1
|
Antonio J, Evans C, Ferrando AA, Stout JR, Antonio B, Cinteo H, Harty P, Arent SM, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Kerksick CM, Pereira F, Gonzalez D, Kreider RB. Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2341903. [PMID: 38626029 PMCID: PMC11022925 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2341903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation often refers to increasing the intake of this particular macronutrient through dietary supplements in the form of powders, ready-to-drink shakes, and bars. The primary purpose of protein supplementation is to augment dietary protein intake, aiding individuals in meeting their protein requirements, especially when it may be challenging to do so through regular food (i.e. chicken, beef, fish, pork, etc.) sources alone. A large body of evidence shows that protein has an important role in exercising and sedentary individuals. A PubMed search of "protein and exercise performance" reveals thousands of publications. Despite the considerable volume of evidence, it is somewhat surprising that several persistent questions and misconceptions about protein exist. The following are addressed: 1) Is protein harmful to your kidneys? 2) Does consuming "excess" protein increase fat mass? 3) Can dietary protein have a harmful effect on bone health? 4) Can vegans and vegetarians consume enough protein to support training adaptations? 5) Is cheese or peanut butter a good protein source? 6) Does consuming meat (i.e., animal protein) cause unfavorable health outcomes? 7) Do you need protein if you are not physically active? 8) Do you need to consume protein ≤ 1 hour following resistance training sessions to create an anabolic environment in skeletal muscle? 9) Do endurance athletes need additional protein? 10) Does one need protein supplements to meet the daily requirements of exercise-trained individuals? 11) Is there a limit to how much protein one can consume in a single meal? To address these questions, we have conducted a thorough scientific assessment of the literature concerning protein supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Brandi Antonio
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Harry Cinteo
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Patrick Harty
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Darren G. Candow
- University of Regina, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Regina, Canada
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Brandon University, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Flavia Pereira
- Keiser University, Exercise and Sport Science, West Palm Beach Flagship Campus, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Drew Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aussieker T, Janssen TAH, Hermans WJH, Holwerda AM, Senden JM, van Kranenburg JMX, Goessens JPB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. Coingestion of Collagen With Whey Protein Prevents Postexercise Decline in Plasma Glycine Availability in Recreationally Active Men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:189-198. [PMID: 38604602 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Whey protein ingestion during recovery from exercise increases myofibrillar but not muscle connective protein synthesis rates. It has been speculated that whey protein does not provide sufficient glycine to maximize postexercise muscle connective protein synthesis rates. In the present study, we assessed the impact of coingesting different amounts of collagen with whey protein as a nutritional strategy to increase plasma glycine availability during recovery from exercise. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 14 recreationally active men (age: 26 ± 5 years; body mass index: 23.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) ingested in total 30 g protein, provided as whey protein with 0 g (WHEY), 5 g (WC05); 10 g (WC10), and 15 g (WC15) of collagen protein immediately after a single bout of resistance exercise. Blood samples were collected frequently over 6 hr of postexercise recovery to assess postprandial plasma amino acid kinetics and availability. Protein ingestion strongly increased plasma amino acid concentrations (p < .001) with no differences in plasma total amino acid availability between treatments (p > .05). The postprandial rise in plasma leucine and essential amino acid availability was greater in WHEY compared with the WC10 and WC15 treatments (p < .05). Plasma glycine and nonessential amino acid concentrations declined following whey protein ingestion but increased following collagen coingestion (p < .05). Postprandial plasma glycine availability averaged -8.9 ± 5.8, 9.2 ± 3.7, 23.1 ± 6.5, and 39.8 ± 11.0 mmol·360 min/L in WHEY, WC05, WC10, and WC15, respectively (incremental area under curve values, p < .05). Coingestion of a small amount of collagen (5 g) with whey protein (25 g) is sufficient to prevent the decline in plasma glycine availability during recovery from lower body resistance-type exercise in recreationally active men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Aussieker
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A H Janssen
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prosser S, Fava M, Rogers LM, Liaset B, Breen L. Postprandial plasma amino acid and appetite responses with ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide in healthy young adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1860-1872. [PMID: 38418422 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed postprandial plasma aminoacidemia, glycemia, insulinemia and appetite responses to ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide (Salmon PP) compared with milk protein isolate (Milk PI). In a randomised, participant-blind crossover design, eleven healthy adults (M = 5, F = 6; mean ± sd age: 22 ± 3 years; BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 0·3 g/kg/body mass of Salmon PP or Milk PI. Arterialised blood samples were collected whilst fasted and over a 240-min postprandial period. Appetite sensations were measured via visual analogue scales. An ad libitum buffet-style test meal was administered after each trial. The incremental AUC (iAUC) plasma essential amino acid (EAA) response was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The iAUC plasma leucine response was significantly greater following Milk PI ingestion (P < 0·001), whereas temporal and iAUC plasma total amino acid (P = 0·001), non-essential amino acid (P = 0·002), glycine (P = 0·0025) and hydroxyproline (P < 0·001) responses were greater following Salmon PP ingestion. Plasma insulin increased similarly above post-absorptive values following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, whilst plasma glucose was largely unaltered. Indices of appetite were similarly altered following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, and total energy and macronutrient intake during the ad libitum meal was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The postprandial plasma EAA, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline response to Salmon PP ingestion suggest this novel protein source could support muscle and possibly connective tissue adaptive remodelling, which warrants further investigation, particularly as the plasma leucine response to Salmon PP ingestion was inferior to Milk PI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Prosser
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Mia Fava
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy M Rogers
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lim C, Janssen TAH, Currier BS, Paramanantharajah N, McKendry J, Abou Sawan S, Phillips SM. Muscle Protein Synthesis in Response to Plant-Based Protein Isolates With and Without Added Leucine Versus Whey Protein in Young Men and Women. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:103769. [PMID: 38846451 PMCID: PMC11153912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plant-based protein supplements often contain lower amounts of leucine and other essential amino acids (EAAs), potentially making them less effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) than animal-based proteins. Combining plant proteins could improve the EAA profile and more effectively support MPS. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a novel plant-based blend protein (PBP), PBP with added leucine (PBP + Leu) to levels equivalent to whey protein isolate (WHEY) on aminoacidemia and MPS responses in young men and women. We hypothesized that PBP + Leu would stimulate MPS equivalent to WHEY, and both would be greater than PBP. Methods We employed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study consisting of 3 separate study visits to compare PBP, PBP + Leu, and WHEY. To measure MPS response to ingestion of the supplements, a primed continuous infusion of L-[ring13C6] phenylalanine was administered for 8 h at each study visit. Skeletal muscle tissue and blood samples were collected to measure aminoacidemia and MPS. Results All protein supplements increased mixed MPS above postabsorptive levels (P < 0.001). However, MPS increase following ingestion of PBP was less than that following ingestion of PBP + Leu (P = 0.002) and WHEY (P = 0.046). There were no differences in MPS between PBP + Leu and WHEY (P = 0.052). Conclusions Consumption of PBP isolate with added leucine stimulated MPS to a similar extent as whey protein in young men and women. PBPs containing higher leucine content promote anabolism to a similar extent as animal-based proteins.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05139160.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Volek JS, Kackley ML, Buga A. Nutritional Considerations During Major Weight Loss Therapy: Focus on Optimal Protein and a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Pattern. Curr Nutr Rep 2024:10.1007/s13668-024-00548-6. [PMID: 38814519 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Considering the high prevalence of obesity and related metabolic impairments in the population, the unique role nutrition has in weight loss, reversing metabolic disorders, and maintaining health cannot be overstated. Normal weight and well-being are compatible with varying dietary patterns, but for the last half century there has been a strong emphasis on low-fat, low-saturated fat, high-carbohydrate based approaches. Whereas low-fat dietary patterns can be effective for a subset of individuals, we now have a population where the vast majority of adults have excess adiposity and some degree of metabolic impairment. We are also entering a new era with greater access to bariatric surgery and approval of anti-obesity medications (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues) that produce substantial weight loss for many people, but there are concerns about disproportionate loss of lean mass and nutritional deficiencies. RECENT FINDINGS No matter the approach used to achieve major weight loss, careful attention to nutritional considerations is necessary. Here, we examine the recent findings regarding the importance of adequate protein to maintain lean mass, the rationale and evidence supporting low-carbohydrate and ketogenic dietary patterns, and the potential benefits of including exercise training in the context of major weight loss. While losing and sustaining weight loss has proven challenging, we are optimistic that application of emerging nutrition science, particularly personalized well-formulated low-carbohydrate dietary patterns that contain adequate protein (1.2 to 2.0 g per kilogram reference weight) and achieve the beneficial metabolic state of euketonemia (circulating ketones 0.5 to 5 mM), is a promising path for many individuals with excess adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff S Volek
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Madison L Kackley
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alex Buga
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, 305 Annie & John Glenn Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Peden DL, Derbyshire S, Funnell MP, McLeod CJ, Rumbold P, Hansell E, Clifford T, Mears SA, James LJ. Fluid and electrolyte balance following consumption of skimmed milk and a plant-based soya beverage at rest in euhydrated males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05516-0. [PMID: 38809478 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cow's milk is one of the most hydrating beverages, but many individuals choose not to consume dairy in their diet due to intolerance, allergy, or dietary preference. Milk is commonly replaced with plant-based beverages, including soya which has the most comparable protein content, but little is known about their hydration potential. This study compared fluid and electrolyte balance responses between a soya beverage and skimmed cow's milk. METHODS Ten healthy males [age 27 (6) y; body mass index 24.6 (2.3) kg/m2] completed two randomised counterbalanced trials, involving consuming 1000 mL water from approximately isocaloric amounts of skimmed cow's milk (MILK) or a sweetened soya beverage (SOYA), in four aliquots over 30 min in a euhydrated fasted state. Volume, specific gravity, and electrolyte (sodium, potassium, chloride) concentrations were determined in total-void urine samples collected pre-/post-beverage ingestion, and hourly for 180 min thereafter. Hunger, thirst, nausea and stomach fullness were rated proximal to urine samples. RESULTS Total urine mass (MILK, 986 ± 254 g; SOYA, 950 ± 248 g; P = 0.435) and urine specific gravity (P = 0.156) did not differ between trials. Potassium balance was greater in SOYA 0-180 min post-beverage (P ≤ 0.013), whilst chloride balance was greater in MILK 0-120 min post-beverage (P ≤ 0.036). Sodium balance (P = 0.258), total electrolyte balance (P = 0.258), and subjective measures (P ≥ 0.139) were not different between trials. CONCLUSION Replacing cow's milk with a soya beverage did not negatively impact fluid balance in healthy young males, making it a viable option for those who choose not to consume dairy in their diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Peden
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Seamus Derbyshire
