1
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Chaves LCS, Orr-Burks N, Vanover D, Mosur VV, Hosking SR, Kumar E. K. P, Jeong H, Jung Y, Assumpção JAF, Peck HE, Nelson SL, Burke KN, Garrison MA, Arthur RA, Claussen H, Heaton NS, Lafontaine ER, Hogan RJ, Zurla C, Santangelo PJ. mRNA-encoded Cas13 treatment of Influenza via site-specific degradation of genomic RNA. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012345. [PMID: 38968329 PMCID: PMC11253931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas13 system has been proposed as an alternative treatment of viral infections. However, for this approach to be adopted as an antiviral, it must be optimized until levels of efficacy rival or exceed the performance of conventional approaches. To take steps toward this goal, we evaluated the influenza viral RNA degradation patterns resulting from the binding and enzymatic activity of mRNA-encoded LbuCas13a and two crRNAs from a prior study, targeting PB2 genomic and messenger RNA. We found that the genome targeting guide has the potential for significantly higher potency than originally detected, because degradation of the genomic RNA is not uniform across the PB2 segment, but it is augmented in proximity to the Cas13 binding site. The PB2 genome targeting guide exhibited high levels (>1 log) of RNA degradation when delivered 24 hours post-infection in vitro and maintained that level of degradation over time, with increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI), and across modern influenza H1N1 and H3N2 strains. Chemical modifications to guides with potent LbuCas13a function, resulted in nebulizer delivered efficacy (>1-2 log reduction in viral titer) in a hamster model of influenza (Influenza A/H1N1/California/04/09) infection given prophylactically or as a treatment (post-infection). Maximum efficacy was achieved with two doses, when administered both pre- and post-infection. This work provides evidence that mRNA-encoded Cas13a can effectively mitigate Influenza A infections opening the door to the development of a programmable approach to treating multiple respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena C. S. Chaves
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Varun V. Mosur
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Hosking
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pramod Kumar E. K.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hyeyoon Jeong
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Younghun Jung
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - José A. F. Assumpção
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Peck
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Nelson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn N. Burke
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - McKinzie A. Garrison
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Arthur
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Henry Claussen
- Emory Integrated Computational Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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2
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Sia ZR, Roy J, Huang WC, Song Y, Zhou S, Luo Y, Li Q, Arpin D, Kutscher HL, Ortega J, Davidson BA, Lovell JF. Adjuvanted nanoliposomes displaying six hemagglutinins and neuraminidases as an influenza virus vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101433. [PMID: 38401547 PMCID: PMC10982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Inclusion of defined quantities of the two major surface proteins of influenza virus, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), could benefit seasonal influenza vaccines. Recombinant HA and NA multimeric proteins derived from three influenza serotypes, H1N1, H3N2, and type B, are surface displayed on nanoliposomes co-loaded with immunostimulatory adjuvants, generating "hexaplex" particles that are used to immunize mice. Protective immune responses to hexaplex liposomes involve functional antibody elicitation against each included antigen, comparable to vaccination with monovalent antigen particles. When compared to contemporary recombinant or adjuvanted influenza virus vaccines, hexaplex liposomes perform favorably in many areas, including antibody production, T cell activation, protection from lethal virus challenge, and protection following passive sera transfer. Based on these results, hexaplex liposomes warrant further investigation as an adjuvanted recombinant influenza vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jayishnu Roy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Qinzhe Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Dominic Arpin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Hilliard L Kutscher
- POP Biotechnologies, Buffalo, NY 14228, USA; Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Joaquin Ortega
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Bruce A Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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3
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Niu S, Zhao Z, Liu Z, Rong X, Chai Y, Bai B, Han P, Shang G, Ren J, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu K, Tian WX, Wang Q, Gao GF. Structural basis and analysis of hamster ACE2 binding to different SARS-CoV-2 spike RBDs. J Virol 2024; 98:e0115723. [PMID: 38305152 PMCID: PMC10949455 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01157-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pet golden hamsters were first identified being infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) delta variant of concern (VOC) and transmitted the virus back to humans in Hong Kong in January 2022. Here, we studied the binding of two hamster (golden hamster and Chinese hamster) angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins to the spike protein receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of SARS-CoV-2 prototype and eight variants, including alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and four omicron sub-variants (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, and BA.4/BA.5). We found that the two hamster ACE2s present slightly lower affinity for the RBDs of all nine SARS-CoV-2 viruses tested than human ACE2 (hACE2). Furthermore, the similar infectivity to host cells expressing hamster ACE2s and hACE2 was confirmed with the nine pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Additionally, we determined two cryo-electron microscopy (EM) complex structures of golden hamster ACE2 (ghACE2)/delta RBD and ghACE2/omicron BA.3 RBD. The residues Q34 and N82, which exist in many rodent ACE2s, are responsible for the lower binding affinity of ghACE2 compared to hACE2. These findings suggest that all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs may infect hamsters, highlighting the necessity of further surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in these animals.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 can infect many domestic animals, including hamsters. There is an urgent need to understand the binding mechanism of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants to hamster receptors. Herein, we showed that two hamster angiotensin-converting enzyme 2s (ACE2s) (golden hamster ACE2 and Chinese hamster ACE2) can bind to the spike protein receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of SARS-CoV-2 prototype and eight variants and that pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses can infect hamster ACE2-expressing cells. The binding pattern of golden hamster ACE2 to SARS-CoV-2 RBDs is similar to that of Chinese hamster ACE2. The two hamster ACE2s present slightly lower affinity for the RBDs of all nine SARS-CoV-2 viruses tested than human ACE2. We solved the cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of golden hamster ACE2 in complex with delta RBD and omicron BA.3 RBD and found that residues Q34 and N82 are responsible for the lower binding affinity of ghACE2 compared to hACE2. Our work provides valuable information for understanding the cross-species transmission mechanism of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Zhennan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Rong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Han
- School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guijun Shang
- Cryo-EM Center, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianle Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Belser JA, Kieran TJ, Mitchell ZA, Sun X, Mayfield K, Tumpey TM, Spengler JR, Maines TR. Key considerations to improve the normalization, interpretation and reproducibility of morbidity data in mammalian models of viral disease. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050511. [PMID: 38440823 PMCID: PMC10941659 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral pathogenesis and therapeutic screening studies that utilize small mammalian models rely on the accurate quantification and interpretation of morbidity measurements, such as weight and body temperature, which can vary depending on the model, agent and/or experimental design used. As a result, morbidity-related data are frequently normalized within and across screening studies to aid with their interpretation. However, such data normalization can be performed in a variety of ways, leading to differences in conclusions drawn and making comparisons between studies challenging. Here, we discuss variability in the normalization, interpretation, and presentation of morbidity measurements for four model species frequently used to study a diverse range of human viral pathogens - mice, hamsters, guinea pigs and ferrets. We also analyze findings aggregated from influenza A virus-infected ferrets to contextualize this discussion. We focus on serially collected weight and temperature data to illustrate how the conclusions drawn from this information can vary depending on how raw data are collected, normalized and measured. Taken together, this work supports continued efforts in understanding how normalization affects the interpretation of morbidity data and highlights best practices to improve the interpretation and utility of these findings for extrapolation to public health contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Troy J. Kieran
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Zoë A. Mitchell
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kristin Mayfield
- Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Terrence M. Tumpey
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Taronna R. Maines
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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5
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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Comparative Pathology of Animal Models for Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 38251342 PMCID: PMC10820042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential for studying disease pathogenesis and to test the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and therapeutics. For most diseases, there is no single model that can recapitulate all features of the human condition, so it is vital to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each. The purpose of this review is to describe popular comparative animal models, including mice, ferrets, hamsters, and non-human primates (NHPs), that are being used to study clinical and pathological changes caused by influenza A virus infection with the aim to aid in appropriate model selection for disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA; (N.M.K.); (Y.L.)
