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Taku M, Saini M, Kumar R, Debbarma P, Rathod NKK, Onteddu R, Sharma D, Pandey R, Gaikwad K, Lal SK, Talukdar A. Modified speed breeding approach reduced breeding cycle to less than half in vegetable soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:1463-1473. [PMID: 39310709 PMCID: PMC11413296 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is gaining popularity because of its high nutritive values and health benefits; however, its productivity is scarce. Recognizing the need to accelerate breeding progress, a modified approach of 'speed breeding' was used in 16 vegetable soybean genotypes to reduce the breeding periods. The genotypes were exposed to cycles of 10 h light (30 °C) and 14 h dark (25 °C) with CO2 (550 ppm) and without CO2 supplementation under the light intensity of 220 µmol m-2 s-1 at the canopy level and 70-80% relative humidity. To reduce the time further, physiologically matured pods were harvested once they changed their color from green to greenish yellow and dried in the oven for 7 days at 25 ± 2 °C with RH 10-20%. The genotypes showed variable responses towards days to flowering coupled with an increase in the number of pods, number of seeds and seed weight per plant, and 100 seed weight during a short breeding period under CO2 supplement. A couple of genotypes behaved indifferently under normal and elevated CO2 levels. The fresh oven-dried seeds displayed 73.33-100% germination, while that in the seeds stored at 4 °C for 10 months was 80-100%. Thus, the modified speed breeding technique could effectively reduce the breeding period without affecting the germination of the seeds. With this approach, we could save 6-34 days in a genotype dependent way which would at least give 4-4.5 generations of soybean per year instead of the usual 1-2 generations. Further, the reduction in maturity duration was more in longer duration genotypes than the shorter duration ones. This represents the country's initial report of rapid breeding in vegetable soybean and offers ample opportunity for rapid generation advancement in this crop. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01503-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meniari Taku
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Manisha Saini
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Tripura Centre, Lembucherra, ICAR, Tripura Agartala, India
| | - Pulak Debbarma
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | | | - Reshma Onteddu
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Deepshikha Sharma
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Renu Pandey
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Kishore Gaikwad
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - S. K. Lal
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Akshay Talukdar
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Kinmonth-Schultz H, Walker SM, Bingol K, Hoyt DW, Kim YM, Markillie LM, Mitchell HD, Nicora CD, Taylor R, Ward JK. Oligosaccharide production and signaling correlate with delayed flowering in an Arabidopsis genotype grown and selected in high [CO2]. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287943. [PMID: 38153952 PMCID: PMC10754469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Since industrialization began, atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) has increased from 270 to 415 ppm and is projected to reach 800-1000 ppm this century. Some Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) genotypes delayed flowering in elevated [CO2] relative to current [CO2], while others showed no change or accelerations. To predict genotype-specific flowering behaviors, we must understand the mechanisms driving flowering response to rising [CO2]. [CO2] changes alter photosynthesis and carbohydrates in plants. Plants sense carbohydrate levels, and exogenous carbohydrate application influences flowering time and flowering transcript levels. We asked how organismal changes in carbohydrates and transcription correlate with changes in flowering time under elevated [CO2]. We used a genotype (SG) of Arabidopsis that was selected for high fitness at elevated [CO2] (700 ppm). SG delays flowering under elevated [CO2] (700 ppm) relative to current [CO2] (400 ppm). We compared SG to a closely related control genotype (CG) that shows no [CO2]-induced flowering change. We compared metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles in these genotypes at current and elevated [CO2] to assess correlations with flowering in these conditions. While both genotypes altered carbohydrates in response to elevated [CO2], SG had higher levels of sucrose than CG and showed a stronger increase in glucose and fructose in elevated [CO2]. Both genotypes demonstrated transcriptional changes, with CG increasing genes related to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate breakdown, amino acid synthesis, and secondary metabolites; and SG decreasing genes related to starch and sugar metabolism, but increasing genes involved in oligosaccharide production and sugar modifications. Genes associated with flowering regulation within the photoperiod, vernalization, and meristem identity pathways were altered in these genotypes. Elevated [CO2] may alter carbohydrates to influence transcription in both genotypes and delayed flowering in SG. Changes in the oligosaccharide pool may contribute to delayed flowering in SG. This work extends the literature exploring genotypic-specific flowering responses to elevated [CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kinmonth-Schultz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
- Departiment of Biology, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen Michael Walker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States of America
| | - Kerem Bingol
- Department of Energy, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Department of Energy, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Department of Energy, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Hugh D. Mitchell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Department of Energy, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Ronald Taylor
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America
| | - Joy K. Ward
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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Zhang K, Wang E, Liu QA, Wang J. High CO2 adaptation mechanisms revealed in the miR156-regulated flowering time pathway. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011738. [PMID: 38117849 PMCID: PMC10775972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations have been observed to accelerate flowering time in Arabidopsis through the action of a highly conserved regulatory network controlled by miR156 and miR172. However, the network's robustness to the impact of increasing CO2 concentrations on flowering time remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate this question by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the global landscape of network dynamics, including quantifying the probabilities associated with juvenile and flowering states and assessing the speed of the transition between them. Our findings reveal that a CO2 concentration range of 400-800ppm only mildly advances flowering time, contrasting with the dramatic changes from 200 to 300ppm. Notably, the feedback regulation of miR156 by squamosal promoter binding protein-like proteins (SPLs) plays a substantial role in mitigating the effects of increasing CO2 on flowering time. Intriguingly, we consistently observe a correlation between delayed flowering time and increased variance in flowering time, and vice versa, suggesting that this might be an intrinsic adaptation mechanism embedded within the network. To gain a deeper understanding of this network's dynamics, we identified the sensitive features within the feedback loops of miR156 SPLs and miR172-APETALA2 family proteins (AP2s), with the latter proving to be the most sensitive. Strikingly, our study underscores the indispensability of all feedback regulations in maintaining both juvenile and adult states as well as the transition time between them. Together, our research provides the first physical basis in plant species, aiding in the elucidation of novel regulatory mechanisms and the robustness of the miRNAs-regulated network in response to increasing CO2, therefore influencing the control of flowering time. Moreover, this study provides a promising strategy for engineering plant flowering time to enhance their adaptation and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | | | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Henderson-Carter A, Kinmonth-Schultz H, Hileman L, Ward JK. FLOWERING LOCUS C drives delayed flowering in Arabidopsis grown and selected at elevated CO 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545149. [PMID: 37398485 PMCID: PMC10312727 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Altered flowering time at elevated [CO 2 ] is well documented, although mechanisms are not well understood. An Arabidopsis genotype previously selected for high fitness at elevated [CO 2 ] (SG) showed delayed flowering and larger size at flowering when grown at elevated (700 ppm) versus current (380 ppm) [CO 2 ]. This response was correlated with prolonged expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ), a vernalization-responsive floral repressor gene. To determine if FLC directly delays flowering at elevated [CO 2 ] in SG, we used vernalization (extended cold) to downregulate FLC expression. We hypothesized that vernalization would eliminate delayed flowering at elevated [CO 2 ] through the direct reduction of FLC expression, eliminating differences in flowering time between current and elevated [CO 2 ]. We found that with downregulation of FLC expression via vernalization, SG plants grown at elevated [CO 2 ] no longer delayed flowering compared to current [CO 2 ]. Thus, vernalization returned the earlier flowering phenotype, counteracting effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on flowering. This study indicates that elevated [CO 2 ] can delay flowering directly through FLC , and downregulation of FLC under elevated [CO 2 ] reverses this effect. Moreover, this study demonstrates that increasing [CO 2 ] may potentially drive major changes in development through FLC .