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark P Funnell
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East Midlands, Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chris J McLeod
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Penny Rumbold
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Hansell
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen A Mears
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He W, Connolly ED, Cross HR, Wu G. Dietary protein and amino acid intakes for mitigating sarcopenia in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38803274 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2348549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Adult humans generally experience a 0.5-1%/year loss in whole-body skeletal muscle mass and a reduction of muscle strength by 1.5-5%/year beginning at the age of 50 years. This results in sarcopenia (aging-related progressive losses of skeletal muscle mass and strength) that affects 10-16% of adults aged ≥ 60 years worldwide. Concentrations of some amino acids (AAs) such as branched-chain AAs, arginine, glutamine, glycine, and serine are reduced in the plasma of older than young adults likely due to insufficient protein intake, reduced protein digestibility, and increased AA catabolism by the portal-drained viscera. Acute, short-term, or long-term administration of some of these AAs or a mixture of proteinogenic AAs can enhance blood flow to skeletal muscle, activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell signaling pathway for the initiation of muscle protein synthesis, and modulate the metabolic activity of the muscle. In addition, some AA metabolites such as taurine, β-alanine, carnosine, and creatine have similar physiological effects on improving muscle mass and function in older adults. Long-term adequate intakes of protein and the AA metabolites can aid in mitigating sarcopenia in elderly adults. Appropriate combinations of animal- and plant-sourced foods are most desirable to maintain proper dietary AA balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin D Connolly
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - H Russell Cross
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJ, Mandalari G, Booth C, Wilde PJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. High-Moisture Extrusion of a Dietary Protein Blend Impairs In Vitro Digestion and Delays In Vivo Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Availability in Humans. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00295-5. [PMID: 38797481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial processing can alter the structural complexity of dietary proteins and, potentially, their digestion and absorption upon ingestion. High-moisture extrusion (HME), a common processing method used to produce meat alternative products, affects in vitro digestion, but human data are lacking. We hypothesized that HME of a mycoprotein/pea protein blend would impair in vitro digestion and in vivo postprandial plasma amino acid availability. METHODS In Study A, 9 healthy volunteers completed 2 experimental trials in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Participants consumed a beverage containing 25 g protein from a "dry" blend (CON) of mycoprotein/pea protein (39%/61%) or an HME content-matched blend (EXT). Arterialized venous blood samples were collected in the postabsorptive state and regularly over a 5-h postprandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations. In Study B, in vitro digestibility of the 2 beverages were assessed using bicinchoninic acid assay and optical fluorescence microscopy at baseline and during and following gastric and intestinal digestion using the INFOGEST model of digestion. RESULTS Protein ingestion increased plasma total, essential (EAA), and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations (time effect, P < 0.0001) but more rapidly and to a greater magnitude in the CON compared with the EXT condition (condition × time interaction, P < 0.0001). This resulted in greater plasma availability of EAA and BCAA concentrations during the early postprandial period (0-150 min). These data were corroborated by the in vitro approach, which showed greater protein availability in the CON (2150 ± 129 mg/mL) compared with the EXT (590 ± 41 mg/mL) condition during the gastric phase. Fluorescence microscopy revealed clear structural differences between the 2 conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that HME delays in vivo plasma amino acid availability following ingestion of a mycoprotein/pea protein blend. This is likely due to impaired gastric phase digestion as a result of HME-induced aggregate formation in the pea protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05584358.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | | | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Catherine Booth
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Therdyothin A, Prokopidis K, Galli F, Witard OC, Isanejad M. The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on muscle and whole-body protein synthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae055. [PMID: 38777807 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Sarcopenia describes the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength that is driven, at least in part, by an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown. An expanding body of literature has examined the effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) ingestion on MPS rates in older adults, with mixed findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA ingestion in stimulating rates of MPS and whole-body protein synthesis in healthy adults and clinical populations. DATA SOURCES Searches were conducted of the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception until December 2022 for articles on randomized controlled trials comparing the effect of n-3 PUFA ingestion vs a control or placebo on rates of MPS and whole-body protein synthesis. The search yielded 302 studies, of which 8 were eligible for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION The random effects inverse-variance model was used and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95%CIs were calculated to assess the pooled effect. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2 tool. DATA ANALYSIS The main analysis indicated no effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on MPS rates (k = 6; SMD: 0.03; 95%CI, -0.35 to 0.40; I2 = 30%; P = .89). Subgroup analysis based on age, n-3 PUFA dose, duration of supplementation, and method used to measure fractional synthetic rate also revealed no effect of n-3 PUFA ingestion on MPS. In contrast, the main analysis demonstrated an effect of n-3 PUFA ingestion on increasing whole-body protein synthesis rates (k = 3; SMD: 0.51; 95%CI, 0.12-0.90; I2 = 0%; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS n-3 PUFA ingestion augments the stimulation of whole-body protein synthesis rates in healthy adults and clinical populations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. 42022366986.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiporn Therdyothin
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthopedics, Police General Hospital, Bangkok, Pathum Wan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Piazza dell'Università, 1, Perugia PG, 06123, Italy
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre of Human & Applied Physiological Research, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Masoud Isanejad
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McKendry J, Lowisz CV, Nanthakumar A, MacDonald M, Lim C, Currier BS, Phillips SM. The effects of whey, pea, and collagen protein supplementation beyond the recommended dietary allowance on integrated myofibrillar protein synthetic rates in older males: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00472-6. [PMID: 38762187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle mass is determined predominantly by feeding-induced and activity-induced fluctuations in muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Older individuals display a diminished MPS response to protein ingestion, referred to as age-related anabolic resistance, which contributes to the progression of age-related muscle loss known as sarcopenia. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the impact of consuming higher-quality compared with lower-quality protein supplements above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) on integrated MPS rates. We hypothesized that increasing total protein intake above the RDA, regardless of the source, would support higher integrated rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis. METHODS Thirty-one healthy older males (72 ± 4 y) consumed a controlled diet with protein intake set at the RDA: control phase (days 1-7). In a double-blind, randomized controlled fashion, participants were assigned to consume an additional 50 g (2 × 25g) of whey (n = 10), pea (n = 11), or collagen (n = 10) protein each day (25 g at breakfast and lunch) during the supplemental phase (days 8-15). Deuterated water ingestion and muscle biopsies assessed integrated MPS and acute anabolic signaling. Postprandial blood samples were collected to determine feeding-induced aminoacidemia. RESULTS Integrated MPS was increased during supplemental with whey (1.59 ± 0.11 %/d; P < 0.001) and pea (1.59 ± 0.14 %/d; P < 0.001) when compared with RDA (1.46 ± 0.09 %/d for the whey group; 1.46 ± 0.10 %/d for the pea group); however, it remained unchanged with collagen. Supplemental protein was sufficient to overcome anabolic signaling deficits (mTORC1 and rpS6), corroborating the greater postprandial aminoacidemia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that supplemental protein provided at breakfast and lunch over the current RDA enhanced anabolic signaling and integrated MPS in older males; however, the source of additional protein may be an important consideration in overcoming age-related anabolic resistance. This trial was registered clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04026607.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline V Lowisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arraksana Nanthakumar
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meaghan MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of a variety of non-animal-derived dietary protein sources results in diverse postprandial plasma amino acid responses which differ between young and older adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1540-1553. [PMID: 38220222 PMCID: PMC11043913 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Whole-body tissue protein turnover is regulated, in part, by the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations, although minimal data exist on the amino acid response following non-animal-derived protein consumption. We hypothesised that the ingestion of novel plant- and algae-derived dietary protein sources would elicit divergent plasma amino acid responses when compared with vegan- and animal-derived control proteins. Twelve healthy young (male (m)/female (f): 6/6; age: 22 ± 1 years) and 10 healthy older (m/f: 5/5; age: 69 ± 2 years) adults participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. During each visit, volunteers consumed 30 g of protein from milk, mycoprotein, pea, lupin, spirulina or chlorella. Repeated arterialised venous blood samples were collected at baseline and over a 5-h postprandial period to assess circulating amino acid, glucose and insulin concentrations. Protein ingestion increased plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (P < 0·001), to differing degrees between sources (P < 0·001), and the increase was further modulated by age (P < 0·001). Postprandial maximal plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations were highest for pea (2828 ± 106 and 1480 ± 51 µmol·l-1) and spirulina (2809 ± 99 and 1455 ± 49 µmol·l-1) and lowest for chlorella (2053 ± 83 and 983 ± 35 µmol·l-1) (P < 0·001), but were not affected by age (P > 0·05). Postprandial total and essential amino acid availabilities were highest for pea, spirulina and mycoprotein and lowest for chlorella (all P < 0·05), but no effect of age was observed (P > 0·05). The ingestion of a variety of novel non-animal-derived dietary protein sources elicits divergent plasma amino acid responses, which are further modulated by age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00458-1. [PMID: 38705358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paulussen KJM, Askow AT, Deutz MT, McKenna CF, Garvey SM, Guice JL, Kesler RM, Barnes TM, Tinker KM, Paluska SA, Ulanov AV, Bauer LL, Dilger RN, Burd NA. Acute Microbial Protease Supplementation Increases Net Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations After Pea Protein Ingestion in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:1549-1560. [PMID: 38467279 PMCID: PMC11130700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestibility is a primary factor in determining the quality of dietary protein. Microbial protease supplementation may be a strategy for improving protein digestion and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of co-ingesting a microbial protease mixture with pea protein on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations. DESIGN A mixture of 3 microbial protease preparations (P3) was tested for proteolytic efficacy in an in vitro static simulation of gastrointestinal digestion. Subsequently, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 24 healthy adults (27 ± 4 y; 12 females, 12 males) ingested 25 g pea protein isolate (20 g protein, 2.2 g fat) with either P3 or maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Blood samples were collected at baseline and throughout a 0‒5 h postprandial period and both the early (0-2 h) iAUC and total (0-5 h) iAUC were examined. RESULTS Plasma glucose concentrations decreased in both conditions (P < 0.001), with higher concentrations after P3 ingestion compared with PLA (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations increased for both conditions (P < 0.001) with no difference between conditions (P = 0.331). Plasma total amino acid (TAA) concentrations increased over time (P < 0.001) with higher concentrations observed for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.010) during the 0‒5 h period. There was a trend for elevated essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.099) during the 0‒5 h postprandial period but not for leucine (P = 0.282) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, P = 0.410). The early net exposure (0‒2 h iAUC) to amino acids (leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA) was higher for P3 compared with PLA (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Microbial protease co-ingestion increases plasma TAA concentrations (0-5 h) and leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA availability in the early postprandial period (0‒2 h) compared with ingesting pea protein with placebo in healthy adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Max T Deutz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean M Garvey
