1
|
Liu H, Liu Z, Wong HK, Xu N, Liu Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Wong H, Burt ME, Jossy SV, Han J, He Y. Therapeutic Strategies Against Metabolic Imbalance in a Male Mouse Model With 5-HT2CR Loss-of-Function. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae063. [PMID: 38815086 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR)-melanocortin pathway plays well-established roles in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight homeostasis. Dysfunctions in this system, such as loss-of-function mutations in the Htr2c gene, can lead to hyperphagia and obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic strategies for ameliorating hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity associated with a loss-of-function mutation in the Htr2c gene (Htr2cF327L/Y). We demonstrated that reexpressing functional 5-HT2CR solely in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons is sufficient to reduce food intake and body weight in Htr2cF327L/Y mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). In addition, 5-HT2CR expression restores the responsiveness of POMC neurons to lorcaserin, a selective agonist for 5-HT2CR. Similarly, administration of melanotan II, an agonist of the melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), effectively suppresses feeding and weight gain in Htr2cF327L/Y mice. Strikingly, promoting wheel-running activity in Htr2cF327L/Y mice results in a decrease in HFD consumption and improved glucose homeostasis. Together, our findings underscore the crucial role of the melanocortin system in alleviating hyperphagia and obesity related to dysfunctions of the 5-HT2CR, and further suggest that MC4R agonists and lifestyle interventions might hold promise in counteracting hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity in individuals carrying rare variants of the Htr2c gene.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Hyperphagia/metabolism
- Hyperphagia/genetics
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/metabolism
- Pro-Opiomelanocortin/genetics
- Diet, High-Fat
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- Loss of Function Mutation
- Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Eating/drug effects
- Eating/physiology
- Eating/genetics
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Benzazepines
- Peptides, Cyclic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhaoxun Liu
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - HueyXian Kelly Wong
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nathan Xu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingzhuo Liu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongxiang Li
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - HueyZhong Wong
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan E Burt
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanika V Jossy
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junying Han
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang He
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alymbaeva D, Szabo C, Jocsak G, Bartha T, Zsarnovszky A, Kovago C, Ondrasovicova S, Kiss DS. Analysis of arsenic-modulated expression of hypothalamic estrogen receptor, thyroid receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mRNA and simultaneous mitochondrial morphology and respiration rates in the mouse. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303528. [PMID: 38753618 PMCID: PMC11098319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Arsenic has been identified as an environmental toxicant acting through various mechanisms, including the disruption of endocrine pathways. The present study assessed the ability of a single intraperitoneal injection of arsenic, to modify the mRNA expression levels of estrogen- and thyroid hormone receptors (ERα,β; TRα,β) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in hypothalamic tissue homogenates of prepubertal mice in vivo. Mitochondrial respiration (MRR) was also measured, and the corresponding mitochondrial ultrastructure was analyzed. Results show that ERα,β, and TRα expression was significantly increased by arsenic, in all concentrations examined. In contrast, TRβ and PPARγ remained unaffected after arsenic injection. Arsenic-induced dose-dependent changes in state 4 mitochondrial respiration (St4). Mitochondrial morphology was affected by arsenic in that the 5 mg dose increased the size but decreased the number of mitochondria in agouti-related protein- (AgRP), while increasing the size without affecting the number of mitochondria in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Arsenic also increased the size of the mitochondrial matrix per host mitochondrion. Complex analysis of dose-dependent response patterns between receptor mRNA, mitochondrial morphology, and mitochondrial respiration in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus suggests that instant arsenic effects on receptor mRNAs may not be directly reflected in St3-4 values, however, mitochondrial dynamics is affected, which predicts more pronounced effects in hypothalamus-regulated homeostatic processes after long-term arsenic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Alymbaeva
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
| | - Gergely Jocsak
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Bartha
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Zsarnovszky
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Godollo, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Kaposvar, Hungary
| | - Csaba Kovago
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Ondrasovicova
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - David Sandor Kiss
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Z, Xiao T, Liu H. Leptin signaling and its central role in energy homeostasis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1238528. [PMID: 38027481 PMCID: PMC10644276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1238528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin plays a critical role in regulating appetite, energy expenditure and body weight, making it a key factor in maintaining a healthy balance. Despite numerous efforts to develop therapeutic interventions targeting leptin signaling, their effectiveness has been limited, underscoring the importance of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms through which leptin exerts its functions. While the hypothalamus is widely recognized as the primary site responsible for the appetite-suppressing and weight-reducing effects of leptin, other brain regions have also been increasingly investigated for their involvement in mediating leptin's action. In this review, we summarize leptin signaling pathways and the neural networks that mediate the effects of leptin, with a specific emphasis on energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxun Liu
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Emergency, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hailan Liu
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sideri Gugger A, Dimino C, Panigrahi SK, Mayer L, Smiley RM, Korner J, Wardlaw SL. Defining Predictors of Weight Loss Response to Lorcaserin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2262-2271. [PMID: 36897161 PMCID: PMC10438887 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Individual responses to weight loss (WL) medications vary widely and prediction of response remains elusive. OBJECTIVE We investigated biomarkers associated with use of lorcaserin (LOR), a 5HT2cR agonist that targets proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis, to identify predictors of clinical efficacy. METHODS Thirty individuals with obesity were treated with 7 days of placebo and LOR in a randomized crossover study. Nineteen participants continued on LOR for 6 months. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) POMC peptide measurements were used to identify potential biomarkers that predict WL. Insulin, leptin, and food intake during a meal were also studied. RESULTS LOR induced a significant decrease in CSF levels of the POMC prohormone and an increase in its processed peptide β-endorphin after 7 days; β-endorphin/POMC increased by 30% (P < .001). This was accompanied by a substantial decrease in insulin, glucose, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance before WL. Changes in CSF POMC peptides persisted after WL (6.9%) at 6 months that were distinct from prior reports after diet alone. Changes in POMC, food intake, or other hormones did not predict WL. However, baseline CSF POMC correlated negatively with WL (P = .07) and a cutoff level of CSF POMC was identified that predicted more than 10% WL. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence that LOR affects the brain melanocortin system in humans and that effectiveness is increased in individuals with lower melanocortin activity. Furthermore, early changes in CSF POMC parallel WL-independent improvements in glycemic indexes. Thus, assessment of melanocortin activity could provide a way to personalize pharmacotherapy of obesity with 5HT2cR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Sideri Gugger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cara Dimino
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laurel Mayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard M Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alonge KM, Porte D, Schwartz MW. Distinct Roles for Brain and Pancreas in Basal and Postprandial Glucose Homeostasis. Diabetes 2023; 72:547-556. [PMID: 37146276 PMCID: PMC10130484 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The glucose homeostasis system ensures that the circulating glucose level is maintained within narrow physiological limits both in the fasting (or basal) state and following a nutrient challenge. Although glucose homeostasis is traditionally conceptualized as a single overarching system, evidence reviewed here suggests that basal glycemia and glucose tolerance are governed by distinct control systems. Specifically, whereas glucose tolerance appears to be determined largely by interactions between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, basal-state glucose homeostasis is predominated by insulin-independent mechanisms governed largely by the brain. In addition to a new perspective on how glucose homeostasis is achieved, this "dual control system" hypothesis offers a feasible and testable explanation for observations that are otherwise difficult to reconcile and sheds new light on the integration of central and peripheral metabolic control mechanisms. The implications of this model for the pathogenesis and treatment of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Alonge
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel Porte
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Michael W. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
A temperature-regulated circuit for feeding behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4229. [PMID: 35869064 PMCID: PMC9307622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31917-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBoth rodents and primates have evolved to orchestrate food intake to maintain thermal homeostasis in coping with ambient temperature challenges. However, the mechanisms underlying temperature-coordinated feeding behavior are rarely reported. Here we find that a non-canonical feeding center, the anteroventral and periventricular portions of medial preoptic area (apMPOA) respond to altered dietary states in mice. Two neighboring but distinct neuronal populations in apMPOA mediate feeding behavior by receiving anatomical inputs from external and dorsal subnuclei of lateral parabrachial nucleus. While both populations are glutamatergic, the arcuate nucleus-projecting neurons in apMPOA can sense low temperature and promote food intake. The other type, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH)-projecting neurons in apMPOA are primarily sensitive to high temperature and suppress food intake. Caspase ablation or chemogenetic inhibition of the apMPOA→PVH pathway can eliminate the temperature dependence of feeding. Further projection-specific RNA sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization identify that the two neuronal populations are molecularly marked by galanin receptor and apelin receptor. These findings reveal unrecognized cell populations and circuits of apMPOA that orchestrates feeding behavior against thermal challenges.