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Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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6
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Thibaudon M, Besancenot JP. [Outdoor aeroallergens and climate change]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:1025-1036. [PMID: 34794844 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pollen and fungal spore concentrations in outdoor air are partly dependent on atmospheric conditions. Since the climate is changing, there is a growing body of research on the effects of climate change on aeroallergens. The present article provides a rapid review of this literature, highlighting the points of agreement, but also drawing attention to the main mistakes to be avoided. STATE OF ART For pollen, the prevailing view is that rising temperatures lead to an earlier start to the pollen season, a longer season, increased allergenic potential and higher concentrations. However, there are exceptions: what is true for one taxon, in one place and at one time, can almost never be generalised. For fungal spores, it is even more difficult to state universal rules. PERSPECTIVES Four priorities can be set for future research: (1) to look for trends only on sufficiently long series and not to neglect possible trend reversals; (2) to give priority to the local scale and the separate consideration of the various pollen and mycological taxa; (3) not to limit oneself to temperature as an element of explanation, but also to consider the other elements of the climate; (4) not to try to explain any evolution in the abundance or seasonality of aeroallergens by climate change alone. CONCLUSIONS Many more analytical studies giving precedence to observation over reasoning are still required, without any preconceptions, before it is possible to synthesise the impacts of climate change on pollen and, even more so, on fungal spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thibaudon
- Réseau national de surveillance aérobiologique (RNSA), Le Plat du Pin, 11, chemin de la Creuzille, 69690 Brussieu, France.
| | - J-P Besancenot
- Réseau national de surveillance aérobiologique (RNSA), Le Plat du Pin, 11, chemin de la Creuzille, 69690 Brussieu, France
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7
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Guan B, Gao J, Chen W, Gong X, Ge G. The Effects of Climate Change on Landscape Connectivity and Genetic Clusters in a Small Subtropical and Warm-Temperate Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:671336. [PMID: 34858443 PMCID: PMC8631755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.671336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a great threat to global biodiversity and has resulted in serious ecological consequences. Although the potential effects of climate change on genetic diversity have recently received much research attention, little research has focused on the impacts of climate change on genetic connectivity and the relationship between climate stability and genetic divergence. Here, we combined population connectivity with genetic data to predict the impacts of future climate change on genetic connectivity. Coupled with climatic variables and genetic data, we used POPS software to create spatially explicit simulations and predict the dynamics in genetic clusters in response to climate changes. A generalized additive model was employed to test the correlation between climatic stability and genetic diversification. Our findings indicated that a reduction in species distribution due to severe climate change would lead to a substantial loss of genetic connectivity. More severe future climatic scenarios would likely cause greater loss of variability or more distinct homogenization in genetic variation of species. Relatively low interpolated genetic distances are generally associated with areas of greater losses in climatic suitability from the present to the future. The displacement of climatic genetic clusters will challenge species adaptation to future climate change because of the loss of fundamental evolutionary potential. The persistence capacity of plant species may be weakened in the face of future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicai Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | | | | | - Gang Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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8
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Christian N, Espino Basurto B, Toussaint A, Xu X, Ainsworth EA, Busby PE, Heath KD. Elevated carbon dioxide reduces a common soybean leaf endophyte. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4154-4168. [PMID: 34022078 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments have elucidated how climate change affects plant physiology and production. However, we lack a predictive understanding of how climate change alters interactions between plants and endophytes, critical microbial mediators of plant physiology and ecology. We leveraged the SoyFACE facility to examine how elevated [CO2 ] affected soybean (Glycine max) leaf endophyte communities in the field. Endophyte community composition changed under elevated [CO2 ], including a decrease in the abundance of a common endophyte, Methylobacterium sp. Moreover, Methylobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We then assessed how Methylobacterium affected the growth of co-occurring endophytic fungi in vitro. Methylobacterium antagonized most co-occurring fungal endophytes in vitro, particularly when it was more established in culture before fungal introduction. Variation in fungal response to Methylobacterium within a single fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was comparable to inter-OTU variation. Finally, fungi isolated from elevated vs. ambient [CO2 ] plots differed in colony growth and response to Methylobacterium, suggesting that increasing [CO2 ] may affect fungal traits and interactions within the microbiome. By combining in situ and in vitro studies, we show that elevated [CO2 ] decreases the abundance of a common bacterial endophyte that interacts strongly with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We suggest that endophyte responses to global climate change will have important but largely unexplored implications for both agricultural and natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Baldemar Espino Basurto
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amber Toussaint
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xinyan Xu
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Katy D Heath
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Selim S, Abuelsoud W, Al-Sanea MM, AbdElgawad H. Elevated CO 2 differently suppresses the arsenic oxide nanoparticles-induced stress in C3 (Hordeum vulgare) and C4 (Zea maize) plants via altered homeostasis in metabolites specifically proline and anthocyanin metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:235-245. [PMID: 34126591 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nano-sized arsenic oxide nanoparticles (As2O3-NP) limit crop growth and productivity. As2O3-NP represent a strong environmental hazard. The predicted rise in future atmospheric CO2 could boost plant growth both under optimal and heavy metal stress conditions. So far, the phytotoxicity of As2O3-NP and their interaction with eCO2 were not investigated at physiological and metabolic levels in crop species groups such as C3 and C4. We investigated how eCO2 level (620 ppm) alleviated soil As2O3-NP toxicity induced growth and mitigated oxidative damages through analysing photosynthetic parameters, primary (sugars and amino acids) and secondary (phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins) metabolism in C3 (barley) and C4 (maize) plants. Compared to maize, barley accumulated higher As2O3-NP level, which inhibited growth and induced oxidative damage particularly in barley (increased H2O2 and lipid peroxidation). Interestingly, eCO2 differently mitigated As2O3-NP toxicity on photosynthesis, which consequently improved sugar metabolism. Moreover, high carbon availability in eCO2 treated plants directed to produce osmo-protectant (soluble sugars and proline) and antioxidants (anthocyanins and tocopherols). In the line with increased proline and anthocyanins, their metabolism was also improved. Notable differences occurred between the two plant species. The ornithine pathway was preferred in maize while in barley proline accumulation was mainly through glutamate pathway. Moreover, under As2O3-NP stress, barley preferentially accumulated anthocyanins while maize accumulated total phenolics and flavonoids. This work contributes to improving our understanding of the differences in growth, physiological and biochemical responses of major crops of two functional photosynthetic groups (C3 and C4 plants) under ambient and elevated CO2 grown under As2O3-NP stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Walid Abuelsoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Aljouf Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt; Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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AbdElgawad H, Schoenaers S, Zinta G, Hassan YM, Abdel-Mawgoud M, Alkhalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Asard H, Abuelsoud W. Soil arsenic toxicity differentially impacts C3 (barley) and C4 (maize) crops under future climate atmospheric CO 2. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125331. [PMID: 34030395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil arsenic (As) contamination limits global agricultural productivity. Anthropogenic emissions are causing atmospheric CO2 levels to rise. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) boosts plant growth both under optimal and suboptimal growth conditions. However, the crop-specific interaction between eCO2 and soil arsenic exposure has not been investigated at the whole plant, physiological and biochemical level. Here, we tested the effects of eCO2 (620 ppm) and soil As exposure (mild and severe treatments, 25 and 100 mg As/Kg soil) on growth, photosynthesis and redox homeostasis in barley (C3) and maize (C4). Compared to maize, barley was more susceptible to soil As exposure at ambient CO2 levels. Barley plants accumulated more As, particularly in roots. As accumulation inhibited plant growth and induced oxidative damage in a species-specific manner. As-exposed barley experienced severe oxidative stress as illustrated by high H2O2 and protein oxidation levels. Interestingly, eCO2 differentially mitigated As-induced stress in barley and maize. In barley, eCO2 exposure reduced photorespiration, H2O2 production, and lipid/protein oxidation. In maize eCO2 exposure led to an upregulation of the ascorbate-glutathione (ASC/GSH)-mediated antioxidative defense system. Combined, this work highlights how ambient and future eCO2 levels differentially affect the growth, physiology and biochemistry of barley and maize crops exposed to soil As pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India.
| | - Yasser M Hassan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Dalal Hussien M Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt; Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Walid Abuelsoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Crowley LM, Sadler JP, Pritchard J, Hayward SAL. Elevated CO 2 Impacts on Plant-Pollinator Interactions: A Systematic Review and Free Air Carbon Enrichment Field Study. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060512. [PMID: 34206033 PMCID: PMC8227562 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Climate change is having a profound impact on pollination systems, yet we still do not know to what extent increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) will directly affect the interactions between plants and their pollinators. We review all the existing published literature on the effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on flowering time, nectar and pollen production and plant–pollinator interactions. We also conduct a field experiment to test the effect of eCO2 on bluebells and their pollinators. We found that few studies have assessed the impact of eCO2 on pollination, and our field data found that bluebells flowered on average 6 days earlier under eCO2 conditions. Hoverflies and bumble bees were the main visitors to bluebell flowers, but insect activity was low early in the flowing period. Although we did not find a difference in the number of visits made by insects to bluebell flowers under eCO2, or the amount of seeds those flowers produced, the change in the timing of flowering could mean that a mismatch could develop between bluebells and their pollinators in the future, which would affect pollination success. Abstract The impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant–pollinator interactions is poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic review of this topic and identifies important knowledge gaps. In addition, we present field data assessing the impact of eCO2 (150 ppm above ambient) on bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)–pollinator interactions within a mature, deciduous woodland system. Since 1956, only 71 primary papers have investigated eCO2 effects on flowering time, floral traits and pollination, with a mere 3 studies measuring the impact on pollination interactions. Our field experiment documented flowering phenology, flower visitation and seed production, as well as the abundance and phenology of dominant insect pollinators. We show that first and mid-point flowering occurred 6 days earlier under eCO2, but with no change in flowering duration. Syrphid flies and bumble bees were the dominant flower visitors, with peak activity recorded during mid- and late-flowering periods. Whilst no significant difference was recorded in total visitation or seed set between eCO2 and ambient treatments, there were clear patterns of earlier flowering under eCO2 accompanied by lower pollinator activity during this period. This has implications for potential loss of synchrony in pollination systems under future climate scenarios, with associated long-term impacts on abundance and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M. Crowley
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (S.A.L.H.); Tel.: +44-(0)121-414-7147 (S.A.L.H.)
| | - Jonathan P. Sadler
- The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy Pritchard
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Scott A. L. Hayward
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.M.C.); (S.A.L.H.); Tel.: +44-(0)121-414-7147 (S.A.L.H.)