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Justin L Guice
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Richard M Kesler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kelly M Tinker
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, States
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Carroll CC, Campbell NW, Lewis RL, Preston SE, Garrett CM, Winstone HM, Barker AC, Vanos JM, Stouder LS, Reyes C, Fortino MA, Goergen CJ, Hass ZJ, Campbell WW. Greater Protein Intake Emphasizing Lean Beef Does Not Affect Resistance Training-Induced Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle and Tendon of Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00169-X. [PMID: 38604504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although experimental research supports that resistance training (RT), especially with greater dietary protein intake, improves muscle mass and strength in older adults, comparable research on tendons is needed. OBJECTIVES We assessed the effects of a protein-rich diet emphasizing lean beef, compared with 2 control diets, on RT-induced changes in skeletal muscle and tendon size and strength in older women. METHODS We randomly assigned women [age: 66 ± 1 y, body mass index (BMI): 28 ± 1] to groups that consumed 1) 0.8 g total protein/kg body weight/day from mixed food sources (normal protein control, n = 16); 2) 1.4 g/kg/d protein from mixed food sources (high protein control, n = 17); or 3) 1.4 g/kg/d protein emphasizing unprocessed lean beef (high protein experimental group, n = 16). Participants were provided with all foods and performed RT 3 times/wk, 70% of 1-repetition maximum for 12 wk. We measured quadriceps muscle volume via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We estimated patellar tendon biomechanical properties and cross-sectional area (CSA) using ultrasound and MRI. RESULTS Dietary intake did not influence RT-induced increases in quadriceps strength (P < 0.0001) or muscle volume (P < 0.05). We noted a trend for an RT effect on mean tendon CSA (P = 0.07), with no differences among diets (P > 0.05). Proximal tendon CSA increased with RT (P < 0.05) with no difference between dietary groups (P > 0.05). Among all participants, midtendon CSA increased with RT (P ≤ 0.05). We found a decrease in distal CSA in the 0.8 g group (P < 0.05) but no change in the 1.4 g group (P > 0.05). Patellar tendon MRI signal or biomechanical properties were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that greater daily protein intake, emphasizing beef, did not influence RT-induced changes in quadriceps muscle strength or muscle volume of older women. Although we noted trends in tendon CSA, we did not find a statistically significant impact of greater daily protein intake from beef on tendon outcomes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04347447.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Nathan Wc Campbell
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rebecca L Lewis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sarah E Preston
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chloe M Garrett
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hannah M Winstone
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Anna C Barker
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Johnny M Vanos
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lucas S Stouder
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Camila Reyes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Matthew A Fortino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zachary J Hass
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pinckaers PJM, Smeets JSJ, Kouw IWK, Goessens JPB, Gijsen APB, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Snijders T. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of pea-derived protein do not differ from ingesting an equivalent amount of milk-derived protein in healthy, young males. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:893-904. [PMID: 38228945 PMCID: PMC10948472 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plant-derived proteins have received considerable attention as an alternative to animal-derived proteins. However, plant-derived proteins are considered to have less anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The lower muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of plant- compared with animal-derived protein have been attributed to the lower essential amino acid content of plant-derived proteins and/or their specific amino acid deficiencies. This study aimed to compare post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g pea-derived protein with 30 g milk-derived protein in healthy, young males. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, 24 young males (24 ± 3 y) received a primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusion after which they ingested 30 g pea (PEA) or 30 g milk-derived protein (MILK). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected frequently for 5 h to assess post-prandial plasma amino acid profiles and subsequent post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. RESULTS MILK increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PEA over the 5 h post-prandial period (incremental area under curve 151 ± 31 vs 102 ± 15 mmol∙300 min∙L-1, respectively; P < 0.001). Ingestion of both MILK and PEA showed a robust muscle protein synthetic response with no significant differences between treatments (0.053 ± 0.013 and 0.053 ± 0.017%∙h-1, respectively; P = 0.96). CONCLUSION Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g pea-derived protein do not differ from the response following ingestion of an equivalent amount of milk-derived protein. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (NTR6548; 27-06-2017).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P B Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li ML, Zhang F, Luo HY, Quan ZW, Wang YF, Huang LT, Wang JH. Improving sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of whey protein supplementation with or without resistance training. J Nutr Health Aging 2024; 28:100184. [PMID: 38350303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to comprehensively analyze the effects of whey protein (WP)-enriched supplement intake with or without resistance training (RT) in older patients, either from the community or hospital, who were diagnosed with sarcopenia according to the EWGSOP or AWGS criteria. METHODS This meta-analysis study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023407885). We searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for RCTs up to June 1, 2023. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the pooled results. RESULTS Ten RCT studies, including 1154 participants, were included and analyzed. The primary outcomes were the changes in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. In WP group versus (vs.) Isocaloric placebo (PLA)/Routine consultation (RC) group, WP significantly increased the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMD: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.71), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (SMD: 0.28, 95%CI: 0.11, 0.45) and gait speed (SMD: 1.13, 95%CI: 0.82, 1.44) in older patients with sarcopenia. In WP with RT group vs. PLA/ RC group, there was significant increase in handgrip strength (SMD: 0.67, 95%CI: 0.29, 1.04). In addition, in the secondary outcomes, WP significantly reduced interleukin-6, significantly increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and albumin, promoted participants' intake of total energy and protein, enhanced activities of daily living scores in patients, and had no significant effect on BMI, weight, or fat mass. CONCLUSION This review confirms that WP can improve various aspects of older adult with sarcopenia, thereby enhancing their overall physical condition. More studies should be conducted to validate this result and further explore the effects of WP and RT in patients with sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han-Yong Luo
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zi-Wei Quan
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Takegaki J, Sase K, Kono Y, Fujita T, Konishi S, Fujita S. Intramuscular injection of mesenchymal stem cells augments basal muscle protein synthesis after bouts of resistance exercise in male mice. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15991. [PMID: 38605421 PMCID: PMC11009371 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is critical for activities of daily living. Resistance training maintains or increases muscle mass, and various strategies maximize the training adaptation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with differential potency in skeletal muscle cells and the capacity to secrete growth factors. However, little is known regarding the effect of intramuscular injection of MSCs on basal muscle protein synthesis and catabolic systems after resistance training. Here, we measured changes in basal muscle protein synthesis, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy-lysosome system-related factors after bouts of resistance exercise by intramuscular injection of MSCs. Mice performed three bouts of resistance exercise (each consisting of 50 maximal isometric contractions elicited by electrical stimulation) on the right gastrocnemius muscle every 48 h, and immediately after the first bout, mice were intramuscularly injected with either MSCs (2.0 × 106 cells) labeled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) or vehicle only placebo. Seventy-two hours after the third exercise bout, GFP was detected only in the muscle injected with MSCs with concomitant elevation of muscle protein synthesis. The injection of MSCs also increased protein ubiquitination. These results suggest that the intramuscular injection of MSCs augmented muscle protein turnover at the basal state after consecutive resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Takegaki
- Research Organization of Science and TechnologyRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceKobe UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Kohei Sase
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Yusuke Kono
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesKobe Pharmaceutical UniversityKobeHyogoJapan
| | - Takuya Fujita
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nobari Moghaddam H, Tamiji Z, Amini M, Khoshayand MR, Kobarfrad F, Sadeghi N, Hajimahmoodi M. Development of non-destructive methods for the assessment of authenticity of sports whey protein supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:339-351. [PMID: 38319919 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2311218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In the category of sports supplements, whey protein powder is one of the popular supplements for muscle building applications. Therefore, verification of the sport supplements as authentic products has become a universal concern. This work aimed to propose vibrational spectroscopy including near infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) as rapid and non-destructive testing tools for the detection and quantification of maltodextrin, milk powder and milk whey powder in whey protein supplements. Initially, principal component analysis was applied to data for pattern recognition and the results displayed a fine pattern of discrimination. Partial least square discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) and K-nearest neighbours (KNN) were exploited as supervised method modelling classification. This process was done in order to respond to two vital questions whether the sample is adulterated or not and what is the kind of adulteration. PLS-DA showed better classification results rather than KNN according to the figure of merits of the model. Partial least square regression (PLSR) was employed on pre-treated spectra to quantify the amount of adulteration in sport whey supplements. Eventually, it seems vibrational spectroscopy could be implemented as a simple, and low-cost analysis method for the detection and quantification of mentioned adulterants in whey protein supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Nobari Moghaddam
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Tamiji
