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Angela B Javurek
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Michele S Painter
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Agriculture Experimental Station-Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Thomas H Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Luísa Camacho
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Sherry M Lewis
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Michelle M Vanlandingham
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Sherry A Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Cheryl S Rosenfeld
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Genetics Area Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Rebuli ME, Camacho L, Adonay ME, Reif DM, Aylor DL, Patisaul HB. Impact of Low-Dose Oral Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) on Juvenile and Adult Rat Exploratory and Anxiety Behavior: A CLARITY-BPA Consortium Study. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26209558 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume production chemical and has been identified as an endocrine disruptor, prompting concern that developmental exposure could impact brain development and behavior. Rodent and human studies suggest that early life BPA exposure may result in an anxious, hyperactive phenotype but results are conflicting and data from studies using multiple doses below the no-observed-adverse-effect level are limited. To address this, the present studies were conducted as part of the CLARITY-BPA (Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity) program. The impact of perinatal BPA exposure (2.5, 25, or 2500 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day) on behaviors related to anxiety and exploratory activity was assessed in juvenile (prepubertal) and adult NCTR Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Ethinyl estradiol (0.5 µg/kg bw/day) was used as a reference estrogen. Exposure spanned gestation and lactation with dams gavaged from gestational day 6 until birth and then the offspring gavaged directly through weaning (n = 12/sex/group). Behavioral assessments included open field, elevated plus maze, and zero maze. Anticipated sex differences in behavior were statistically identified or suggested in most cases. No consistent effects of BPA were observed for any endpoint, in either sex, at either age compared to vehicle controls; however, significant differences between BPA-exposed and ethinyl estradiol-exposed groups were identified for some endpoints. Limitations of this study are discussed and include suboptimal statistical power and low concordance across behavioral tasks. These data do not indicate BPA-related effects on anxiety or exploratory activity in these developmentally exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- *Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Luísa Camacho
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079; and
| | - Maria E Adonay
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David M Reif
- *Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - David L Aylor
- *Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- *Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695;
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Ferguson SA, Paule MG, He Z. Pre- and postnatal bisphenol A treatment does not alter the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of weanling male and female rats. Brain Res 2015. [PMID: 26206302 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) may interfere with brain sexual differentiation. Altered numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells in the rodent anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) after developmental BPA treatment have been reported; however, definitive conclusions are lacking. The current study incorporated many of the guidelines suggested for endocrine disrupter research. Specifically, ethinyl estradiol (EE2) served as a reference estrogen, exogenous environmental estrogen exposure was controlled, BPA was administered orally, and subjects consumed a low phytoestrogen diet. Here, on gestational days 6-21, Sprague-Dawley rats (10-15/group) were gavaged with 2.5 or 25.0 µg BPA/kg/day or 5.0 or 10.0 µg EE2/kg/day or the vehicle (5 ml of 0.3% aqueous carboxymethylcellulose/kg/day). A naïve control group was weighed and restrained, but not gavaged. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 1 and continuing until PND 21, the 4 pups/sex/litter were orally treated with the same dose their dam had received. On PND 21, 1/sex/litter was perfused and the brain removed. TH immunoreactivity (TH-ir) was counted in 8 images/pup by a technician blind to treatment status. ANOVA results indicated significantly higher TH-ir cells/mm(2) in females (main effect of sex: p<0.01); however, there was no significant effect of treatment or a significant interaction of treatment with sex. In a separate untreated group of PND 21 Sprague-Dawley pups, AVPV volume was quantified and no significant sexual dimorphism was apparent. Similar to our reported results of behavioral assessments, the BPA treatment paradigm used here (2.5 or 25.0 µg BPA/kg/day administered orally) does not appear to cause significant alterations in AVPV TH-ir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