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Alzate-Marin AL, Rivas PMS, Galaschi-Teixeira JS, Bonifácio-Anacleto F, Silva CC, Schuster I, Nazareno AG, Giuliatti S, da Rocha Filho LC, Garófalo CA, Martinez CA. Warming and elevated CO 2 induces changes in the reproductive dynamics of a tropical plant species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144899. [PMID: 33736351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropical plant species are vulnerable to climate change and global warming. Since flowering is a critical factor for plant reproduction and seed-set, warming and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2) are crucial climate change factors that can affect plant reproductive dynamics and flowering related events in the tropics. Using a combined free-air CO2 enrichment and a free-air temperature-controlled enhancement system, we investigate how warming (+2 °C above ambient, eT) and elevated [CO2] (~600 ppm, eCO2) affect the phenological pattern, plant-insect interactions, and outcrossing rates in the tropical legume forage species Stylosanthes capitata Vogel (Fabaceae). In comparison to the control, a significantly greater number of flowers (NF) per plot (+62%) were observed in eT. Furthermore, in warmed plots flowers began opening approximately 1 h earlier (~09:05), with a canopy temperature of ~23 °C, than the control (~09:59) and eCO2 (~09:55) treatments. Flower closure occurred about 3 h later in eT (~11:57) and control (~13:13), with a canopy temperature of ~27 °C. These changes in flower phenology increased the availability of floral resources and attractiveness for pollinators such as Apis mellifera L. and visitors such as Paratrigona lineata L., with significant interactions between eT treatments and insect visitation per hour/day, especially between 09:00-10:40. In comparison to the control, the additive effects of combined eCO2 + eT enhanced the NF by 137%, while the number of A. mellifera floral visits per plot/week increased by 83% during the period of greatest flower production. Although we found no significant effect of treatments on mating system parameters, the overall mean multilocus outcrossing rate (tm = 0.53 ± 0.03) did confirm that S. capitata has a mixed mating system. The effects of elevated [CO2] and warming on plant-pollinator relationships observed here may have important implications for seed production of tropical forage species in future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lilia Alzate-Marin
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Graduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Marlys Sá Rivas
- Department of Genetics, Graduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Galaschi-Teixeira
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Bonifácio-Anacleto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Costa Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Schuster
- Longping High-Tech, SP-330, km 296, 14140-000 Cravinhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alison Gonçalves Nazareno
- The Biosciences Institute (IB), University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Tv. 14 - Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha/Caixa Postal 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvana Giuliatti
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Graduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Léo Correia da Rocha Filho
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Garófalo
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Martinez
- Department of Biology, Ribeirão Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Hamann E, Denney D, Day S, Lombardi E, Jameel MI, MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Review: Plant eco-evolutionary responses to climate change: Emerging directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110737. [PMID: 33568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is exposing plant populations to novel combinations of temperatures, drought stress, [CO2] and other abiotic and biotic conditions. These changes are rapidly disrupting the evolutionary dynamics of plants. Despite the multifactorial nature of climate change, most studies typically manipulate only one climatic factor. In this opinion piece, we explore how climate change factors interact with each other and with biotic pressures to alter evolutionary processes. We evaluate the ramifications of climate change across life history stages,and examine how mating system variation influences population persistence under rapid environmental change. Furthermore, we discuss how spatial and temporal mismatches between plants and their mutualists and antagonists could affect adaptive responses to climate change. For example, plant-virus interactions vary from highly pathogenic to mildly facilitative, and are partly mediated by temperature, moisture availability and [CO2]. Will host plants exposed to novel, stressful abiotic conditions be more susceptible to viral pathogens? Finally, we propose novel experimental approaches that could illuminate how plants will cope with unprecedented global change, such as resurrection studies combined with experimental evolution, genomics or epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Derek Denney
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha Day
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lombardi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Xu SY, Weng J. Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 1:e10022. [PMID: 36619247 PMCID: PMC9744464 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Planet Earth has experienced many dramatic atmospheric and climatic changes throughout its 4.5-billion-year history that have profoundly impacted the evolution of life as we know it. Photosynthetic organisms, and specifically plants, have played a paramount role in shaping the Earth's atmosphere through oxygen production and carbon sequestration. In turn, the diversity of plants has been shaped by historical atmospheric and climatic changes: plants rose to this challenge by evolving new developmental and metabolic traits. These adaptive traits help plants to thrive in diverse growth conditions, while benefiting humanity through the production of food, raw materials, and medicines. However, the current rapid rate of climate change caused by human activities presents unprecedented new challenges to the future of plants. Here, we discuss the potential effects of modern climate change on plants, with specific attention to plant specialized metabolism. We explore potential avenues of future scientific investigations, powered by cutting-edge methods such as synthetic biology and genome engineering, to better understand and mitigate the consequences of rapid climate change on plant fitness and plant usage by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Y. Xu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jing‐Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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15
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Marqués-Gálvez JE, Navarro-Ródenas A, Peguero-Pina JJ, Arenas F, Guarnizo AL, Gil-Pelegrín E, Morte A. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 modifies responses to water-stress and flowering of Mediterranean desert truffle mycorrhizal shrubs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:537-549. [PMID: 32869857 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Predicted increases in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) coupled with increased temperatures and drought are expected to strongly influence the development of most of the plant species in the world, especially in areas with high risk of desertification like the Mediterranean basin. Helianthemum almeriense is an ecologically important Mediterranean shrub with an added interest because it serves as the host for the Terfezia claveryi mycorrhizal fungus, which is a desert truffle with increasingly commercial interest. Although both plant and fungi are known to be well adapted to dry conditions, it is still uncertain how the increase in atmospheric CO2 will influence them. In this article we have addressed the physiological responses of H. almeriense × T. claveryi mycorrhizal plants to increases in atmospheric CO2 coupled with drought and high vapor pressure deficit. This work reports one of the few estimations of mesophyll conductance in a drought deciduous Mediterranean shrub and evaluates its role in photosynthesis limitation. High atmospheric CO2 concentrations help desert truffle mycorrhizal plants to cope with the adverse effects of progressive drought during Mediterranean springs by improving carbon net assimilation, intrinsic water use efficiency and dispersal of the species through increased flowering events.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Marqués-Gálvez
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Luigi Guarnizo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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16
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Davies JM, Berman D, Beggs PJ, Ramón GD, Peter J, Katelaris CH, Ziska LH. Global Climate Change and Pollen Aeroallergens: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2020; 41:1-16. [PMID: 33228867 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Climatic change will have an impact on production and release of pollen, with consequences for the duration and magnitude of aeroallergen seasonal exposure and allergic diseases. Evaluations of pollen aerobiology in the southern hemisphere have been limited by resourcing and the density of monitoring sites. This review emphasizes inconsistencies in pollen monitoring methods and metrics used globally. Research should consider unique southern hemisphere biodiversity, climate, plant distributions, standardization of pollen aerobiology, automation, and environmental integration. For both hemispheres, there is a clear need for better understanding of likely influences of climate change and comprehending their impact on pollen-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Davies
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; Office of Research, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Dilys Berman
- Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Paul J Beggs
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Germán Darío Ramón
- Hospital Italiano Regional DelSur, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonny Peter
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, 7700
- PO Box 34560, 7937, South Africa; Allergy and Immunology Unit, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, George Street, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Lewis H Ziska
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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17
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Li K, Wang J, Qiao L, Zheng R, Ma Y, Chen Y, Hou X, Du Y, Gao J, Liu H. Diversity of Reproductive Phenology Among Subtropical Grasses Is Constrained by Evolution and Climatic Niche. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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18
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Borghi M, Perez de Souza L, Yoshida T, Fernie AR. Flowers and climate change: a metabolic perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1425-1441. [PMID: 31257600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adverse climatic conditions at the time of flowering severely hinder crop yields and threaten the interactions between plants and their pollinators. These features depend on a common trait: the metabolism of flowers. In this Viewpoint article, we aim to provide insight into the metabolic changes that occur in flowers in response to changes in climate and emphasize that these changes severely impact the fitness of autogamous and allogamous species, plant-pollinator interactions, and overall ecosystem health. We review the biochemical processes that lead to failure of gamete development and to alterations of color, scent and nectar secretion. Then, making use of open access expression data, we examine the expression of genes that may drive these changes in response to heat and drought. Finally, we present measurements of metabolites from flowers exposed to a heat wave and discuss how the results of this short-term experiment may give rise to misleading conclusions regarding the positive effect of heat on flower fitness. We hope this article draws attention to this often-neglected dynamic and its important consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Takuya Yoshida