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemometrics, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemometrics, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfrad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naficeh Sadeghi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liao CD, Huang SW, Chen HC, Huang MH, Liou TH, Lin CL. Comparative Efficacy of Different Protein Supplements on Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Indices of Sarcopenia among Community-Dwelling, Hospitalized or Institutionalized Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:941. [PMID: 38612975 PMCID: PMC11013298 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging-related sarcopenia exerts harmful impacts on muscle mass, strength, and physical mobility. Protein supplementation has been demonstrated to augment efficacy of resistance training (RT) in elderly. This study compared the relative effects of different protein supplements on muscle mass, strength, and mobility outcomes in middle-aged and older individuals undergoing RT. A comprehensive search of online databases was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the efficacy of protein supplement plus RT in untrained community-dwelling adults, hospitalized, or institutionalized residents who suffered acute or chronic health conditions. Network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed using a frequentist method for all analyses. Treatment effects for main outcomes were expressed as standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). We used the surface-under-the cumulative-ranking (SUCRA) scores to rank probabilities of effect estimation among all identified treatments. Meta-regression analyses were performed to identify any relevant moderator of the treatment efficacy and results were expressed as β with 95% credible interval (CrI). We finally included 78 RCTs (5272 participants) for analyses. Among the six protein sources identified in this NMA, namely whey, milk, casein, meat, soy, and peanut, whey supplement yielded the most effective treatments augmenting efficacy of RT on muscle mass (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.62; SUCRA = 0.86), handgrip strength (SMD = 1.46, 95% CI: 0.92, 2.00; SUCRA = 0.85), and walking speed (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.07; SUCRA = 0.84). Participant's health condition, sex, and supplementation dose were significant factors moderating the treatment efficacy on muscle mass (β = 0.74; 95% CrI: 0.22, 1.25), handgrip strength (β = -1.72; 95% CrI: -2.68, -0.77), and leg strength (β = 0.76; 95% CrI: 0.06, 1.47), respectively. Our findings suggest whey protein yields the optimal supplements to counter sarcopenia in older individuals undergoing RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-De Liao
- International Ph.D. Program in Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chou Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98015, USA;
| | - Tsan-Hon Liou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235041, Taiwan; (S.-W.H.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 110301, Taiwan
| | - Che-Li Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Montoya CA, van Bemmel M, Kreutz K, Hodgkinson SM, Stroebinger N, Moughan PJ. The kinetics of amino acid disappearance in the small intestine is related to the extent of amino acids absorbed in growing pigs. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:762-772. [PMID: 37881009 PMCID: PMC10864992 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the importance of a correction for amino acids (AA) released into the hindgut on a measure of AA absorption kinetics and tested whether AA absorption kinetics are related to the extent of AA absorption using the growing pig as a model for humans. Thirty-six nine-week-old pigs (22·3 kg) received a diet containing whey protein as the sole protein source for 8 d. Pigs received their last meal containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide before being euthanised at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h post-feeding. The entire content of each gastrointestinal tract (GIT) region was collected to determine AA released into the hindgut, and the kinetics and extent of AA absorption (uncorrected and corrected for AA entering the hindgut). Amounts of AA released into the hindgut increased over time (e.g. 33 and 180 mg of Glu for 4 and 6 h post-feeding). The corrected apparent amount of each AA absorbed from the GIT lumen after 4 h post-feeding was generally lower (P ≤ 0·05) than the uncorrected counterpart. Differences in both the kinetics and extent of AA absorption were observed across AA. For example, the time to reach half of the apparent AA absorption (T50) was 1·5 and 3·4 h for Met and Arg, respectively, whereas their extent of apparent absorption was 93 and 73 %. Negative correlations between parameters related to kinetics and the extent of apparent absorption were observed (e.g. for T50 r = -0·81; P < 0·001). The kinetics of AA absorption is related to the extent of AA absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Montoya
- Smart Foods & Bioproducts, AgResearch, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Michael van Bemmel
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Kreutz
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Suzanne M. Hodgkinson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Natascha Stroebinger
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Paul J. Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Te Ohu Rangahau Kai Facility, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
George A, Holderread BM, Lambert BS, Harris JD, McCulloch PC. Post-operative protein supplementation following orthopaedic surgery: A systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:16-24. [PMID: 38463662 PMCID: PMC10918348 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Decreased mechanical loading after orthopaedic surgery predisposes patients to develop muscle atrophy. The purpose of this review was to assess whether the evidence supports oral protein supplementation can help decrease postoperative muscle atrophy and/or improve patient outcomes following orthopaedic surgery. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trials that assessed protein or amino acid supplementation in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Two investigators independently conducted the search using relevant Boolean operations. Primary outcomes included functional or physiologic measures of muscle atrophy or strength. Fourteen studies including 611 patients (224 males, 387 females) were analyzed. Three studies evaluated protein supplementation after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), 3 after total hip arthroplasty (THA), 5 after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and 3 after surgical treatment of hip fracture. Protein supplementation showed beneficial effects across all types of surgery. The primary benefit was a decrease in muscle atrophy compared to placebo as measured by muscle cross sectional area. Multiple authors also demonstrated improved functional measures and quicker achievement of rehabilitation benchmarks. Protein supplementation has beneficial effects on mitigating muscle atrophy in the postoperative period following ACLR, THA, TKA, and surgical treatment of hip fracture. These effects often correlate with improved functional measures and quicker achievement of rehabilitation benchmarks. Further research is needed to evaluate long-term effects of protein supplementation and to establish standardized population-specific regimens that maximize treatment efficacy in the postoperative period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew George
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 6445 Main Street Suite 2300, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Brendan M. Holderread
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 6445 Main Street Suite 2300, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bradley S. Lambert
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 6445 Main Street Suite 2300, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Orthopedic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua D. Harris
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 6445 Main Street Suite 2300, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Patrick C. McCulloch
- Houston Methodist Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 6445 Main Street Suite 2300, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Houston Methodist Orthopedic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pinckaers PJM, Weijzen MEG, Houben LHP, Zorenc AH, Kouw IWK, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJC. The muscle protein synthetic response following corn protein ingestion does not differ from milk protein in healthy, young adults. Amino Acids 2024; 56:8. [PMID: 38315260 PMCID: PMC10844360 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived proteins are generally believed to possess lesser anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. This is, at least partly, attributed to the lower leucine content of most plant-derived proteins. Corn protein has a leucine content that is highest among most plant-derived proteins and it even exceeds the levels observed in animal-derived proteins such as whey protein. Therefore, this study aimed to compare muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g corn protein and a 30 g blend of corn plus milk protein with 30 g milk protein. In a randomized, double blind, parallel-group design, 36 healthy young males (26 ± 4 y) received primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions and ingested 30 g corn protein (CORN), 30 g milk protein (MILK), or a 30 g proteinblend with 15 g corn plus 15 g milk protein (CORN + MILK). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected for 5 h following protein ingestion to assess post-prandial plasma amino acid profiles and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. The results show that Ingestion of protein increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates from basal post-absorptive values in all treatments(P < 0.001). Post-prandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between CORN vs MILK (0.053 ± 0.013 vs 0.053 ± 0.013%∙h-1, respectively; t-test P = 0.90), or between CORN + MILK vs MILK (0.052 ± 0.024 vs 0.053 ± 0.013%∙h-1, respectively; t-test P = 0.92). Ingestion of 30 g corn protein, 30 g milk protein, or a blend of 15 g corn plus 15 g milk protein robustly increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young males. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of 30 g corn-derived protein does not differ from the ingestion of an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy, young males. Clinical Trial Registry number. NTR6548 (registration date: 27-06-2017) https://www.trialregister.nl/ .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J M Pinckaers
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E G Weijzen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne H P Houben
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- TiFN, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Molina-López J, Pérez AB, Gamarra-Morales Y, Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Planells E. Prevalence of sports supplements consumption and its association with food choices among female elite football players. Nutrition 2024; 118:112239. [PMID: 38071936 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to 1) investigate the consumption of Sports Supplements (SSs) among female elite football players, 2) evaluate the influence of age on SS consumption, and 3) determine the relationship between the consumption of SSs and dietary choices among elite football players. METHODS A total of 126 female football players of Primera Iberdrola and Reto Iberdrola who participated in this descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study completed a self-administered questionnaire on SSs and the Athletes' Food Choices Questionnaire. RESULTS Overall, 84.1% of participants consumed supplements, mainly for improved sports performance (68.3%) and health (34.1%). The main sources of purchase were the Internet (34.9%) and specialized shops (23.8%), and players were commonly advised by a dietitian-nutritionist to use SSs (56.3%). The SSs most often consumed included whey protein (30.2%), sports drinks (28.6%), creatine monohydrate (28.6%), sports bars (27.8%), and caffeine (27.8%). Older players consumed more supplements at the time of data compilation. Players predominantly acquired these supplements by using the Internet and reported benefits from their use (all P ≤ 0.036). Additionally, players who consumed SSs conveyed more concern about their food choices. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of female football players consumed SSs, particularly SSs supported by robust scientific evidence. Older players had higher supplement consumption rates. The use of SSs was related to food choices through nutritional characteristics of foods, knowledge about health and nutrition, weight control with the help of food, and the performance benefits players could acquire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Andrea Baena Pérez
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Virag D, Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Salkovic-Petrisic M. D-galactose might mediate some of the skeletal muscle hypertrophy-promoting effects of milk-A nutrient to consider for sarcopenia? Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300061. [PMID: 38058119 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a process of progressive aging-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) recognized as a serious global health issue contributing to frailty and increased all-cause mortality. Exercise and nutritional interventions (particularly intake of dairy products and milk) demonstrate good efficacy, safety, and broad applicability. Here, we propose that at least some of the well-documented favorable effects of milk and milk-derived protein supplements on SMM might be mediated by D-galactose, a monosaccharide present in large quantities in milk in the form of disaccharide lactose (milk sugar). We suggest that ingestion of dairy products results in exposure to D-galactose in concentrations metabolized primarily via the Leloir pathway with the potential to (i) promote anabolic signaling via maintenance of growth factor (e.g., insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]) receptor mature glycosylation patterns; and (ii) provide extracellular (liver glycogen) and intracellular substrates for short (muscle glycolysis) and long-term (muscle glycogen, intramyocellular lipids) energy availability. Additionally, D-galactose might optimize the metabolic function of skeletal muscles by increasing mitochondrial content and stimulating glucose and fatty acid utilization. The proposed potential of D-galactose to promote the accretion of SMM is discussed in the context of its therapeutic potential in sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Virag