Collapse
|
7
|
Suriagandhi V, Nachiappan V. Protective Effects of Melatonin against Obesity-Induced by Leptin Resistance. Behav Brain Res 2022; 417:113598. [PMID: 34563600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of an exceedingly high-fat diet with irregular eating and sleeping habits is typical in the current sedentary lifestyle, leading to chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes mellitus. Leptin is a primary appetite-regulating hormone that binds to its receptors in the hypothalamic cell membrane and regulates downstream appetite-regulating neurons NPY/AgRp and POMC in the hypothalamus. Based on the fat content of the adipose tissue, leptin is secreted, and excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue stimulates the abnormal secretion of leptin. The secreted leptin circulating in the bloodstream uses its transporters to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the CSF. There is a saturation limit for leptin bound to its transporters to cross the BBB, and increased leptin secretion in adipose tissue has a defect in its transport across the BBB. Leptin resistance is due to excess leptin, a saturation of its transporters, and deficiency in either the receptor level or signalling in the hypothalamus. Leptin resistance leads to obesity due to excess food intake and less energy expenditure. Normal leptin secretion follows a rhythm, and alteration in the lifestyle leads to hormonal imbalances and increases ROS generation leading to oxidative stress. The sleep disturbance causes obesity with increased lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Melatonin is the master regulator of the sleep-wake cycle secreted by the pineal gland during the night. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is secreted in a pattern called the circadian rhythm in humans as well. Research indicates that melatonin plays a vital role in hormonal regulation and energy metabolism, including leptin signalling and secretion. Studying the role of melatonin in leptin regulation will help us combat the pathologies of obesity caused by leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vennila Suriagandhi
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasanthi Nachiappan
- Biomembrane Lab, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Munafò A, Frara S, Perico N, Di Mauro R, Cortinovis M, Burgaletto C, Cantarella G, Remuzzi G, Giustina A, Bernardini R. In search of an ideal drug for safer treatment of obesity: The false promise of pseudoephedrine. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:1013-1025. [PMID: 33945051 PMCID: PMC8724077 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health problem worldwide. Only relatively few treatment options are, at present, available for the management of obese patients. Furthermore, treatment of obesity is affected by the widespread misuse of drugs and food supplements. Ephedra sinica is an old medicinal herb, commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases. Ephedra species contain several alkaloids, including pseudoephedrine, notably endowed with indirect sympathomimetic pharmacodynamic properties. The anorexigenic effect of pseudoephedrine is attributable primarily to the inhibition of neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), mediating satiety stimuli. Pseudoephedrine influences lipolysis and thermogenesis through interaction with β3 adrenergic receptors and reduces fat accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors related to lipogenesis. However, its use is associated with adverse events that involve to a large extent the cardiovascular and the central nervous system. Adverse events of pseudoephedrine also affect the eye, the intestine, and the skin, and, of relevance, sudden cardiovascular death related to dietary supplements containing Ephedra alkaloids has also been reported. In light of the limited availability of clinical data on pseudoephedrine in obesity, along with its significantly unbalanced risk/benefit profile, as well as of the psychophysical susceptibility of obese patients, it appears reasonable to preclude the prescription of pseudoephedrine in obese patients of any order and degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Munafò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Norberto Perico
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences (IEMS), San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania School of Medicine, Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Órdenes P, Villar PS, Tarifeño-Saldivia E, Salgado M, Elizondo-Vega R, Araneda RC, García-Robles MA. Lactate activates hypothalamic POMC neurons by intercellular signaling. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21644. [PMID: 34737351 PMCID: PMC8569171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that the activity of hypothalamic POMC neurons can be regulated by glucose via intracellular mechanisms, but its regulation by lactate is poorly understood. In addition to its energetic role, lactate acts as a signaling molecule. In this study, we evaluated the function and location of the lactate receptor, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1). We used a conditional genetic approach to label POMC neurons and evaluated their sensitivity to lactate using patch-clamp recordings. l-Lactate and 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (3Cl-HBA), HCAR1 specific agonist depolarized POMC neurons and the increase in excitability was abolished by pertussis toxin (PTX), indicating the involvement of Gαi/o-protein-coupled receptors. In addition, the depolarization of a subset of POMC neurons was sensitive to α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (4-CIN), a lactate transporter blocker, suggesting that the depolarization induced by l-lactate can also occur by direct intracellular action. Surprisingly, HCAR1 was not detected in POMC neurons, but instead localized in astrocytes. These results suggest a new lactate-mediated mechanism for astrocyte-neuron intercellular communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Órdenes
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - P S Villar
- Department of Biology Bioscience Research Bldg R-1114, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - E Tarifeño-Saldivia
- Gene Expression and Regulation Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M Salgado
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - R Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo C Araneda
- Department of Biology Bioscience Research Bldg R-1114, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - María A García-Robles
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Wang X, Lu L, Wang M, Zhai Y, Tai X, Dilimulati D, Lei X, Xu J, Zhang C, Fu Y, Qu S, Li Q, Zhang C. Identification of novel GPCR partners of the central melanocortin signaling. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101317. [PMID: 34400348 PMCID: PMC8458986 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homo- or heterodimerization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) generally affects the normal functioning of these receptors and mediates the responses to a variety of physiological stimuli in vivo. It is well known that melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are key regulators of appetite and energy homeostasis in the central nervous system. However, the GPCR partners of MC3R and MC4R are not well understood. Our objective is to analyze single cell RNA-seq datasets of the hypothalamus to explore and identify novel GPCR partners of MC3R and MC4R and examine the pharmacological effect on the downstream signal transduction and membrane translocation of melanocortin receptors. METHODS We conducted an integrative analysis of multiple single cell RNA-seq datasets to reveal the expression pattern and correlation of GPCR families in the mouse hypothalamus. The emerging GPCRs with important metabolic functions were selected for cloning and co-immunoprecipitation validation. The positive GPCR partners were then tested for the pharmacological activation, competitive binding assay and surface translocation ELISA experiments. RESULTS Based on the expression pattern of GPCRs and their function enrichment results, we narrowed down the range of potential GPCR interaction with MC3R and MC4R for further confirmation. Co-immunoprecipitation assay verified 23 and 32 novel GPCR partners that interacted with MC3R and MC4R in vitro. The presence of these GPCR partners exhibited different effects in the physiological regulation and signal transduction of MC3R and MC4R. CONCLUSIONS This work represented the first large-scale screen for the functional GPCR complex of central melanocortin receptors and defined a composite metabolic regulatory GPCR network of the hypothalamic nucleuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liumei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolu Tai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diliqingna Dilimulati
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Lei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Worley BL, Auen T, Arnold AC, Monia BP, Hempel N, Czyzyk TA. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of Mpzl3 attenuates the negative metabolic effects of diet-induced obesity in mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14853. [PMID: 33991450 PMCID: PMC8123547 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that global knockout (KO) of the gene encoding myelin protein zero‐like 3 (Mpzl3) results in reduced body weight and adiposity, increased energy expenditure, and reduced hepatic lipid synthesis in mice. These mice also exhibit cyclic and progressive alopecia which may contribute to the observed hypermetabolic phenotype. The goal of the current study was to determine if acute and peripherally restricted knockdown of Mpzl3 could ameliorate the negative metabolic effects of exposure to a high‐fat and sucrose, energy‐dense (HED) diet similar to what was observed in global Mpzl3 KO mice in the absence of a skin phenotype. Mpzl3 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) administration dose‐dependently decreased fat mass and circulating lipids in HED‐fed C57BL/6N mice. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in respiratory exchange ratio, a reduction in energy expenditure and food intake, a decrease in expression of genes regulating de novo lipogenesis in white adipose tissue, and an upregulation of genes associated with steroid hormone biosynthesis in liver, thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and fatty acid transport in skeletal muscle. These data demonstrate that resistance to the negative metabolic effects of HED is a direct effect of Mpzl3 knockdown, rather than compensatory changes that could be associated with deletion of Mpzl3 during development in global KO mice. Inhibiting MPZL3 could be a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and associated dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Worley
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Program, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Auen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Nadine Hempel
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Traci A Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Neural & Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li L, Yoo ES, Li X, Wyler SC, Chen X, Wan R, Arnold AG, Birnbaum SG, Jia L, Sohn JW, Liu C. The atypical antipsychotic risperidone targets hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptors to cause weight gain. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212095. [PMID: 33978701 PMCID: PMC8126977 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics such as risperidone cause drug-induced metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report a new mouse model that reliably reproduces risperidone-induced weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance. We found that risperidone treatment acutely altered energy balance in C57BL/6 mice and that hyperphagia accounted for most of the weight gain. Transcriptomic analyses in the hypothalamus of risperidone-fed mice revealed that risperidone treatment reduced the expression of Mc4r. Furthermore, Mc4r in Sim1 neurons was necessary for risperidone-induced hyperphagia and weight gain. Moreover, we found that the same pathway underlies the obesogenic effect of olanzapine-another commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug. Remarkably, whole-cell patch-clamp recording demonstrated that risperidone acutely inhibited the activity of hypothalamic Mc4r neurons via the opening of a postsynaptic potassium conductance. Finally, we showed that treatment with setmelanotide, an MC4R-specific agonist, mitigated hyperphagia and obesity in both risperidone- and olanzapine-fed mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Eun-Seon Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Xiujuan Li
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Steven C Wyler
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiameng Chen