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Menezes‐Silva PE, Loram‐Lourenço L, Alves RDFB, Sousa LF, Almeida SEDS, Farnese FS. Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11979-11999. [PMID: 31695903 PMCID: PMC6822037 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho-anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Loram‐Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant EcophysiologyInstituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio VerdeGoiásBrazil
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20
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Dickman EE, Pennington LK, Franks SJ, Sexton JP. Evidence for adaptive responses to historic drought across a native plant species range. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1569-1582. [PMID: 31462915 PMCID: PMC6708426 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As climatic conditions change, species will be forced to move or adapt to avoid extinction. Exacerbated by ongoing climate change, California recently experienced a severe and exceptional drought from 2011 to 2017. To investigate whether an adaptive response occurred during this event, we conducted a "resurrection" study of the cutleaf monkeyflower (Mimulus laciniatus), an annual plant, by comparing trait means and variances of ancestral seed collections ("pre-drought") with contemporary descendant collections ("drought"). Plants were grown under common conditions to test whether this geographically restricted species has the capacity to respond evolutionarily to climate stress across its range. We examined if traits shifted in response to the recent, severe drought and included populations across an elevation gradient, including populations at the low- and high-elevation edges of the species range. We found that time to seedling emergence in the drought generation was significantly earlier than in the pre-drought generation, a response consistent with drought adaptation. Additionally, trait variation in days to emergence was reduced in the drought generation, which suggests selection or bottleneck events. Days to first flower increased significantly by elevation, consistent with climate adaptation across the species range. Drought generation plants were larger and had greater reproduction, which was likely a carryover effect of earlier germination. These results demonstrate that rapid shifts in trait means and variances consistent with climate adaptation are occurring within populations, including peripheral populations at warm and cold climate limits, of a plant species with a relatively restricted range that has so far not shifted its elevation distribution during contemporary climate change. Thus, rapid evolution may mitigate, at least temporarily, range shifts under global climate change. This study highlights the need for better understanding rapid adaptation as a means for plant communities to cope with extraordinary climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Dickman
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
- Yosemite National ParkEl PortalCalifornia
| | - Lillie K. Pennington
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
| | - Steven J. Franks
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham UniversityBronxNew York
| | - Jason P. Sexton
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
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21
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Quirk J, Bellasio C, Johnson DA, Beerling DJ. Response of photosynthesis, growth and water relations of a savannah-adapted tree and grass grown across high to low CO2. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:77-90. [PMID: 31008510 PMCID: PMC6676382 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS By the year 2100, atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]a) could reach 800 ppm, having risen from ~200 ppm since the Neogene, beginning ~24 Myr ago. Changing [CO2]a affects plant carbon-water balance, with implications for growth, drought tolerance and vegetation shifts. The evolution of C4 photosynthesis improved plant hydraulic function under low [CO2]a and preluded the establishment of savannahs, characterized by rapid transitions between open C4-dominated grassland with scattered trees and closed forest. Understanding directional vegetation trends in response to environmental change will require modelling. But models are often parameterized with characteristics observed in plants under current climatic conditions, necessitating experimental quantification of the mechanistic underpinnings of plant acclimation to [CO2]a. METHODS We measured growth, photosynthesis and plant-water relations, within wetting-drying cycles, of a C3 tree (Vachellia karroo, an acacia) and a C4 grass (Eragrostis curvula) grown at 200, 400 or 800 ppm [CO2]a. We investigated the mechanistic linkages between trait responses to [CO2]a under moderate soil drying, and photosynthetic characteristics. KEY RESULTS For V. karroo, higher [CO2]a increased assimilation, foliar carbon:nitrogen, biomass and leaf starch, but decreased stomatal conductance and root starch. For Eragrostis, higher [CO2]a decreased C:N, did not affect assimilation, biomass or starch, and markedly decreased stomatal conductance. Together, this meant that C4 advantages in efficient water-use over the tree were maintained with rising [CO2]a. CONCLUSIONS Acacia and Eragrostis acclimated differently to [CO2]a, with implications for their respective responses to water limitation and environmental change. Our findings question the carbon-centric focus on factors limiting assimilation with changing [CO2]a, how they are predicted and their role in determining productivity. We emphasize the continuing importance of water-conserving strategies in the assimilation response of savannah plants to rising [CO2]a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Quirk
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chandra Bellasio
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - David A Johnson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Beerling
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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22
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Li P, Li B, Seneweera S, Zong Y, Li FY, Han Y, Hao X. Photosynthesis and yield response to elevated CO 2, C 4 plant foxtail millet behaves similarly to C 3 species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:239-247. [PMID: 31203889 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a nutrient-rich food source traditionally grown in arid and semi-arid areas, as it is well adapted to drought climate. Yet there is limited information as how the crop responses to the changing climate. In order to investigate the response of foxtail millet to elevated [CO2] and the underlying mechanism, the crop was grown at ambient [CO2] (400 μmol mol-1) and elevated [CO2] (600 μmol mol-1) in an open-top chamber (OTC) experimental facility in North China. The changes in leaf photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, biomass, yield and global gene expression in response to elevated [CO2] were determined. Despite foxtail millet being a C4 photosynthetic crop, photosynthetic rates (PN) and intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi), were increased under elevated [CO2]. Similarly, grain yield and above-ground biomass also significantly increased (P < 0.05) for the two years of experimentation under elevated [CO2]. Increases in seeds and tiller number, spike and stem weight were the main contributors to the increased grain yield and biomass. Using transcriptomic analyses, this study further identified some genes which play a role in cell wall reinforcement, shoot initiation, stomatal conductance, carbon fixation, glycolysis / gluconeogenesis responsive to elevated [CO2]. Changes in these genes reduced plant height, increased stem diameters, and promote CO2 fixation. Higher photosynthetic rates at elevated [CO2] demonstrated that foxtail millet was not photosynthetically saturated at elevated [CO2] and its photosynthesis response to elevated [CO2] were analogous to C3 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement of Minor Crops, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Bingyan Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Saman Seneweera
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka
| | - Yuzheng Zong
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Frank Yonghong Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Huhehot 010021, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement of Minor Crops, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement on Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingyu Hao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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23
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Cober ER, Morrison MJ. Soybean Yield and Seed Composition Changes in Response to Increasing Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration in Short-Season Canada. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080250. [PMID: 31357569 PMCID: PMC6724411 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
From 1993, we have conducted trials with the same set of old to newer soybean cultivars to determine the impact of plant breeding on seed yield, physiological and agronomic characteristics, and seed composition. Since 1993, global atmospheric [CO2] increased by 47 ppm. The objective of our current analysis with this data set was to determine if there were changes in soybean seed yield, quality or phenology attributable to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2), temperature or precipitation. Additionally, we estimated genetic gain annually. Over 23 years, there was a significant increase in atmospheric [CO2] but not in-season average maximum or minimum temperatures, or average in-season precipitation. Seed yield was increased significantly by eCO2, higher precipitation and higher minimum temperatures during flowering and podding. Yield decreased with higher minimum temperatures during vegetative growth and seed filling. Seed oil and also seed protein plus oil concentrations were both reduced with eCO2. Phenology has also changed, with soybean cultivars spending less time in vegetative growth, while time to maturity remained constant. Over the 23 years of the study, genetic improvement rates decreased as [CO2] increased. Newer cultivars are not better adapted to eCO2 and soybean breeders may need to intentionally select for favourable responses to eCO2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elroy R Cober
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - Malcolm J Morrison
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
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24
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Pan G, Zhang H, Liu P, Xiao Z, Li X, Liu W. Effects of manganese stress on phenology and biomass allocation in Xanthium strumarium from metalliferous and non-metalliferous sites. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:308-316. [PMID: 30716666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xanthium strumarium is an annual pseudometallophyte. To reveal the mechanisms of this species to adapt to metallicolous environmental conditions, phenological traits and biomass allocation of metallicolous and non-metallicolous populations of X. strumarium under six Mn2+ concentrations by pot culture experiments were performed. The results showed that both time to bolting and time to fruit setting in the metallicolous population were earlier than those in the non-metallicolous population. The number of flowers, fruits, seeds and 1000-seed weight in the metallicolous population were higher than those in the non-metallicolous population under Mn stress. Reproductive allocation and harvest index in the metallicolous population were higher than those in the non-metallicolous population. Furthermore, all the Mn concentrations in leaves, stems, roots, and fruits of the metallicolous population were higher than the counterparts of non-metallicolous population. These results suggested that metallicolous population had higher tolerance to Mn stress than non-metallicolous population, the earlier flowering and fruiting, and the enhancement in reproductive allocation may contribute to plant tolerance to Mn toxicity for X. strumarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Heping Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Zehua Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Xinhang Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China
| | - Wensheng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, PR China.