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ballesteros-Torres JM, Escalante-Aburto A, Villarreal-Arce ME, Caballero-Prado CJ. Exploring the Impact of Protein Supplement Source on Body Composition in Women Practicing Anaerobic Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:321. [PMID: 38276559 PMCID: PMC10820452 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Supplements based on protein hydrolysates have been used as an effective source to access amino acids with greater bioavailability, promoting absorption to improve body composition. Five groups of young women were randomly selected. They followed a personalized eating plan that included different protein supplements (meat, vegan, branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs], whey, and control group), combined with an exercise plan, for eight weeks, aiming to assess their consumption effects combined with resistance exercise on body composition. Bioelectrical impedance before and after the treatment was conducted. The results showed that the supplementation with BCAAs presented a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the BMI in this group (initial BMI = 19.7 kg/m2; final BMI = 19.4 kg/m2). When comparing the final measures among the groups, the BCAAs and vegan supplements caused a significant decrease in body weight (50.24 kg and 51.34 kg, respectively). The BMI of the group supplemented with meat proteins was statistically higher (22.06 kg/m2) than that the group supplemented with BCAAs (19.4 kg/m2) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the type of protein consumed to produce muscle mass in the participants after eight weeks of study under a controlled diet and anaerobic resistance exercise. Participants exhibited energy deficiencies, but their macronutrient distribution appeared normal. Following an 8-week intervention, meat and BCAAs reduced weight and BMI, although no statistical differences were observed. It is recommended to extend the treatment for a more comprehensive understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ballesteros-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas (FCB), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Ave. Universidad s/n, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66450, Mexico;
| | - Anayansi Escalante-Aburto
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
| | - María Elena Villarreal-Arce
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
| | - Cindy Joanna Caballero-Prado
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Monterrey (UDEM), Escuela de Ciencias Aliadas a la Salud, Ave. Ignacio Morones Prieto, 4500 Pte., San Pedro Garza García 66238, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Amawi A, AlKasasbeh W, Jaradat M, Almasri A, Alobaidi S, Hammad AA, Bishtawi T, Fataftah B, Turk N, Saoud HA, Jarrar A, Ghazzawi H. Athletes' nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1331854. [PMID: 38328685 PMCID: PMC10848936 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition serves as the cornerstone of an athlete's life, exerting a profound impact on their performance and overall well-being. To unlock their full potential, athletes must adhere to a well-balanced diet tailored to their specific nutritional needs. This approach not only enables them to achieve optimal performance levels but also facilitates efficient recovery and reduces the risk of injuries. In addition to maintaining a balanced diet, many athletes also embrace the use of nutritional supplements to complement their dietary intake and support their training goals. These supplements cover a wide range of options, addressing nutrient deficiencies, enhancing recovery, promoting muscle synthesis, boosting energy levels, and optimizing performance in their respective sports or activities. The primary objective of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the diverse nutritional requirements that athletes face to optimize their performance, recovery, and overall well-being. Through a thorough literature search across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, we aim to provide evidence-based recommendations and shed light on the optimal daily intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fats, micronutrients, hydration strategies, ergogenic aids, nutritional supplements, and nutrient timing. Furthermore, our aim is to dispel common misconceptions regarding sports nutrition, providing athletes with accurate information and empowering them in their nutritional choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Amawi
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Walaa AlKasasbeh
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manar Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amani Almasri
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sondos Alobaidi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aya Abu Hammad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Taqwa Bishtawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Batoul Fataftah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nataly Turk
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Al Saoud
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amjad Jarrar
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Oxford Brookes Center for Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hadeel Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saeed F, Afzaal M, Khalid A, Shah YA, Ateeq H, Islam F, Akram N, Ejaz A, Nayik GA, Shah MA. Role of mycoprotein as a non-meat protein in food security and sustainability: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2178456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Armghan Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Islam
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Akram
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afaf Ejaz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government Degree College Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Department of Economics, Kebri Dehar University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tamura K, Kitazawa H, Sugita S, Hashizume K, Iwashita M, Ishigami T, Minegishi Y, Shimotoyodome A, Ota N. Tyrosine Is a Booster of Leucine-Induced Muscle Anabolic Response. Nutrients 2023; 16:84. [PMID: 38201913 PMCID: PMC10780460 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Leucine (Leu), an essential amino acid, is known to stimulate protein synthesis in the skeletal muscle via mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. However, the intrinsic contribution of other amino acids to Leu-mediated activation of mTORC1 signaling remains unexplored. This study aimed to identify amino acids that can promote mTORC1 activity in combination with Leu and to assess the effectiveness of these combinations in vitro and in vivo. We found that tyrosine (Tyr) enhanced Leu-induced phosphorylation of S6 kinase (S6K), an indicator of mTORC1 activity, although it exerted no such effect individually. This booster effect was observed in C2C12 cells, isolated murine muscle, and the skeletal muscles of mice orally administered the amino acids. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this Tyr-mediated booster effect, the expression of the intracellular Leu sensors, Sestrin1 and 2, was suppressed, and the cells were treated with Leu and Tyr. This suppression enabled Tyr alone to induce S6K phosphorylation and enhanced the booster effect, suggesting that Tyr possibly contributes to mTORC1 activation when Sestrin-GAP activity toward Rags 2 (GATOR2) is dissociated through Sestrin knockdown or the binding of Sestrins to Leu. Collectively, these results indicate that Tyr is a key regulator of Leu-mediated protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Tamura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Hidefumi Kitazawa
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Kohjiro Hashizume
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Masazumi Iwashita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Takaaki Ishigami
- Processing Development Research, Kao Corporation, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Minegishi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan; (K.T.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Narasaki Y, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM, Brunori G, Zarantonello D. Vegetarian Nutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2023; 16:66. [PMID: 38201898 PMCID: PMC10780746 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is rising interest globally with respect to the health implications of vegetarian or plant-based diets. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that higher consumption of plant-based foods and the nutrients found in vegetarian and plant-based diets are associated with numerous health benefits, including improved blood pressure, glycemic control, lipid levels, body mass index, and acid-base parameters. Furthermore, there has been increasing recognition that vegetarian and plant-based diets may have potential salutary benefits in preventing the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While increasing evidence shows that vegetarian and plant-based diets have nephroprotective effects, there remains some degree of uncertainty about their nutritional adequacy and safety in CKD (with respect to protein-energy wasting, hyperkalemia, etc.). In this review, we focus on the potential roles of and existing data on the efficacy/effectiveness and safety of various vegetarian and plant-based diets in CKD, as well as their practical application in CKD management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Narasaki
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Connie M. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Nephrology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Giuliano Brunori
- Department of Nephrology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS, 31822 Trento, Italy
- CISMed, University of Trento, 38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Diana Zarantonello
- Department of Nephrology, Santa Chiara Hospital, APSS, 31822 Trento, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Måge I, Wubshet SG, Wold JP, Solberg LE, Böcker U, Dankel K, Lintvedt TA, Kafle B, Cattaldo M, Matić J, Sorokina L, Afseth NK. The role of biospectroscopy and chemometrics as enabling technologies for upcycling of raw materials from the food industry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1284:342005. [PMID: 37996160 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
It is important to utilize the entire animal in meat and fish production to ensure sustainability. Rest raw materials, such as bones, heads, trimmings, and skin, contain essential nutrients that can be transformed into high-value products. Enzymatic protein hydrolysis (EPH) is a bioprocess that can upcycle these materials to create valuable proteins and fats. This paper focuses on the role of spectroscopy and chemometrics in characterizing the quality of the resulting protein product and understanding how raw material quality and processing affect it. The article presents recent developments in chemical characterisation and process modelling, with a focus on rest raw materials from poultry and salmon production. Even if some of the technology is relatively mature and implemented in many laboratories and industries, there are still open challenges and research questions. The main challenges are related to the transition of technology and insights from laboratory to industrial scale, and the link between peptide composition and critical product quality attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Måge
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Sileshi Gizachew Wubshet
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jens Petter Wold
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Erik Solberg
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ulrike Böcker
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katinka Dankel
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tiril Aurora Lintvedt
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bijay Kafle
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Marco Cattaldo
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josipa Matić
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Liudmila Sorokina
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway; University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Kristian Afseth
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Muninbakken 9-13, Breivika, 9291, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mallinson JE, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Cegielski J, Bass J, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Greenhaff PL. Protein dose requirements to maximize skeletal muscle protein synthesis after repeated bouts of resistance exercise in young trained women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2470-2481. [PMID: 37787091 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the effect of protein (PRO) feeding on post resistance exercise (RE) muscle protein synthesis (MPS) have primarily been performed in men, and little evidence is available regarding the quantity of PRO required to maximally stimulate MPS in trained women following repeated bouts of RE. We therefore quantified acute (4 h and 8 h) and extended (24 h) effects of two bouts of resistance exercise, alongside protein-feeding, in women, and the PRO requirement to maximize MPS. Twenty-four RE trained women (26.6 ± 0.7 years, mean ± SEM) performed two bouts of whole-body RE (3 × 8 repetitions/maneuver at 75% 1-repetition maximum) 4 h apart, with post-exercise ingestion of 15 g, 30 g, or 60 g whey PRO (n = 8/group). Saliva, venous blood, and a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy were taken at 0 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Plasma leucine and branched chain amino acids were quantified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after ingestion of D2 O. Fifteen grams PRO did not alter plasma leucine concentration or myofibrillar synthetic rate (MyoFSR). Thirty and sixty grams PRO increased plasma leucine concentration above baseline (105.5 ± 5.3 μM; 120.2 ± 7.4 μM, respectively) at 4 h (151.5 ± 8.2 μM, p < 0.01; 224.8 ± 16.0 μM, p < 0.001, respectively) and 8 h (176.0 ± 7.3 μM, p < 0.001; 281.7 ± 21.6 μM, p < 0.001, respectively). Ingestion of 30 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.068 ± 0.005%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.140 ± 0.021%/h, p < 0.05), 0 to 8 h (0.121 ± 0.012%/h, p < 0.001), and 0 to 24 h (0.099 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01). Ingestion of 60 g PRO increased MyoFSR above baseline (0.063 ± 0.003%/h) from 0 to 4 h (0.109 ± 0.011%/h, p < 0.01), 0 to 8 h (0.093 ± 0.008%/h, p < 0.01), and 0 to 24 h (0.086 ± 0.006%/h, p < 0.01). Post-exercise ingestion of 30 g or 60 g PRO, but not 15 g, acutely increased MyoFSR following two consecutive bouts of RE and extended the anabolic window over 24 h. There was no difference between the 30 g and 60 g responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - T J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - J P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, UK