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6
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Rong N, Liu J. Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2178242. [PMID: 36748729 PMCID: PMC9970229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health security, human health and economic development. After an outbreak, an animal model for an emerging infectious disease is urgently needed for studying the etiology, host immune mechanisms and pathology of the disease, evaluating the efficiency of vaccines or drugs against infection, and minimizing the time available for animal model development, which is usually hindered by the nonsusceptibility of common laboratory animals to human pathogens. Thus, we summarize the technologies and methods that induce animal susceptibility to human pathogens, which include viral receptor humanization, pathogen-targeted tissue humanization, immunodeficiency induction and screening for naturally susceptible animal species. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of animal models developed using each method were analyzed, and these will guide the selection of susceptible animals and potentially reduce the time needed to develop animal models during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Jiangning Liu
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7
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Onkhonova G, Gudymo A, Kosenko M, Marchenko V, Ryzhikov A. Quantitative measurement of influenza virus transmission in animal model: an overview of current state. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1359-1366. [PMID: 37975001 PMCID: PMC10643727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus transmission is a crucial factor in understanding the spread of the virus within populations and developing effective control strategies. Studying the transmission patterns of influenza virus allows for better risk assessment and prediction of disease outbreaks. By monitoring the spread of the virus and identifying high-risk populations and geographic areas, it is possible to allocate resources more effectively, implement timely interventions, and provide targeted healthcare interventions to diminish the burden of influenza virus on vulnerable populations. Theoretical models of virus transmission are used to study and simulate of influenza virus spread within populations. These models aim to capture the complex dynamics of transmission, including factors such as population size, contact patterns, infectiousness, and susceptibility. Animal models serve as valuable tools for studying the dynamics of influenza virus transmission. This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the qualitative and quantitative study of influenza virus transmission in animal models. We discuss the methodologies employed, key insights gained from these studies, and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Onkhonova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Andrei Gudymo
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maksim Kosenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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8
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Kiso M, Furusawa Y, Uraki R, Imai M, Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. In vitro and in vivo characterization of SARS-CoV-2 strains resistant to nirmatrelvir. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3952. [PMID: 37402789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nirmatrelvir, an oral antiviral agent that targets a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro), is clinically useful against infection with SARS-CoV-2 including its omicron variants. Since most omicron subvariants have reduced sensitivity to many monoclonal antibody therapies, potential SARS-CoV-2 resistance to nirmatrelvir is a major public health concern. Several amino acid substitutions have been identified as being responsible for reduced susceptibility to nirmatrelvir. Among them, we selected L50F/E166V and L50F/E166A/L167F in the 3CLpro because these combinations of substitutions are unlikely to affect virus fitness. We prepared and characterized delta variants possessing Nsp5-L50F/E166V and Nsp5-L50F/E166A/L167F. Both mutant viruses showed decreased susceptibility to nirmatrelvir and their growth in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells was delayed. Both mutant viruses showed attenuated phenotypes in a male hamster infection model, maintained airborne transmissibility, and were outcompeted by wild-type virus in co-infection experiments in the absence of nirmatrelvir, but less so in the presence of the drug. These results suggest that viruses possessing Nsp5-L50F/E166V and Nsp5-L50F/E166A/L167F do not become dominant in nature. However, it is important to closely monitor the emergence of nirmatrelvir-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants because resistant viruses with additional compensatory mutations could emerge, outcompete the wild-type virus, and become dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Furusawa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuta Uraki
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
- The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
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9
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Goshina A, Matyushenko V, Mezhenskaya D, Rak A, Katelnikova A, Gusev D, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. RDE Treatment Prevents Non-Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2- and Influenza-Specific IgG Antibodies in Heat-Inactivated Serum Samples. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:39. [PMID: 37366655 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the levels of serum IgG antibodies is widely used to measure immunity to influenza and the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after natural infection or vaccination with specific vaccines, as well as to study immune responses to these viruses in animal models. For safety reasons, sometimes serum specimens collected from infected individuals are subjected to heat inactivation at 56 °C to reduce the risk of infecting personnel during serological studies. However, this procedure may affect the level of virus-specific antibodies, making the results of antibody immunoassays uninterpretable. Here, we evaluated the effect of the heat inactivation of human, ferret and hamster serum samples on the binding of IgG antibodies to the influenza and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. For this, serum samples of naive and immune hosts were analyzed in three variants: (i) untreated sera, (ii) heated at 56 °C for 1 h, and (iii) treated with receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE). The samples were studied through an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using whole influenza virus or recombinant proteins corresponding to nucleocapsid (N) protein and the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (RBD) as antigens. We demonstrated that the heat inactivation of the naive serum samples of various hosts can lead to false-positive results, while RDE treatment abolished the effect of the non-specific binding of IgG antibodies to the viral antigens. Furthermore, RDE also significantly decreased the level of virus-specific IgG antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 and influenza-immune sera of humans and animals, although it is unknown whether it actually removes true virus-specific IgG antibodies or only non-specifically binding artifacts. Nevertheless, we suggest that the RDE treatment of human and animal sera may be useful in preventing false-positive results in various immunoassays, while also neutralizing infectious virus, since the standard protocol for the use of RDE also includes heating the sample at 56 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Goshina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Rak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Katelnikova
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., 188663 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Gusev
- Botkin Infectious Diseases Hospital, Piskarovskiy Ave 49, 195067 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Smith RE, Choudhary S, Ramirez JA. Ferrets as Models for Viral Respiratory Disease. Comp Med 2023; 73:187-193. [PMID: 37258084 PMCID: PMC10290486 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) have been used in biomedical research to study influenza viruses since the early 20th century. Ferrets have continued to gain importance for the study of viral respiratory disease due to their disease susceptibility and anatomic similarities to humans. Here we review features of ferret biology and management that should be considered when planning to work with this species, particularly in models of respiratory disease. We specifically discuss biosafety and husbandry, clinical and pathologic assessments, and anesthetic considerations for ferrets with respiratory disease and systemic illness. These considerations are important for animal welfare, fidelity of the model to human disease, and ensuring accuracy and reproducibility of acquired data. Finally, we briefly review the use of ferrets to study respiratory diseases by discussing their respiratory anatomy and 2 frequently studied viral respiratory diseases, influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julita A Ramirez
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development & Medical, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA;,
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11
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Paterson J, Ryan KA, Morley D, Jones NJ, Yeates P, Hall Y, Whittaker CJ, Salguero FJ, Marriott AC. Infection with Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Results in Comparable Disease Kinetics and Host Immune Responses in Ferrets and Golden Syrian Hamsters. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050668. [PMID: 37242338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of influenza are important in preclinical research for the study of influenza infection and the assessment of vaccines, drugs and therapeutics. Here, we show that Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) inoculated via the intranasal route with high dose of influenza H1N1 display comparable disease kinetics and immune responses to the 'gold standard' ferret (Mustela furo) model. We demonstrate that both the hamster and ferret models have measurable disease endpoints of weight loss, temperature change, viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract and increased lung pathology. We also characterised both the humoral and cellular immune responses to infection in both models. The comparability of these data supports the Golden Syrian hamster model being useful in preclinical evaluation studies to explore the efficacy of countermeasures against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Paterson
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Daniel Morley
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Nicola J Jones
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Paul Yeates
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
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12
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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13