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25
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Jonas M, Cioce B. Patterns of univariate and multivariate plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide in six European populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5906-5915. [PMID: 31161007 PMCID: PMC6540656 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on plants is a growing concern in evolutionary ecology and global change biology. Characterizing patterns of phenotypic integration and multivariate plasticity to elevated carbon dioxide can provide insights into ecological and evolutionary dynamics in future human-altered environments. Here, we examined univariate and multivariate responses to carbon enrichment in six functional traits among six European accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. We detected phenotypic plasticity in both univariate and multivariate phenotypes, but did not find significant variation in plasticity (genotype by environment interactions) within or among accessions. Eigenvector, eigenvalue variance, and common principal components analyses showed that elevated carbon dioxide altered patterns of trait covariance, reduced the strength of phenotypic integration, and decreased population-level differentiation in the multivariate phenotype. Our data suggest that future carbon dioxide conditions may influence evolutionary dynamics in natural populations of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jonas
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Social SciencesState University of New York—Purchase CollegePurchaseNew York
| | - Brandon Cioce
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Social SciencesState University of New York—Purchase CollegePurchaseNew York
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26
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Saban JM, Chapman MA, Taylor G. FACE facts hold for multiple generations; Evidence from natural CO 2 springs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 30422366 PMCID: PMC7379517 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is a key driver of enhanced global greening, thought to account for up to 70% of increased global vegetation in recent decades. CO2 fertilization effects have further profound implications for ecosystems, food security and biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks. However, it is also possible that current trends will not continue, due to ecosystem level constraints and as plants acclimate to future CO2 concentrations. Future predictions of plant response to rising [CO2 ] are often validated using single-generation short-term FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) experiments but whether this accurately represents vegetation response over decades is unclear. The role of transgenerational plasticity and adaptation in the multigenerational response has yet to be elucidated. Here, we propose that naturally occurring high CO2 springs provide a proxy to quantify the multigenerational and long-term impacts of rising [CO2 ] in herbaceous and woody species respectively, such that plasticity, transgenerational effects and genetic adaptation can be quantified together in these systems. In this first meta-analysis of responses to elevated [CO2 ] at natural CO2 springs, we show that the magnitude and direction of change in eight of nine functional plant traits are consistent between spring and FACE experiments. We found increased photosynthesis (49.8% in spring experiments, comparable to 32.1% in FACE experiments) and leaf starch (58.6% spring, 84.3% FACE), decreased stomatal conductance (gs , 27.2% spring, 21.1% FACE), leaf nitrogen content (6.3% spring, 13.3% FACE) and Specific Leaf Area (SLA, 9.7% spring, 6.0% FACE). These findings not only validate the use of these sites for studying multigenerational plant response to elevated [CO2 ], but additionally suggest that long-term positive photosynthetic response to rising [CO2 ] are likely to continue as predicted by single-generation exposure FACE experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Saban
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
| | - Mark A. Chapman
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Southampton, Life SciencesSouthamptonUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
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27
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Shifts in the timing of the early flowering in plants from a semi-arid ecoregion under climate change. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-00175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Lanoue J, Leonardos ED, Khosla S, Hao X, Grodzinski B. Effect of elevated CO2 and spectral quality on whole plant gas exchange patterns in tomatoes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205861. [PMID: 30335803 PMCID: PMC6193678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In controlled environment plant production facilities, elevating either light or CO2 levels generally has led to increased biomass and yield due to enhanced canopy photosynthesis. Today, advancements in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have made this technology a viable option for both supplementary lighting in greenhouses and a sole lighting source in controlled environment chambers. Our study used tomato plants grown under both ambient CO2 (AC) and elevated CO2 (EC) conditions then exposed them to various CO2 and lighting treatments during both whole plant and leaf level measurements. Plants grown under EC reached the first flower developmental stage 8 days sooner and were approximately 15cm taller than those grown under AC. However, under AC plants had more leaf area while their dry weights were similar. Of note, under EC chlorophyll a and b were lower, as were carotenoids per unit leaf area. Whole plant analyses, under all CO2 challenges, showed that plants exposed to high-pressure sodium (HPS), red-blue LED, and red-white LED had similar photosynthesis, respiration, and daily carbon gain. Under different light qualities, day-time transpiration rates were similar among CO2 conditions. Day-time water-use efficiency (WUE) was higher in plants grown and exposed to EC. Similarly, WUE of plants grown under AC but exposed to short-term elevated CO2 conditions was higher than those grown and tested under AC during all light treatments. Under all CO2 conditions, plants exposed to red-white and red-blue LEDs had lower WUE than those exposed to HPS lighting. Assessing alterations due to CO2 and light quality on a whole plant basis, not merely on an individual leaf basis, furthers our understanding of the interactions between these two parameters during controlled environment production. Principle component analyses of both whole plant and leaf data indicates that increasing CO2 supply has a more dramatic effect on photosynthesis and WUE than on transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shalin Khosla
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiuming Hao
- Harrow Research and Development Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Walker SM, Ward JK. Interactions between rising CO2 and temperature drive accelerated flowering in model plants under changing conditions of the last century. Oecologia 2018; 187:911-919. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Zhang G, Zhang T, Liu J, Zhang J, He C. Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes reveals the molecular response to elevated CO 2 levels in two sea buckthorn cultivars. Gene 2018; 660:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Zinta G, AbdElgawad H, Peshev D, Weedon JT, Van den Ende W, Nijs I, Janssens IA, Beemster GTS, Asard H. Dynamics of metabolic responses to periods of combined heat and drought in Arabidopsis thaliana under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2159-2170. [PMID: 29462345 PMCID: PMC6019062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of global change processes, plants will increasingly be challenged by extreme climatic events, against a background of elevated atmospheric CO2. We analysed responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to periods of a combination of elevated heat and water deficit at ambient and elevated CO2 in order to gain mechanistic insights regarding changes in primary metabolism. Metabolic changes induced by extremes of climate are dynamic and specific to different classes of molecules. Concentrations of soluble sugars and amino acids increased transiently after short (4-d) exposure to heat and drought, and readjusted to control levels under prolonged (8-d) stress. In contrast, fatty acids showed persistent changes during the stress period. Elevated CO2 reduced the impact of stress on sugar and amino acid metabolism, but not on fatty acids. Integrating metabolite data with transcriptome results revealed that some of the metabolic changes were regulated at the transcriptional level. Multivariate analyses grouped metabolites on the basis of stress exposure time, indicating specificity in metabolic responses to short and prolonged stress. Taken together, the results indicate that dynamic metabolic reprograming plays an important role in plant acclimation to climatic extremes. The extent of such metabolic adjustments is less under high CO2, further pointing towards the role of high CO2 in stress mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Zinta
- Centre of excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Darin Peshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - James T Weedon
- Centre of excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ivan Nijs
- Centre of excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Centre of excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerp, Belgium
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32
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Dhami N, Tissue DT, Cazzonelli CI. Leaf-age dependent response of carotenoid accumulation to elevated CO 2 in Arabidopsis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:67-75. [PMID: 29604257 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids contribute to photosynthesis, photoprotection, phytohormone and apocarotenoid biosynthesis in plants. Carotenoid-derived metabolites control plant growth, development and signalling processes and their accumulation can depend upon changes in the environment. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) often enhances carbon assimilation, early growth patterns and overall plant biomass, and may increase carotenoid accumulation due to higher levels of precursors from isoprenoid biosynthesis. Variable effects of eCO2 on carotenoid accumulation in leaves have been observed for different plant species. Here, we determined whether the variable response of carotenoids to eCO2 was potentially a function of leaf age and the impact of eCO2 on leaf development by growing Arabidopsis in ambient CO2 (400 ppm) and eCO2 (800 ppm). eCO2 increased plant leaf number, rosette area, biomass, seed yield and net photosynthesis. In addition, eCO2 increased carotenoid content by 10-20% in younger emerging leaves, but not in older mature leaves. Older leaves contained approximately 60% less total carotenoids compared to younger leaves. The age-dependent effect on carotenoid content was observed for cotyledon, juvenile and adult phase leaves. We conclude that younger leaves utilize additional carbon from enhanced photosynthesis in eCO2 to increase carotenoid content, yet older leaves have less capacity to store additional carbon into carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
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33
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Evidence of Adaptation to Recent Changes in Atmospheric CO₂ in Four Weedy Species. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010012. [PMID: 29463051 PMCID: PMC5874601 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Seeds of three C₃ and one C₄ annual weedy species were collected from agricultural fields in Beltsville, Maryland in 1966 and 2006, when atmospheric CO₂ concentrations averaged about 320 and 380 mol mol-1, respectively. Plants from each collection year were grown over a range of CO₂ concentrations to test for adaptation of these weedy species to recent changes in atmospheric CO₂. In all three of the C₃ species, the increase in CO₂ concentration from 320 mol mol-1 to 380 mol mol-1 increased total dry mass at 24 days in plants from seeds collected in 2006, but not in plants from seeds collected in 1966. Shoot and seed dry mass at maturity was greater at the higher growth CO₂ in plants collected in 2006 than in 1966 in two of the species. Down-regulation of photosynthetic carboxylation capacity during growth at high CO₂ was less in the newer seed lots than in the older in two of the species. Overall, the results indicate that adaptation to recent changes in atmospheric CO₂ has occurred in some of these weedy species.