| | - Zhen He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Rönn M, Lind L, Örberg J, Kullberg J, Söderberg S, Larsson A, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Lind PM. Bisphenol A is related to circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin, but not to fat mass or fat distribution in humans. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:42-48. [PMID: 25048886 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to induce obesity in experimental studies, we explored the associations between BPA and fat mass, fat distribution and circulating levels of adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin in humans. METHODS In the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS), fat mass and fat distribution were determined in 70-year-old men and women (n=890) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n=287). Serum levels of BPA were analyzed using isotope liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (API4000LC-MS/MS). Hormone levels were analyzed with radioimmunoassays (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Imaging was performed approximately two years following collection of other data. RESULTS Serum concentrations of BPA were not related to adipose tissue measurements by DXA or MRI. BPA associated positively with adiponectin and leptin, but negatively with ghrelin, following adjustments for sex, height, fat mass, lean mass, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, energy intake, and educational levels (p<0.001, p=0.009, p<0.001, respectively). The relationship between BPA and ghrelin was stronger in women than in men. CONCLUSION Although no relationships between BPA levels and measures of fat mass were seen, BPA associated strongly with the adipokines adiponectin and leptin and with the gut-hormone ghrelin suggesting that BPA may interfere with hormonal control of hunger and satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rönn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Örberg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, and Heart Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Radiology, Oncology, and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Monica Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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He Z, Ferguson SA, Cui L, Greenfield LJ, Paule MG. Development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and the influence of estrogen-like compounds. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2763-74. [PMID: 25206587 PMCID: PMC4145994 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.29.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the well-defined sexually dimorphic structures in the brain is the sexually dimorphic nucleus, a cluster of cells located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. The rodent sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area can be delineated histologically using conventional Nissl staining or immunohistochemically using calbindin D28K immunoreactivity. There is increasing use of the bindin D28K-delineated neural cluster to define the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in rodents. Several mechanisms are proposed to underlie the processes that contribute to the sexual dimorphism (size difference) of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Recent evidence indicates that stem cell activity, including proliferation and migration presumably from the 3rd ventricle stem cell niche, may play a critical role in the postnatal development of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area and its distinguishing sexually dimorphic feature: a signifi-cantly larger volume in males. Sex hormones and estrogen-like compounds can affect the size of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area. Despite considerable research, it remains un-clear whether estrogen-like compounds and/or sex hormones increase size of the sexually dimor-phic nucleus of the preoptic area via an increase in stem cell activity originating from the 3rd ventricle stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA ; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Sherry Ann Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72005, USA
| | - Merle Gale Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Ferguson SA, Law CD, Kissling GE. Developmental treatment with ethinyl estradiol, but not bisphenol A, causes alterations in sexually dimorphic behaviors in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:374-92. [PMID: 24798382 PMCID: PMC4133561 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing central nervous system may be particularly sensitive to bisphenol A (BPA)-induced alterations. Here, pregnant Sprague Dawley rats (n = 11-12/group) were gavaged daily with vehicle, 2.5 or 25.0 μg/kg BPA, or 5.0 or 10.0 μg/kg ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on gestational days 6-21. The BPA doses were selected to be below the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg/day. On postnatal days 1-21, all offspring/litter were orally treated with the same dose. A naïve control group was not gavaged. Body weight, pubertal age, estrous cyclicity, and adult serum hormone levels were measured. Adolescent play, running wheel activity, flavored solution