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Bonet ML, Ribot J, Sánchez J, Palou A, Picó C. Early Life Programming of Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Browning Capacity by Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Anti-Obesity Strategy. Cells 2024; 13:870. [PMID: 38786092 PMCID: PMC11120104 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The early stages of life, especially the period from conception to two years, are crucial for shaping metabolic health and the risk of obesity in adulthood. Adipose tissue (AT) plays a crucial role in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism, and brown AT (BAT) and the browning of white AT (WAT) are promising targets for combating weight gain. Nutritional factors during prenatal and early postnatal stages can influence the development of AT, affecting the likelihood of obesity later on. This narrative review focuses on the nutritional programming of AT features. Research conducted across various animal models with diverse interventions has provided insights into the effects of specific compounds on AT development and function, influencing the development of crucial structures and neuroendocrine circuits responsible for energy balance. The hormone leptin has been identified as an essential nutrient during lactation for healthy metabolic programming against obesity development in adults. Studies have also highlighted that maternal supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and polyphenols during pregnancy and lactation, as well as offspring supplementation with myo-inositol, vitamin A, nicotinamide riboside, and resveratrol during the suckling period, can impact AT features and long-term health outcomes and help understand predisposition to obesity later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana Sánchez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Group of Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain; (M.L.B.); (J.S.); (A.P.); (C.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07010 Palma, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IAIB), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
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2
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Graham DS, Liu G, Arasteh A, Yin XM, Yan S. Ability of high fat diet to induce liver pathology correlates with the level of linoleic acid and Vitamin E in the diet. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286726. [PMID: 37267350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased uptake of fat, such as through the ingestion of high fat diet (HFD), can lead to fatty liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. It is not clear whether certain fatty acids may be more pathogenic than others to the liver. Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet and its excessive consumption can lead to increased lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that a high level of LA in HFD will contribute significantly to the hepatic steatosis and injury, whereas vitamin E (VIT-E) may reverse the effects from LA by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. To test this hypothesis, we fed mice with the following diets for 20 weeks: a standard low-fat diet (CHOW), HFD with a low level of LA (LOW-LA, 1% of energy from LA), HFD with a high level of LA (HI-LA, 8% of energy from LA), or HI-LA diet with VIT-E supplement (HI-LA + VIT-E). We found that the HI-LA diet resulted in more body weight gain, larger adipocyte area, and higher serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) relative to the CHOW and LOW-LA diets. In mice fed with the HI-LA diet, severer hepatic steatosis was seen with higher levels of hepatic TG and FFA. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was altered in the liver by HI-LA diet, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1). Liver injury, inflammation and fibrotic response were all enhanced in mice fed with the HI-LA diet when compared with the LOW-LA diet. Notably, addition of VIT-E supplement, which restores the proper VIT-E/PUFA ratio, significantly reduced the detrimental effects of the high level of LA. Taken together, our results suggest that a high level of LA and a low ratio of VIT-E/PUFA in HFD can contribute significantly to metabolic abnormalities and hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton S Graham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ailar Arasteh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shengmin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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3
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Torres AN, Tavares L, Pereira MJ, Eriksson JW, Jones JG. Positional and compositional analysis of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue triglyceride by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4632. [PMID: 34676601 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and turnover of triglyceride in adipose tissue involves enzymes with preferences for specific fatty acid classes and/or regioselectivity regarding the fatty acid position within the glycerol moiety. The focus of the current study was to characterize both the composition of fatty acids and their positional distribution in triglycerides of biopsied human subcutaneous adipose tissue, from subjects with wide ranges of body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity, using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The triglyceride sn2 position was significantly more enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids compared with that of sn1,3, while the abundance of saturated fatty acids was significantly lower in the sn2 position compared with that of sn1,3. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant positive correlations between the total fraction of palmitoleic acid with both BMI and insulin sensitivity scores (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index). Additionally, we established that 13 C NMR chemical shifts for ω-3 signals, centered at 31.9 ppm, provided superior resolution of the most abundant fatty acid species, including palmitoleate, compared with the ω-2 signals that were used previously. 13 C NMR spectroscopy reveals for the first time a highly nonhomogenous distribution of fatty acids in the glycerol sites of human adipose tissue triglyceride, and that these distributions are correlated with different phenotypes, such as BMI and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra N Torres
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ludgero Tavares
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama - EUVG, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan W Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetes and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John G Jones
- Metabolism, Aging and Disease, Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
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4
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Belyaeva IA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Bombardirova EP, Turti TV. World Trends in Infant Formulas Composition Enhancement. CURRENT PEDIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.15690/vsp.v21i6.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This article provides the overview of the major strategies for infant formulas composition enhancement via modern technologies and trends in minimizing technology-related loads on the environment. Potential modifications of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of milk formulas nutrients have been determined. We also covered product contents changing over age, as well as the perspectives of using animal milk in formulas. The relevance of adding biologically active substances and living microorganisms (probiotics), their safety, and efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Belyaeva
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Morozovskaya Children’s City Hospital
| | - Leyla S. Namazova-Baranova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - Elena P. Bombardirova
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery
| | - Tatiana V. Turti
- Research Institute of Pediatrics and Children’s Health in Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management
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5
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Carlson SE, Schipper L, Brenna JT, Agostoni C, Calder PC, Forsyth S, Legrand P, Abrahamse-Berkeveld M, van de Heijning BJM, van der Beek EM, Koletzko BV, Muhlhausler B. Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2085-2098. [PMID: 34265035 PMCID: PMC8634410 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes, such as growth, development, and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential disadvantages of high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA to achieve positive impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Area, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’Granda- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip C Calder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie-Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus–French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Eline M van der Beek
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold V Koletzko
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Department of Paediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Beverly Muhlhausler
- Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Adelaide, Australia,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Ren X, Vilhjálmsdóttir BL, Rohde JF, Walker KC, Runstedt SE, Lauritzen L, Heitmann BL, Specht IO. Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Polyunsaturated and Trans Fatty Acids During Pregnancy and Offspring Weight Development. Front Nutr 2021; 8:625596. [PMID: 33842522 PMCID: PMC8027310 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and trans fatty acids (TFAs) may have an impact on offspring weight development. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to PRISMA guidelines to evaluate whether levels of these fatty acids during pregnancy influenced offspring weight development. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with DHA and/or EPA supplementation or cohort studies, which examined levels of DHA, EPA, or TFAs in maternal or neonatal blood samples and recorded offspring weight, were included. Overall, 27 RCTs and 14 observational studies were identified. The results showed that DHA and/or EPA supplementation doses >650 mg/day resulted in slightly higher birth weight (MD 87.5 g, 95% CI 52.3-122.6, n = 3,831) and combined BMI and BMI z score at 5-10 years (SMD 0.11, 95% CI 0.04-0.18, n = 3,220). These results were rated as moderate quality. Results from the observational studies were generally inconsistent. High TFA levels during pregnancy seemed to be associated with lower birth weight. Finally, this review and meta-analysis supports a relationship between high maternal or neonatal DHA and/or EPA levels and higher offspring birth weight and weight in childhood. More high-quality long-term studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ren