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34
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Cho LH, Yoon J, An G. The control of flowering time by environmental factors. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:708-719. [PMID: 27995671 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The timing of flowering is determined by endogenous genetic components as well as various environmental factors, such as day length, temperature, and stress. The genetic elements and molecular mechanisms that rule this process have been examined in the long-day-flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana and short-day-flowering rice (Oryza sativa). However, reviews of research on the role of those factors are limited. Here, we focused on how flowering time is influenced by nutrients, ambient temperature, drought, salinity, exogenously applied hormones and chemicals, and pathogenic microbes. In response to such stresses or stimuli, plants either begin flowering to produce seeds for the next generation or else delay flowering by slowing their metabolism. These responses vary depending upon the dose of the stimulus, the plant developmental stage, or even the cultivar that is used. Our review provides insight into how crops might be managed to increase productivity under various environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lae-Hyeon Cho
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jinmi Yoon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
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35
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Becklin KM, Walker SM, Way DA, Ward JK. CO 2 studies remain key to understanding a future world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:34-40. [PMID: 27891618 PMCID: PMC5329069 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contents 34 I. 34 II. 36 III. 37 IV. 37 V. 38 38 References 38 SUMMARY: Characterizing plant responses to past, present and future changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is critical for understanding and predicting the consequences of global change over evolutionary and ecological timescales. Previous CO2 studies have provided great insights into the effects of rising [CO2 ] on leaf-level gas exchange, carbohydrate dynamics and plant growth. However, scaling CO2 effects across biological levels, especially in field settings, has proved challenging. Moreover, many questions remain about the fundamental molecular mechanisms driving plant responses to [CO2 ] and other global change factors. Here we discuss three examples of topics in which significant questions in CO2 research remain unresolved: (1) mechanisms of CO2 effects on plant developmental transitions; (2) implications of rising [CO2 ] for integrated plant-water dynamics and drought tolerance; and (3) CO2 effects on symbiotic interactions and eco-evolutionary feedbacks. Addressing these and other key questions in CO2 research will require collaborations across scientific disciplines and new approaches that link molecular mechanisms to complex physiological and ecological interactions across spatiotemporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Becklin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas University, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - S. Michael Walker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas University, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Danielle A. Way
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joy K. Ward
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Kansas University, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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36
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Ramesh K, Matloob A, Aslam F, Florentine SK, Chauhan BS. Weeds in a Changing Climate: Vulnerabilities, Consequences, and Implications for Future Weed Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28243245 PMCID: PMC5303747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Whilst it is agreed that climate change will impact on the long-term interactions between crops and weeds, the results of this impact are far from clear. We suggest that a thorough understanding of weed dominance and weed interactions, depending on crop and weed ecosystems and crop sequences in the ecosystem, will be the key determining factor for successful weed management. Indeed, we claim that recent changes observed throughout the world within the weed spectrum in different cropping systems which were ostensibly related to climate change, warrant a deeper examination of weed vulnerabilities before a full understanding is reached. For example, the uncontrolled establishment of weeds in crops leads to a mixed population, in terms of C3 and C4 pathways, and this poses a considerable level of complexity for weed management. There is a need to include all possible combinations of crops and weeds while studying the impact of climate change on crop-weed competitive interactions, since, from a weed management perspective, C4 weeds would flourish in the increased temperature scenario and pose serious yield penalties. This is particularly alarming as a majority of the most competitive weeds are C4 plants. Although CO2 is considered as a main contributing factor for climate change, a few Australian studies have also predicted differing responses of weed species due to shifts in rainfall patterns. Reduced water availability, due to recurrent and unforeseen droughts, would alter the competitive balance between crops and some weed species, intensifying the crop-weed competition pressure. Although it is recognized that the weed pressure associated with climate change is a significant threat to crop production, either through increased temperatures, rainfall shift, and elevated CO2 levels, the current knowledge of this effect is very sparse. A few models that have attempted to predict these interactions are discussed in this paper, since these models could play an integral role in developing future management programs for future weed threats. This review has presented a comprehensive discussion of the recent research in this area, and has identified key deficiencies which need further research in crop-weed eco-systems to formulate suitable control measures before the real impacts of climate change set in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulasekaran Ramesh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research – Indian Institute of Soil ScienceBhopal, India
| | - Amar Matloob
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of AgricultureMultan, Pakistan
- The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, ToowoombaQLD, Australia
| | - Farhena Aslam
- Department of Agronomy, University of AgricultureFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Ayub Agricultural Research InstituteFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Singarayer K. Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mount HelenVIC, Australia
| | - Bhagirath S. Chauhan
- The Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, ToowoombaQLD, Australia
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Watson-Lazowski A, Lin Y, Miglietta F, Edwards RJ, Chapman MA, Taylor G. Plant adaptation or acclimation to rising CO 2 ? Insight from first multigenerational RNA-Seq transcriptome. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3760-3773. [PMID: 27539677 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) directly determines the rate of plant photosynthesis and indirectly effects plant productivity and fitness and may therefore act as a selective pressure driving evolution, but evidence to support this contention is sparse. Using Plantago lanceolata L. seed collected from a naturally high CO2 spring and adjacent ambient CO2 control site, we investigated multigenerational response to future, elevated atmospheric CO2 . Plants were grown in either ambient or elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol-1 ), enabling for the first time, characterization of the functional and population genomics of plant acclimation and adaptation to elevated CO2 . This revealed that spring and control plants differed significantly in phenotypic plasticity for traits underpinning fitness including above-ground biomass, leaf size, epidermal cell size and number and stomatal density and index. Gene expression responses to elevated CO2 (acclimation) were modest [33-131 genes differentially expressed (DE)], whilst those between control and spring plants (adaptation) were considerably larger (689-853 DE genes). In contrast, population genomic analysis showed that genetic differentiation between spring and control plants was close to zero, with no fixed differences, suggesting that plants are adapted to their native CO2 environment at the level of gene expression. An unusual phenotype of increased stomatal index in spring but not control plants in elevated CO2 correlated with altered expression of stomatal patterning genes between spring and control plants for three loci (YODA, CDKB1;1 and SCRM2) and between ambient and elevated CO2 for four loci (ER, YODA, MYB88 and BCA1). We propose that the two positive regulators of stomatal number (SCRM2) and CDKB1;1 when upregulated act as key controllers of stomatal adaptation to elevated CO2 . Combined with significant transcriptome reprogramming of photosynthetic and dark respiration and enhanced growth in spring plants, we have identified the potential basis of plant adaptation to high CO2 likely to occur over coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunan Lin