intake, female sex behavior, and manually elicited lordosis were assessed. No significant differences existed between the vehicle and naïve control groups. Vehicle controls exhibited significant sexual dimorphism for most behaviors, indicating these evaluations were sensitive to sex differences. However, only EE2 treatment caused significant effects. Relative to female controls, EE2-treated females were heavier, exhibited delayed vaginal opening, aberrant estrous cyclicity, increased play behavior, decreased running wheel activity, and increased aggression toward the stimulus male during sexual behavior assessments. Relative to male controls, EE2-treated males were older at testes descent and preputial separation and had lower testosterone levels. These results suggest EE2-induced masculinization/defeminization of females and are consistent with increased volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) at weaning in female siblings of these subjects (He, Z., Paule, M. G. and Ferguson, S. A. (2012) Low oral doses of bisphenol A increase volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male, but not female, rats at postnatal day 21. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 34, 331-337). Although EE2 treatment caused pubertal delays and decreased testosterone levels in males, their behaviors were within the range of control males. Conversely, BPA treatment did not alter any measured endpoint. Similar to our previous reports (Ferguson, S. A., Law, C. D. Jr and Abshire, J. S. (2011) Developmental treatment with bisphenol A or ethinyl estradiol causes few alterations on early preweaning measures. Toxicol. Sci. 124, 149-160; Ferguson, S. A., Law, C. D. and Abshire, J. S. (2012) Developmental treatment with bisphenol A causes few alterations on measures of postweaning activity and learning. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 34, 598-606), the BPA doses and design used here produced few alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Charles Delbert Law
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Vandenberg LN, Welshons WV, vom Saal FS, Toutain PL, Myers JP. Should oral gavage be abandoned in toxicity testing of endocrine disruptors? Environ Health 2014; 13:46. [PMID: 24961440 PMCID: PMC4069342 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For decades, hazard assessments for environmental chemicals have used intra-gastric gavage to assess the effects of 'oral' exposures. It is now widely used--and in some cases required--by US federal agencies to assess potential toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In this review we enumerate several reasons why gavage is not appropriate for the assessment of EDCs using bisphenol A (BPA) as a main example. First, whereas human dietary exposures interact with the oral mucosa, gavage exposures avoid these interactions, leading to dramatic differences in absorption, bioavailability and metabolism with implications for toxicokinetic assumptions and models. Additionally, there are well acknowledged complications associated with gavage, such as perforation of the esophagus that diminish its value in toxicological experiments. Finally, the gavage protocol itself can induce stress responses by the endocrine system and confound the assessment of EDCs. These serious flaws have not been taken into account in interpreting results of EDC research. We propose the exploration of alternatives to mimic human exposures when there are multiple exposure routes/sources and when exposures are chronic. We conclude that gavage may be preferred over other routes for some environmental chemicals in some circumstances, but it does not appropriately model human dietary exposures for many chemicals. Because it avoids exposure pathways, is stressful, and thus interferes with endocrine responses, gavage should be abandoned as the default route of administration for hazard assessments of EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, School of Public Health, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Wade V Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, UPS, UMR1331, F- 31062 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France
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Rebuli ME, Cao J, Sluzas E, Delclos KB, Camacho L, Lewis SM, Vanlandingham MM, Patisaul HB. Investigation of the effects of subchronic low dose oral exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) on estrogen receptor expression in the juvenile and adult female rat hypothalamus. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:190-203. [PMID: 24752507 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised regarding the long-term impacts of early life exposure to the ubiquitous environmental contaminant bisphenol A (BPA) on brain organization. Because BPA has been reported to affect estrogen signaling, and steroid hormones play a critical role in brain sexual differentiation, there is also concern that BPA exposure could alter neural sex differences. Here, we examine the impact of subchronic exposure from gestation to adulthood to oral doses of BPA below the current no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day on estrogen receptor (ESR) expression in sexually dimorphic brain regions of prepubertal and adult female rats. The dams were gavaged daily with vehicle (0.3% carboxymethylcellulose), 2.5, 25, 260, or 2700 μg BPA/kg bw/day, or 0.5 or 5.0 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE)/kg bw/day from gestational day 6 until labor began. Offspring were then gavaged directly from the day after birth until the day before scheduled sacrifice on postnatal days 21 or 90. Using in situ hybridization, one or more BPA doses produced significant decreases in Esr1 expression in the juvenile female rat anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of the hypothalamus and significant decreases in Esr2 expression in the adult female rat AVPV and medial preoptic area (MPOA), relative to vehicle controls. BPA did not simply reproduce EE effects, indicating that BPA is not acting solely as an estrogen mimic. The possible consequences of long-term changes in hypothalamic ESR expression resulting from subchronic low dose BPA exposure on neuroendocrine effects are discussed and being addressed in ongoing, related work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Jinyan Cao
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Emily Sluzas
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - K Barry Delclos
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Luísa Camacho
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Sherry M Lewis
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Panos JJ, Law CD, Ferguson SA. Effects of perinatal methylphenidate (MPH) treatment in male and female Sprague–Dawley offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 42:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Delclos KB, Camacho L, Lewis SM, Vanlandingham MM, Latendresse JR, Olson GR, Davis KJ, Patton RE, Gamboa da Costa G, Woodling KA, Bryant MS, Chidambaram M, Trbojevich R, Juliar BE, Felton RP, Thorn BT. Toxicity evaluation of bisphenol A administered by gavage to Sprague Dawley rats from gestation day 6 through postnatal day 90. Toxicol Sci 2014; 139:174-97. [PMID: 24496637 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume industrial chemical to which there is widespread human oral exposure. Guideline studies used to set regulatory limits detected adverse effects only at doses well above human exposures and established a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. However, many reported animal studies link BPA to potentially adverse effects on multiple organ systems at doses below the NOAEL. The primary goals of the subchronic study reported here were to identify adverse effects induced by orally (gavage) administered BPA below the NOAEL, to characterize the dose response for such effects and to determine doses for a subsequent chronic study. Sprague Dawley rat dams were dosed daily from gestation day 6 until the start of labor, and their pups were directly dosed from day 1 after birth to termination. The primary focus was on seven equally spaced BPA doses (2.5-2700 μg/kg bw/day). Also included were a naïve control, two doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE2) to demonstrate the estrogen responsiveness of the animal model, and two high BPA doses (100,000 and 300,000 μg/kg bw/day) expected from guideline studies to produce adverse effects. Clear adverse effects of BPA, including depressed gestational and postnatal body weight gain, effects on the ovary (increased cystic follicles, depleted corpora lutea, and antral follicles), and serum hormones (increased serum estradiol and prolactin and decreased progesterone), were observed only at the two high doses of BPA. BPA-induced effects partially overlapped those induced by EE2, consistent with the known weak estrogenic activity of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barry Delclos
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Effects of perinatal bisphenol A exposure during early development on radial arm maze behavior in adult male and female rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 42:17-24. [PMID: 24440629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) can affect anxiety behavior. However, no studies have examined whether administration of this endocrine disruptor during the perinatal period has the potential to induce alterations in cognitive behavior in both adult males and females as assessed in an appetitive task. The goal of the current study was to determine whether exposure to different doses of BPA during early development alters performance on the 17-arm radial maze in adulthood in Long-Evans rats. Oral administration of corn oil (vehicle), 4 μg/kg, 40 μg/kg, or 400 μg/kg BPA to the dams occurred daily throughout pregnancy, and the pups received direct oral administration of BPA between postnatal days 1-9. Blood was collected from offspring at weaning age to determine levels of several hormones (thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone). One male and one female from each litter were evaluated on the 17-arm radial maze, a working/reference memory task, in adulthood. Results indicated that after exposure to BPA at both 4 and 400 μg/kg/day, rats of both sexes had decreased levels of FSH at weaning. There were no significant effects of BPA on performance on the radial arm maze in males or females. In conclusion, exposure to BPA during early development had modest effects on circulating hormones but did not affect performance on a spatial learning and memory task.