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Meier MJ, Cummings-Lorbetskie C, Rowan-Carroll A, Desaulniers D. Dataset on DNA methylation and gene expression changes induced by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine in Syrian golden hamster fetal cell cultures. Data Brief 2023; 48:109097. [PMID: 37077652 PMCID: PMC10106495 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Syrian hamster (SH) is an animal model used in virology, toxicology, and carcinogenesis, where a better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms is required. Finding genetic loci regulated by DNA methylation may assist in the development of DNA methylation-based in vitro assays for the identification of carcinogens. This dataset informs on the regulation of gene expression by DNA methylation. Primary cultures of SH male fetal cells (sex determined by differences in kdm5 loci on the X and Y chromosome) were exposed for 7 days to the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (20 µM) from which a morphologically transformed colony was collected and reseeded. The colony bypassed senescence and sustained growth. After 210 days of culture, the cells were collected and divided in 16 aliquots to create 4 experimental groups to test the effects of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5adC). The experiment was initiated 24 h after cell seeding in 10 cm plates. The groups are naïve cells (N), cells exposed for 48 h to either 0.05% DMSO as vehicle (V), or to 5adC at 1 µM and 5 µM. DNA and RNA libraries were sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 500. Gene expression was analysed by RNAseq and differentially methylated DNA regions (DMRs: clusters of 200 base pairs (bp), read depth >20, q< 0.05, methylation difference >|25%|) were identified by reduce representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Global genome DNA methylation was similar between the N (mean±SD, 47.3%±0.02) and V groups (47.3%±0.01). Although 5adC reduced methylation, the reduction was larger in the 1 µM (39.2%±0.002) than in the 5 µM group (44.3%±0.01). 5adC induced a total of 612 and 190 DMRs by 1 µM and 5 µM, among which 79 and 23 were in the promoter regions (±3,000 bp from the transcription start site), respectively. 5adC induced a total of 1,170 and 1,797 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by 1 µM and 5 µM, respectively. The 5 µM treatment induced statistically significant toxicity (% cell viability: group N 97%±8, V 98.8%±1.3, 1 µM 97.3%±0.5, 5 µM 93.8%±1.5), which perhaps reduced cell division and daughter cell numbers with inherited changes in methylation, but increased number of DEGs due to both toxicity and methylation changes. As usually observed in the literature, a small portion of DEGs (4% and 4% at 1 µM and 5 µM, respectively) are associated with DMRs in their promoters. These promoter DMRs by themselves are sufficient among other epigenetic marks to induce DEGs. The dataset provides the genomic coordinates of the DMRs and an opportunity to further examine their roles in distal putative promoters or enhancers (yet to be described in the SH) in contributing to gene expression changes, senescence bypass and sustained proliferation as essential carcinogenic events (see companion paper [1]). Finally, this experiment confirms the possibility in future experiments to use 5adC as a positive control for effects on DNA methylation in cells derived from SH.
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14
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Li Q, Vijaykumar K, Phillips SE, Hussain SS, Huynh NV, Fernandez-Petty CM, Lever JEP, Foote JB, Ren J, Campos-Gómez J, Daya FA, Hubbs NW, Kim H, Onuoha E, Boitet ER, Fu L, Leung HM, Yu L, Detchemendy TW, Schaefers LT, Tipper JL, Edwards LJ, Leal SM, Harrod KS, Tearney GJ, Rowe SM. Mucociliary transport deficiency and disease progression in Syrian hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163962. [PMID: 36625345 PMCID: PMC9870055 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial clinical evidence supports the notion that ciliary function in the airways is important in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although ciliary damage has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo models, the extent or nature of impairment of mucociliary transport (MCT) in in vivo models remains unknown. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in MCT deficiency in the airways of golden Syrian hamsters that precedes pathological injury in lung parenchyma. Micro-optical coherence tomography was used to quantitate functional changes in the MCT apparatus. Both genomic and subgenomic viral RNA pathological and physiological changes were monitored in parallel. We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a 67% decrease in MCT rate as early as 2 days postinfection (dpi) in hamsters, principally due to 79% diminished airway coverage of motile cilia. Correlating quantitation of physiological, virological, and pathological changes reveals steadily descending infection from the upper airways to lower airways to lung parenchyma within 7 dpi. Our results indicate that functional deficits of the MCT apparatus are a key aspect of COVID-19 pathogenesis, may extend viral retention, and could pose a risk factor for secondary infection. Clinically, monitoring abnormal ciliated cell function may indicate disease progression. Therapies directed toward the MCT apparatus deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | | | - Scott E. Phillips
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Shah S. Hussain
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Farah Abou Daya
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Nathaniel W. Hubbs
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Harrison Kim
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
- Department of Radiology, and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ezinwanne Onuoha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Evan R. Boitet
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Lianwu Fu
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Linhui Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Levi T. Schaefers
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | | | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
| | | | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Department of Medicine
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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15
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Hinds DM, Nick HJ, Vallin TM, Bloomquist LA, Christeson S, Bratcher PE, Cooper EH, Brinton JT, Bosco-Lauth A, White CW. Acute vaping in a golden Syrian hamster causes inflammatory response transcriptomic changes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L525-L535. [PMID: 36041220 PMCID: PMC9602905 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00162.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette vaping is a major aspect of nicotine consumption, especially for children and young adults. Although it is branded as a safer alternative to cigarette smoking, murine and rat models of subacute and chronic e-cigarette vaping exposure have shown many proinflammatory changes in the respiratory tract. An acute vaping exposure paradigm has not been demonstrated in the golden Syrian hamster, and the hamster is a readily available small animal model that has the unique benefit of becoming infected with and transmitting respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, without genetic alteration of the animal or virus. Using a 2-day, whole body vaping exposure protocol in male golden Syrian hamsters, we evaluated serum cotinine, bronchoalveolar lavage cells, lung, and nasal histopathology, and gene expression in the nasopharynx and lung through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Depending on the presence of nonnormality or outliers, statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests. For tests that were statistically significant (P < 0.05), post hoc Tukey-Kramer and Dunn's tests, respectively, were performed to make pairwise comparisons between groups. In nasal tissue, RT-qPCR analysis revealed nicotine-dependent increases in gene expression associated with type 1 inflammation (CCL-5 and CXCL-10), fibrosis [transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)], nicotine-independent increase oxidative stress response (SOD-2), and a nicotine-independent decrease in vasculogenesis/angiogenesis (VEGF-A). In the lung, nicotine-dependent increases in the expression of genes involved in the renin-angiotensin pathway [angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2], coagulation (tissue factor, Serpine-1), extracellular matrix remodeling (MMP-2, MMP-9), type 1 inflammation (IL-1β, TNF-α, and CXCL-10), fibrosis (TGF-β and Serpine-1), oxidative stress response (SOD-2), neutrophil extracellular traps release (ELANE), and vasculogenesis and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) were identified. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the Syrian hamster is a viable model of e-cigarette vaping. In addition, this is the first report that e-cigarette vaping with nicotine can increase tissue factor gene expression in the lung. Our results show that even an acute exposure to e-cigarette vaping causes significant upregulation of mRNAs in the respiratory tract from pathways involving the renin-angiotensin system, coagulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, type 1 inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress response, neutrophil extracellular trap release (NETosis), vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Hinds
- 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Heidi J. Nick
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,3Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tessa M. Vallin
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Leslie A. Bloomquist
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah Christeson
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Preston E. Bratcher
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,3Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Emily H. Cooper
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John T. Brinton
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,4Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- 5Biomedical Sciences Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Carl W. White
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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16
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Qi F, Qin C. Characteristics of animal models for COVID-19. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:401-409. [PMID: 36301011 PMCID: PMC9610135 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most consequential pandemic of this century, threatening human health and public safety. SARS-CoV-2 has been continuously evolving through mutation of its genome and variants of concern have emerged. The World Health Organization R&D Blueprint plan convened a range of expert groups to develop animal models for COVID-19, a core requirement for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The animal model construction techniques developed during the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV pandemics were rapidly deployed and applied in the establishment of COVID-19 animal models. To date, a large number of animal models for COVID-19, including mice, hamsters, minks and nonhuman primates, have been established. Infectious diseases produce unique manifestations according to the characteristics of the pathogen and modes of infection. Here we classified animal model resources around the infection route of SARS-CoV-2, and summarized the characteristics of the animal models constructed via transnasal, localized, and simulated transmission routes of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal ModelBeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine CenterPeking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal ModelBeijingChina