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Rong Wan
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Amanda G Arnold
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shari G Birnbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chen Liu
- The Hypothalamic Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu H, Wang C, Yu M, Yang Y, He Y, Liu H, Liang C, Tu L, Zhang N, Wang L, Wang J, Liu F, Hu F, Xu Y. TPH2 in the Dorsal Raphe Nuclei Regulates Energy Balance in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Endocrinology 2021; 162:5920173. [PMID: 33034617 PMCID: PMC7685027 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCentral 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is primarily synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) in the dorsal Raphe nuclei (DRN), plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. However, the physiological functions of TPH2 on energy balance have not been consistently demonstrated. Here we systematically investigated the effects of TPH2 on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice. We found that the DRN harbors a similar amount of TPH2+ cells in control male and female mice. Adult-onset TPH2 deletion in the DRN promotes hyperphagia and body weight gain only in male mice, but not in female mice. Ablation of TPH2 reduces hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal activity robustly in males, but only to a modest degree in females. Deprivation of estrogen by ovariectomy (OVX) causes comparable food intake and weight gain in female control and DRN-specific TPH2 knockout mice. Nevertheless, disruption of TPH2 blunts the anorexigenic effects of exogenous estradiol (E2) and abolishes E2-induced activation of POMC neurons in OVX female mice, indicating that TPH2 is indispensable for E2 to activate POMC neurons and to suppress appetite. Together, our study revealed that TPH2 in the DRN contributes to energy balance regulation in a sexually dimorphic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Meng Yu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang He
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Hesong Liu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Chen Liang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Longlong Tu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Nan Zhang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Lina Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia Wang
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas
- Correspondence: Yong Xu, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Room8066, 1100 Bates Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Deem JD, Faber CL, Pedersen C, Phan BA, Larsen SA, Ogimoto K, Nelson JT, Damian V, Tran MA, Palmiter RD, Kaiyala KJ, Scarlett JM, Bruchas MR, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ. Cold-induced hyperphagia requires AgRP neuron activation in mice. eLife 2020; 9:58764. [PMID: 33320088 PMCID: PMC7837681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain energy homeostasis during cold exposure, the increased energy demands of thermogenesis must be counterbalanced by increased energy intake. To investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this cold-induced hyperphagia, we asked whether agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons are activated when animals are placed in a cold environment and, if so, whether this response is required for the associated hyperphagia. We report that AgRP neuron activation occurs rapidly upon acute cold exposure, as do increases of both energy expenditure and energy intake, suggesting the mere perception of cold is sufficient to engage each of these responses. We further report that silencing of AgRP neurons selectively blocks the effect of cold exposure to increase food intake but has no effect on energy expenditure. Together, these findings establish a physiologically important role for AgRP neurons in the hyperphagic response to cold exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Deem
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Christian Pedersen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Bao Anh Phan
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Sarah A Larsen
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Kayoko Ogimoto
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jarrell T Nelson
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Vincent Damian
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Megan A Tran
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Karl J Kaiyala
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Michael W Schwartz
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Gregory J Morton
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu C, Wang X, Zhou S, Wu J, Geng Q, Ruan D, Qiu Y, Quan J, Ding R, Cai G, Wu Z, Zheng E, Yang J. Brain Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Transcription Factors and Biological Pathways Associated with Feed Efficiency in Commercial DLY Pigs. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 40:272-282. [PMID: 33297854 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency (FE) is one of the most important economic traits in the porcine industry. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was first utilized for brain tissue transcriptome analysis in pigs to indicate the potential genes and biological pathways related to FE in pigs. A total of 8 pigs with either extremely high-FE group (HE-group) or low-FE group (LE-group) were selected from 225 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) pigs for transcriptomic analysis. RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HE- and LE-group, and 430 DEGs were identified in brain tissues of pigs (|log2(FoldChange)| > 1; adjusted p-values <0.05). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in synaptic signaling or transmission, and hormone secretion pathways, in which insulin secretion, and oxytocin signaling pathways were closely associated with FE by regulating feeding behavior and energy metabolism (adjusted p-values <0.05). Further, the transcription factors (TFs) analysis and gene co-expression network analysis indicated three hub differentially expressed TFs (NR2F2, TFAP2D, and HNF1B) that affected FE by mainly regulating feeding behavior, insulin sensitivity, or energy metabolism. Our findings suggest several potential TFs and biological pathways for further investigations of FE in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cineng Xu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xingwang Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shenping Zhou
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qian Geng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Ruan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Qiu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Quan
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Ding
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Y, Xu Y. The central melanocortin system and human obesity. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:785-797. [PMID: 32976556 PMCID: PMC7816681 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and the associated comorbidities highlight the importance of understanding the regulation of energy homeostasis. The central melanocortin system plays a critical role in controlling body weight balance. Melanocortin neurons sense and integrate the neuronal and hormonal signals, and then send regulatory projections, releasing anorexigenic or orexigenic melanocortin neuropeptides, to downstream neurons to regulate the food intake and energy expenditure. This review summarizes the latest progress in our understanding of the role of the melanocortin pathway in energy homeostasis. We also review the advances in the identification of human genetic variants that cause obesity via mechanisms that affect the central melanocortin system, which have provided rational targets for treatment of genetically susceptible patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Yang
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bertocchi I, Oberto A, Longo A, Palanza P, Eva C. Conditional inactivation of Npy1r gene in mice induces sex-related differences of metabolic and behavioral functions. Horm Behav 2020; 125:104824. [PMID: 32755609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone-driven differences in gene expression have been identified in experimental animals, highlighting brain neuronal populations implicated in dimorphism of metabolic and behavioral functions. Neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor (NPY-Y1R) system is sexually dimorphic and sensitive to gonadal steroids. In the present study we compared the phenotype of male and female conditional knockout mice (Npy1rrfb mice), carrying the inactivation of Npy1r gene in excitatory neurons of the brain limbic system. Compared to their male control (Npy1r2lox) littermates, male Npy1rrfb mice exhibited hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that is associated with anxiety and executive dysfunction, reduced body weight growth, after-fasting refeeding, white adipose tissue (WAT) mass and plasma leptin levels. Conversely, female Npy1rrfb mice displayed an anxious-like behavior but no differences in HPA axis activity, executive function and body weight, compared to control females. Moreover, conditional inactivation of Npy1r gene induced an increase of subcutaneous and gonadal WAT weight and plasma leptin levels and a compensatory decrease of Agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) nucleus in females, compared to their respective control littermates. Interestingly, Npy1r mRNA expression was reduced in the ARC and in the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei of female, but not male mice. These results demonstrated that female mice are resilient to hormonal and metabolic effects of limbic Npy1r gene inactivation, suggesting the existence of an estrogen-dependent relay necessary to ensure the maintenance of the homeostasis, that can be mediated by hypothalamic Y1R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bertocchi
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Oberto
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Longo
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Carola Eva
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Flores-Dorantes MT, Díaz-López YE, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R. Environment and Gene Association With Obesity and Their Impact on Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:863. [PMID: 32982666 PMCID: PMC7483585 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial disease in which environmental conditions and several genes play an important role in the development of this disease. Obesity is associated with neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington diseases) and with neurodevelopmental diseases (autism disorder, schizophrenia, and fragile X syndrome). Some of the environmental conditions that lead to obesity are physical activity, alcohol consumption, socioeconomic status, parent feeding behavior, and diet. Interestingly, some of these environmental conditions are shared with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Obesity impairs neurodevelopment abilities as memory and fine-motor skills. Moreover, maternal obesity affects the cognitive function and mental health of the offspring. The common biological mechanisms involved in obesity and neurodegenerative/neurodevelopmental diseases are insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative damage, among others, leading to impaired brain development or cell death. Obesogenic environmental conditions are not the only factors that influence neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. In fact, several genes implicated in the leptin-melanocortin pathway (LEP, LEPR, POMC, BDNF, MC4R, PCSK1, SIM1, BDNF, TrkB, etc.) are associated with obesity and neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. Moreover, in the last decades, the discovery of new genes associated with obesity (FTO, NRXN3, NPC1, NEGR1, MTCH2, GNPDA2, among others) and with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases (APOE, CD38, SIRT1, TNFα, PAI-1, TREM2, SYT4, FMR1, TET3, among others) had opened new pathways to comprehend the common mechanisms involved in these diseases. In conclusion, the obesogenic environmental conditions, the genes, and the interaction gene-environment would lead to a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Flores-Dorantes
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Farmacogenómica, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Yael Efren Díaz-López
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez,”Mexico City, Mexico