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Caproni 8, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Richard J Edwards
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Reyes-Fox M, Steltzer H, LeCain DR, McMaster GS. Five years of phenology observations from a mixed-grass prairie exposed to warming and elevated CO 2. Sci Data 2016; 3:160088. [PMID: 27727235 PMCID: PMC5113067 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been steadily increasing since the Industrial Era and contribute to concurrent increases in global temperatures. Many observational studies suggest climate warming alone contributes to a longer growing season. To determine the relative effect of warming on plant phenology, we investigated the individual and joint effects of warming and CO2 enrichment on a mixed-grass prairie plant community by following the development of six common grassland species and recording four major life history events. Our data support that, in a semi-arid system, while warming advances leaf emergence and flower production, it also expedites seed maturation and senescence at the species level. However, the additive effect can be an overall lengthening of the growing and reproductive seasons since CO2 enrichment, particularly when combined with warming, contributed to a longer growing season by delaying plant maturation and senescence. Fostering synthesis across multiple phenology datasets and identifying key factors affecting plant phenology will be vital for understanding regional plant community responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Reyes-Fox
- USDA-ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Research Unit and Northern Plains Area, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Heidi Steltzer
- Department of Biology, Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado 81301, USA
| | - Daniel R LeCain
- USDA-ARS, Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
| | - Gregory S McMaster
- USDA-ARS, Agricultural Systems Research Unit and Northern Plains Area, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
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39
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Gray SB, Brady SM. Plant developmental responses to climate change. Dev Biol 2016; 419:64-77. [PMID: 27521050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is multi-faceted, and includes changing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events. Here, we focus on the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, rising temperature, and drought stress and their interaction on plant developmental processes in leaves, roots, and in reproductive structures. While in some cases these responses are conserved across species, such as decreased root elongation, perturbation of root growth angle and reduced seed yield in response to drought, or an increase in root biomass in shallow soil in response to elevated CO2, most responses are variable within and between species and are dependent on developmental stage. These variable responses include species-specific thresholds that arrest development of reproductive structures, reduce root growth rate and the rate of leaf initiation and expansion in response to elevated temperature. Leaf developmental responses to elevated CO2 vary by cell type and by species. Variability also exists between C3 and C4 species in response to elevated CO2, especially in terms of growth and seed yield stimulation. At the molecular level, significantly less is understood regarding conservation and variability in molecular mechanisms underlying these traits. Abscisic acid-mediated changes in cell wall expansion likely underlie reductions in growth rate in response to drought, and changes in known regulators of flowering time likely underlie altered reproductive transitions in response to elevated temperature and CO2. Genes that underlie most other organ or tissue-level responses have largely only been identified in a single species in response to a single stress and their level of conservation is unknown. We conclude that there is a need for further research regarding the molecular mechanisms of plant developmental responses to climate change factors in general, and that this lack of data is particularly prevalent in the case of interactive effects of multiple climate change factors. As future growing conditions will likely expose plants to multiple climate change factors simultaneously, with a sum negative influence on global agriculture, further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Gray
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 2243 Life Sciences Addition, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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40
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Jagadish SVK, Bahuguna RN, Djanaguiraman M, Gamuyao R, Prasad PVV, Craufurd PQ. Implications of High Temperature and Elevated CO2 on Flowering Time in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:913. [PMID: 27446143 PMCID: PMC4921480 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is a crucial determinant for plant reproductive success and seed-set. Increasing temperature and elevated carbon-dioxide (e[CO2]) are key climate change factors that could affect plant fitness and flowering related events. Addressing the effect of these environmental factors on flowering events such as time of day of anthesis (TOA) and flowering time (duration from germination till flowering) is critical to understand the adaptation of plants/crops to changing climate and is the major aim of this review. Increasing ambient temperature is the major climatic factor that advances flowering time in crops and other plants, with a modest effect of e[CO2].Integrated environmental stimuli such as photoperiod, temperature and e[CO2] regulating flowering time is discussed. The critical role of plant tissue temperature influencing TOA is highlighted and crop models need to substitute ambient air temperature with canopy or floral tissue temperature to improve predictions. A complex signaling network of flowering regulation with change in ambient temperature involving different transcription factors (PIF4, PIF5), flowering suppressors (HvODDSOC2, SVP, FLC) and autonomous pathway (FCA, FVE) genes, mainly from Arabidopsis, provides a promising avenue to improve our understanding of the dynamics of flowering time under changing climate. Elevated CO2 mediated changes in tissue sugar status and a direct [CO2]-driven regulatory pathway involving a key flowering gene, MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (MFT), are emerging evidence for the role of e[CO2] in flowering time regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Krishna Jagadish
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro Manila, Philippines
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Rico Gamuyao
- International Rice Research InstituteMetro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Peter Q. Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT)Nairobi, Kenya
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Northern ragweed ecotypes flower earlier and longer in response to elevated CO2: what are you sneezing at? Oecologia 2016; 182:587-94. [PMID: 27318697 PMCID: PMC5021721 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant changes in plant phenology and flower production are predicted over the next century, but we know relatively little about geographic patterns of this response in many species, even those that potentially impact human wellbeing. We tested for variation in flowering responses of the allergenic plant, Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). We grew plants originating from three latitudes in the Northeastern USA at experimental levels of CO2 (400, 600, and 800 µL L(-1)). We hypothesized that northern ecotypes adapted to shorter growing seasons would flower earlier than their southern counterparts, and thus disproportionately allocate carbon gains from CO2 to reproduction. As predicted, latitude of origin and carbon dioxide level significantly influenced the timing and magnitude of flowering. Reproductive onset occurred earlier with increasing latitude, with concurrent increases in the number of flowers produced. Elevated carbon dioxide resulted in earlier reproductive onset in all ecotypes, which was significantly more pronounced in the northern populations. We interpret our findings as evidence for ecotypic variation in ragweed flowering time, as well in responses to CO2. Thus, the ecological and human health implications of common ragweed's response to global change are likely to depend on latitude. We conclude that increased flower production, duration, and possibly pollen output, can be expected in Northeastern United States with rising levels of CO2. The effects are likely, however, to be most significant in northern parts of the region.