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17
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Frere JJ, Serafini RA, Pryce KD, Zazhytska M, Oishi K, Golynker I, Panis M, Zimering J, Horiuchi S, Hoagland DA, Møller R, Ruiz A, Kodra A, Overdevest JB, Canoll PD, Borczuk AC, Chandar V, Bram Y, Schwartz R, Lomvardas S, Zachariou V, tenOever BR. SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters and humans results in lasting and unique systemic perturbations after recovery. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq3059. [PMID: 35857629 PMCID: PMC9210449 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The host response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in prolonged pathologies collectively referred to as post-acute sequalae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. To better understand the mechanism underlying long COVID biology, we compared the short- and long-term systemic responses in the golden hamster after either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Results demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 exceeded IAV in its capacity to cause permanent injury to the lung and kidney and uniquely affected the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE). Despite a lack of detectable infectious virus, the OB and OE demonstrated myeloid and T cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and an interferon response that correlated with behavioral changes extending a month after viral clearance. These sustained transcriptional changes could also be corroborated from tissue isolated from individuals who recovered from COVID-19. These data highlight a molecular mechanism for persistent COVID-19 symptomology and provide a small animal model to explore future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Frere
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Randal A. Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Kerri D. Pryce
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Marianna Zazhytska
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Ilona Golynker
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Maryline Panis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Jeffrey Zimering
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shu Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Rasmus Møller
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anne Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Albana Kodra
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Jonathan B. Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Peter D. Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Alain C. Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Vasuretha Chandar
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yaron Bram
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Stavros Lomvardas
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Benjamin R. tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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18
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Volume-Associated Clinical and Histopathological Effects of Intranasal Instillation in Syrian Hamsters: Considerations for Infection and Therapeutic Studies. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080898. [PMID: 36015019 PMCID: PMC9413582 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syrian hamsters are a key animal model of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses and are useful for the evaluation of associated medical countermeasures. Delivery of an infectious agent or intervention to the respiratory tract mirrors natural routes of exposure and allows for the evaluation of clinically relevant therapeutic administration. The data to support instillation or inoculation volumes are important both for optimal experimental design and to minimize or avoid effects of diluent alone, which may compromise both data interpretation and animal welfare. Here we investigate four intranasal (IN) instillation volumes in hamsters (50, 100, 200, or 400 µL). The animals were monitored daily, and a subset were serially euthanized at one of four pre-determined time-points (1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-instillation). Weight, temperature, oxygen saturation, CBC, radiographs, and respiratory tissue histopathology were assessed to determine changes associated with instillation volume alone. With all the delivery volumes, we found no notable differences between instilled and non-instilled controls in all of the parameters assessed, except for histopathology. In the animals instilled with 200 or 400 µL, inflammation associated with foreign material was detected in the lower respiratory tract indicating that higher volumes may result in aspiration of nasal and/or oropharyngeal material in a subset of animals, resulting in IN instillation-associated histopathology.
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19
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Influenza Viruses Suitable for Studies in Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081629. [PMID: 35893694 PMCID: PMC9330595 DOI: 10.3390/v14081629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several small animal models, including mice, Syrian hamsters, guinea pigs, and ferrets are used to study the pathogenicity, transmissibility, and antigenicity of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. Moreover, animal models are essential for vaccination and challenge studies to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of new vaccines. However, authentic human influenza viruses do not always replicate efficiently in these animal models. Previously, we developed a high-yield A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-HY) vaccine virus backbone that conferred an increased virus yield to several seasonal influenza vaccines in eukaryotic cells and embryonated chicken eggs. Here, we show that this PR8-HY genetic backbone also increases the replication of several seasonal influenza viruses in Syrian hamsters compared to the authentic viruses. Therefore, the PR8-HY backbone is useful for animal studies to assess the biological properties of influenza viral HA and NA.
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20
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The Host Response to Influenza A Virus Interferes with SARS-CoV-2 Replication during Coinfection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0076522. [PMID: 35862681 PMCID: PMC9364782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00765-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human population now has two circulating respiratory RNA viruses with high pandemic potential, namely, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. As both viruses infect the airways and can result in significant morbidity and mortality, it is imperative that we also understand the consequences of getting coinfected.
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21
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Xue Y, Yang D, Vogel P, Stabenow J, Zalduondo L, Kong Y, Ravi Y, Sai-Sudhakar CB, Parvathareddy J, Hayes E, Taylor S, Fitzpatrick E, Jonsson CB. Cardiopulmonary Injury in the Syrian Hamster Model of COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071403. [PMID: 35891384 PMCID: PMC9316644 DOI: 10.3390/v14071403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Syrian hamster has proved useful in the evaluation of therapeutics and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). To advance the model for preclinical studies, we conducted serial sacrifice of lungs, large pulmonary vessels, and hearts from male and female Syrian hamsters for days 1–4, and 8 post-infection (dpi) following infection with a high dose of SARS-CoV-2. Evaluation of microscopic lung histopathology scores suggests 4 and 8 dpi as prime indicators in the evaluation of moderate pathology with bronchial hyperplasia, alveolar involvement and bronchiolization being key assessments of lung disease and recovery, respectively. In addition, neutrophil levels, red blood cell count and hematocrit showed significant increases during early infection. We present histological evidence of severe damage to the pulmonary vasculature with extensive leukocyte transmigration and the loss of endothelial cells and tunica media. Our evidence of endothelial and inflammatory cell death in the pulmonary vessels suggests endothelialitis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 epithelial cell infection as a possible determinant of the pathological findings along with the host inflammatory response. Lastly, pathological examination of the heart revealed evidence for intracardiac platelet/fibrin aggregates in male and female hamsters on 8 dpi, which might be indicative of a hypercoagulative state in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Y.X.); (Y.K.); (E.H.); (E.F.)
| | - Dong Yang
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Jennifer Stabenow
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Y.X.); (Y.K.); (E.H.); (E.F.)
| | - Yazhini Ravi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06085, USA; (Y.R.); (C.B.S.-S.)
| | - Chittoor B. Sai-Sudhakar
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06085, USA; (Y.R.); (C.B.S.-S.)
| | - Jyothi Parvathareddy
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Ernestine Hayes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Y.X.); (Y.K.); (E.H.); (E.F.)
| | - Shannon Taylor
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
| | - Elizabeth Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Y.X.); (Y.K.); (E.H.); (E.F.)
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (Y.X.); (Y.K.); (E.H.); (E.F.)
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (D.Y.); (J.S.); (L.Z.); (J.P.); (S.T.)
- Institute for the Study of Host-Pathogen Systems, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Quach HQ, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 peptide-specific antibodies in Syrian hamster serum by ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2022; 505:113275. [PMID: 35439529 PMCID: PMC9013014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Golden Syrian hamsters are increasingly used as a permissive animal model for SARS-CoV-2 virus studies, but the lack of immunological assays and other immunological reagents for hamsters limits its full potential. Herein, we developed an ELISA method to detect antibodies specific to peptides and proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 virus in immunized golden Syrian hamsters. Under optimized conditions, this assay quantitates antibodies specific for individual viral peptides, peptide pools, and proteins. Hence, this ELISA method allows investigators to quantitatively assess humoral immune responses at the peptide and protein levels and has potential application in the development of peptide-based vaccines to be tested in hamsters.