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu JX, Deng GM, Xu JQ, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. The energy budget and fat accumulation in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) during post-lactation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 249:110755. [PMID: 32673739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive adjustments of energy intake and body fat play an important role in allowing animals' to meet the energy demands of thermoregulation during cold conditions and reproduction. Body fat is usually metabolized during lactation, which is one of the most energetically demanding activities of female mammals, however the effect of this on the energy budget and body fat regulation after lactation remains unclear. We compared the energy intake and body fat of female striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) fed either a high-fat or low-fat diet for 21 days after the end of lactation (post-lactation, PL) to those of virgin controls. Serum leptin levels and the expression of hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptide genes were also measured and compared. Although lactating females consumed significantly more food, they had significantly lower body fat than virgin controls. The energy intake and body fat levels of the PL females were, however, significantly higher than those of virgin females. This was particularly true for the PL females that were fed high-fat diet. These females had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations, but lower hypothalamic leptin receptor gene expression, than virgin females. Neither orexigenic nor anorexigenic neuropeptide levels in the hypothalamus differed significantly between the PL and virgin females. This suggests that a negative energy balance during lactation drives fat accumulation after lactation. Furthermore, leptin resistance may occur after the end of lactation, causing females to consume more food, and accumulate more fat, than virgin females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Guang-Min Deng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jia-Qi Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu H, Xu Y, Hu F. AMPK in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: A Key Regulator for Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:578830. [PMID: 33071984 PMCID: PMC7538541 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.578830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health issue, but effective therapies remain very limited. Adaptive thermogenesis promotes weight loss by dissipating energy in the form of heat, thereby representing a promising target to counteract obesity. Notably, the regulation of thermogenesis is tightly orchestrated by complex neuronal networks, especially those in the hypothalamus. Recent evidence highlights the importance of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) in modulating thermogenesis. Various molecules, such as GLP-1, leptin, estradiol, and thyroid hormones, have been reported to act on the VMH to inhibit AMPK, which subsequently increases thermogenesis through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this review, we summarize the critical role of AMPK within the VMH in the control of energy balance, focusing on its contribution to thermogenesis and the associated mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hu
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saito K, Davis KC, Morgan DA, Toth BA, Jiang J, Singh U, Berglund ED, Grobe JL, Rahmouni K, Cui H. Celastrol Reduces Obesity in MC4R Deficiency and Stimulates Sympathetic Nerve Activity Affecting Metabolic and Cardiovascular Functions. Diabetes 2019; 68:1210-1220. [PMID: 30894367 PMCID: PMC6610022 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin resistance is a hallmark of obesity with unclear etiology. Celastrol, a compound found in the roots of the Tripterygium wilfordii and known to reduce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, has recently emerged as a promising candidate to treat obesity by improving leptin sensitivity. However, the underlying neural mechanisms by which celastrol reduces obesity remain unclear. Using three different mouse models of obesity-diet-induced obesity (DIO), leptin receptor (LepR)-null, and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-null mice-in this study, we show that systemic celastrol administration substantially reduces food intake and body weight in MC4R-null comparable to DIO, proving the MC4R-independent antiobesity effect of celastrol. Body weight reduction was due to decreases in both fat and lean mass, and modest but significant body weight reduction was also observed in nonobese wild-type and LepR-null mice. Unexpectedly, celastrol upregulated proinflammatory cytokines without affecting genes involved in ER stress. Importantly, celastrol steadily increased sympathetic nerve activity to the brown fat and kidney with concordant increases of resting metabolic rate and arterial pressure. Our results suggest a previously unappreciated mechanism of action of celastrol in the regulation of energy homeostasis and highlight the need for careful consideration of its development as a safe antiobesity medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kevin C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Brandon A Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Uday Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Eric D Berglund
- Advanced Imaging Research Center and Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Huxing Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Obesity Research and Educational Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu JQ, Xu XM, Bi ZQ, Shi LL, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. The less weight loss due to modest food restriction drove more fat accumulation in striped hamsters refed with high-fat diet. Horm Behav 2019; 110:19-28. [PMID: 30790562 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Food restriction (FR) has been commonly used to decrease body fat, reducing the risk of overweight in humans and animals. However, the lost weight has been shown to be followed by overweight when food restriction ends. It remains uncertain whether the weight loss drives the overweight, or not. In the present study, striped hamsters were restricted by 15%, 30% and 40% of ad libitum food intake for 2 weeks, followed by high-fat refeeding for 6 weeks (FR15%-Re, FR30%-Re and FR40%-Re). The hamsters in FR15%, FR30% and FR40% groups decreased by 21.1%, 37.8% and 50.0% in fat mass (P < 0.01), and 16.8%, 42.8% and 53.4% in leptin levels (P < 0.01) compared with the hamsters fed ad libitum. The FR15%-Re, FR30%-Re and FR40%-Re groups showed 77.0%, 37.2% and 23.7% more body fat than ad libitum group (P < 0.01). The FR15%-Re group showed considerable decreases in gene expression of arcuate nucleus co-expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine - and amphetamineregulated transcript (CART) and the long isoform of leptin receptor (LepRb) in the hypothalamus and of several genes associated with fatty acid transport to mitochondria and β-oxidation in brown adipose tissue and liver. It suggests that less weight loss is likely to drive more fat accumulation when food restriction ends, in which the impaired function of LepRb, POMC and CART in the brain and fatty acid oxidation in brown adipose tissue and liver may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhong-Qiang Bi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lu-Lu Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Page-Wilson G, Peters JB, Panigrahi SK, Jacobs TP, Korner J, Otten M, Bruce JN, Wardlaw SL. Plasma Agouti-Related Protein and Cortisol Levels in Cushing Disease: Evidence for the Regulation of Agouti-Related Protein by Glucocorticoids in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:961-969. [PMID: 30597030 PMCID: PMC6364508 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glucocorticoids regulate energy balance, in part by stimulating the orexigenic neuropeptide agouti-related protein (AgRP). AgRP neurons express glucocorticoid receptors, and glucocorticoids have been shown to stimulate AgRP gene expression in rodents. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether there is a relationship between plasma AgRP and hypothalamic AgRP in rats and to evaluate the relationship between cortisol and plasma AgRP in humans. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated plasma AgRP levels prior to transsphenoidal surgery in 31 patients with Cushing disease (CD) vs 31 sex- and body mass index-matched controls from a separate study. We then prospectively measured plasma AgRP, before and 6 to 12 months after surgery, in a subgroup of 13 patients with CD. Plasma and hypothalamic AgRP were measured in adrenalectomized rats with and without corticosterone replacement. RESULTS Plasma AgRP was stimulated by corticosterone in rats and correlated with hypothalamic AgRP expression. Plasma AgRP levels were higher in patients with CD than in controls (139 ± 12.3 vs 54.2 ± 3.1 pg/mL; P < 0.0001). Among patients with CD, mean 24-hour urine free cortisol (UFC) levels were 257 ± 39 μg/24 hours. Strong positive correlations were observed between plasma AgRP and UFC (r = 0.76; P < 0.0001). In 11 of 13 patients demonstrating surgical cure, AgRP decreased from 126 ± 20.6 to 62.5 ± 8.0 pg/mL (P < 0.05) postoperatively, in parallel with a decline in UFC. CONCLUSIONS Plasma AgRP levels are elevated in CD, are tightly correlated with cortisol concentrations, and decline with surgical cure. These data support the regulation of AgRP by glucocorticoids in humans. AgRP's role as a potential biomarker and as a mediator of the adverse metabolic consequences of CD deserves further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Gabrielle Page-Wilson, MD, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 650 West 168th Street, Black Building 2006, New York, New York 10032. E-mail:
| | - Jane B Peters
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Thomas P Jacobs
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Judith Korner
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Marc Otten
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Astrocytes have historically been considered structural supporting cells for neurons. Thanks to new molecular tools, allowing specific cell ablation or over-expression of genes, new unexpected astrocytic functions have recently been unveiled. This review focus on emerging groundbreaking findings showing that hypothalamic astrocytes are pivotal for the regulation of whole body energy homeostasis. Hypothalamic astrocytes sense glucose and fatty acids, and express receptors for several peripheral hormones such as leptin and insulin. Furthermore, they display striking sexual dimorphism which may account, at least partially, for gender specific differences in energy homeostasis. Metabolic alterations have been shown to influence the initiation and progression of many neurodegenerative disorders. A better understanding of the roles and interplay between the different brain cells in regulating energy homeostasis could help develop new therapeutic strategies to prevent or cure neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Camandola
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Maier MT, Vilhelmsson A, Louie SM, Vagena E, Nomura DK, Koliwad SK, Xu AW. Regulation of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Distribution by Agouti-Related Protein in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2408-2420. [PMID: 29750244 PMCID: PMC6692877 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of energy metabolism requires neurons in the central nervous system to respond dynamically to signals that reflect the body's energy reserve, and one such signal is leptin. Agouti-related protein (AgRP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is markedly upregulated in leptin deficiency, a condition that is associated with severe obesity, diabetes, and hepatic steatosis. Because deleting AgRP in mice does not alter energy balance, we sought to determine whether AgRP plays an indispensable role in regulating energy and hepatic lipid metabolism in the sensitized background of leptin deficiency. We generated male mice that are deficient for both leptin and AgRP [double-knockout (DKO)]. DKO mice and ob/ob littermates had similar body weights, food intake, energy expenditure, and plasma insulin levels, although DKO mice surprisingly developed heightened hyperglycemia with advancing age. Overall hepatic lipid content was reduced in young prediabetic DKO mice, but not in the older diabetic counterparts. Intriguingly, however, both young and older DKO mice had an altered zonal distribution of hepatic lipids with reduced periportal lipid deposition. Moreover, leptin stimulated, whereas AgRP inhibited, hepatic sympathetic activity. Ablating sympathetic nerves to the liver, which primarily innervate the portal regions, produced periportal lipid accumulation in wild-type mice. Collectively, our results highlight AgRP as a regulator of hepatic sympathetic activity and metabolic zonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Maier