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Chang JD, Mantri N, Sun B, Jiang L, Chen P, Jiang B, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Shen J, Lu H, Liang Z. Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on Gynostemma pentaphyllum physiology and bioactive compounds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 196-197:41-52. [PMID: 27054772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an important topic of research has been how climate change is seriously threatening the sustainability of agricultural production. However, there is surprisingly little experimental data regarding how elevated temperature and CO2 will affect the growth of medicinal plants and production of bioactive compounds. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the photosynthetic process, biomass, total sugars, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity, and bioactive compounds of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Two different CO2 concentrations [360 and 720μmolmol(-1)] were imposed on plants grown at two different temperature regimes of 23/18 and 28/23°C (day/night) for 60days. Results show that elevated CO2 and temperature significantly increase the biomass, particularly in proportion to inflorescence total dry weight. The chlorophyll content in leaves increased under the elevated temperature and CO2. Further, electron transport rate (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP), actual photochemical quantum yield (Yield), instantaneous photosynthetic rate (Photo), transpiration rate (Trmmol) and stomatal conductance (Cond) also increased to different degrees under elevated CO2 and temperature. Moreover, elevated CO2 increased the level of total sugars and gypenoside A, but decreased the total antioxidant capacity and main antioxidant compounds in different organs of G. pentaphyllum. Accumulation of total phenolics and flavonoids also decreased in leaves, stems, and inflorescences under elevated CO2 and temperature. Overall, our data indicate that the predicted increase in atmospheric temperature and CO2 could improve the biomass of G. pentaphyllum, but they would reduce its health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Li Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Zhengdong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jialei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Hill CB, Li C. Genetic Architecture of Flowering Phenology in Cereals and Opportunities for Crop Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1906. [PMID: 28066466 PMCID: PMC5165254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cereal crop species including bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and maize (Zea mays L.) provide the bulk of human nutrition and agricultural products for industrial use. These four cereals are central to meet future demands of food supply for an increasing world population under a changing climate. A prerequisite for cereal crop production is the transition from vegetative to reproductive and grain-filling phases starting with flower initiation, a key developmental switch tightly regulated in all flowering plants. Although studies in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis thaliana build the foundations of our current understanding of plant phenology genes and regulation, the availability of genome assemblies with high-confidence sequences for rice, maize, and more recently bread wheat and barley, now allow the identification of phenology-associated gene orthologs in monocots. Together with recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies, QTL analysis, mutagenesis, complementation analysis, and RNA interference, many phenology genes have been functionally characterized in cereal crops and conserved as well as functionally divergent genes involved in flowering were found. Epigenetic and other molecular regulatory mechanisms that respond to environmental and endogenous triggers create an enormous plasticity in flowering behavior among cereal crops to ensure flowering is only induced under optimal conditions. In this review, we provide a summary of recent discoveries of flowering time regulators with an emphasis on four cereal crop species (bread wheat, barley, rice, and maize), in particular, crop-specific regulatory mechanisms and genes. In addition, pleiotropic effects on agronomically important traits such as grain yield, impact on adaptation to new growing environments and conditions, genetic sequence-based selection and targeted manipulation of phenology genes, as well as crop growth simulation models for predictive crop breeding, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B. Hill
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, PerthWA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chengdao Li, Camilla B. Hill,
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, PerthWA, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South PerthWA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chengdao Li, Camilla B. Hill,
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Bunce JA, Hilacondo WC. Responses of Flowering Time to Elevated Carbon Dioxide among Soybean Photoperiod Isolines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.76071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kazan K, Lyons R. The link between flowering time and stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:47-60. [PMID: 26428061 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary success in plants is largely dependent on the successful transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. In the lifetime of a plant, flowering is not only an essential part of the reproductive process but also a critical developmental stage that can be vulnerable to environmental stresses. Exposure to stress during this period can cause substantial yield losses in seed-producing plants. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that altering flowering time is an evolutionary strategy adopted by plants to maximize the chances of reproduction under diverse stress conditions, ranging from pathogen infection to heat, salinity, and drought. Here, recent studies that have revealed new insights into how biotic and abiotic stress signals can be integrated into floral pathways are reviewed. A better understanding of how complex environmental variables affect plant phenology is important for future genetic manipulation of crops to increase productivity under the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lyons
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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46
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Schneider HE, Mazer SJ. Geographic variation in climate as a proxy for climate change: Forecasting evolutionary trajectories from species differentiation and genetic correlations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:140-152. [PMID: 26744480 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate change models for California predict a warmer, drier future, potentially resulting in shorter growing seasons. If phenotypic differences between closely related species currently distributed across a moisture and temperature gradient represent adaptations to their abiotic environment, then as conditions become warmer and drier, populations presently adapted to cooler and wetter conditions may evolve to become more similar to those adapted to warmer and drier conditions. Two sister species, Clarkia unguiculata and C. exilis, are distributed across a moisture and temperature gradient in the southern Sierra Nevada, providing an opportunity to predict how this process may occur. METHODS In a greenhouse experiment using wild-collected seeds from 11 populations in the southern Sierra Nevada, we examined relationships among elevation, climatic conditions, and population means for each trait, then evaluated bivariate relationships among maternal family means, using raw values and controlling for population and seed mass effects on phenotype. KEY RESULTS Clarkia exilis occupied warmer, drier conditions, typically at lower elevations, than C. unguiculata did and flowered earlier and faster, producing smaller flowers with lower herkogamy. In C. unguiculata, petal area, herkogamy, and the rate of flower production were positively correlated with days to first flower. CONCLUSIONS If selection favors earlier flowering, smaller petals, or faster flower production in C. unguiculata, then the genetic correlations among these traits should reinforce their joint evolution. Moreover, the correlations between these traits and herkogamy may promote the evolution of self-fertilization as an indirect response to selection, a previously unrecognized potential outcome of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Schneider
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
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Jauregui I, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Avila C, Rueda-López M, Aranjuelo I. Root and shoot performance of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to elevated CO2: A physiologic, metabolic and transcriptomic response. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 189:65-76. [PMID: 26519814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The responsiveness of C3 plants to raised atmospheric [CO2] levels has been frequently described as constrained by photosynthetic downregulation. The main goal of the current study was to characterize the shoot-root relationship and its implications in plant responsiveness under elevated [CO2] conditions. For this purpose, Arabidopsis thaliana plants were exposed to elevated [CO2] (800ppm versus 400ppm [CO2]) and fertilized with a mixed (NH4NO3) nitrogen source. Plant growth, physiology, metabolite and transcriptomic characterizations were carried out at the root and shoot levels. Plant growth under elevated [CO2] conditions was doubled due to increased photosynthetic rates and gas exchange measurements revealed that these plants maintain higher photosynthetic rates over extended periods of time. This positive response of photosynthetic rates to elevated [CO2] was caused by the maintenance of leaf protein and Rubisco concentrations at control levels alongside enhanced energy efficiency. The increased levels of leaf carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids supported the augmented respiration rates of plants under elevated [CO2]. A transcriptomic analysis allowed the identification of photoassimilate allocation and remobilization as fundamental process used by the plants to maintain the outstanding photosynthetic performance. Moreover, based on the relationship between plant carbon status and hormone functioning, the transcriptomic analyses provided an explanation of why phenology accelerates under elevated [CO2] conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Jauregui
- Dpto Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain.
| | - Pedro M Aparicio-Tejo
- Dpto Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain; Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biología, Unidad Asociada UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Marina Rueda-López
- Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto Andaluz de Biología, Unidad Asociada UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, E-31192 Mutilva Baja, Spain; Dpto Biología Vegetal, Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizkaia, Spain
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Sreeharsha RV, Sekhar KM, Reddy AR. Delayed flowering is associated with lack of photosynthetic acclimation in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) grown under elevated CO₂. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:82-93. [PMID: 25575994 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the likely consequences of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] on growth, physiology and reproductive phenology of Pigeonpea. A short duration Pigeonpea cultivar (ICPL 15011) was grown without N fertilizer from emergence to final harvest in CO2 enriched atmosphere (open top chambers; 550μmolmol(-1)) for two seasons. CO2 enrichment improved both net photosynthetic rates (Asat) and foliar carbohydrate content by 36 and 43%, respectively, which further reflected in dry biomass after harvest, showing an increment of 29% over the control plants. Greater carboxylation rates of Rubisco (Vcmax) and photosynthetic electron transport rates (Jmax) in elevated CO2 grown plants measured during different growth periods, clearly demonstrated lack of photosynthetic acclimation. Further, chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements as indicated by Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm' ratios justified enhanced photosystem II efficiency. Mass and number of root nodules were significantly high in elevated CO2 grown plants showing 58% increase in nodule mass ratio (NMR) which directly correlated with Pn. Growth under high CO2 showed significant ontogenic changes including delayed flowering. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the lack of photosynthetic acclimation and increased carbohydrate-nitrogen reserves modulate the vegetative and reproductive growth patterns in Pigeonpea grown under elevated CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachapudi Venkata Sreeharsha
- Photosynthesis and Climate Change Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, AP, India
| | - Kalva Madhana Sekhar
- Photosynthesis and Climate Change Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, AP, India
| | - Attipalli Ramachandra Reddy
- Photosynthesis and Climate Change Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, AP, India.
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49
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Madhu M, Hatfield JL. Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Soil Moisture on Early Growth Response of Soybean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2015.62027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Kumar S, Chaitanya BSK, Ghatty S, Reddy AR. Growth, reproductive phenology and yield responses of a potential biofuel plant, Jatropha curcas grown under projected 2050 levels of elevated CO2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:501-19. [PMID: 24655305 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) is a non-edible oil producing plant which is being advocated as an alternative biofuel energy resource. Its ability to grow in diverse soil conditions and minimal requirements of essential agronomical inputs compared with other oilseed crops makes it viable for cost-effective advanced biofuel production. We designed a study to investigate the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]) (550 ppm) on the growth, reproductive development, source-sink relationships, fruit and seed yield of J. curcas. We report, for the first time that elevated CO(2) significantly influences reproductive characteristics of Jatropha and improve its fruit and seed yields. Net photosynthetic rate of Jatropha was 50% higher in plants grown in elevated CO(2) compared with field and ambient CO(2) -grown plants. The study also revealed that elevated CO(2) atmosphere significantly increased female to male flower ratio, above ground biomass and carbon sequestration potential in Jatropha (24 kg carbon per tree) after 1 year. Our data demonstrate that J. curcas was able to sustain enhanced rate of photosynthesis in elevated CO(2) conditions as it had sufficient sink strength to balance the increased biomass yields. Our study also elucidates that the economically important traits including fruit and seed yield in elevated CO(2) conditions were significantly high in J. curcas that holds great promise as a potential biofuel tree species for the future high CO(2) world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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