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J Cegielski
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - J Bass
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M S Brook
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D J Wilkinson
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K Smith
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- School of Medicine, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - P L Greenhaff
- School of Life Sciences, MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Y, Lin W, Fu L, Liu H, Jin S, Ye X, Pu S, Xue Y. Muscle quality index and cardiovascular disease among US population-findings from NHANES 2011-2014. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2388. [PMID: 38041010 PMCID: PMC10691039 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. However, current evidence on the association between muscle quality and CVD is limited. This study investigates the potential association between the muscle quality index (MQI) and the prevalence of CVD and CVD-related mortality. METHODS Participants were selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Data on mortality and causes of death were obtained from the National Death Index (NDI) records through December 31, 2019. Statistical analysis used in this study, including weighted multivariable linear and logistic regression, cox regression and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis, to estimate the association between MQI and all-cause mortality as well as CVD mortality. In addition, subgroup analysis was used to estimate the association between MQI and CVD subtypes, such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, and stroke. RESULTS A total of 5,053 participants were included in the final analysis. Weighted multivariable linear regression models revealed that a lower MQI.total level was independently associated with an increased risk of CVD development in model 3, with t value =-3.48, 95%CI: (-0.24, -0.06), P = 0.002. During 5,053 person-years of 6.92 years of follow-up, there were 29 deaths from CVD. Still, the association between MQI.total and CVD mortality, as well as all-cause mortality did not reach statistical significance in the fully adjusted model (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.21-1.62, P = 0.30; HR = 0.91, 95% CI:0.65,1.28, P = 0.59, respectively). Subgroup analysis confirmed that MQI.total was negatively associated with congestive heart failure (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.18,0.68, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of MQI as a measure of muscle quality, its negative correlation with congestive heart failure (CHF). However, MQI was not very useful for predicting the health outcomes such as CVD and mortality. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the early recognition of muscle weakness progression in CHF. Further studies are needed to explore more effective indicator to evaluate the association between muscle quality and health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Chen
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Lin
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lu Fu
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huiyi Liu
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shuyu Jin
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xingdong Ye
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Sijia Pu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yumei Xue
- Department of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zare R, Devrim-Lanpir A, Guazzotti S, Ali Redha A, Prokopidis K, Spadaccini D, Cannataro R, Cione E, Henselmans M, Aragon AA. Effect of Soy Protein Supplementation on Muscle Adaptations, Metabolic and Antioxidant Status, Hormonal Response, and Exercise Performance of Active Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2023; 53:2417-2446. [PMID: 37603200 PMCID: PMC10687132 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein supplements are important to maintain optimum health and physical performance, particularly in athletes and active individuals to repair and rebuild their skeletal muscles and connective tissues. Soy protein (SP) has gained popularity in recent years as an alternative to animal proteins. OBJECTIVES This systematic review evaluates the evidence from randomised controlled clinical trials of the effects of SP supplementation in active individuals and athletes in terms of muscle adaptations, metabolic and antioxidant status, hormonal response and exercise performance. It also explores the differences in SP supplementation effects in comparison to whey protein. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science, as well as a manual search in Google Scholar and EBSCO, on 27 June 2023. Randomised controlled trials that evaluated the applications of SPs supplementation on sports and athletic-related outcomes that are linked with exercise performance, adaptations and biomarkers in athletes and physically active adolescents and young adults (14 to 39 years old) were included, otherwise, studies were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane's revised risk of bias tool. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible original research articles were included that investigated the effect of SP supplementation on muscle adaptations (n = 9), metabolic and antioxidant status (n = 6), hormonal response (n = 6) and exercise performance (n = 6). Some studies investigated more than one effect. SP was found to provide identical increases in lean mass compared to whey in some studies. SP consumption promoted the reduction of exercise-induced metabolic/blood circulating biomarkers such as triglycerides, uric acid and lactate. Better antioxidant capacity against oxidative stress has been seen with respect to whey protein in long-term studies. Some studies reported testosterone and cortisol fluctuations related to SP; however, more research is required. All studies on SP and endurance performance suggested the potential beneficial effects of SP supplementation (10-53.3 g) on exercise performance by improving high-intensity and high-speed running performance, enhancing maximal cardiac output, delaying fatigue and improving isometric muscle strength, improving endurance in recreational cyclists, increasing running velocity and decreasing accumulated lactate levels; however, studies determining the efficacy of soy protein on VO2max provided conflicted results. CONCLUSION It is possible to recommend SP to athletes and active individuals in place of conventional protein supplements by assessing their dosage and effectiveness in relation to different types of training. SP may enhance lean mass compared with other protein sources, enhance the antioxidant status, and reduce oxidative stress. SP supplementation had an inconsistent effect on testosterone and cortisol levels. SP supplementation may be beneficial, especially after muscle damage, high-intensity/high-speed or repeated bouts of strenuous exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zare
- Meshkat Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
- Arses Sports Complex, Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran
| | - Asli Devrim-Lanpir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, D09 V209, Ireland
| | - Silvia Guazzotti
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
- Society of Meta-Research and Biomedical Innovation, London, UK
| | - Daniele Spadaccini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannataro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
- GalaScreen Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Menno Henselmans
- The International Scientific Research Foundation for Fitness and Nutrition, David Blesstraat 28HS, 1073 LC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alan A Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023; 153:3406-3417. [PMID: 37716611 PMCID: PMC10739781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina [SPIR] (cyanobacterium) and chlorella [CHLO] (microalgae) are foods rich in protein and essential amino acids; however, their capacity to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) in humans remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of ingesting SPIR and CHLO compared with an established high-quality nonanimal-derived dietary protein source (fungal-derived mycoprotein [MYCO]) on plasma amino acid concentrations, as well as resting and postexercise MyoPS rates in young adults. METHODS Thirty-six healthy young adults (age: 22 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 3 kg·m-2; male [m]/female [f], 18/18) participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants received a primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and completed a bout of unilateral-resistance leg exercise before ingesting a drink containing 25 g protein from MYCO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), SPIR (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), or CHLO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6). Blood and bilateral muscle samples were collected at baseline and during a 4-h postprandial and postexercise period to assess the plasma amino acid concentrations and MyoPS rates in rested and exercised tissue. RESULTS Protein ingestion increased the plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (time effects; all P < 0.001), but most rapidly and with higher peak responses following the ingestion of SPIR compared with MYCO and CHLO (P < 0.05), and MYCO compared with CHLO (P < 0.05). Protein ingestion increased MyoPS rates (time effect; P < 0.001) in both rested (MYCO, from 0.041 ± 0.032 to 0.060 ± 0.015%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.042 ± 0.030 to 0.066 ± 0.022%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.037 ± 0.007 to 0.055 ± 0.019%·h-1, respectively) and exercised tissue (MYCO, from 0.046 ± 0.014 to 0.092 ± 0.024%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.038 ± 0.011 to 0.086 ± 0.028%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.048 ± 0.019 to 0.090 ± 0.024%·h-1, respectively), with no differences between groups (interaction effect; P > 0.05), but with higher rates in exercised compared with rested muscle (time × exercise effect; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of algae-derived SPIR and CHLO increases resting and postexercise MyoPS rates to a comparable extent as MYCO, despite divergent postprandial plasma amino acid responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lanng SK, Oxfeldt M, Johansen FT, Risikesan J, Hansen M, Bertram HC. Acute changes in the metabolome following resistance exercise combined with intake of different protein sources (cricket, pea, whey). Metabolomics 2023; 19:98. [PMID: 37999866 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Separately, both exercise and protein ingestion have been shown to alter the blood and urine metabolome. This study goes a step further and examines changes in the metabolome derived from blood, urine and muscle tissue extracts in response to resistance exercise combined with ingestion of three different protein sources. METHODS In an acute parallel study, 52 young males performed one-legged resistance exercise (leg extension, 4 × 10 repetitions at 10 repetition maximum) followed by ingestion of either cricket (insect), pea or whey protein (0.25 g protein/kg fat free mass). Blood and muscle tissue were collected at baseline and three hours after protein ingestion. Urine was collected at baseline and four hours after protein ingestion. Mixed-effects analyses were applied to examine the effect of the time (baseline vs. post), protein (cricket, pea, whey), and time x protein interaction. RESULTS Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics resulted in the annotation and quantification of 25 metabolites in blood, 35 in urine and 21 in muscle tissue. Changes in the muscle metabolome after combined exercise and protein intake indicated effects related to the protein source ingested. Muscle concentrations of leucine, methionine, glutamate and myo-inositol were higher after intake of whey protein compared to both cricket and pea protein. The blood metabolome revealed changes in a more ketogenic direction three hours after exercise reflecting that the trial was conducted after overnight fasting. Urinary concentration of trimethylamine N-oxide was significantly higher after ingestion of cricket than pea and whey protein. CONCLUSION The blood, urine and muscle metabolome showed different and supplementary responses to exercise and ingestion of the different protein sources, and in synergy the summarized results provided a more complete picture of the metabolic state of the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kaas Lanng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Oxfeldt
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Jeyanthini Risikesan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Hanne Christine Bertram
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
- CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pinckaers PJ, Domić J, Petrick HL, Holwerda AM, Trommelen J, Hendriks FK, Houben LH, Goessens JP, van Kranenburg JM, Senden JM, de Groot LC, Verdijk LB, Snijders T, van Loon LJ. Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults. J Nutr 2023:S0022-3166(23)72723-5. [PMID: 37972895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. So far, no study has compared the anabolic response following ingestion of an omnivorous compared with a vegan meal. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal providing 100 g lean ground beef with an isonitrogenous, isocaloric whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. METHODS In a randomized, counter-balanced, cross-over design, 16 older (65-85 y) adults (8 males, 8 females) underwent 2 test days. On one day, participants consumed a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef as the primary source of protein (0.45 g protein/kg body mass; MEAT). On the other day, participants consumed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric whole-food vegan meal (PLANT). Primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied with blood and muscle biopsies being collected frequently for 6 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis rates. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and were analyzed by 2 way-repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests. RESULTS MEAT increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT over the 6-h postprandial period (incremental area under curve 87 ± 37 compared with 38 ± 54 mmol·6 h/L, respectively; P-interaction < 0.01). Ingestion of MEAT resulted in ∼47% higher postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of PLANT (0.052 ± 0.023 and 0.035 ± 0.021 %/h, respectively; paired-samples t test: P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef results in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of an isonitrogenous whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05151887.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jm Pinckaers
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Domić
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heather L Petrick
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris K Hendriks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Hp Houben
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy Pb Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Mx van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Cpgm de Groot
- Division of Human Nutrition & Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Snijders
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lavoisier A, Morzel M, Chevalier S, Henry G, Jardin J, Harel-Oger M, Garric G, Dupont D. In vitro digestion of two protein-rich dairy products in the ageing gastrointestinal tract. Food Funct 2023; 14:9377-9390. [PMID: 37789767 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02693k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
It is still unclear if changes in protein digestibility and absorption kinetics in old age may affect the anabolic effect of high-protein foods. The objective of this study was to investigate the digestion of two high-protein (10% w/w) dairy products in vitro: a fermented dairy product formulated with a ratio of whey proteins to caseins of 80 to 20% (WBD) and a Skyr containing mainly caseins. The new static in vitro digestion model adapted to the general older adult population (≥65 years) proposed by the INFOGEST international consortium was implemented to investigate the digestion of these products and compared with the standard version of the protocol. Kinetics of proteolysis was compared between both models for each product, in the gastric and intestinal phases of digestion. Protein hydrolysis was studied by the OPA method, SDS-PAGE, and LC-MS/MS, and amino acids were quantified by HPLC. Protein hydrolysis by pepsin was slower with the older adult model than with the young adult model, and consequently, in spite of a longer gastric phase duration, the degree of proteolysis (DH) at the end of the gastric phase was lower. Two different scenarios were observed depending on the type of dairy product studied: -10 and -40% DH for Skyr and WBD, respectively. In the intestinal phase, lower concentrations of free leucine were observed in older adult conditions (approx. -10%), but no significant differences in proteolysis were observed overall between the models. Therefore, the digestion conditions used influenced significantly the rate and extent of proteolysis in the gastric phase but not in the intestinal phase.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gholizadeh M, Shakibaee A, Bagheri R, Camera DM, Shirvani H, Dutheil F. Isolate Whey Protein Promotes Fluid Balance and Endurance Capacity Better Than Isolate Casein and Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution in a Warm, Humid Environment. Nutrients 2023; 15:4374. [PMID: 37892449 PMCID: PMC10610234 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ingestion is known to enhance post-exercise hydration. Whether the type of protein (i.e., whey, casein) can alter this response is unknown. Accordingly, this study aimed to compare the effects of the addition of milk-derived whey isolate or casein protein to carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) drinks on post-exercise rehydration and endurance capacity. Thirty male soldiers (age: 24 ± 2.1 y; VO2max: 49.3 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min) were recruited. Upon losing ~2.2% of body mass by running in warm and humid conditions (32.3 °C, 76% relative humidity [RH]), participants ingested either a CE solution (66 g/L carbohydrate [CHO]), or CE plus isolate whey protein (CEW, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate whey), or CE plus isolate casein protein (CEC, 44 g/L CHO, 22 g/L isolate casein) beverage in a volume equal to 150% of body mass loss. At the end of the 3 h rehydration period, a positive fluid balance was higher with CEW (0.22 L) compared to CEC (0.19 L) and CE (0.12 L). Overall mean fluid retention was higher in CEW (80.35%) compared with the CE (76.67%) and CEC trials (78.65%). The time of the endurance capacity test [Cooper 2.4 km (1.5 miles) run test] was significantly higher in CEC (14.25 ± 1.58 min) and CE [(12.90 ± 1.01 min; (p = 0.035)] than in CEW [(11.40 ± 1.41 min); (p = 0.001)]. The findings of this study indicate that the inclusion of isolate whey protein in a CE solution yields superior outcomes in terms of rehydration and enhanced endurance capacity, as compared to consuming the CE solution alone or in conjunction with isolate casein protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Gholizadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Abolfazl Shakibaee
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran;
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Department of Health and Biostatistics, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; (M.G.); (H.S.)
| | - Frederic Dutheil
- Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CNRS UMR 6024, LaPSCo, University Clermont Auvergne, Witty Fit, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
- Preventive and Occupational Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chang SS, Chen LH, Huang KC, Huang SW, Chang CC, Liao KW, Hu EC, Chen YP, Chen YW, Hsu PC, Huang HY. Plant-based polyphenol rich protein supplementation attenuated skeletal muscle loss and lowered the LDL level via gut microbiota remodeling in Taiwan's community-dwelling elderly. Food Funct 2023; 14:9407-9418. [PMID: 37795525 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02766j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, characterized by muscle loss, negatively affects the elderly's physical activity and survival. Enhancing protein and polyphenol intake, possibly through the supplementation of fermented black soybean koji product (BSKP), may alleviate sarcopenia by addressing anabolic deficiencies and gut microbiota dysbiosis because of high contents of polyphenols and protein in BSKP. This study aimed to examine the effects of long-term supplementation with BSKP on mitigating sarcopenia in the elderly and the underlying mechanisms. BSKP was given to 46 participants over 65 years old with early sarcopenia daily for 10 weeks. The participants' physical condition, serum biochemistry, inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant activities, microbiota composition, and metabolites in feces were evaluated both before and after the intervention period. BSKP supplementation significantly increased the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index and decreased the low-density lipoprotein level. BSKP did not significantly alter the levels of inflammatory factors, but significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. BSKP changed the beta diversity of gut microbiota and enhanced the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013, Lactobacillus_murinus, Algibacter, Bacillus, Gordonibacter, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella_6. Moreover, BSKP decreased the abundance of Akkermansia and increased the fecal levels of butyric acid. Positive correlations were observed between the relative abundance of BSKP-enriched bacteria and the levels of serum antioxidant enzymes and fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and Gordonibacter correlated negatively with serum low-density lipoprotein. In summary, BSKP attenuated age-related sarcopenia by inducing antioxidant enzymes and SCFAs via gut microbiota regulation. Therefore, BSKP holds potential as a high-quality nutrient source for Taiwan's elderly, especially in conditions such as sarcopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shy-Shin Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Han Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chin Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Wei Liao
- School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Pin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chi Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Remmert JF, Robinson ZP, Pelland JC, John TA, Dinh S, Hinson SR, Elkins E, Canteri LC, Meehan CM, Helms ER, Hall ME, Laurson KR, Zourdos MC. Changes in Intraset Repetitions in Reserve Prediction Accuracy During Six Weeks of Bench Press Training in Trained Men. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2139-2160. [PMID: 37436724 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231189098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated whether the accuracy of intraset repetitions in reserve (RIR) predictions changes over time. Nine trained men completed three bench press training sessions per week for 6 weeks (following a 1-week familiarization). The final set of each session was performed until momentary muscular failure, with participants verbally indicating their perceived 4RIR and 1RIR. RIR prediction errors were calculated as raw differences (RIRDIFF), with positive and negative values indicating directionality, and absolute RIRDIFF (absolute value of raw RIRDIFF) indicating error scores. We constructed mixed effect models with time (i.e., session) and proximity to failure as fixed effects, repetitions as a covariate, and random intercepts per participant to account for repeated measures, with statistical significance set at p ≤ .05. We observed a significant main effect for time on raw RIRDIFF (p < .001), with an estimated marginal slope of -.077 repetitions, indicating a slight decrease in raw RIRDIFF over time. Further, the estimated marginal slope of repetitions was -.404 repetitions, indicating a decrease in raw RIRDIFF as more repetitions were performed. There were no significant effects on absolute RIRDIFF. Thus, RIR rating accuracy did not significantly improve over time, though there was a greater tendency to underestimate RIR in later sessions and during higher repetition sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob F Remmert
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Zac P Robinson
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Joshua C Pelland
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A John
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Shawn Dinh
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Seth R Hinson
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Ethan Elkins
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Laura C Canteri
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Caitlyn M Meehan
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Eric R Helms
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael E Hall
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Kelly R Laurson
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Michael C Zourdos