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Anna Vilhelmsson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon M Louie
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Eirini Vagena
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Suneil K Koliwad
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Allison W Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence: Allison W. Xu, PhD, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Box 0534 , S-1222, California 94143, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meek TH, Matsen ME, Faber CL, Samstag CL, Damian V, Nguyen HT, Scarlett JM, Flak JN, Myers MG, Morton GJ. In Uncontrolled Diabetes, Hyperglucagonemia and Ketosis Result From Deficient Leptin Action in the Parabrachial Nucleus. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1585-1594. [PMID: 29438473 PMCID: PMC5939636 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates neurons that project from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) to the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in a neurocircuit that drives counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, including increased glucagon secretion. Among LPBN neurons in this circuit is a subset that expresses cholecystokinin (LPBNCCK neurons) and is tonically inhibited by leptin. Because uncontrolled diabetes is associated with both leptin deficiency and hyperglucagonemia, and because intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin administration reverses both hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia in this setting, we hypothesized that deficient leptin inhibition of LPBNCCK neurons drives activation of this LPBN→VMN circuit and thereby results in hyperglucagonemia. Here, we report that although bilateral microinjection of leptin into the LPBN does not ameliorate hyperglycemia in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM), it does attenuate the associated hyperglucagonemia and ketosis. To determine if LPBN leptin signaling is required for the antidiabetic effect of ICV leptin in STZ-DM, we studied mice in which the leptin receptor was selectively deleted from LPBNCCK neurons. Our findings show that although leptin signaling in these neurons is not required for the potent antidiabetic effect of ICV leptin, it is required for leptin-mediated suppression of diabetic hyperglucagonemia. Taken together, these findings suggest that leptin-mediated effects in animals with uncontrolled diabetes occur through actions involving multiple brain areas, including the LPBN, where leptin acts specifically to inhibit glucagon secretion and associated ketosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Meek
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Miles E Matsen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chelsea L Faber
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colby L Samstag
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vincent Damian
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong T Nguyen
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jarrad M Scarlett
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan N Flak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory J Morton
- University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Seo M, Islam SA, Moon SS. Acute anti-obesity effects of intracerebroventricular 11β-HSD1 inhibitor administration in diet-induced obese mice. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12580. [PMID: 29418022 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the regulatory centre of both appetite and energy balance and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recently, inhibition of 11 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type1 (11β-HSD1) was reported to have an anti-obesity effect by reducing fat mass. However, the link between the role of 11β-HSD1 in the hypothalamus and obesity has yet to be determined. In the present study, embryonal primary hypothalamic neurones and high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice were used to investigate the anorexigenic effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. In hypothalamic neurones, carbenoxolone (a non selecitve 11β-HSD inhibitor) alleviated ER stress and ER stress-induced neuropeptide alterations. In HFD mice, i.c.v. administration of carbenoxolone or KR67500 (nonselective and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors, respectively) was associated with less weight gain compared to control mice for 24 hours after treatment, presumably by reducing food intake. Furthermore, glucose regulated protein (Grp78), spliced X-box binding protein (Xbp-1s), c/EBP homologous protein (chop) and ER DnaJ homologue protein (Erdj4) expression was decreased in the hypothalami of mice administrated 11β-HSD1 inhibitors compared to controls. Conversely, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) and S6 kinase1 (S6K1) in the hypothalamus was induced more in mice treated using the same regimes. In conclusion, acute 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the hypothalamus could reduce food intake by decreasing ER stress and increasing insulin, leptin, and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Seo
- Medical Institute of Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - S A Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - S-S Moon
- Medical Institute of Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Derkach KV, Zakharova IO, Romanova IV, Zorina II, Mikhrina AL, Shpakov AO. Metabolic parameters and functional state of hypothalamic signaling systems in AY/a mice with genetic predisposition to obesity and the effect of metformin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2018; 477:377-381. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
29
|
Alsina R, Trotta M, Bumaschny VF. Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Is Necessary for Normal Glucose Homeostasis in Female Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:554. [PMID: 30283405 PMCID: PMC6156137 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is a key regulator of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In particular, arcuate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons inhibit food intake, stimulate energy expenditure and increase glucose tolerance. The interruption of insulin or glucose signaling in POMC neurons leads to glucose intolerance without changing energy homeostasis. Although it was previously shown that POMC neurons are necessary for normal glucose homeostasis, the participation of POMC neuropeptide, by mechanisms independent of energy balance, remains to be demonstrated. To study the role of POMC in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, we performed glucose and insulin tolerance tests in non-obese mice lacking hypothalamic POMC expression. We found that POMC deficiency leads to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in female mice before the onset of obesity or hyperphagia. Conversely, POMC deficiency does not impair glucose homeostasis in non-obese male mice. Interestingly, females completely normalize both glucose and insulin tolerance after genetic POMC restoration. Next, to further study sex dimorphism of POMC neurons regarding glucose homeostasis, we measured glucose-elicited changes in C-FOS by performing immunofluorescence in brain slices of POMC-EGFP mice. Remarkably, we found that glucose-induced C-FOS expression in POMC neurons is more than 3-fold higher in female than in male mice. Altogether, our results reveal a key role of arcuate POMC in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in females. Since POMC reactivation completely reverses the diabetogenic phenotype, arcuate POMC could be a potential target for diabetes therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Alsina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milagros Trotta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Florencia Bumaschny
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO), Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Viviana Florencia Bumaschny
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bruggeman EC, Garretson JT, Wu R, Shi H, Xue B. Neuronal Dnmt1 Deficiency Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:145-162. [PMID: 29145563 PMCID: PMC5761599 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neuronal DNA methylation patterns have been implicated in the promotion of obesity development; however, the role of neuronal DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts), enzymes that catalyze DNA methylation, in energy balance remains poorly understood. We investigated whether neuronal Dnmt1 regulates normal energy homeostasis and obesity development using a neuronal Dnmt1 knockout (ND1KO) mouse model, Dnmt1fl/fl Synapsin1Cre, which specifically deletes Dnmt1 in neurons. Neuronal Dnmt1 deficiency reduced adiposity in chow-fed mice and attenuated obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed male mice. ND1KO male mice had reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure with the HFD. Furthermore, these mice had improved insulin sensitivity, as measured using an insulin tolerance test. The HFD-fed ND1KO mice had smaller fat pads and upregulation of thermogenic genes in brown adipose tissue. These data suggest that neuronal Dnmt1 plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis. Notably, ND1KO male mice had elevated estrogen receptor-α (ERα) gene expression in the medial hypothalamus, which previously has been shown to control body weight. Immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that ERα protein expression was upregulated specifically in the dorsomedial region of the ventromedial hypothalamus, a region that might mediate the central effect of leptin. We conclude that neuronal Dnmt1 regulates energy homeostasis through pathways controlling food intake and energy expenditure. In addition, ERα expression in the dorsomedial region of the ventromedial hypothalamus might mediate these effects.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/deficiency
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Energy Intake
- Energy Metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hypothalamus, Middle/enzymology
- Hypothalamus, Middle/metabolism
- Hypothalamus, Middle/pathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons/enzymology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Sex Characteristics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Bruggeman
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - John T. Garretson
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Rui Wu
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta,
Georgia 30302
| | - Hang Shi
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta,
Georgia 30302
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Center for Obesity Reversal, Georgia State University,
Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta,
Georgia 30302
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gordon RJ, Panigrahi SK, Meece K, Atalayer D, Smiley R, Wardlaw SL. Effects of Opioid Antagonism on Cerebrospinal Fluid Melanocortin Peptides and Cortisol Levels in Humans. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:1235-1246. [PMID: 29264449 PMCID: PMC5686644 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is processed to α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which interacts with the melanocortin antagonist agouti-related protein (AgRP), to regulate energy balance. The POMC-derived opioid peptide β-endorphin (β-EP) also affects feeding behavior via interactions with brain µ-opioid receptors (MORs), including autoinhibitory interactions with MOR expressed by POMC neurons. The opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) stimulates POMC neurons in rodents and decreases food intake. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The effect of NTX on brain POMC in humans was assessed by measuring POMC peptide concentrations in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). AgRP and cortisol levels were also measured because both are inhibited by opioids. In a double-blinded crossover study, 14 healthy subjects were given NTX (50 mg daily) or placebo for either 2 or 7 days. RESULTS CSF β-EP levels increased after 2 and 7 days of NTX treatment; CSF POMC levels did not change, but the β-EP-to-POMC ratio increased. CSF AgRP levels did not change, but plasma AgRP levels tended to increase after NTX (P = 0.06). Cortisol increased in plasma and CSF after NTX treatment; these changes correlated positively with changes in AgRP levels. CONCLUSION Opioid antagonism stimulates POMC peptide release into CSF in humans. The increase in the CSF β-EP-to-POMC ratio could indicate selective release of processed peptides or an effect on POMC processing. Furthermore, AgRP and cortisol stimulation by NTX may mitigate POMC-induced decrease in food intake. It remains to be determined if biomarkers in CSF and plasma could be used to predict responses to pharmacotherapy targeting the melanocortin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sunil K. Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kana Meece