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitta Lind Vilhjálmsdóttir
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Christina Walker
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Elizabeth Runstedt
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Paediatric and International Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Sydney Medical School, The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Section for General Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ina Olmer Specht
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies at the Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Huang T, Yang M, Zeng Y, Huang X, Wang N, Chen Y, Li P, Yuan J, Chen C, Oliver BG, Yi C. Maternal High Fat Diet Consumption Exaggerates Metabolic Disorders in Mice With Cigarette-Smoking Induced Intrauterine Undernutrition. Front Nutr 2021; 8:638576. [PMID: 33796546 PMCID: PMC8007928 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.638576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Maternal smoking causes fetal underdevelopment and results in births which are small for gestation age due to intrauterine undernutrition, leading to various metabolic disorders in adulthood. Furthermore, postnatal high fat diet (HFD) consumption is also a potent obesogenic factor, which can interact with maternal smoking. In this study, we aimed to determine whether maternal HFD consumption during pregnancy can reverse the adverse impact of maternal smoking and change the response to postnatal HFD consumption. Methods: Female mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (SE, 2 cigarettes/day) or sham exposed for 5 weeks before mating, with half of the SE dams fed HFD (43% fat, SE+HFD). The same treatment continued throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring from each maternal group were fed the same HFD or chow after weaning and sacrificed at 13 weeks. Results: Maternal SE alone increased body weight and fat mass in HFD-fed offspring, while SE+HFD offspring showed the highest energy intake and glucose metabolic disorder in adulthood. In addition, postnatal HFD increased the body weight and aggravated the metabolic disorder caused by maternal SE and SE+HFD. Conclusions: Maternal HFD consumption could not ameliorate the adverse effect of maternal SE but exaggerate metabolic disorders in adult offspring. Smoking cessation and a healthy diet are needed during pregnancy to optimize the health outcome in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taida Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxin Zeng
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Li
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinqiu Yuan
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chenju Yi
- Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Comparisons of Breast Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Overweight and Obese Women. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.8.2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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9
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Pereira-da-Silva L, Virella D. Which type of maternal dietary polyunsaturated fat affects fetal adiposity? J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 42:639. [PMID: 31087057 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Pereira-da-Silva
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,NICU, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Unit of Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Virella
- NICU, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Unit of Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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10
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Maternal Linoleic Acid Overconsumption Alters Offspring Gut and Adipose Tissue Homeostasis in Young but Not Older Adult Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113451. [PMID: 33187208 PMCID: PMC7697261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consumption during gestation and lactation can predispose offspring to the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity later in life. However, the mechanisms underlying the potential programming effect of n-6 PUFA upon offspring physiology are not yet all established. Herein, we investigated the effects of maternal and weaning linoleic acid (LA)-rich diet interactions on gut intestinal and adipose tissue physiology in young (3-month-old) and older (6-month-old) adult offspring. Pregnant rats were fed a control diet (2% LA) or an LA-rich diet (12% LA) during gestation and lactation. At weaning, offspring were either maintained on the maternal diet or fed the other diet for 3 or 6 months. At 3 months of age, the maternal LA-diet favored low-grade inflammation and greater adiposity, while at 6 months of age, offspring intestinal barrier function, adipose tissue physiology and hepatic conjugated linoleic acids were strongly influenced by the weaning diet. The maternal LA-diet impacted offspring cecal microbiota diversity and composition at 3 months of age, but had only few remnant effects upon cecal microbiota composition at 6 months of age. Our study suggests that perinatal exposure to high LA levels induces a differential metabolic response to weaning diet exposure in adult life. This programming effect of a maternal LA-diet may be related to the alteration of offspring gut microbiota.
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11
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Meyer DM, Brei C, Bader BL, Hauner H. Evaluation of Maternal Dietary n-3 LCPUFA Supplementation as a Primary Strategy to Reduce Offspring Obesity: Lessons From the INFAT Trial and Implications for Future Research. Front Nutr 2020; 7:156. [PMID: 33043038 PMCID: PMC7522594 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical research suggests that early exposure to LCPUFAs is associated with offspring health outcomes, although evidence in humans is rather unclear. In 2006, we established the Impact of Nutritional Fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation on early human Adipose Tissue development (INFAT) study, a prospective randomized controlled intervention trial that examined whether decreasing the n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio during pregnancy and lactation influences offspring adipose tissue development in children up to 5 years. Our results indicate that maternal supplementation with n-3 LCPUFAs does not reduce offspring obesity risk, which is in line with recent publications. This perspective describes the challenges and lessons learned from our clinical trial. We discuss key findings and critically evaluate differences in study design, methodology, and analyses across similar intervention trials that may partly explain heterogeneous results. Summarizing evidence from human trials, we conclude that n-3 LCPUFA supplementation should not be recommended as a primordial strategy to prevent childhood obesity. Instead, it remains unknown whether n-3 LCPUFA supplementation could benefit high-risk subgroups and some vulnerable maternal/child populations. The perspectives offered herein are derived largely from insights gained from ours and similar n-3 LCPUFA intervention trials and help to provide direction for future research that examines the impact of maternal nutritional exposure on offspring health and disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Marie Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Brei
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lorenz Bader
- ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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12
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Draycott SAV, Elmes MJ, Muhlhausler BS, Langley-Evans S. Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio and Total Fat Content of the Maternal Diet Alter Offspring Growth and Fat Deposition in the Rat. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092505. [PMID: 32825093 PMCID: PMC7551768 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have been shown to inhibit lipogenesis and adipogenesis in adult rats. Their possible early life effects on offspring fat deposition, however, remain to be established. To investigate this, female Wistar rats (n = 6–9 per group) were fed either a 9:1 ratio of linoleic acid (LA) to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or a lower 1:1.5 ratio during pregnancy and lactation. Each ratio was fed at two total fat levels (18% vs. 36% fat w/w) and offspring were weaned onto standard laboratory chow. Offspring exposed to a 36% fat diet, irrespective of maternal dietary LA:ALA ratio, were lighter (male, 27 g lighter; female 19 g lighter; p < 0.0001) than those exposed to an 18% fat diet between 3 and 8 weeks of age. Offspring exposed to a low LA (18% fat) diet had higher proportions of circulating omega-3 LCPUFA and increased gonadal fat mass at 4 weeks of age (p < 0.05). Reduced Srebf1 mRNA expression of hepatic (p < 0.01), gonadal fat (p < 0.05) and retroperitoneal fat (p < 0.05) tissue was observed at 4 weeks of age in male and female offspring exposed to a 36% fat diet, and hepatic Srebf1 mRNA was also reduced in male offspring at 8 weeks of age (p < 0.05). Thus, while offspring fat deposition appeared to be sensitive to both maternal dietary LA:ALA ratio and total fat content, offspring growth and lipogenic capacity of tissues appeared to be more sensitive to maternal dietary fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. V. Draycott
- Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (M.J.E.); (S.L.-E.)
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew J. Elmes
- Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (M.J.E.); (S.L.-E.)
| | - Beverly S. Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia;
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Simon Langley-Evans
- Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; (M.J.E.); (S.L.-E.)