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A systematic review of Bisphenol A "low dose" studies in the context of human exposure: a case for establishing standards for reporting "low-dose" effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:935-48. [PMID: 23867546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to the chemical Bisphenol A is almost ubiquitous in surveyed industrialized societies. Structural features similar to estrogen confer the ability of Bisphenol A (BPA) to bind estrogen receptors, giving BPA membership in the group of environmental pollutants called endocrine disruptors. References by scientists, the media, political entities, and non-governmental organizations to many toxicity studies as "low dose" has led to the belief that exposure levels in these studies are similar to humans, implying that BPA is toxic to humans at current exposures. Through systematic, objective comparison of our current, and a previous compilation of the "low-dose" literature to multiple estimates of human external and internal exposure levels, we found that the "low-dose" moniker describes exposures covering 8-12 orders of magnitude, the majority (91-99% of exposures) being greater than the upper bound of human exposure in the general infant, child and adult U.S. Population. "low dose" is therefore a descriptor without specific meaning regarding human exposure. Where human exposure data are available, for BPA and other environmental chemicals, reference to toxicity study exposures by direct comparison to human exposure would be more informative, more objective, and less susceptible to misunderstanding.
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Ferguson SA, Maier KL. A review of seasonal/circannual effects of laboratory rodent behavior. Physiol Behav 2013; 119:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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McCaffrey KA, Jones B, Mabrey N, Weiss B, Swan SH, Patisaul HB. Sex specific impact of perinatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure over a range of orally administered doses on rat hypothalamic sexual differentiation. Neurotoxicology 2013; 36:55-62. [PMID: 23500335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume production chemical used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal paper receipts, and other household products. The neural effects of early life BPA exposure, particularly to low doses administered orally, remain unclear. Thus, to better characterize the dose range over which BPA alters sex specific neuroanatomy, we examined the impact of perinatal BPA exposure on two sexually dimorphic regions in the anterior hypothalamus, the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) and the anterioventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus. Both are sexually differentiated by estradiol and play a role in sex specific reproductive physiology and behavior. Long Evans rats were prenatally exposed to 10, 100, 1000, 10,000μg/kg bw/day BPA through daily, non-invasive oral administration of dosed-cookies to the dams. Offspring were reared to adulthood. Their brains were collected and immunolabeled for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the AVPV and calbindin (CALB) in the SDN-POA. We observed decreased TH-ir cell numbers in the female AVPV across all exposure groups, an effect indicative of masculinization. In males, AVPV TH-ir cell numbers were significantly reduced in only the BPA 10 and BPA 10,000 groups. SDN-POA endpoints were unaltered in females but in males SDN-POA volume was significantly lower in all BPA exposure groups. CALB-ir was significantly lower in all but the BPA 1000 group. These effects are consistent with demasculinization. Collectively these data demonstrate that early life oral exposure to BPA at levels well below the current No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 50mg/kg/day can alter sex specific hypothalamic morphology in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McCaffrey
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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Cao J, Rebuli ME, Rogers J, Todd KL, Leyrer SM, Ferguson SA, Patisaul HB. Prenatal bisphenol A exposure alters sex-specific estrogen receptor expression in the neonatal rat hypothalamus and amygdala. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:157-73. [PMID: 23457122 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure is ubiquitous, and in laboratory animals, early-life BPA exposure has been shown to alter sex-specific neural organization, neuroendocrine physiology, and behavior. The specific mechanisms underlying these brain-related outcomes, however, remain largely unknown, constraining the capacity to ascertain the potential human relevance of neural effects observed in animal models. In the perinatal rat brain, estrogen is masculinizing, suggesting that BPA-induced perturbation of estrogen receptor (ESR) expression may underpin later in-life neuroendocrine effects. We hypothesized that prenatal BPA exposure alters sex-specific ESR1 (ERα) and ESR2 (ERβ) expression in postnatal limbic nuclei. Sprague Dawley rats were mated and gavaged on gestational days (GDs) 6-21 with