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23
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Caceres CJ, Seibert B, Cargnin Faccin F, Cardenas-Garcia S, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Influenza antivirals and animal models. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1142-1165. [PMID: 35451200 PMCID: PMC9157400 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are among the most prominent human respiratory pathogens. About 3-5 million severe cases of influenza are associated with 300 000-650 000 deaths per year globally. Antivirals effective at reducing morbidity and mortality are part of the first line of defense against influenza. FDA-approved antiviral drugs currently include adamantanes (rimantadine and amantadine), neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI; peramivir, zanamivir, and oseltamivir), and the PA endonuclease inhibitor (baloxavir). Mutations associated with antiviral resistance are common and highlight the need for further improvement and development of novel anti-influenza drugs. A summary is provided for the current knowledge of the approved influenza antivirals and antivirals strategies under evaluation in clinical trials. Preclinical evaluations of novel compounds effective against influenza in different animal models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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24
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Fell R, Potter JA, Yuille S, Salguero FJ, Watson R, Ngabo D, Gooch K, Hewson R, Howat D, Dowall S. Activity of a Carbohydrate-Binding Module Therapy, Neumifil, against SARS-CoV-2 Disease in a Hamster Model of Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050976. [PMID: 35632718 PMCID: PMC9147764 DOI: 10.3390/v14050976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an urgent effort to find efficacious therapeutics. Broad-spectrum therapies which could be used for other respiratory pathogens confer advantages, as do those based on targeting host cells that are not prone to the development of resistance by the pathogen. We tested an intranasally delivered carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) therapy, termed Neumifil, which is based on a CBM that has previously been shown to offer protection against the influenza virus through the binding of sialic acid receptors. Using the recognised hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we demonstrate that Neumifil significantly reduces clinical disease severity and pathological changes in the nasal cavity. Furthermore, we demonstrate Neumifil binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. This is the first report describing the testing of this type of broad-spectrum antiviral therapy in vivo and provides evidence for the advancement of Neumifil in further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fell
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Jane A. Potter
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Samantha Yuille
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Franscisco J. Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Robert Watson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Didier Ngabo
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Karen Gooch
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Roger Hewson
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
| | - David Howat
- Pneumagen Ltd., Kinburn Castle, Doubledykes Road, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9DR, UK; (J.A.P.); (S.Y.); (D.H.)
| | - Stuart Dowall
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA), Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK; (R.F.); (F.J.S.); (R.W.); (D.N.); (K.G.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Mohapatra RK, Kuppili S, Kumar Suvvari T, Kandi V, Behera A, Verma S, Kudrat‐E‐Zahan, Biswal SK, Al‐Noor TH, El‐ajaily MM, Sarangi AK, Dhama K. SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants of concern including Omicron: looks like a never ending pandemic. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:769-788. [PMID: 35184391 PMCID: PMC9111768 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This zoonotic virus has emerged in Wuhan of China in December 2019 from bats and pangolins probably and continuing the human‐to‐human transmission globally since last two years. As there is no efficient approved treatment, a number of vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed to counter the pandemic. Moreover, vaccine hesitancy is observed that may be another possible reason for this never ending pandemic. In the meantime, several variants and mutations were identified and causing multiple waves globally. Now the safety and efficacy of these vaccines are debatable and recommended to determine whether vaccines are able to interrupt transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 variant of concern (VOC). Moreover, the VOCs continue to emerge that appear more transmissible and less sensitive to virus‐specific immune responses. In this overview, we have highlighted various drugs and vaccines used to counter this pandemic along with their reported side effects. Moreover, the preliminary data for the novel VOC “Omicron” are discussed with the existing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry Government College of Engineering Keonjhar‐758002 Odisha India
| | | | | | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences Karimnagar‐505417 Telangana India
| | - Ajit Behera
- Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela‐769008 India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute Bhopal MP 462026 India
- Academy of council Scientific and Industrial Research ‐ Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Hoshangabad Road Bhopal (M.P) 462026 India
| | - Kudrat‐E‐Zahan
- Department of Chemistry Rajshahi University Rajshahi Bangladesh
| | - Susanta K. Biswal
- Department of Chemistry School of Applied Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management Odisha India
| | - Taghreed H. Al‐Noor
- Chemistry Department Ibn‐Al‐Haithem College of Education for Pure Science Baghdad University Baghdad Iraq
| | - Marei M. El‐ajaily
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Benghazi University Benghazi Libya
| | - Ashish K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry School of Applied Sciences Centurion University of Technology and Management Odisha India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Uttar Pradesh Bareilly India
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26
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BCG vaccination provides protection against IAV but not SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110502. [PMID: 35235831 PMCID: PMC8858710 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the vast majority of species solely rely on innate immunity for host defense, it stands to reason that a critical evolutionary trait like immunological memory evolved in this primitive branch of our immune system. There is ample evidence that vaccines such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induce protective innate immune memory responses (trained immunity) against heterologous pathogens. Here we show that while BCG vaccination significantly reduces morbidity and mortality against influenza A virus (IAV), it fails to provide protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In contrast to IAV, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to unique pulmonary vasculature damage facilitating viral dissemination to other organs, including the bone marrow (BM), a central site for BCG-mediated trained immunity. Finally, monocytes from BCG-vaccinated individuals mount an efficient cytokine response to IAV infection, while this response is minimal following SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, our data suggest that the protective capacity of BCG vaccination is contingent on viral pathogenesis and tissue tropism.