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13
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Gan J, Zhang Z, Kurudimov K, German JB, Taha AY. Distribution of Free and Esterified Oxylipins in Cream, Cell, and Skim Fractions of Human Milk. Lipids 2020; 55:661-670. [PMID: 32725684 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk contains oxylipins involved in infant development. Although oxylipins have been identified in whole or skim milk, their localization within human milk cream, cell, and skim fractions is not known. This study determined the distribution of free and esterified oxylipins in cream, cell, and skim fractions of human milk. Out of 72 oxylipins probed by mass-spectrometry, 42, 29, and 41 oxylipins (free or bound) were detected in cream, cell, and skim fractions, respectively. Over 90% of free and bound oxylipins were derived from linoleic acid in all milk fractions. Other oxylipins were derived from n-6 arachidonic acid and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and n-3 alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Free oxylipins were more abundant in skim milk (59.9% of total oxylipins) compared to cream and cell pellet, whereas esterified oxylipins were most abundant in milk cream and cell pellets (74.9-76.9%). The heterogenous distribution of oxylipins in different fractions of human milk may regulate the guided release of these bioactive signaling molecules within infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junai Gan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karina Kurudimov
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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14
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Ellsworth L, Perng W, Harman E, Das A, Pennathur S, Gregg B. Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12979. [PMID: 32074402 PMCID: PMC7296794 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) impact half of the pregnancies in the United States and can have negative consequences for offspring health. Studies are limited on human milk alterations in the context of maternal obesity. Alterations in milk are hypothesized to impact offspring development during the critical period of lactation. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between mothers with OW/OB (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2 ), infant growth, and selected milk nutrients. We recruited mother-infant dyads with pre-pregnancy OW/OB and normal weight status. The primary study included 52 dyads with infant growth measures through 6 months. Thirty-two dyads provided milk at 2 weeks, which was analysed for macronutrients, long-chain fatty acids, and insulin. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association of maternal weight status with infant growth, maternal weight status with milk components, and milk components with infant growth. Mothers with OW/OB had infants with higher weight-for-length (WFL) and BMI Z-scores at birth. Mothers with OW/OB had higher milk insulin and dihomo-gamma-linolenic, adrenic, and palmitic acids and reduced conjugated linoleic and oleic acids. N6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-driven factor 1 was associated with higher WFL, lower length-for-age (LFA), and lower head circumference-for-age Z-scores change from 2 weeks to 2 months in human milk-fed infants, whereas N6 LC-PUFA-driven factor 5 was associated with lower LFA Z-score change. Human milk composition is associated with maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and composition may be a contributing factor to early infant growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wei Perng
- Nutrition Sciences at the School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Lifecourse Epidemiology and Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Emma Harman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Arun Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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15
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Mamounis KJ, Shvedov NR, Margolies N, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA. The effects of dietary fatty acids in the physiological outcomes of maternal high-fat diet on offspring energy homeostasis in mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:273-284. [PMID: 31556363 PMCID: PMC7096261 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The early-life origins of disease hypothesis has been applied to obesity research and modeled through overnutrition, usually with a high-fat diet (HFD). Since the obesity epidemic coincided with societal change in dietary fat consumption, rather than amount, manipulation of fatty acid (FA) profile is an under-investigated area of study. Additionally, the binding of FAs to nuclear receptors may have persistent intergenerational, extranutritive endocrinological effects that interact with the actions of reproductive steroids causing sex-dependent effects. To determine the role of FA type in the effects underlying maternal HFD, we fed wild-type C57BL6/J mating pairs, from preconception through lactation, a HFD with high saturated fat levels from coconut oil or high linoleic acid (LA) levels from vegetable oil. Male and female offspring body weight and food intake were measured weekly for 25 weeks. Assays for glucose metabolism, body composition, and calorimetry were performed at 25 weeks. Plasma metabolic peptides and liver mRNA were measured terminally. Obesity was primarily affected by adult rather than maternal diet in males, yet in females, maternal HFD potentiated the effects of adult HFD. Maternal HFD high in LA impaired glucose disposal in males weaned onto HFD and insulin sensitivity of females. Plasma leptin correlated with adiposity, but insulin and insulin receptor expression in the liver were altered by maternal LA in males. Our results suggest that maternal FA profile is most influential on offspring glucose metabolism and that adult diet is more important than maternal diet for obesity and other parameters of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Mamounis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Naomi R. Shvedov
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Margolies
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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16
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Malekzadeh JM, Synaii S, Ebrahimzadeh Koor B, Falsafian G, Nakhaie MR. Growth Indices of Exclusively Breastfed Until 6 Months Age and Formula-Fed Infants in Southwest of Iran. Int J Prev Med 2020; 10:207. [PMID: 31921399 PMCID: PMC6941303 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_36_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Formula milk is prepared as a nutritional substitution for human breast milk, but because of biologic and constituent differences, it might cause obesity and growth disorders in infants. In this study, we compared the growth pattern of formula-fed and breastfed infants living in Yasuj, southwest of Iran. Methods: Infants 7–14 months of age in southwest of Iran were classified as exclusively breastfed (n = 200) and formula-fed (n = 200) in their first 6 months of life. Growth velocity and Z-scores of weight for age, length for age, weight for length, and head circumference were estimated using WHO Anthro Plus software (2010) and SPSS Version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using World Health Organization reference for growth data. Results: The study showed that Z-score of length for age and head circumference for age at the birth were significantly lower in formula-fed group than exclusively breastfed group (P < 0.05), but the Z-score of weight for length did not differ significantly. At the sixth month of age, Z-score of weight for length was significantly higher in formula-fed group (P < 0.05), but Z-score of length for age had no significant difference and Z-score of head circumference was higher in exclusively breastfed group yet (P < 0.05). Growth velocity, prevalence of obesity, wasting, underweight, and stunting did not differ between two groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that formula feeding can lead to greater weight gain and may help the catch up of length, but evidences are not convincing enough to suggest the formula as an obesogenic feeding in the studied area. To make a conclusion, we suggest comparing the privileged and unprivileged areas and controlling for confounding variables including family hygiene and infant feeding practices between formula-fed and breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Mohamad Malekzadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Yasuj School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Saiid Synaii
- Department of Nutrition, Yasuj School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Falsafian
- Department of Nutrition, Yasuj School of Health, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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17
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de la Garza Puentes A, Martí Alemany A, Chisaguano AM, Montes Goyanes R, Castellote AI, Torres-Espínola FJ, García-Valdés L, Escudero-Marín M, Segura MT, Campoy C, López-Sabater MC. The Effect of Maternal Obesity on Breast Milk Fatty Acids and Its Association with Infant Growth and Cognition-The PREOBE Follow-Up. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092154. [PMID: 31505767 PMCID: PMC6770754 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed how maternal obesity affected fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and their association with infant growth and cognition to raise awareness about the programming effect of maternal health and to promote a healthy prenatal weight. Mother–child pairs (n = 78) were grouped per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.99), overweight (BMI = 25–29.99) and obese (BMI > 30). Colostrum and mature milk FAs were determined. Infant anthropometry at 6, 18 and 36 months of age and cognition at 18 were analyzed. Mature milk exhibited lower arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among others, than colostrum. Breast milk of non-normal weight mothers presented increased saturated FAs and n6:n3 ratio and decreased α-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA and monounsaturated FAs. Infant BMI-for-age at 6 months of age was inversely associated with colostrum n6 (e.g., AA) and n3 (e.g., DHA) FAs and positively associated with n6:n3 ratio. Depending on the maternal weight, infant cognition was positively influenced by breast milk linoleic acid, n6 PUFAs, ALA, DHA and n3 LC-PUFAs, and negatively affected by n6:n3 ratio. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI can influence breast milk FAs and infant growth and cognition, endorsing the importance of a healthy weight in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de la Garza Puentes
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi, Spain.