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Richard Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sharon L. Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY 10032
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lanfray D, Richard D. Emerging Signaling Pathway in Arcuate Feeding-Related Neurons: Role of the Acbd7. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:328. [PMID: 28690493 PMCID: PMC5481368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms whereby energy balance is regulated is essential to the unraveling of the pathophysiology of obesity. In the last three decades, focus was put on the metabolic role played by the hypothalamic neurons expressing proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and the neurons co-localizing agouti-related peptide (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These neurons are part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway, whose role is key in energy balance regulation. More recently, the metabolic involvement of further hypothalamic uncharacterized neuron populations has been suggested. In this review, we discuss the potential homeostatic implication of hypothalamic GABAergic neurons that produce Acyl-Coa-binding domain containing protein 7 (ACBD7), precursor of the nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN), which has recently been characterized as a potent anorexigenic neuropeptide capable of relaying the leptin anorectic/thermogenic effect via the melanocortin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lanfray
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université LavalQuébec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang HH, Liu J, Qin GJ, Li XL, Du PJ, Hao X, Zhao D, Tian T, Wu J, Yun M, Bai YH. Melanocortin 4 Receptor Activation Attenuates Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4072-4079. [PMID: 28409883 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A previous study has confirmed that the central melanocortin system was able to mediate skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in mice fed a high-fat diet, while activation of the AMPK signaling pathway significantly induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Our hypothesis was that melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) was involved in the development of skeletal muscle injury in diabetic rats. In this study, we treated diabetic rats intracerebroventricularly with MC4R agonist R027-3225 or antagonist SHU9119, respectively. Then, we measured the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and mitochondrial biogenesis, and the protein levels of p-AMPK, AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. The results showed that there was significant skeletal muscle injury in the diabetic rats along with serious oxidative stress and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Treatment with R027-3225 reduced oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle, and also activated the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α signaling pathway. However, diabetic rats injected with MC4R antagonist SHU9119 showed an aggravated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, our results revealed that MC4R activation was able to attenuate oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle induced by diabetes partially through activating the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α signaling pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4072-4079, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hao Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Gui-Jun Qin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xia-Lian Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Pei-Jie Du
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiao Hao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Meng Yun
- Department of MRI, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yan-Hui Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 40 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mechaly AS, Richardson E, Rinkwitz S. Activity of etv5a and etv5b genes in the hypothalamus of fasted zebrafish is influenced by serotonin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:233-240. [PMID: 28041791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin has been implicated in the inhibition of food intake in vertebrates. However, the mechanisms through which serotonin acts has yet to be elucidated. Recently, ETV5 (ets variant gene 5) has been associated with obesity and food intake control mechanisms in mammals. We have analyzed a putative physiological function of the two etv5 paralogous genes (etv5a and etv5b) in neuronal food intake control in adult zebrafish that have been exposed to different nutritional conditions. A feeding assay was established and fluoxetine, a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), was applied. Gene expression changes in the hypothalamus were determined using real-time PCR. Fasting induced an up-regulation of etv5a and etv5b in the hypothalamus, whereas increased serotonin levels in the fasted fish counteracted the increase in expression. To investigate potential mechanisms the expression of further food intake control genes was determined. The results show that an increase of serotonin in fasting fish causes a reduction in the activity of genes stimulating food intake. This is in line with a previously demonstrated anorexigenic function of serotonin. Our results suggest that obesity-associated ETV5 has a food intake stimulating function and that this function is modulated through serotonin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro S Mechaly
- Dept. of Physiology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
| | - Ebony Richardson
- Dept. of Physiology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Silke Rinkwitz
- Dept. of Physiology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Melanocortin neurons: Multiple routes to regulation of metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2477-2485. [PMID: 28499988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disability, premature death, escalating health care costs and lost economic productivity due to obesity and its associated complications including hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is staggering [1,2]. A better understanding of metabolic homeostatic pathways will provide us with insights into the biological mechanisms of obesity and how to fundamentally address this epidemic [3-6]. In mammals, energy balance is maintained via a homeostatic system involving both peripheral and central melanocortin systems; changes in body weight reflect an unbalance of the energetic state [7-9]. Although the primary cause of obesity is unknown, there is significant effort to understand the role of the central melanocortin pathway in the brain as it has been shown that deficiency of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [10,11] and melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) [12-15] in both rodents and humans results in severe hyperphagia and obesity [16-23]. In this review, we will summarize how the central melanocortin pathway helps regulate body mass and adiposity within a 'healthy' range through the 'nutrient sensing' network [24-28]. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
Collapse
|
36
|
Sperringer JE, Addington A, Hutson SM. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Brain Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1697-1709. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
37
|
Page-Wilson G, Nguyen KT, Atalayer D, Meece K, Bainbridge HA, Korner J, Gordon RJ, Panigrahi SK, White A, Smiley R, Wardlaw SL. Evaluation of CSF and plasma biomarkers of brain melanocortin activity in response to caloric restriction in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E19-E26. [PMID: 27894065 PMCID: PMC5283881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin neuronal system, which consists of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons, is a leptin target that regulates energy balance and metabolism, but studies in humans are limited by a lack of reliable biomarkers to assess brain melanocortin activity. The objective of this study was to measure the POMC prohormone and its processed peptide, β-endorphin (β-EP), in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and AgRP in CSF and plasma after calorie restriction to validate their utility as biomarkers of brain melanocortin activity. CSF and plasma were obtained from 10 lean and obese subjects after fasting (40 h) and refeeding (24 h), and from 8 obese subjects before and after 6 wk of dieting (800 kcal/day) to assess changes in neuropeptide and hormone levels. After fasting, plasma leptin decreased to 35%, and AgRP increased to 153% of baseline. During refeeding, AgRP declined as leptin increased; CSF β-EP increased, but POMC did not change. Relative changes in plasma and CSF leptin were blunted in obese subjects. After dieting, plasma and CSF leptin decreased to 46% and 70% of baseline, CSF POMC and β-EP decreased, and plasma AgRP increased. At baseline, AgRP correlated negatively with insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and positively with the Matsuda index. Thus, following chronic calorie restriction, POMC and β-EP declined in CSF, whereas acutely, only β-EP changed. Plasma AgRP, however, increased after both acute and chronic calorie restriction. These results support the use of CSF POMC and plasma AgRP as biomarkers of hypothalamic melanocortin activity and provide evidence linking AgRP to insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Page-Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kim T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Deniz Atalayer
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Kana Meece
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Heather A Bainbridge
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Judith Korner
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca J Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sunil K Panigrahi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Anne White
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Richard Smiley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Sharon L Wardlaw
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nillni EA. The metabolic sensor Sirt1 and the hypothalamus: Interplay between peptide hormones and pro-hormone convertases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:77-88. [PMID: 27614022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The last decade had witnessed a tremendous progress in our understanding of the causes of metabolic diseases including obesity. Among the contributing factors regulating energy balance are nutrient sensors such as sirtuins. Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a NAD + - dependent deacetylase is affected by diet, environmental stress, and also plays a critical role in metabolic health by deacetylating proteins in many tissues, including liver, muscle, adipose tissue, heart, endothelium, and in the complexity of the hypothalamus. Because of its dependence on NAD+, Sirt1 also functions as a nutrient/redox sensor, and new novel data show a function of this enzyme in the maturation of hypothalamic peptide hormones controlling energy balance either through regulation of specific nuclear transcription factors or by regulating specific pro-hormone convertases (PCs) involved in the post-translational processing of pro-hormones. The post-translational processing mechanism of pro-hormones is critical in the pathogenesis of obesity as recently shown that metabolic and physiological triggers affect the biosynthesis and processing of many peptides hormones. Specific regulation of pro-hormone processing is likely another key step where final amounts of bioactive peptides can be tightly regulated. Different factors stimulate or inhibit pro-hormones biosynthesis in concert with an increase in the PCs involved in the maturation of bioactive hormones. Adding more complexity to the system, the new studies describe here suggest that Sirt1 could also regulate the fate of peptide hormone biosynthesis. The present review summarizes the recent progress in hypothalamic SIRT1 research with a particular emphasis on the tissue-specific control of neuropeptide hormone maturation. The series of studies done in mouse and rat models strongly advocate for the first time that a deacetylating enzyme could be a regulator in the maturation of peptide hormones and their processing enzymes. These discoveries are the culmination of the first in-depth understanding of the metabolic role of Sirt1 in the brain. It suggests that Sirt1 behaves differently in the brain than in organs such as the liver and pancreas, where the enzyme has been more commonly studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Nillni