vehicle, 2.5 or 25 μg/kg bw/day BPA, or 5 or 10 μg/kg bw/day ethinyl estradiol. An additional group was restrained but not gavaged (naïve control). Offspring were sacrificed the day after birth to quantify ESR gene expression throughout the hypothalamus and amygdala by in situ hybridization. Relative to the vehicle group, significant effects of BPA were observed on ESR1 and ESR2 expression throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus and amygdala in both sexes. Significant differences in ESR expression were also observed in the mediobasal hypothalamus and amygdala of the naïve control group compared with the vehicle group, highlighting the potential for gavage to influence gene expression in the developing brain. These results indicate that ESR expression in the neonatal brain of both sexes can be altered by low-dose prenatal BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Cao
- Department of Biology, NCSU, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Anderson OS, Peterson KE, Sanchez BN, Zhang Z, Mancuso P, Dolinoy DC. Perinatal bisphenol A exposure promotes hyperactivity, lean body composition, and hormonal responses across the murine life course. FASEB J 2013; 27:1784-92. [PMID: 23345456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of adult-onset diseases is influenced by perinatal exposure to altered environmental conditions. One such exposure, bisphenol A (BPA), has been associated with obesity and diabetes, and consequently labeled an obesogen. Using an isogenic murine model, we examined the effects of perinatal exposure through maternal diet to 50 ng (n=20), 50 μg (n=21), or 50 mg (n=18) BPA/kg diet, as well as controls (n=20) on offspring energy expenditure, spontaneous activity, and body composition at 3, 6, and 9 mo of age, and hormone levels at 9 and 10 mo of age. Overall, exposed females and males exhibited increased energy expenditure (P<0.001 and 0.001, respectively) throughout the life course. In females, horizontal and vertical activity increased (P=0.07 and 0.06, respectively) throughout the life course. Generally, body composition measures were not different throughout the life course in exposed females or males (all P>0.44), although body fat and weight decreased in exposed females at particular ages (all P<0.08). Milligram-exposed females had improved glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin profiles (all P<0.10). Thus, life-course analysis illustrates that BPA is associated with hyperactive and lean phenotypes. Variability across studies may be attributable to differential exposure duration and timing, dietary fat and phytoestrogen content, or lack of sophisticated phenotyping across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
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Ferguson SA, Law CD, Abshire JS. Developmental treatment with bisphenol A causes few alterations on measures of postweaning activity and learning. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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He Z, Paule MG, Ferguson SA. Low oral doses of bisphenol A increase volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male, but not female, rats at postnatal day 21. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2012; 34:331-7. [PMID: 22507915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal treatment with relatively high doses of bisphenol A (BPA) appears to have little effect on volume of the rodent sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA). However, doses more relevant to human exposures have not been examined. Here, effects of pre- and post-natal treatment with low BPA doses on SDN-POA volume of postnatal day (PND) 21 Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated. Pregnant rats were orally gavaged with vehicle, 2.5 or 25.0 μg/kg BPA, or 5.0 or 10.0 μg/kg ethinyl estradiol (EE₂) on gestational days 6-21. Beginning on the day after birth, offspring were orally treated with the same dose their dam had received. On PND 21, offspring (n=10-15/sex/group; 1/sex/litter) were perfused and volume evaluation was conducted blind to treatment. SDN-POA outline was delineated using calbindin D28K immunoreactivity. Pairwise comparisons of the significant treatment by sex interaction indicated that neither BPA dose affected female volume. However, females treated with 5.0 or 10.0 μg/kg EE₂ exhibited volumes that were larger than same-sex controls, respectively (p<0.001). Males treated with either BPA dose or 10.0 μg/kg/day EE₂ had larger volumes than same-sex controls (p<0.006). These data indicate that BPA can have sex-specific effects on SDN-POA volume and that these effects manifest as larger volumes in males. Sensitivity of the methodology as well as the treatment paradigm was confirmed by the expected EE₂-induced increase in female volume. These treatment effects might lead to organizational changes within sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways which, if persistent, could theoretically alter adult reproductive physiology and socio-sexual behavior in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen He
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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