| | - Adrià Martí Alemany
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Maribel Chisaguano
- Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of San Francisco de Quito, 170157 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rosa Montes Goyanes
- Food Research and Analysis Institute, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana I Castellote
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Franscisco J Torres-Espínola
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luz García-Valdés
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mireia Escudero-Marín
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Segura
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Campoy
- Centre of Excellence for Paediatric Research EURISTIKOS, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBEResp, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Carmen López-Sabater
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària UB (INSA-UB), 08921 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Farahnak Z, Yuan Y, Vanstone CA, Weiler HA. Maternal and neonatal red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inversely associate with infant whole-body fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:318-326. [PMID: 31437414 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research regarding polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and body composition in neonates is limited. This study tested the relationship between newborn docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status and body composition. Healthy mothers and their term-born infants (n = 100) were studied within 1 month postpartum for anthropometry and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal and infant red blood cell (RBC) membrane PUFA profiles were measured using gas chromatography (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids). Data were grouped according to infant RBC DHA quartiles and tested for differences in n-3 status and infant body composition using mixed-model ANOVA, Spearman correlations, and regression analyses (P < 0.05). Mothers were 32.2 ± 4.6 years (mean ± SD) of age, infants (54% males) were 0.68 ± 0.23 month of age, and 80% exclusively breastfed. Infant RBC DHA (ranged 3.96% to 7.75% of total fatty acids) inversely associated with infant fat mass (r = -0.22, P = 0.03). Infant and maternal RBC n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (r2 = 0.28, P = 0.043; r2 = 0.28, P = 0.041 respectively) were positively associated with fat mass. These results demonstrate that both maternal and infant long-chain PUFA status are associated with neonatal body composition. Novelty Our findings support an early window to further explore the relationship between infant n-3 PUFA status and body composition. Maternal and infant n-3 PUFA status is inversely related to neonatal whole-body fat mass. DHA appears to be the best candidate to test in the development of a lean body phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farahnak
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Catherine A Vanstone
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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19
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Flannagan KS, Gahagan S, Das AK, Burrows RA, Lozoff B, Villamor E. Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Middle Childhood and Body Mass Index Change Through Adolescence. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019; 75:77-85. [PMID: 31390614 DOI: 10.1159/000502077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) status in childhood may be associated with adiposity development. OBJECTIVE To assess associations of serum PUFA biomarkers in childhood with change in body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z scores (BMIZ) through adolescence. METHODS We quantified serum PUFA at ages 5 and 10 years among 418 children from Santiago, Chile. BMI was measured at 5, 10, and 16 years. We compared BMIZ change through age 16 years between quartiles of PUFA at 5 and 10 years and PUFA change 5-10 years by fitting growth curves from mixed effects models. RESULTS At age 5 years, serum docosahexaenoic acid was inversely associated with BMIZ change from ages 5 to 16 years. At age 10 years, arachidonic acid (AA) was nonlinearly positively related to BMIZ change from ages 10 to 16 years. Change in AA and the Δ5-desaturase (D5D) activity index between 5 and 10 years were each positively associated with BMIZ change from ages 10 to 16 years. Change in eicosapentaenoic acid was inversely associated with change in BMIZ. CONCLUSIONS Serum long-chain n-3 PUFA in middle childhood were associated with less BMI gain through adolescence, whereas AA and D5D activity was related to greater BMI gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry S Flannagan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Arun K Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Raquel A Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,
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20
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Meyer DM, Brei C, Stecher L, Much D, Brunner S, Hauner H. Associations between long-chain PUFAs in maternal blood, cord blood, and breast milk and offspring body composition up to 5 years: follow-up from the INFAT study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019; 73:458-464. [PMID: 30643224 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Limited research suggests that exposure to long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) during perinatal development can influence adipose tissue expansion later in life. In previous analyses, we observed that maternal LCPUFAs in late gestation promote offspring gestational growth, whereas breast milk n-3 LCPUFAS promote adipogenesis in infants up to 1 year. This follow-up analysis examines these relationships in offspring up to 5 years. SUBJECTS/METHODS In this observational study of 169 children, relationships between n-3, n-6 LCPUFAs, and the n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio in maternal blood at 32 weeks' gestation, cord blood, and breast milk, and anthropometry in offspring from 2 to 5 years were investigated. Body composition was assessed with indirect (i.e., body weight, BMI percentiles, sum of four skinfold thicknesses) and direct (i.e., ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging in a subgroup) measurement tools. RESULTS Maternal and cord blood LCPUFAs were largely not shown to be related to offspring body composition. Breast milk n-3 LCPUFAs were significantly positively related to several measurements of child anthropometry at 2 and 4 y, but only a positive relationship between n-3 LCPUFAs and lean body mass remained statistically significant at 5 y. Breast milk n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio was inversely related to weight and BMI percentiles at 2 y, and lean body mass at 4 and 5 y. CONCLUSIONS Results from this follow-up do not provide sufficient evidence that LCPUFAs in maternal blood, cord blood, and breast milk predict offspring adiposity in children up to 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Marie Meyer
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Brei
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lynne Stecher
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Much
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brunner
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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21
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Rodrigues DM, Manfro GG, Levitan RD, Steiner M, Meaney MJ, Silveira PP. Moderating effect of PLIN4 genetic variant on impulsivity traits in 5-year-old-children born small for gestational age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 137:19-25. [PMID: 30293593 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor fetal growth is associated with long-term behavioral, metabolic and psychiatric alterations, including impulsivity, insulin resistance, and mood disorders. However, the consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) seems to be protective for this population, improving inhibitory control and behavioral reactivity. We investigated whether the presence of the A allele of rs8887 SNP (PLIN4 gene), known to be associated with increased sensitivity to the consumption of n-3 PUFAs, interacts with fetal growth influencing inhibitory control. 152 five-year-old children were genotyped and performed the Stop Signal Task (SSRT). There was a significant interaction between birth weight and the presence of the A allele on SSRT performance, in which lower birth weight associated with poorer inhibitory control only in non-carriers. These results suggest that a higher responsiveness to n-3 PUFAS protects small for gestational age children from developing poor response inhibition, highlighting that optimizing n-3 PUFA intake may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danitsa Marcos Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Robert Daniel Levitan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meir Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University. Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Joseph Meaney
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Canada.
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22
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Maternal diet of polyunsaturated fatty acid influence the physical and neurobehaviour of rat offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 71:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Dunton GF, O'Connor SG, Belcher BR, Maher JP, Schembre SM. Objectively-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time are Differentially Related to Dietary Fat and Carbohydrate Intake in Children. Front Public Health 2018; 6:198. [PMID: 30079332 PMCID: PMC6062636 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Research on the clustering of physical activity, sedentary, and dietary intake behaviors in children has relied on retrospective and parent-report measures, which may obscure true associations. The current study combined objectively-measured moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) data from waist-worn accelerometers, with multiple child-report 24-h dietary recalls to assess specific components of dietary intake (i.e., dietary fat, carbohydrates, protein; glycemic load, fruits and vegetables) in children. Methods: Participants (n = 136, ages 8–12 years) wore an accelerometer for 7 days. On two of those days, children completed 24-h recall phone interviews to assess dietary intake. Results: After adjusting for child age, sex, ethnicity, annual household income, and body mass index (BMI) percentile; ST was positively associated with percent dietary fat intake, and negatively associated with percent dietary carbohydrate intake and glycemic load (p's < 0.01). MVPA was positively associated with percent dietary carbohydrate intake and daily glycemic load, and negatively associated with percent dietary fat intake (p's < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite its direct health benefits, physical activity may be associated with consuming greater proportion of total intake from carbohydrates, especially those with a higher glycemic index. Further research is needed to understand the differential implications of these unique behavioral interrelations for diabetes, cardiovascular, and obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve F Dunton
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sydney G O'Connor
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Britni R Belcher
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaclyn P Maher
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Susan M Schembre
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Saini RK, Keum YS. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review. Life Sci 2018; 203:255-267. [PMID: 29715470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n-3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Saini
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Soo Keum
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Maternal intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during mid-pregnancy is inversely associated with linear growth. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:432-441. [PMID: 29665872 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates relations of maternal N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake during pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI), height z-score and metabolic risk (fasting glucose, C-peptide, leptin, lipid profile) during peripuberty (8-14 years) among 236 mother-child pairs in Mexico. We used food frequency questionnaire data to quantify trimester-specific intake of N-3 alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); N-6 linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA); and N-6:N-3 (AA:EPA+DHA), which accounts for the fact that the two PUFA families have opposing effects on physiology. Next, we used multivariable linear regression models that accounted for maternal education and parity, and child's age, sex and pubertal status, to examine associations of PUFA intake with the offspring outcomes. In models where BMI z-score was the outcome, we also adjusted for height z-score. We found that higher second trimester intake of EPA, DHA and AA were associated with lower offspring BMI and height z-score. For example, each 1-s.d. increment in second trimester EPA intake corresponded with 0.25 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.47) z-scores lower BMI and 0.20 (0.05, 0.36) z-scores lower height. Accounting for height z-score in models where BMI z-score was the outcome attenuated estimates [e.g., EPA: -0.16 (-0.37, 0.05)], suggesting that this relationship was driven by slower linear growth rather than excess adiposity. Maternal PUFA intake was not associated with the offspring metabolic biomarkers. Our findings suggest that higher PUFA intake during mid-pregnancy is associated with lower attained height in offspring during peripuberty. Additional research is needed to elucidate mechanisms and to confirm findings in other populations.