- The Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Caron A, Richard D. Neuronal systems and circuits involved in the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1391:35-53. [PMID: 27768821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the still-growing prevalence of obesity worldwide, major efforts are made to understand the various behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors that promote excess fat gain. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which emphasizes the importance of deciphering the mechanisms behind energy balance regulation to understand its physiopathology. The control of energy balance is assured by brain systems/circuits capable of generating adequate ingestive and thermogenic responses to maintain the stability of energy reserves, which implies a proper integration of the homeostatic signals that inform about the status of the energy stores. In this article, we overview the organization and functionality of key neuronal circuits or pathways involved in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. We review the role of the corticolimbic (executive and reward) and autonomic systems that integrate their activities to regulate energy balance. We also describe the mechanisms and pathways whereby homeostatic sensing is achieved in response to variations of homeostatic hormones, such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, while putting some emphasis on the prominent importance of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin signaling pathway in coordinating the homeostatic sensing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gavini CK, Jones WC, Novak CM. Ventromedial hypothalamic melanocortin receptor activation: regulation of activity energy expenditure and skeletal muscle thermogenesis. J Physiol 2016; 594:5285-301. [PMID: 27126579 PMCID: PMC5023712 DOI: 10.1113/jp272352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the central melanocortin system both play vital roles in regulating energy balance by modulating energy intake and utilization. Recent evidence suggests that activation of the VMH alters skeletal muscle metabolism. We show that intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation increases energy expenditure and physical activity, switches fuel utilization to fats, and lowers work efficiency such that excess calories are dissipated by skeletal muscle as heat. We also show that intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation increases sympathetic nervous system outflow to skeletal muscle. Intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation also induced significant changes in the expression of mediators of energy expenditure in muscle. These results support the role of melanocortin receptors in the VMH in the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. ABSTRACT The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the brain melanocortin system both play vital roles in increasing energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity, decreasing appetite and modulating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow. Because of recent evidence showing that VMH activation modulates skeletal muscle metabolism, we propose the existence of an axis between the VMH and skeletal muscle, modulated by brain melanocortins, modelled on the brain control of brown adipose tissue. Activation of melanocortin receptors in the VMH of rats using a non-specific agonist melanotan II (MTII), compared to vehicle, increased oxygen consumption and EE and decreased the respiratory exchange ratio. Intra-VMH MTII enhanced activity-related EE even when activity levels were held constant. MTII treatment increased gastrocnemius muscle heat dissipation during controlled activity, as well as in the home cage. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, rats with intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation had higher skeletal muscle norepinephrine turnover, indicating an increased SNS drive to muscle. Lastly, intra-VMH MTII induced mRNA expression of muscle energetic mediators, whereas short-term changes at the protein level were primarily limited to phosphorylation events. These results support the hypothesis that melanocortin peptides act in the VMH to increase EE by lowering the economy of activity via the enhanced expression of mediators of EE in the periphery including skeletal muscle. The data are consistent with the role of melanocortins in the VMH in the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiology
- Animals
- Energy Metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/physiology
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Melanocortin/agonists
- Receptors, Melanocortin/physiology
- Thermogenesis
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Gavini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - William C Jones
- Department of Exercise Science/Physiology, College of Education, Health, and Human Services, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gong N, Johansson M, Björnsson BT. Impaired central leptin signaling and sensitivity in rainbow trout with high muscle adiposity. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 235:48-56. [PMID: 27292790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hormone leptin has been identified in all vertebrate classes, but its physiological roles in non-mammalian vertebrates are not well defined. To elucidate leptin regulation in energy homeostasis in a teleost fish species, this study compares hypothalamic and pituitary leptin signaling systems in energetically divergent rainbow trout lines selected for low (lean line, LL) and high (fat line, FL) muscle adiposity under feeding and starvation conditions. In fed fish, hypothalamic gene expression and protein density of the full-functional leptin receptor (LepRL), as well as a leptin binding protein (LepBP) expression, are lower in FL than LL fish. The FL fish have also lower activation of leptin-relevant signaling pathways involving protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-related kinase. These observations suggests impaired central leptin action in FL fish. During fasting, hypothalamic LepRL and LepBP expression, as well as active Akt levels are downregulated after one week, while pituitary LepRL expression is upregulated, in the LL fish only. After four weeks, hypothalamic LepRL protein levels return to normal levels in both fish lines and Akt is reactivated, although not to the same extent in FL as in LL fish, indicating that FL fish have low leptin sensitivity to nutritional changes. Neuropeptide Y and orexin expression is downregulated to similar levels in both fish lines after one-week fasting. The divergent leptin system profiles between the two fish lines demonstrate that phenotypic selection for high muscle adiposity affects leptin endocrinology, indicating regulatory roles for leptin in rainbow trout energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningping Gong
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-40590 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Johansson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-40590 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-40590 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sun J, Gao Y, Yao T, Huang Y, He Z, Kong X, Yu KJ, Wang RT, Guo H, Yan J, Chang Y, Chen H, Scherer PE, Liu T, Williams KW. Adiponectin potentiates the acute effects of leptin in arcuate Pomc neurons. Mol Metab 2016; 5:882-891. [PMID: 27689001 PMCID: PMC5034606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs) are located on neurons of the hypothalamus involved in metabolic regulation – including arcuate proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) and Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons. AdipoRs play a critical role in regulating glucose and fatty acid metabolism by initiating several signaling cascades overlapping with Leptin receptors (LepRs). However, the mechanism by which adiponectin regulates cellular activity in the brain remains undefined. Methods In order to resolve this issue, we utilized neuron-specific transgenic mouse models to identify Pomc and NPY/AgRP neurons which express LepRs for patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. Results We found that leptin and adiponectin synergistically activated melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Conversely, NPY/AgRP neurons were inhibited in response to adiponectin. The adiponectin-induced depolarization of arcuate Pomc neurons occurred via activation of Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, independent of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Adiponectin also activated melanocortin neurons at various physiological glucose levels. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a requirement for PI3K signaling in the acute adiponectin-induced effects on the cellular activity of arcuate melanocortin neurons. Moreover, these data provide evidence for PI3K as a substrate for both leptin and adiponectin to regulate energy balance and glucose metabolism via melanocortin activity. Adiponectin activates arcuate Pomc neurons. Adiponectin-induced activation of Pomc neurons requires PI3K (independent of AMPK). Adiponectin inhibits adjacent NPY/AgRP neurons (disinhibiting arcuate Pomc neurons). Leptin potentiates the effects of adiponectin arcuate Pomc neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yong Gao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ting Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yiru Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zhenyan He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Rui-Tao Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongbo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongsheng Chang
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tiemin Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, No. 150 Haping St, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China; Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin W Williams
- Division of Hypothalamic Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sukhov IB, Derkach KV, Chistyakova OV, Bondareva VM, Shpakov AO. Functional state of hypothalamic signaling systems in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with intranasal insulin. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093016030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
44
|
Hu F, Xu Y, Liu F. Hypothalamic roles of mTOR complex I: integration of nutrient and hormone signals to regulate energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E994-E1002. [PMID: 27166282 PMCID: PMC4935144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00121.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses nutrient, energy, and hormone signals to regulate metabolism and energy homeostasis. mTOR activity in the hypothalamus, which is associated with changes in energy status, plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. mTOR integrates signals from a variety of "energy balancing" hormones such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, although its action varies in response to these distinct hormonal stimuli as well as across different neuronal populations. In this review, we summarize and highlight recent findings regarding the functional roles of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the hypothalamus specifically in its regulation of body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose/lipid homeostasis. Understanding the role and underlying mechanisms behind mTOR-related signaling in the brain will undoubtedly pave new avenues for future therapeutics and interventions that can combat obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Functional identification of a neurocircuit regulating blood glucose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2073-82. [PMID: 27001850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521160113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies implicate the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in glycemic control. Here, we report that selective inhibition of the subset of VMN neurons that express the transcription factor steroidogenic-factor 1 (VMN(SF1) neurons) blocks recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia whereas, conversely, activation of VMN(SF1) neurons causes diabetes-range hyperglycemia. Moreover, this hyperglycemic response is reproduced by selective activation of VMN(SF1) fibers projecting to the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (aBNST), but not to other brain areas innervated by VMN(SF1) neurons. We also report that neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN), a brain area that is also implicated in the response to hypoglycemia, make synaptic connections with the specific subset of glucoregulatory VMN(SF1) neurons that project to the aBNST. These results collectively establish a physiological role in glucose homeostasis for VMN(SF1) neurons and suggest that these neurons are part of an ascending glucoregulatory LPBN→VMN(SF1)→aBNST neurocircuit.