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27
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Tsuji S, Minami S, Hashimoto R, Konishi Y, Suzuki T, Kondo T, Sasai M, Torii S, Ono C, Shichinohe S, Sato S, Wakita M, Okumura S, Nakano S, Matsudaira T, Matsumoto T, Kawamoto S, Yamamoto M, Watanabe T, Matsuura Y, Takayama K, Kobayashi T, Okamoto T, Hara E. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers paracrine senescence and leads to a sustained senescence-associated inflammatory response. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:115-124. [PMID: 37117754 PMCID: PMC10154207 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Reports of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, in which the inflammatory response persists even after SARS-CoV-2 has disappeared, are increasing1, but the underlying mechanisms of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome remain unknown. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2-infected cells trigger senescence-like cell-cycle arrest2,3 in neighboring uninfected cells in a paracrine manner via virus-induced cytokine production. In cultured human cells or bronchial organoids, these SASR-CoV-2 infection-induced senescent cells express high levels of a series of inflammatory factors known as senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs)4 in a sustained manner, even after SARS-CoV-2 is no longer detectable. We also show that the expression of the senescence marker CDKN2A (refs. 5,6) and various SASP factor4 genes is increased in the pulmonary cells of patients with severe post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Furthermore, we find that mice exposed to a mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2 exhibit prolonged signs of cellular senescence and SASP in the lung at 14 days after infection when the virus was undetectable, which could be substantially reduced by the administration of senolytic drugs7. The sustained infection-induced paracrine senescence described here may be involved in the long-term inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shohei Minami
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rina Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Konishi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tamae Kondo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Wakita
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shintaro Okumura
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sosuke Nakano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Matsudaira
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomonori Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Eiji Hara
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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28
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Li Q, Vijaykumar K, Philips SE, Hussain SS, Huynh VN, Fernandez-Petty CM, Lever JEP, Foote JB, Ren J, Campos-Gómez J, Daya FA, Hubbs NW, Kim H, Onuoha E, Boitet ER, Fu L, Leung HM, Yu L, Detchemendy TW, Schaefers LT, Tipper JL, Edwards LJ, Leal SM, Harrod KS, Tearney GJ, Rowe SM. Mucociliary Transport Deficiency and Disease Progression in Syrian Hamsters with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.16.476016. [PMID: 35075457 PMCID: PMC8786228 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.16.476016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Substantial clinical evidence supports the notion that ciliary function in the airways plays an important role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Although ciliary damage has been observed in both in vitro and in vivo models, consequent impaired mucociliary transport (MCT) remains unknown for the intact MCT apparatus from an in vivo model of disease. Using golden Syrian hamsters, a common animal model that recapitulates human COVID-19, we quantitatively followed the time course of physiological, virological, and pathological changes upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the deficiency of the MCT apparatus using micro-optical coherence tomography, a novel method to visualize and simultaneously quantitate multiple aspects of the functional microanatomy of intact airways. Corresponding to progressive weight loss up to 7 days post-infection (dpi), viral detection and histopathological analysis in both the trachea and lung revealed steadily descending infection from the upper airways, as the main target of viral invasion, to lower airways and parenchymal lung, which are likely injured through indirect mechanisms. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a 67% decrease in MCT rate as early as 2 dpi, largely due to diminished motile ciliation coverage, but not airway surface liquid depth, periciliary liquid depth, or cilia beat frequency of residual motile cilia. Further analysis indicated that the fewer motile cilia combined with abnormal ciliary motion of residual cilia contributed to the delayed MCT. The time course of physiological, virological, and pathological progression suggest that functional deficits of the MCT apparatus predispose to COVID-19 pathogenesis by extending viral retention and may be a risk factor for secondary infection. As a consequence, therapies directed towards the MCT apparatus deserve further investigation as a treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kadambari Vijaykumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Scott E Philips
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Shah S Hussain
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Van N Huynh
- Department of Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Courtney M Fernandez-Petty
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jacelyn E Peabody Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Janna Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Javier Campos-Gómez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Farah Abou Daya
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Hubbs
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Harrison Kim
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ezinwanne Onuoha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Evan R Boitet
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lianwu Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Linhui Yu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Thomas W Detchemendy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Levi T Schaefers
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jennifer L Tipper
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lloyd J Edwards
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sixto M Leal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Departments of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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29
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Horiuchi S, Oishi K, Carrau L, Frere J, Møller R, Panis M, tenOever BR. Immune memory from SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters provides variant-independent protection but still allows virus transmission. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabm3131. [PMID: 34699266 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Horiuchi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kohei Oishi
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin Frere
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rasmus Møller
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Maryline Panis
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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30
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Halfmann P, Nakajima N, Sato Y, Takahashi K, Accola M, Chibo S, Fan S, Neumann G, Rehrauer W, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y. SARS-CoV-2 Interference of Influenza Virus Replication in Syrian Hamsters. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:282-286. [PMID: 34875072 PMCID: PMC8689717 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 infection at the same time as or before H3N2 influenza virus infection resulted in significantly reduced influenza virus titers in the lungs and nasal turbinates. This interference may be correlated with SARS-CoV-2–induced expression of MX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Molly Accola
- UW Health Clinical Laboratories, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shiho Chibo
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shufang Fan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William Rehrauer
- UW Health Clinical Laboratories, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 162-8640 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Bi Z, Hong W, Yang J, Lu S, Peng X. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:548-568. [PMID: 34909757 PMCID: PMC8662225 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which might disable the in-used therapies and vaccines. The COVID-19 has now put an enormous strain on health care system all over the world. Therefore, the development of animal models that can capture characteristics and immune responses observed in COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. Appropriate models could accelerate the testing of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we aim to summarize the current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including mice, hamsters, nonhuman primates, and ferrets, and discuss the details of transmission, pathology, and immunology induced by SARS-CoV-2 in these animal models. We hope this could throw light to the increased usefulness in fundamental studies of COVID-19 and the preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
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32
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Kinoshita T, Watanabe K, Sakurai Y, Nishi K, Yoshikawa R, Yasuda J. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus causes more severe and prolonged pneumonia in hamsters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21259. [PMID: 34711897 PMCID: PMC8553868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a serious public health concern worldwide. Notably, co-infection with other pathogens may worsen the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and increase fatality. Here, we show that co-infection with influenza A virus (IAV) causes more severe body weight loss and more severe and prolonged pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. Each virus can efficiently spread in the lungs without interference by the other. However, in immunohistochemical analyses, SARS-CoV-2 and IAV were not detected at the same sites in the respiratory organs of co-infected hamsters, suggesting that either the two viruses may have different cell tropisms in vivo or each virus may inhibit the infection and/or growth of the other within a cell or adjacent areas in the organs. Furthermore, a significant increase in IL-6 was detected in the sera of hamsters co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and IAV at 7 and 10 days post-infection, suggesting that IL-6 may be involved in the increased severity of pneumonia. Our results strongly suggest that IAV co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 can have serious health risks and increased caution should be applied in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kinoshita
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kodai Nishi
- Department of Radioisotope Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Rokusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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33
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Liu G, Lai P, Guo J, Wang Y, Xian X. Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:92-110. [PMID: 37724074 PMCID: PMC10388752 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingping Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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34