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Hastert TA, de Oliveira Otto MC, Lê-Scherban F, Steffen BT, Steffen LM, Tsai MY, Jacobs DR, Baylin A. Association of plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids with body mass index: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:433-440. [PMID: 29151597 PMCID: PMC5876070 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Previous research has focused on associations between dietary fat and body mass index (BMI), but the contributions of different types of fat to BMI remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to estimate whether plasma phospholipid omega-3 (n-3), omega-6 (n-6) or trans fatty acids are associated with BMI at baseline and with subsequent BMI changes over time; and whether total phospholipid n-6 or trans fatty acids modify any association between phospholipid n-3 and BMI. METHODS Cross-sectional and longitudinal linear mixed models include 6243 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohort. Participants were 45-84 years old, had no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (2000-2002) and were followed for up to 10 years. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were measured using fasting plasma samples at baseline. Fully adjusted models include demographics, health behaviors and other fatty acids (n-3, n-6 and trans) as appropriate. RESULTS In fully adjusted models, phospholipid n-3 fatty acid levels were inversely associated with baseline BMI (Ptrend <0.001). Baseline BMI was 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.71, 1.57) kg m-2 lower among participants with total n-3 values in the highest vs the lowest quartiles, but was not associated with changes in BMI. Total phospholipid n-6 was positively associated with baseline BMI in partially adjusted but not fully adjusted models. No overall association was observed between fatty acid levels and changes in BMI. No clear association was observed between trans fatty acids and baseline BMI or BMI change. No effect modification in the association between phospholipid n-3 and baseline BMI or BMI change was observed by either phospholipid n-6 or trans fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS Phospholipid total and specific n-3 fatty acid levels were inversely associated with BMI at baseline, whereas associations tended to be positive for total n-6 fatty acids. Significant associations between fatty acid levels and BMI changes were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A. Hastert
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Félice Lê-Scherban
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian T. Steffen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lyn M. Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ana Baylin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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27
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Hakola L, Takkinen HM, Niinistö S, Ahonen S, Erlund I, Rautanen J, Veijola R, Ilonen J, Toppari J, Knip M, Virtanen SM, Lehtinen-Jacks S. Maternal fatty acid intake during pregnancy and the development of childhood overweight: a birth cohort study. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:26-37. [PMID: 27378525 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diet during pregnancy may contribute to the risk of offspring adiposity. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study is to explore the associations between maternal antenatal dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of offspring overweight and obesity at the ages of 2 to 7 years. METHODS In a prospective Finnish birth cohort with 3807 mother-child pairs, maternal diet in late pregnancy was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Intakes of total fatty acids and individual saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were calculated. Generalized estimating equation models were used to study the associations of maternal dietary variables with repeatedly measured offspring overweight and obesity. RESULTS In girls, maternal intake ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFAs had a U-shaped association with obesity (adjusted OR for the lowest 2.0 [95% CI 1.27-3.20] and the highest 1.7 [1.03-2.73] vs. the two middle quartiles of n-6:n-3 PUFAs, p = 0.01). In boys, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6): docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid ratio was associated with obesity (adjusted OR for the lowest 1.0 [0.60-1.57] and the highest 0.5 [0.26-0.88] vs. the two middle quartiles, p = 0.02). Saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids were not associated with overweight or obesity in either sex. CONCLUSIONS Maternal intakes of PUFAs in late pregnancy were associated with risk of later obesity differently in girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hakola
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - H-M Takkinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Niinistö
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Ahonen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - I Erlund
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Rautanen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - J Toppari
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - M Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - S M Virtanen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,The Science Center of Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Lehtinen-Jacks
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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An Increased Dietary Supply of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Early Weaning in Rodents Prevents Excessive Fat Accumulation in Adulthood. Nutrients 2017. [PMID: 28632178 PMCID: PMC5490610 DOI: 10.3390/nu9060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) are a directly and readily absorbed source of energy. Exposure early-in-life to increased MCFA levels might affect development and impact (lipid) metabolism later in life. We tested whether an increased MCFA intake early-in-life positively affects adult body composition and metabolic status when challenged by a western-style diet (WSD). Male offspring of C57Bl/6j mice and Wistar rats were fed a control diet (CTRL; 10 w% fat, 14% MCFA) or a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) diet with 20% MCFA until postnatal (PN) day 42, whereupon animals were fed a WSD (10 w% fat) until PN day 98. Body composition was monitored by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). In rats, glucose homeostasis was assessed by glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT); in mice, the HOmeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. At autopsy on PN day 98, plasma lipid profiles, glucose, insulin, and adipokines were measured; organs and fat pads were collected and the adipocyte size distribution was analysed. Milk analysis in mice showed that the maternal MCT diet was not translated into milk, and pups were thus only exposed to high MCT levels from early weaning onward: PN day 16 until 42. Mice exposed to MCT showed 28% less fat accumulation vs. CTRL during WSD. The average adipocyte cell size, fasting plasma triglycerides (TG), and leptin levels were reduced in MCT mice. In rats, no effects were found on the adult body composition, but the adipocyte cell size distribution shifted towards smaller adipocytes. Particularly mice showed positive effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Increased MCFA intake early-in-life protected against the detrimental effects of an obesogenic diet in adulthood.
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Blood fatty acid changes in healthy young Americans in response to a 10-week diet that increased n-3 and reduced n-6 fatty acid consumption: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1257-1269. [PMID: 28534446 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel generally under-consume n-3 fatty acids and overconsume n-6 fatty acids. In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded study, we investigated whether a diet suitable for implementation in military dining facilities and civilian cafeterias could benefit n-3/n-6 fatty acid status of consumers. Three volunteer groups were provided different diets for 10 weeks. Control (CON) participants consumed meals from the US Military's Standard Garrison Dining Facility Menu. Experimental, moderate (EXP-Mod) and experimental-high (EXP-High) participants consumed the same meals, but high n-6 fatty acid and low n-3 fatty acid containing chicken, egg, oils and food ingredients were replaced with products having less n-6 fatty acids and more n-3 fatty acids. The EXP-High participants also consumed smoothies containing 1000 mg n-3 fatty acids per serving, whereas other participants received placebo smoothies. Plasma and erythrocyte EPA and DHA in CON group remained unchanged throughout, whereas EPA, DHA and Omega-3 Index increased in EXP-Mod and EXP-High groups, and were higher than in CON group after 5 weeks. After 10 weeks, Omega-3 Index in EXP-High group had increased further. No participants exhibited changes in fasting plasma TAG, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, mood or emotional reactivity. Replacing high linoleic acid (LA) containing foods in dining facility menus with similar high oleic acid/low LA and high n-3 fatty acid foods can improve n-6/n-3 blood fatty acid status after 5 weeks. The diets were well accepted and suitable for implementation in group feeding settings like military dining facilities and civilian cafeterias.
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Ullah R, Su Y, Shen Y, Li C, Xu X, Zhang J, Huang K, Rauf N, He Y, Cheng J, Qin H, Zhou YD, Fu J. Postnatal feeding with high-fat diet induces obesity and precocious puberty in C57BL/6J mouse pups: a novel model of obesity and puberty. Front Med 2017; 11:266-276. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Huang CW, Chen YJ, Yang JT, Chen CY, Ajuwon KM, Chen SE, Su NW, Chen YS, Mersmann HJ, Ding ST. Docosahexaenoic acid increases accumulation of adipocyte triacylglycerol through up-regulation of lipogenic gene expression in pigs. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:33. [PMID: 28173868 PMCID: PMC5297193 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changing dietary fatty acid composition in modern diet influences the prevalence of obesity. Increasing evidences suggest favorable effects of n-3 PUFA for protecting against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. However, the regulation of n-3 PUFA in adipose is still unclear. Thus, this study addressed metabolism of different dietary fats in the adipose tissue of porcine model. Methods Eight-week-old cross-bred pigs were randomly assigned to three groups and fed a 2% fat diet for 30 days from either soybean oil (SBO), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or beef tallow. An in vitro experiment was conducted in which linoleic acid (LA), DHA or oleic acid (OA) were added to represent the major fatty acid in the SBO-, DHA- or BT- diets, respectively. Adipocytes size and lipid metabolism related genes were analyzed. Results Plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) was lower in DHA- than in BT-fed pigs, and the product of lipolysis, glycerol was highest in BT-fed pigs. In addition, expression of the lipolytic genes, adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone sensitive lipase was higher in BT-fed pigs and with OA treatment in vitro. DHA promoted protein kinase A activity in pigs without affecting lipolytic genes. Adipocyte cell sizes, TAG content and expression of lipogenic-related genes including, adipose differentiated related protein (ADRP) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) were elevated by DHA in vivo and in vitro, indicating DHA promoted adipogenesis to trap TAG in adipose tissue. Fatty acid β-oxidation genes were increased in the DHA-fed pigs. Conclusion This effect was partly explained by the effect of DHA to promote adipogenesis to trap TAG in adipocytes and also increase expression of genes involved in adipocyte fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, our results suggest a direct effect of DHA on adipocyte metabolism, resulting in TAG turnover and fatty acid dissipation to facilitate plasma lipid uptake from the circulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0428-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ting Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Harry J Mersmann
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.50, Ln. 155, Sec. 3, Keelung Rd., Da'an Dist, Taipei City, 10672, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10672, Taiwan.