Collapse
|
46
|
Aragonès G, Ardid-Ruiz A, Ibars M, Suárez M, Bladé C. Modulation of leptin resistance by food compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1789-803. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Aragonès
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Andrea Ardid-Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Maria Ibars
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Nutrigenomics Research Group; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lanfray D, Caron A, Roy MC, Laplante M, Morin F, Leprince J, Tonon MC, Richard D. Involvement of the Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 7 in the control of food intake and energy expenditure in mice. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26880548 PMCID: PMC4821795 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding domain-containing 7 (Acbd7) is a paralog gene of the diazepam-binding inhibitor/Acyl-CoA binding protein in which single nucleotide polymorphism has recently been associated with obesity in humans. In this report, we provide converging evidence indicating that a splice variant isoform of the Acbd7 mRNA is expressed and translated by some POMC and GABAergic-neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). We have demonstrated that the ARC ACBD7 isoform was produced and processed into a bioactive peptide referred to as nonadecaneuropeptide (NDN) in response to catabolic signals. We have characterized NDN as a potent anorexigenic signal acting through an uncharacterized endozepine G protein-coupled receptor and subsequently via the melanocortin system. Our results suggest that ACBD7-producing neurons participate in the hypothalamic leptin signalling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that ACBD7-producing neurons are involved in the hypothalamic control exerted on food intake and energy expenditure by the leptin-melanocortin pathway. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.001 Obesity is an increasingly common problem worldwide. To treat it effectively, we must understand how the body controls how much food a person consumes and how much energy they expend. The hypothalamus is one region of the brain that plays a critical role in regulating this energy balance. Some of the neurons in the hypothalamus can change their activity when they detect satiety hormones including the leptin, which is produced by fat cells and suppresses appetite. However, it is not clear exactly how the neurons respond to leptin and other energy-related signals. Recent studies have linked the gene that encodes a protein called ACBD7 with obesity, and showed that it is one of the genes that is overexpressed in neurons that are sensitive to leptin. Now, Lanfray et al. have discovered a population of neurons that produce a new variant of the protein in the hypothalamus of mice. When this protein variant matures, it can be cut down to form a small protein-like molecule called NDN. Further experiments showed that leptin stimulates the production of both the new ABCD7 variant and NDN. Lanfray et al. then injected mice that had been denied food for a several hours with NDN. The injected mice ate less than untreated mice, and burn more energy. NDN appears to form part of the signaling pathway through which leptin signals to the hypothalamus to control appetite. In the future, creating mice in which the activity of the gene that encodes ACBD7 can be easily disrupted could help to reveal more about how the hypothalamus helps to control energy balance. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11742.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lanfray
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Roy
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Fabrice Morin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandy University, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lv Z, Cheng J, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wu S, Qiu Y, Geng Y, Zhang Q, Huang G, Ma Q, Xie X, Zhou S, Wu T, Ke Y. DEHP induces obesity and hypothyroidism through both central and peripheral pathways in C3H/He mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:368-78. [PMID: 26663559 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is reported to cause obesity and hypothyroidism in both humans and rodents, but the underlying mechanisms were largely unknown. This study was designed to clarify the effects and the mechanisms of DEHP on the pathogenesis of obesity and hypothyroidism and to discover the relationship between them. METHODS Male C3H/He mice were treated with DEHP for 5 weeks, and the body weight, food intake, and body temperature were recorded during the exposure. After exposure, key organs and serum were analyzed by Q-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. RESULTS DEHP induced significant body weight gain and adipogenesis in all exposure groups except for 0.05 mg/kg. Marked hyperphagia and daytime hypothermia were also observed, which were accompanied by disturbed hypothalamic neuropeptide expression and reduced BAT UCP1 expression. In addition, WAT lipid metabolism was significantly deceased at low dose (0.5 mg/kg) and increased at high dose (50 and 200 mg/kg). DEHP also induced hypothyroidism, which was probably attributed to the combined effects of hepatic CAR activation and hypothalamic TRH inhibition induced by hypothalamic leptin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Chronic DEHP exposure could induce obesity by interrupting energy homeostasis, which is probably due to the synergistic effects of hypothyroidism and hypothalamic leptin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yangshen Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yijie Geng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanqin Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiquan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Genetics & Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ramos-Molina B, Martin MG, Lindberg I. PCSK1 Variants and Human Obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 140:47-74. [PMID: 27288825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PCSK1, encoding prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), was one of the first genes linked to monogenic early-onset obesity. PC1/3 is a protease involved in the biosynthetic processing of a variety of neuropeptides and prohormones in endocrine tissues. PC1/3 activity is essential for the activating cleavage of many peptide hormone precursors implicated in the regulation of food ingestion, glucose homeostasis, and energy homeostasis, for example, proopiomelanocortin, proinsulin, proglucagon, and proghrelin. A large number of genome-wide association studies in a variety of different populations have now firmly established a link between three PCSK1 polymorphisms frequent in the population and increased risk of obesity. Human subjects with PC1/3 deficiency, a rare autosomal-recessive disorder caused by the presence of loss-of-function mutations in both alleles, are obese and display a complex set of endocrinopathies. Increasing numbers of genetic diagnoses of infants with persistent diarrhea has recently led to the finding of many novel PCSK1 mutations. PCSK1-deficient infants experience severe intestinal malabsorption during the first years of life, requiring controlled nutrition; these children then become hyperphagic, with associated obesity. The biochemical characterization of novel loss-of-function PCSK1 mutations has resulted in the discovery of new pathological mechanisms affecting the cell biology of the endocrine cell beyond simple loss of enzyme activity, for example, dominant-negative effects of certain mutants on wild-type PC1/3 protein, and activation of the cellular unfolded protein response by endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutants. A better understanding of these molecular and cellular pathologies may illuminate possible treatments for the complex endocrinopathy of PCSK1 deficiency, including obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ramos-Molina
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - I Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sestan-Pesa M, Horvath TL. Metabolism and Mental Illness. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:174-183. [PMID: 26776095 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past century, overwhelming evidence has emerged pointing to the hypothalamus of the central nervous system (CNS) as a crucial regulator of systemic control of metabolism, including appetite and feeding behavior. Appetite (or hunger) is a fundamental driver of survival, involving complex behaviors governed by various parts of the brain, including the cerebral cortex. Here, we provide an overview of basic metabolic principles affecting the CNS and discuss their relevance to physiological and pathological conditions of higher brain functions. These novel perspectives may well provide new insights into future research strategies to facilitate the development of novel therapies for treating mental illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matija Sestan-Pesa
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|