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Shou S, Liu M, Yang Y, Kang N, Song Y, Tan D, Liu N, Wang F, Liu J, Xie Y. Animal Models for COVID-19: Hamsters, Mouse, Ferret, Mink, Tree Shrew, and Non-human Primates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:626553. [PMID: 34531831 PMCID: PMC8438334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.626553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus causing acute respiratory tract infection in humans. The virus has the characteristics of rapid transmission, long incubation period and strong pathogenicity, and has spread all over the world. Therefore, it is of great significance to select appropriate animal models for antiviral drug development and therapeutic effect evaluation. Here, we review and compare the current animal models of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Shou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Sindelar M, Stancliffe E, Schwaiger-Haber M, Anbukumar DS, Adkins-Travis K, Goss CW, O’Halloran JA, Mudd PA, Liu WC, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Shriver LP, Patti GJ. Longitudinal metabolomics of human plasma reveals prognostic markers of COVID-19 disease severity. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100369. [PMID: 34308390 PMCID: PMC8292035 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify which COVID-19 patients will develop life-threatening illness so that medical resources can be optimally allocated and rapid treatment can be administered early in the disease course, when clinical management is most effective. To aid in the prognostic classification of disease severity, we perform untargeted metabolomics on plasma from 339 patients, with samples collected at six longitudinal time points. Using the temporal metabolic profiles and machine learning, we build a predictive model of disease severity. We discover that a panel of metabolites measured at the time of study entry successfully determines disease severity. Through analysis of longitudinal samples, we confirm that most of these markers are directly related to disease progression and that their levels return to baseline upon disease recovery. Finally, we validate that these metabolites are also altered in a hamster model of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ethan Stancliffe
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michaela Schwaiger-Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dhanalakshmi S. Anbukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Charles W. Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Philip A. Mudd
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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36
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Brocato RL, Altamura LA, Carey BD, Perley CC, Blancett CD, Minogue TD, Hooper JW. Comparison of transcriptional responses between pathogenic and nonpathogenic hantavirus infections in Syrian hamsters using NanoString. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009592. [PMID: 34339406 PMCID: PMC8360559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syrian hamsters infected with Andes virus (ANDV) develop a disease that recapitulates many of the salient features of human hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), including lethality. Infection of hamsters with Hantaan virus (HTNV) results in an asymptomatic, disseminated infection. In order to explore this dichotomy, we examined the transcriptome of ANDV- and HTNV-infected hamsters. RESULTS Using NanoString technology, we examined kinetic transcriptional responses in whole blood collected from ANDV- and HTNV-infected hamsters. Of the 770 genes analyzed, key differences were noted in the kinetics of type I interferon sensing and signaling responses, complement activation, and apoptosis pathways between ANDV- and HTNV-infected hamsters. CONCLUSIONS Delayed activation of type I interferon responses in ANDV-infected hamsters represents a potential mechanism that ANDV uses to subvert host immune responses and enhance disease. This is the first genome-wide analysis of hantavirus-infected hamsters and provides insight into potential avenues for therapeutics to hantavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Louis A. Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Carey
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Casey C. Perley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace D. Blancett
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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38
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Zhang AJ, Lee ACY, Chan JFW, Liu F, Li C, Chen Y, Chu H, Lau SY, Wang P, Chan CCS, Poon VKM, Yuan S, To KKW, Chen H, Yuen KY. Coinfection by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Enhances the Severity of Pneumonia in Golden Syrian Hamsters. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e978-e992. [PMID: 33216851 PMCID: PMC7717201 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical outcomes of the interaction between the co-circulating pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are unknown. Methods We established a golden Syrian hamster model coinfected by SARS-CoV-2 and mouse-adapted A(H1N1)pdm09 simultaneously or sequentially. The weight loss, clinical scores, histopathological changes, viral load and titer, and serum neutralizing antibody titer were compared with hamsters challenged by either virus. Results Coinfected hamsters had more weight loss, more severe lung inflammatory damage, and tissue cytokine/chemokine expression. Lung viral load, infectious virus titers, and virus antigen expression suggested that hamsters were generally more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than to A(H1N1)pdm09. Sequential coinfection with A(H1N1)pdm09 one day prior to SARS-CoV-2 exposure resulted in a lower lung SARS-CoV-2 titer and viral load than with SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection, but a higher lung A(H1N1)pdm09 viral load. Coinfection also increased intestinal inflammation with more SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein expression in enterocytes. Simultaneous coinfection was associated with delay in resolution of lung damage, lower serum SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody, and longer SARS-CoV-2 shedding in oral swabs compared to that of SARS-CoV-2 monoinfection. Conclusions Simultaneous or sequential coinfection by SARS-CoV-2 and A(H1N1)pdm09 caused more severe disease than monoinfection by either virus in hamsters. Prior A(H1N1)pdm09 infection lowered SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary viral loads but enhanced lung damage. Whole-population influenza vaccination for prevention of coinfection, and multiplex molecular diagnostics for both viruses to achieve early initiation of antiviral treatment for improvement of clinical outcome should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Siu-Ying Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Pui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Nguyen TQ, Rollon R, Choi YK. Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Viruses 2021; 13:1011. [PMID: 34071367 PMCID: PMC8228315 DOI: 10.3390/v13061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model-including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates-for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Quyen Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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40
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Development and Characterization of a Highly Sensitive NanoLuciferase-Based Immunoprecipitation System for the Detection of Anti-Influenza Virus HA Antibodies. mSphere 2021; 6:6/3/e01342-20. [PMID: 33980684 PMCID: PMC8125058 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01342-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody detection is crucial for monitoring host immune responses to specific pathogen antigens (Ags) and evaluating vaccine efficacies. The luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) was developed for sensitive detection of Ag-specific antibodies in sera from various species. In this study, we describe NanoLIPS, an improved LIPS assay based on NanoLuciferase (NLuc), and employ the assay for monitoring antibody responses following influenza virus infection or vaccination. We generated recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins tagged with N-terminal (N-NLuc-HA) or C-terminal (C-NLuc-HA) NLuc reporters. NLuc-HA yielded an at least 20-fold higher signal-to-noise ratio than did a LIPS assay employing a recombinant HA-Gaussia princeps luciferase (GLuc) fusion protein. NanoLIPS-based detection of anti-HA antibodies yielded highly reproducible results with a broad dynamic range. The levels of antibodies against C-NLuc-HA generated by mice vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia virus DIs strain expressing an influenza virus HA protein (rDIs-HA) was significantly correlated with the protective effect elicited by the rDIs-HA vaccine. C-NLuc-HA underwent glycosylation with native conformations and assembly to form a trimeric structure and was detected by monoclonal antibodies that detect conformational epitopes present on the globular head or stalk domain of HA. Therefore, NanoLIPS is applicable for evaluating vaccine efficacy. We also showed that C-NLuc-HA is applicable for detection of HA-specific antibodies in sera from various experimental species, including mouse, cynomolgus macaque, and tree shrew. Thus, NanoLIPS-based detection of HA offers a simple and high-sensitivity method that detects native conformational epitopes and can be used in various experimental animal models.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus HA-specific antibodies can be detected via the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the neutralization (NT) assay, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, these assays have some drawbacks, including narrow dynamic range and the requirement for large amounts of sera. As an alternative to an ELISA-based method, luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) was developed. We focused on NanoLuciferase (NLuc), which has a small size, higher intensity, and longer stability. In this study, we developed a technically feasible and highly sensitive method for detecting influenza virus-specific antibodies using a NLuc-tagged recombinant HA protein produced in mammalian cells. HA with a C-terminal NLuc extension (C-NLuc-HA) was glycosylated and formed trimeric complexes when expressed in mammalian cells. Furthermore, C-NLuc-HA was recognized not only by monoclonal antibodies that bind to the globular head domain but also by those that bind to the stalk domain. We also demonstrated that the data obtained by this assay correlate with the protection of an experimental vaccine in animal models.
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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Sindelar M, Stancliffe E, Schwaiger-Haber M, Anbukumar DS, Albrecht RA, Liu WC, Travis KA, García-Sastre A, Shriver LP, Patti GJ. Longitudinal Metabolomics of Human Plasma Reveals Robust Prognostic Markers of COVID-19 Disease Severity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.02.05.21251173. [PMID: 33564793 PMCID: PMC7872388 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.05.21251173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify which COVID-19 patients will develop life-threatening illness so that scarce medical resources can be optimally allocated and rapid treatment can be administered early in the disease course, when clinical management is most effective. To aid in the prognostic classification of disease severity, we performed untargeted metabolomics profiling of 341 patients with plasma samples collected at six longitudinal time points. Using the temporal metabolic profiles and machine learning, we then built a predictive model of disease severity. We determined that the levels of 25 metabolites measured at the time of hospital admission successfully predict future disease severity. Through analysis of longitudinal samples, we confirmed that these prognostic markers are directly related to disease progression and that their levels are restored to baseline upon disease recovery. Finally, we validated that these metabolites are also altered in a hamster model of COVID-19. Our results indicate that metabolic changes associated with COVID-19 severity can be effectively used to stratify patients and inform resource allocation during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sindelar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Ethan Stancliffe
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michaela Schwaiger-Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Dhanalakshmi S. Anbukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- Current affiliation: Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11571, Taiwan
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY
| | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gary J. Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020262. [PMID: 33567791 PMCID: PMC7915228 DOI: 10.3390/v13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, Gsell PS, Riveros-Balta AX, Albrecht RA, Andersen H, Baric RS, Carroll MW, Cavaleri M, Qin C, Crozier I, Dallmeier K, de Waal L, de Wit E, Delang L, Dohm E, Duprex WP, Falzarano D, Finch CL, Frieman MB, Graham BS, Gralinski LE, Guilfoyle K, Haagmans BL, Hamilton GA, Hartman AL, Herfst S, Kaptein SJF, Klimstra WB, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Kuhn JH, Le Grand R, Lewis MG, Liu WC, Maisonnasse P, McElroy AK, Munster V, Oreshkova N, Rasmussen AL, Rocha-Pereira J, Rockx B, Rodríguez E, Rogers TF, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Stittelaar KJ, Thibaut HJ, Tseng CT, Vergara-Alert J, Beer M, Brasel T, Chan JFW, García-Sastre A, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Roy CJ, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Animal models for COVID-19. Nature 2020; 586:509-515. [PMID: 32967005 PMCID: PMC8136862 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William E Dowling
- Centre for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Dohm
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amy L Hartman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William B Klimstra
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip R Krause
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nadia Oreshkova
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman |School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Seshadri S Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chua Vi Long K, Sayed A, Karki P, Acharya Y. Convalescent Blood Products in COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2020; 7:2049936120960646. [PMID: 33014364 PMCID: PMC7513012 DOI: 10.1177/2049936120960646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has left the world in a state of
desolation with overburdening public health systems in a short period. Finding
possible preventative and therapeutic measures to counter severe respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has been
the priority. A possible solution is convalescent blood products (CBP),
primarily convalescent plasma (CP) and immunoglobulins, as an adjunctive
therapy. CBP has been tried on the previous coronavirus epidemics with severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Therefore, we reviewed the clinical
utility of CBP and available evidence in COVID-19. We found some of the current
anecdotal studies demonstrate promising therapeutic potential, but many of these
studies do not meet the academic rigours to substantiate its use with
confidence. However, the compassionate use of CBP in critically ill COVID-19
patients can be an option while we await a definitive answer from ongoing
randomised clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abida Sayed
- Medicine Department, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
| | - Priyanka Karki
- Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kanchanbari, Biratnagar, Morang, Nepal
| | - Yogesh Acharya
- Research Fellow, Vascular and Endovascular Department, Western Vascular Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Asadi S, Gaaloul ben Hnia N, Barre RS, Wexler AS, Ristenpart WD, Bouvier NM. Influenza A virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4062. [PMID: 32811826 PMCID: PMC7435178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are presumed, but not conclusively known, to spread among humans by several possible routes. We provide evidence of a mode of transmission seldom considered for influenza: airborne virus transport on microscopic particles called "aerosolized fomites." In the guinea pig model of influenza virus transmission, we show that the airborne particulates produced by infected animals are mainly non-respiratory in origin. Surprisingly, we find that an uninfected, virus-immune guinea pig whose body is contaminated with influenza virus can transmit the virus through the air to a susceptible partner in a separate cage. We further demonstrate that aerosolized fomites can be generated from inanimate objects, such as by manually rubbing a paper tissue contaminated with influenza virus. Our data suggest that aerosolized fomites may contribute to influenza virus transmission in animal models of human influenza, if not among humans themselves, with important but understudied implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Asadi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nassima Gaaloul ben Hnia
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Present Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 304 Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Anthony S. Wexler
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Air Quality Research Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - William D. Ristenpart
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole M. Bouvier
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029 USA
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Taylor JH, McCann KE, Ross AP, Albers HE. Binding affinities of oxytocin, vasopressin and Manning compound at oxytocin and V1a receptors in male Syrian hamster brains. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12882. [PMID: 32662552 PMCID: PMC7485222 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP), as well as synthetic ligands targeting their receptors (OTR, V1aR), are used in a wide variety of research contexts, although their pharmacological properties are determined in only a few species. Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) have a long history of use as a behavioural and biomedical model for the study of OT and AVP and, more recently, hamsters have been used to investigate behavioural consequences of OT-mediated activation of V1aR. We aimed to determine the binding affinities of OT, AVP and the selective V1aR antagonist, Manning compound, for OTR and V1aR in hamster brains. We performed saturation binding assays to determine the Kd values for the selective OTR and V1aR radioligands, [125 I]ornithine vasotocin analogue and [125 I]linear vasopressin antagonist. We then performed competition binding assays to determine Ki values for OT, AVP and Manning compound at both the OTR and V1aR. We found that OT and AVP each had the highest affinity for their canonical receptors (OT-OTR Ki = 4.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.9-6.3] nmol L-1 ; AVP-V1ar Ki = 4.70 [95% CI = 1.5-14.1] nmol L-1 ) and had the lowest affinity for their non-canonical ligands (OT-V1aR = 495.2 [95% CI = 198.5-1276] nmol L-1 ; AVP-OTR Ki = 36.1 [95% CI = 12.4-97.0] nmol L-1 ). Manning compound had the highest affinity for the V1aR (MC-V1aR Ki = 6.87 [95% CI = 4.0-11.9] nmol L-1 ; MC-OTR Ki = 213.8 [95% CI = 117.3-392.7] nmol L-1 ), although Manning compound was not as selective for the V1aR in hamsters as has been reported for the receptor in rats. When comparing these data with previously published work, we found that the promiscuity of the V1aR in hamsters with respect to OT and AVP binding is more similar to the promiscuity of the human V1aR than to the rat V1aR receptor. Moreover, the selectivity of OT at hamster receptors is more similar to the selectivity of OT at human receptors than the selectivity of OT at rat receptors. These data highlight the importance of determining the pharmacological properties of behaviourally relevant compounds in diverse model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Taylor
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katharine E McCann
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amy P Ross
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H Elliott Albers
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Atlanta, Georgia
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48
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Sia SF, Yan LM, Chin AWH, Fung K, Choy KT, Wong AYL, Kaewpreedee P, Perera RAPM, Poon LLM, Nicholls JM, Peiris M, Yen HL. Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters. Nature 2020; 583:834-838. [PMID: 32408338 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-20774/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus with high nucleotide identity to SARS-CoV and to SARS-related coronaviruses that have been detected in horseshoe bats, has spread across the world and had a global effect on healthcare systems and economies1,2. A suitable small animal model is needed to support the development of vaccines and therapies. Here we report the pathogenesis and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in golden (Syrian) hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Immunohistochemistry assay demonstrated the presence of viral antigens in nasal mucosa, bronchial epithelial cells and areas of lung consolidation on days 2 and 5 after inoculation with SARS-CoV-2, followed by rapid viral clearance and pneumocyte hyperplasia at 7 days after inoculation. We also found viral antigens in epithelial cells of the duodenum, and detected viral RNA in faeces. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted efficiently from inoculated hamsters to naive hamsters by direct contact and via aerosols. Transmission via fomites in soiled cages was not as efficient. Although viral RNA was continuously detected in the nasal washes of inoculated hamsters for 14 days, the communicable period was short and correlated with the detection of infectious virus but not viral RNA. Inoculated and naturally infected hamsters showed apparent weight loss on days 6-7 post-inoculation or post-contact; all hamsters returned to their original weight within 14 days and developed neutralizing antibodies. Our results suggest that features associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in golden hamsters resemble those found in humans with mild SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Alveolar Epithelial Cells/virology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Bronchi/pathology
- Bronchi/virology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Duodenum/virology
- Fomites/virology
- Housing, Animal
- Kidney/virology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mesocricetus/immunology
- Mesocricetus/virology
- Nasal Mucosa/virology
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- SARS-CoV-2
- Viral Load
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Fun Sia
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Meng Yan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex W H Chin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Tim Choy
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvina Y L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Prathanporn Kaewpreedee
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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49
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Sia SF, Yan LM, Chin AWH, Fung K, Choy KT, Wong AYL, Kaewpreedee P, Perera RAPM, Poon LLM, Nicholls JM, Peiris M, Yen HL. Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters. Nature 2020; 583:834-838. [PMID: 32408338 PMCID: PMC7394720 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2342-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 974] [Impact Index Per Article: 243.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sin Fun Sia
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Meng Yan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex W H Chin
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Fung
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Tim Choy
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvina Y L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Prathanporn Kaewpreedee
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ranawaka A P M Perera
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - John M Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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50
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Abstract
Worldwide outbreaks of influenza (pandemics) are caused by influenza A viruses to which persons lack protective immune responses. Currently, we are unable to predict which influenza virus strains may cause a pandemic. In this article, we summarize some of the information that will be needed to better assess the pandemic potential of influenza viruses, and we discuss our current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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