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Daryani A, Becker W, Vessby B, Andersson A. Dietary fat intake, fat sources and fatty acid composition in serum among immigrant women from Iran and Turkey compared with women of Swedish ethnicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11026480510044536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Daryani
- Unit for Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences
- Department of Domestic Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala
| | - Wulf Becker
- Food Administration, Information and Nutrition Department, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Vessby
- Unit for Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences
| | - Agneta Andersson
- Unit for Clinical Nutrition Research, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Ailhaud
- CNRS, ISDBC, Centre de BiochimieFaculté des SciencesNiceFrance
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A post-weaning fish oil dietary intervention reverses adverse metabolic outcomes and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 expression in postnatal overfed rats. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1519-1529. [PMID: 27819216 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Early life is considered a critical period for determining long-term metabolic health. Postnatal over-nutrition may alter glucocorticoid (GC) metabolism and increase the risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders in adulthood. Our aim was to assess the effects of the dose and timing of a fish oil diet on obesity and the expression of GC-activated enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD1) in postnatal overfed rats. Litter sizes were adjusted to three (small litter (SL)) or ten (normal litter) rats on postnatal day 3 to induce overfeeding or normal feeding. The SL rats were divided into three groups after weaning: high-dose fish oil (HFO), low-dose fish oil (LFO) and standard-diet groups. After 10 weeks, the HFO diet reduced body weight gain (16 %, P0·05). In conclusion, the post-weaning HFO diet could reverse adverse outcomes and decrease tissue GC activity in postnatal overfed rats.
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35
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Simopoulos AP, DiNicolantonio JJ. The importance of a balanced ω-6 to ω-3 ratio in the prevention and management of obesity. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000385. [PMID: 27843563 PMCID: PMC5093368 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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36
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Seggers J, Kikkert HK, de Jong C, Decsi T, Boehm G, Hadders-Algra M. Neonatal fatty acid status and cardiometabolic health at 9years. Early Hum Dev 2016; 100:55-9. [PMID: 27411172 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status is associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. We previously demonstrated no effect of LCPUFA supplementation after birth on BP and anthropometrics. Little is known about the association between fatty acid status at birth and cardiometabolic health at older ages. AIM To evaluate associations between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in the umbilical cord and blood pressure (BP) and anthropometrics at 9years. STUDY DESIGN Observational follow-up study. Multivariable analyses were carried out to adjust for potential confounders. SUBJECTS 229 children who took part in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the effects of LCPUFA formula supplementation. OUTCOME MEASURES BP was chosen as primary outcome; heart rate and anthropometrics as secondary outcomes. RESULTS AA levels in the wall of the umbilical vein and artery were negatively associated with diastolic BP (B: vein -0.831, 95% CI: -1.578; -0.083, p=0.030; artery: -0.605, 95% CI: -1.200; -0.010, p=0.046). AA was not associated with systolic BP; DHA not with diastolic nor systolic BP. The AA:DHA ratio in the umbilical vein was negatively associated with diastolic BP (B: -1.738, 95% CI: -3.141; -0.335, p=0.015). Heart rate and anthropometrics were not associated with neonatal LCPUFA status. CONCLUSIONS Higher AA levels and a higher AA:DHA ratio at birth are associated with lower diastolic BP at age 9. This suggests that the effect of LCPUFAs at early age is different from that in adults, where DHA is regarded anti-adipogenic and AA as adipogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Seggers
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig K Kikkert
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corina de Jong
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Decsi
- University Medical School of Pécs, Department of Paediatrics, Hungary
| | | | - Mijna Hadders-Algra
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Jelena Vidakovic A, Santos S, Williams MA, Duijts L, Hofman A, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Jaddoe VWV, Gaillard R. Maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy and subcutaneous fat mass in infancy. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:1759-66. [PMID: 27356181 PMCID: PMC5426538 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The associations of maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with infant subcutaneous fat were examined. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study among 904 mothers and their infants, maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA concentrations were measured at midpregnancy. Body mass index, total subcutaneous fat, and central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio were calculated at 1.5, 6, and 24 months. RESULTS Maternal n-3 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant body mass index or total subcutaneous fat. Higher maternal total n-3 PUFA levels, and specifically eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid, were associated with higher central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months, whereas higher maternal total n-3 PUFA levels were associated with lower central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 6 months (all P values < 0.05). These associations were not present at 24 months. Maternal n-6 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant subcutaneous fat. A higher n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with lower central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months only (P value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Maternal n-3 PUFA levels during pregnancy may have transient effects on infant subcutaneous fat. Further studies are needed to assess the effects of maternal PUFA concentrations on fat mass development during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jelena Vidakovic
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Santos
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- EPI-Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Respiratory Medicine and Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Medicine, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Medicine, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Medicine, Dr. Von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Astrup A, Rice Bradley BH, Brenna JT, Delplanque B, Ferry M, Torres-Gonzalez M. Regular-Fat Dairy and Human Health: A Synopsis of Symposia Presented in Europe and North America (2014-2015). Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080463. [PMID: 27483308 PMCID: PMC4997376 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent history, some dietary recommendations have treated dairy fat as an unnecessary source of calories and saturated fat in the human diet. These assumptions, however, have recently been brought into question by current research on regular fat dairy products and human health. In an effort to disseminate, explore and discuss the state of the science on the relationship between regular fat dairy products and health, symposia were programmed by dairy industry organizations in Europe and North America at The Eurofed Lipids Congress (2014) in France, The Dairy Nutrition Annual Symposium (2014) in Canada, The American Society for Nutrition Annual Meeting held in conjunction with Experimental Biology (2015) in the United States, and The Federation of European Nutrition Societies (2015) in Germany. This synopsis of these symposia describes the complexity of dairy fat and the effects regular-fat dairy foods have on human health. The emerging scientific evidence indicates that the consumption of regular fat dairy foods is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and inversely associated with weight gain and the risk of obesity. Dairy foods, including regular-fat milk, cheese and yogurt, can be important components of an overall healthy dietary pattern. Systematic examination of the effects of dietary patterns that include regular-fat milk, cheese and yogurt on human health is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1958, Denmark.
| | | | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Bernadette Delplanque
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Universite Paris-Sud, Bat 447, Orsay 91405, France.
| | - Monique Ferry
- Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 190 Avenue de France, Paris 75013, France.