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tezze C, Sandri M, Tessari P. Anabolic Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Role of Nutrition and Exercise in Young and Old People. Nutrients 2023; 15:4073. [PMID: 37764858 PMCID: PMC10535169 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sarcopenia in the elderly is associated with many potential factors and/or processes that impair the renovation and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and strength as ageing progresses. Among them, a defect by skeletal muscle to respond to anabolic stimuli is to be considered. Common anabolic stimuli/signals in skeletal muscle are hormones (insulin, growth hormones, IGF-1, androgens, and β-agonists such epinephrine), substrates (amino acids such as protein precursors on top, but also glucose and fat, as source of energy), metabolites (such as β-agonists and HMB), various biochemical/intracellular mediators), physical exercise, neurogenic and immune-modulating factors, etc. Each of them may exhibit a reduced effect upon skeletal muscle in ageing. In this article, we overview the role of anabolic signals on muscle metabolism, as well as currently available evidence of resistance, at the skeletal muscle level, to anabolic factors, from both in vitro and in vivo studies. Some indications on how to augment the effects of anabolic signals on skeletal muscle are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tezze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Esser D, Wehrens R, Lenaerts K, Engel J, van den Dool RT, Bastiaan-Net S, Mes JJ, Wichers HJ. Evaluating and comparing tolerance, nutritional quality and bio-functional activity of bovine-plasma, corn and whey proteins, outcomes of a randomized double blind controlled trial. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100588. [PMID: 37781412 PMCID: PMC10539881 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Important considerations in the choice of future sustainable protein sources for human application are tolerance, nutritional quality, and potential health benefits. We evaluated, in a double-blind cross-over intervention trial, tolerance, nutritional quality, and potential health effects of two sustainable protein sources. Thirty-six apparently healthy older adults (age 62.3 ± 7.2yrs, BMI 25 ± 3 kg/m2) received 40 g/day bovine-plasma protein (BP), corn protein (CP) or, as a benchmark, whey protein (WP) for one week with a washout period of one week in-between. In 12 participants, we also determined postprandial amino acid (PAA) uptake kinetics upon consumption of 20 g BP, CP, or WP. Changes in self-reported gastrointestinal complaints and intestinal permeability assessed using a multi-sugar acetylsalicylic acid test did not differ between the interventions. Clear differences in PAA responses were observed after consumption of the different proteins, but clear essential amino acid responses were observed for all proteins. BP consumption resulted in a small but significant increase in blood pressure outcomes, and CP consumption resulted in a small but significant decrease in insulin levels when compared to the other interventions. In conclusion, alternative protein concentrates and isolates studied here can be consumed in relative high quantities without experiencing unwanted GI complaints or gut barrier dysfunction and they can be a good source of essential amino acids. The rise in blood pressure observed during the BP intervention, potentially linked to the elevated salt content of the BP, constitutes a potential health issue. Future studies with longer intervention periods might however be recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diederik Esser
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Wehrens
- Wageningen Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Engel
- Wageningen Biometris, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald T.M. van den Dool
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry J. Wichers
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
West S, Monteyne AJ, Whelehan G, van der Heijden I, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of mycoprotein, pea protein, and their blend support comparable postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in resistance-trained individuals. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E267-E279. [PMID: 37529834 PMCID: PMC10655824 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Pea protein is an attractive nonanimal-derived protein source to support dietary protein requirements. However, although high in leucine, a low methionine content has been suggested to limit its anabolic potential. Mycoprotein has a complete amino acid profile which, at least in part, may explain its ability to robustly stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates. We hypothesized that an inferior postexercise MyoPS response would be seen following ingestion of pea protein compared with mycoprotein, which would be (partially) rescued by blending the two sources. Thirty-three healthy, young [age: 21 ± 1 yr, body mass index (BMI): 24 ± 1 kg·m-2] and resistance-trained participants received primed, continuous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and completed a bout of whole body resistance exercise before ingesting 25 g of protein from mycoprotein (MYC, n = 11), pea protein (PEA, n = 11), or a blend (39% MYC, 61% PEA) of the two (BLEND, n = 11). Blood and muscle samples were taken pre-, 2 h, and 4 h postexercise/protein ingestion to assess postabsorptive and postprandial postexercise myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rates (FSRs). Protein ingestion increased plasma essential amino acid and leucine concentrations (time effect; P < 0.0001), but more rapidly in BLEND and PEA compared with MYC (time × condition interaction; P < 0.0001). From similar postabsorptive values (MYC, 0.026 ± 0.008%·h-1; PEA, 0.028 ± 0.007%·h-1; BLEND, 0.026 ± 0.006%·h-1), resistance exercise and protein ingestion increased myofibrillar FSRs (time effect; P < 0.0001) over a 4-h postprandial period (MYC, 0.076 ± 0.004%·h-1; PEA, 0.087 ± 0.01%·h-1; BLEND, 0.085 ± 0.01%·h-1), with no differences between groups (all; P > 0.05). These data show that all three nonanimal-derived protein sources have utility in supporting postexercise muscle reconditioning.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that pea protein (PEA), mycoprotein (MYC), and their blend (BLEND) can support postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates following a bout of whole body resistance exercise. Furthermore, these data suggest that a methionine deficiency in pea may not limit its capacity to stimulate an acute increase in muscle protein synthesis (MPS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Whelehan
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center of Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Merchant RA, Chan YH, Anbarasan D, Seetharaman S, Au L, Nachammai V, Lai A, Ho V, Wong BLL, Pang E, Bhaskaran K. Impact of exercise and leucine-enriched protein supplementation on physical function, body composition, and inflammation in pre-frail older adults: a quasi-experimental study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1204198. [PMID: 37644985 PMCID: PMC10461448 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise and a protein-enriched diet are essential for muscle protein synthesis, cellular growth, mitochondrial function, and immune function. The U.S. Food and Nutrition Board's current guideline on recommended dietary allowance for protein in older adults is 0.8 g/kg per day, which may not be sufficient in vulnerable pre-frail older adults. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the impact of leucine-enriched protein supplementation with or without exercise over 3 months in pre-frail older adults who consumed ≤1 g/kg/day of protein on improving (i) physical function, (ii) body composition measures, and (iii) inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Methods A non-randomized cluster quasi-experimental study guided by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist of 178 pre-frail older adults [112 control, 44 nutrition (Nu), and 22 in the nutrition with exercise (Nu+Ex) group] comparing the effect of Nu+Ex and Nu on physical function, body composition, and inflammation. At 0, 3, and 6 months, questionnaires on demographics, depression, perceived health, and cognition were administered. Physical function assessment (short physical performance battery [SPPB] test, gait speed, handgrip strength, 5× sit-to-stand [STS]) was conducted, and body composition analysis was performed using a bioelectrical impedance analysis machine. IL-6 and TNF-α were measured at 0 and 3 months. Results At 3 months, there were significant improvements in gait speed, 5× STS, SPPB scores, depression, perceived health, fat-free mass, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass indices in the Nu+Ex group. Both Nu+Ex and Nu groups had improvements in body cell mass and reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α. The improvements were not sustained after 6 months. Conclusion Our study results need to be validated in future longitudinal randomized studies with a larger sample size focusing on populations at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Aziz Merchant
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Santhosh Seetharaman
- Healthy Ageing Programme, Alexandra Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lydia Au
- Department of Geriatrics Medicine, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vidhya Nachammai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexa Lai
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vanda Ho
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beatrix Ling Ling Wong
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eunice Pang
- Health Promotion Board, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kalpana Bhaskaran
- Glycemic Index Research Unit, School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kaufman M, Nguyen C, Shetty M, Oppezzo M, Barrack M, Fredericson M. Popular Dietary Trends' Impact on Athletic Performance: A Critical Analysis Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3511. [PMID: 37630702 PMCID: PMC10460072 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition fuels optimal performance for athletes. With increased research developments, numerous diets available, and publicity from professional athletes, a review of dietary patterns impact on athletic performance is warranted. RESULTS The Mediterranean diet is a low inflammatory diet linked to improved power and muscle endurance and body composition. Ketogenic diets are restrictive of carbohydrates and proteins. Though both show no decrements in weight loss, ketogenic diets, which is a more restrictive form of low-carbohydrate diets, can be more difficult to follow. High-protein and protein-paced versions of low-carbohydrate diets have also shown to benefit athletic performance. Plant-based diets have many variations. Vegans are at risk of micronutrient deficiencies and decreased leucine content, and therefore, decreased muscle protein synthesis. However, the literature has not shown decreases in performance compared to omnivores. Intermittent fasting has many different versions, which may not suit those with comorbidities or specific needs as well as lead to decreases in sprint speed and worsening time to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS This paper critically evaluates the research on diets in relation to athletic performance and details some of the potential risks that should be monitored. No one diet is universally recommend for athletes; however, this article provides the information for athletes to analyze, in conjunction with medical professional counsel, their own diet and consider sustainable changes that can help achieve performance and body habitus goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kaufman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Chantal Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Maya Shetty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Marily Oppezzo
- Prevention Research Center, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Michelle Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Michael Fredericson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chambers TL, Stroh AM, Chavez C, Brandt AR, Claiborne A, Fountain WA, Gries KJ, Jones AM, Kuszmaul DJ, Lee GA, Lester BE, Lynch CE, Minchev K, Montenegro CF, Naruse M, Raue U, Trappe TA, Trappe S. Multitissue responses to exercise: a MoTrPAC feasibility study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:302-315. [PMID: 37318985 PMCID: PMC10393343 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the feasibility of the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) human adult clinical exercise protocols, while also documenting select cardiovascular, metabolic, and molecular responses to these protocols. After phenotyping and familiarization sessions, 20 subjects (25 ± 2 yr, 12 M, 8 W) completed an endurance exercise bout (n = 8, 40 min cycling at 70% V̇o2max), a resistance exercise bout (n = 6, ∼45 min, 3 sets of ∼10 repetition maximum, 8 exercises), or a resting control period (n = 6, 40 min rest). Blood samples were taken before, during, and after (10 min, 2 h, and 3.5 h) exercise or rest for levels of catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, and lactate. Heart rate was recorded throughout exercise (or rest). Skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) and adipose (periumbilical) biopsies were taken before and ∼4 h following exercise or rest for mRNA levels of genes related to energy metabolism, growth, angiogenesis, and circadian processes. Coordination of the timing of procedural components (e.g., local anesthetic delivery, biopsy incisions, tumescent delivery, intravenous line flushes, sample collection and processing, exercise transitions, and team dynamics) was reasonable to orchestrate while considering subject burden and scientific objectives. The cardiovascular and metabolic alterations reflected a dynamic and unique response to endurance and resistance exercise, whereas skeletal muscle was transcriptionally more responsive than adipose 4 h postexercise. In summary, the current report provides the first evidence of protocol execution and feasibility of key components of the MoTrPAC human adult clinical exercise protocols. Scientists should consider designing exercise studies in various populations to interface with the MoTrPAC protocols and DataHub.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study highlights the feasibility of key aspects of the MoTrPAC adult human clinical protocols. This initial preview of what can be expected from acute exercise trial data from MoTrPAC provides an impetus for scientists to design exercise studies to interlace with the rich phenotypic and -omics data that will populate the MoTrPAC DataHub at the completion of the parent protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby L Chambers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Andrew M Stroh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Clarisa Chavez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Anna R Brandt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Alex Claiborne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - William A Fountain
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kevin J Gries
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Dillon J Kuszmaul
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Gary A Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Bridget E Lester
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Colleen E Lynch
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Masatoshi Naruse
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| |
Collapse
|