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Brei C, Stecher L, Much D, Karla MT, Amann-Gassner U, Shen J, Ganter C, Karampinos DC, Brunner S, Hauner H. Reduction of the n-6:n-3 long-chain PUFA ratio during pregnancy and lactation on offspring body composition: follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial up to 5 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1472-81. [PMID: 27053380 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.128520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been hypothesized that the n-6:n-3 (ω-6:ω-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) ratio in the maternal diet during the prenatal and early postnatal phase positively affects the body composition of the offspring. However, only limited data from prospective human intervention studies with long-term follow-up are available. OBJECTIVE We assessed the long-term effects of a reduced n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio in the diets of pregnant and lactating women [1020 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plus 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/d together with an arachidonic acid-balanced diet compared with a control diet] on the body weights and compositions of their offspring from 2 to 5 y of age with a focus on the 5-y results. DESIGN Participants in the randomized controlled trial received follow-up assessments with annual body-composition measurements including skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements (primary outcome), a sonographic assessment of abdominal subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat, and child growth. In addition, abdominal MRI was performed in a subgroup of 5-y-old children. For the statistical analysis, mixed models for repeated measures (MMRMs) were fit with the use of data from each visit since birth (except for MRI). RESULTS Maternal LCPUFA supplementation did not significantly influence the children's sum of 4 SFTs [means ± SDs at 5 y of age: intervention, 23.9 ± 4.7 mm (n = 57); control, 24.5 ± 5.0 mm (n = 55); adjusted mean difference, -0.5 (95% CI: -2.2, 1.2)], growth, or ultrasonography measures at any time point in the adjusted MMRM model (all P values < 0.05). Results were consistent with abdominal MRI measurements (n = 44) at 5 y of age, which showed no significant differences in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue volumes and ratios. CONCLUSION The current study provides no evidence that a dietary reduction of the n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio in the maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is a useful early preventive strategy against obesity at preschool age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00362089.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne Stecher
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine
| | - Daniela Much
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, and Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Jun Shen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carl Ganter
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dimitrios C Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL-Institute for Food and Health, Nutritional Medicine Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Funtikova AN, Navarro E, Bawaked RA, Fíto M, Schröder H. Impact of diet on cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents. Nutr J 2015; 14:118. [PMID: 26574072 PMCID: PMC4647337 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-015-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The manifestation of cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and particularly obesity begins in children and adolescents, with deleterious effects for cardiometabolic health at adulthood. Although the impact of diet on cardiovascular risk factors has been studied extensively in adults, showing that their cardiometabolic health is strongly lifestyle-dependent, less is known about this impact in children and adolescents. In particular, little is known about the relationship between their dietary patterns, especially when derived a posteriori, and cardiovascular risk. An adverse association of cardiovascular health and increased intake of sodium, saturated fat, meat, fast food and soft drinks has been reported in this population. In contrast, vitamin D, fiber, mono-and poly-unsaturated fatty acids, dairy, fruits and vegetables were positively linked to cardiovascular health. The aim of this review was to summarize current epidemiological and experimental evidence on the impact of nutrients, foods, and dietary pattern on cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents. A comprehensive review of the literature available in English and related to diet and cardiometabolic health in this population was undertaken via the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Medline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Funtikova
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Food and Nutrition PhD program, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estanislau Navarro
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rowaedh Ahmed Bawaked
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine PhD program, University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fíto
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (CARIN), IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
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Magri TP, Fernandes FS, Souza AS, Langhi LG, Barboza T, Misan V, Mucci DB, Santos RM, Nunes TF, Souza SA, de Mello Coelho V, Tavares do Carmo MDG. Interesterified fat or palm oil as substitutes for partially hydrogenated fat in maternal diet can predispose obesity in adult male offspring. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:904-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vidakovic AJ, Gishti O, Steenweg-de Graaff J, Williams MA, Duijts L, Felix JF, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VWV, Gaillard R. Higher Maternal Plasma n-3 PUFA and Lower n-6 PUFA Concentrations in Pregnancy Are Associated with Lower Childhood Systolic Blood Pressure. J Nutr 2015; 145:2362-8. [PMID: 26246325 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suboptimal maternal diet during pregnancy might lead to fetal cardiovascular adaptations with persistent consequences in the offspring. OBJECTIVE We assessed the associations of maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with childhood blood pressure. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study among 4455 mothers and their children, we measured maternal second-trimester n-3 (ω-3) and n-6 (ω-6) PUFA concentrations in plasma glycerophospholipids and expressed n-3 and n-6 PUFAs as proportions of total PUFAs (wt%). Childhood blood pressure was measured at the median age of 6.0 y (95% range: 5.7-7.9 y). We used linear regression models to assess the associations of maternal PUFA wt% with childhood blood pressure at 6 y. RESULTS Higher total maternal n-3 PUFA wt% and, specifically, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) wt% were associated with lower childhood systolic blood pressure [differences: -0.28 (95% CI: -0.54, -0.03) and -0.29 mm Hg (95% CI: -0.54, -0.03) per SD increase of total n-3 PUFAs and DHA wt%, respectively], but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. Total maternal n-6 PUFA wt% was positively associated with childhood systolic blood pressure [differences: 0.36 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.09, 0.62) per SD increase of total n-6 PUFA wt%], but not with childhood diastolic blood pressure. A higher n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with higher childhood systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Pregnancy and childhood characteristics only partly explained the observed associations. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal plasma n-3 PUFA and lower n-6 PUFA concentrations during pregnancy are associated with a lower systolic blood pressure in childhood. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, explore the underlying mechanisms, and examine the long-term cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olta Gishti
- The Generation R Study Group, Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and
| | - Jolien Steenweg-de Graaff
- The Generation R Study Group, Epidemiology, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; and
| | | | | | - Janine F Felix
- The Generation R Study Group, Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and
| | | | - Henning Tiemeier
- The Generation R Study Group, Epidemiology, and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; and
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and
| | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Departments of Pediatrics, Epidemiology, and
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Cardel M, Lemas DJ, Jackson KH, Friedman JE, Fernández JR. Higher Intake of PUFAs Is Associated with Lower Total and Visceral Adiposity and Higher Lean Mass in a Racially Diverse Sample of Children. J Nutr 2015; 145:2146-52. [PMID: 26269238 PMCID: PMC4548162 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with protection from obesity-related phenotypes in adults; however, the relation between reported intake of PUFAs with body-composition outcomes in children remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine how self-reported intakes of PUFAs, including total, n-6 (ω-6), and n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs and ratios of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs and PUFAs to saturated fatty acids (SFAs), are associated with measures of adiposity and lean mass (LM) in children. We hypothesized that higher self-reported intakes of PUFAs and the ratio of PUFAs to SFAs would be positively associated with LM and negatively associated with total adiposity. METHODS Body composition and dietary intake were measured in a racially diverse sample of 311 children (39% European American, 34% African American, and 27% Hispanic American) aged 7-12 y. Body composition and abdominal fat distribution were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography scans, respectively. Self-reported dietary intakes (including total PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, and SFAs) were assessed by using two 24-h recalls. Independent-sample t tests and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Total PUFA intake was positively associated with LM (P = 0.049) and negatively associated with percentage of body fat (%BF; P = 0.033) and intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT; P = 0.022). A higher ratio of PUFAs to SFAs was associated with higher LM (P = 0.030) and lower %BF (P = 0.028) and IAAT (P = 0.048). Intakes of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were positively associated with LM (P = 0.017 and P = 0.021, respectively), and the ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs was negatively associated with IAAT (P = 0.014). All results were independent of biological, environmental, and genetic covariates. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that a higher self-reported intake of PUFAs and a higher ratio of PUFAs to SFAs are positively associated with LM and negatively associated with visceral adiposity and %BF in a healthy cohort of racially diverse children aged 7-12 y. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00726778.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Harris Jackson
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO; and
| | | | - José R Fernández
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Standl M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Heinrich J. Cord blood n-3 LC-PUFA is associated with adiponectin concentrations at 10 years of age. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 96:51-5. [PMID: 25773861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An elevated ratio of n-6 to n-3 long-chain (LC-) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be a potential risk factor for obesity development. N-3 LC-PUFA are thought to alter adiponectin concentrations, and thus may have a beneficial effect on weight development. We analysed the association between n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations in cord blood and adiponectin concentrations at 10 years. Fatty acid composition was measured in cord blood and at 10 years of age by gas chromatography, and adiponectin concentrations were measured only at 10 years of age in 237 children from the Munich LISAplus birth cohort study. Linear regression models assessed associations between n-3 LC-PUFA, n-6 LC-PUFA and the n-6/n-3 ratio in cord blood with adiponectin concentrations at 10 years of age. LC-PUFA were presented as percentages and categorized into tertiles. Regression models were adjusted for LC-PUFA percentages at 10 years of age and other potential confounding factors. Cord blood n-3 LC-PUFA tertiles were significantly associated with adiponectin concentrations in an inverse J-shaped relationship [2nd tertile versus 1st tertile: Beta=1.84 (SE=0.65), and 3rd tertile versus 1st tertile: 1.02 (0.68), p-value<0.01 (ANOVA)]. Further, cord blood n-6/n-3 ratios were significantly associated with adiponectin concentrations [2nd tertile versus 1st tertile: 0.14 (0.67), and 3rd tertile versus 1st tertile: -1.37 (0.68), p-value=0.03 (ANOVA)]. The cord blood n-6 LC-PUFA tertiles were not associated with adiponectin concentrations. Our results suggest that a higher n-3 LC-PUFA concentrations and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio in cord blood are associated with higher adiponectin concentrations at 10 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - H Demmelmair
- University of Munich Medical Centre, Dr. von Hauner Children׳s Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - B Koletzko
- University of Munich Medical Centre, Dr. von Hauner Children׳s Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - J Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and BMI in children from birth up to age 14 years: the PIAMA cohort study. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:799-808. [PMID: 25893718 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the association between maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and BMI in children and the development of this association between birth and 14 years of age, taking into account relevant mother and child covariates. METHODS The study population consisted of 3684 Dutch children born in 1996-1997 who participated in the PIAMA birth cohort study. Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and the child's body weight and height (up to 11 times) were reported by questionnaire. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate whether BMI of children differed according to maternal fish consumption during pregnancy. RESULTS The crude overall association between maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and BMI in children was non-significant (P = 0.17), but differed by the child's age (P interaction = 0.03). Children of mothers who consumed fish ≥1×/week during pregnancy (n = 909) had statistically significant lower mean BMI z scores than children of mothers who never consumed fish (n = 1025) at the ages 4, 7, 8.5, and 11.5 years. Adjustment for maternal covariates (particularly pre-pregnancy BMI) attenuated the differences, which remained statistically significant at the age of 7 years only (mean difference in BMI z score: -0.14 95 % CI -0.25; -0.03). Additional adjustment for child covariates hardly affected the results. CONCLUSIONS In a population with relatively low fish consumption, higher fish consumption by pregnant women seems rather an indicator for more healthy maternal characteristics in general than a causal factor for the lower BMI in their children.
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The effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids intake during pregnancy on adiposity of healthy full-term offspring at birth. J Perinatol 2015; 35:177-80. [PMID: 25321648 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adjusted effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake during pregnancy on adiposity at birth of healthy full-term appropriate-for-gestational age neonates was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN In a cross-sectional convenience sample of 100 mother and infant dyads, LCPUFA intake during pregnancy was assessed by food frequency questionnaire with nutrient intake calculated using Food Processor Plus. Linear regression models for neonatal body composition measurements, assessed by air displacement plethysmography and anthropometry, were adjusted for maternal LCPUFA intakes, energy and macronutrient intakes, prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain. RESULT Positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and ponderal index in male offspring (β=0.165; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.031-0.299; P=0.017), and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and fat mass (β=0.021; 95% CI: 0.002-0.041; P=0.034) and percentage of fat mass (β=0.636; 95% CI: 0.125-1.147; P=0.016) in female offspring were found. CONCLUSION Using a reliable validated method to assess body composition, adjusted positive associations between maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake and birth size in male offspring and between n-6:n-3 LCPUFA ratio intake and adiposity in female offspring were found, suggesting that maternal LCPUFA intake strongly influences fetal body composition.
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Sedlmeier EM, Brunner S, Much D, Pagel P, Ulbrich SE, Meyer HH, Amann-Gassner U, Hauner H, Bader BL. Human placental transcriptome shows sexually dimorphic gene expression and responsiveness to maternal dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention during pregnancy. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:941. [PMID: 25348288 PMCID: PMC4232618 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previously we have examined the effect of maternal dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation during pregnancy on offspring fat mass. Considering the involvement of the placenta in fetal programming, we aimed to analyze the sex-specific gene expression in human term placenta and its response to the n-3 LCPUFA intervention, as well as their correlations to offspring adiposity. Results Placental gene expression was assessed in a control and n-3 LCPUFA intervention group by DNA microarrays, biological pathway analyses and RT-qPCR validation. Expression data were correlated with sex steroid hormone levels in placenta and cord plasma, and offspring anthropometric data. Transcriptome data revealed sexually dimorphic gene expression in control placentas per se, whereas in intervention placentas sex-specific expression changed, and more n-3 LCPUFA-regulated genes were found in female than male placentas. Sexually dimorphic gene expression and n-3 LCPUFA-responsive genes were enriched in the pathway for cell cycle and its associated modulator pathways. Significant mRNA expression changes for CDK6, PCNA, and TGFB1 were confirmed by RT-qPCR. CDK6 and PCNA mRNA levels correlated with offspring birth weight and birth weight percentiles. Significantly reduced placental estradiol-17β/testosterone ratio upon intervention found in female offspring correlated with mRNA levels for the 'Wnt signaling' genes DVL1 and LRP6. Conclusions Overall, human placentas show sexually dimorphic gene expression and responsiveness to maternal n-3 LCPUFA intervention during pregnancy with more pronounced effects in female placentas. The absence of correlations of analyzed placental gene expression with offspring adipose tissue growth in the first year is not mutually exclusive with programming effects, which may manifest later in life, or in other physiological processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-941) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernhard L Bader
- ZIEL-PhD Graduate School 'Epigenetics, Imprinting and Nutrition', Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences (ZIEL), Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Reddy KVK, Naidu KA. Maternal supplementation of α-linolenic acid in normal and protein-restricted diets modulate lipid metabolism, adipose tissue growth and leptin levels in the suckling offspring. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:761-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Yamashita K, Higa M, Kunishita R, Kanazawa K, Tasaki M, Doi A, Yoshifuji A, Ichijo T, Ouchi H, Hirose T. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid levels and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-014-0187-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saben JL, Bales ES, Jackman MR, Orlicky D, MacLean PS, McManaman JL. Maternal obesity reduces milk lipid production in lactating mice by inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase and impairing fatty acid synthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98066. [PMID: 24849657 PMCID: PMC4029960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal metabolic and nutrient trafficking adaptations to lactation differ among lean and obese mice fed a high fat (HF) diet. Obesity is thought to impair milk lipid production, in part, by decreasing trafficking of dietary and de novo synthesized lipids to the mammary gland. Here, we report that de novo lipogenesis regulatory mechanisms are disrupted in mammary glands of lactating HF-fed obese (HF-Ob) mice. HF feeding decreased the total levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC), and this effect was exacerbated in obese mice. The relative levels of phosphorylated (inactive) ACC, were elevated in the epithelium, and decreased in the adipose stroma, of mammary tissue from HF-Ob mice compared to those of HF-fed lean (HF-Ln) mice. Mammary gland levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which catalyzes formation of inactive ACC, were also selectively elevated in mammary glands of HF-Ob relative to HF-Ln dams or to low fat fed dams. These responses correlated with evidence of increased lipid retention in mammary adipose, and decreased lipid levels in mammary epithelial cells, of HF-Ob dams. Collectively, our data suggests that maternal obesity impairs milk lipid production, in part, by disrupting the balance of de novo lipid synthesis in the epithelial and adipose stromal compartments of mammary tissue through processes that appear to be related to increased mammary gland AMPK activity, ACC inhibition, and decreased fatty acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Saben
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Elise S. Bales
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Jackman
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul S. MacLean
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James L. McManaman
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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