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Liu Y, Xu XQ, Li WJ, Zhang B, Meng FZ, Wang X, Majid SM, Guo Z, Ho WZ. Cytosolic DNA sensors activation of human astrocytes inhibits herpes simplex virus through IRF1 induction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1383811. [PMID: 38808062 PMCID: PMC11130358 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1383811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While astrocytes participate in the CNS innate immunity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, they are the major target for the virus. Therefore, it is of importance to understand the interplay between the astrocyte-mediated immunity and HSV-1 infection. Methods Both primary human astrocytes and the astrocyte line (U373) were used in this study. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were used to measure IFNs, the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) and HSV-1 DNA. IRF1 knockout or knockdown was performed with CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA transfection techniques. Results Poly(dA:dT) could inhibit HSV-1 replication and induce IFN-β/IFN-λs production in human astrocytes. Poly(dA:dT) treatment of astrocytes also induced the expression of the antiviral ISGs (Viperin, ISG56 and MxA). Among IRFs members examined, poly(dA:dT) selectively unregulated IRF1 and IRF9, particularly IRF1 in human astrocytes. The inductive effects of poly(dA:dT) on IFNs and ISGs were diminished in the IRF1 knockout cells. In addition, IRF1 knockout attenuated poly(dA:dT)-mediated HSV-1 inhibition in the cells. Conclusion The DNA sensors activation induces astrocyte intracellular innate immunity against HSV-1. Therefore, targeting the DNA sensors has potential for immune activation-based HSV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-Qiu Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Jing Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Feng-Zhen Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Safah M. Majid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zihan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Hu L, Cheng Z, Chu H, Wang W, Jin Y, Yang L. TRIF-dependent signaling and its role in liver diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370042. [PMID: 38694821 PMCID: PMC11061444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is a crucial adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). TRIF directly binds to TLR3 through its TIR domain, while it associates with TLR4 indirectly through the bridge adaptor molecule TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). TRIF plays a pivotal role in regulating interferon beta 1 (IFN-β) response, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, apoptosis, and necroptosis signaling mediated by TLR3 and TLR4. It accomplishes these by recruiting and activating various kinases or transcription factors via its distinct domains. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and TLR4, elucidating key target molecules and downstream pathways. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TRIF's impact on several liver disorders, including drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also explore its effects on liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, as well as the intricate relationship between TRIF and liver diseases, can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel and effective therapeutics against hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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3
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Zhao Z, Liu X, Zong Y, Shi X, Sun Y. Cellular Processes Induced by HSV-1 Infections in Vestibular Neuritis. Viruses 2023; 16:12. [PMID: 38275947 PMCID: PMC10819745 DOI: 10.3390/v16010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus is a prevalent pathogen that primarily infects human epithelial cells and has the ability to reside in neurons. In the field of otolaryngology, herpesvirus infection primarily leads to hearing loss and vestibular neuritis and is considered the primary hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of vestibular neuritis. In this review, we provide a summary of the effects of the herpes virus on cellular processes in both host cells and immune cells, with a focus on HSV-1 as illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdong Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; (Z.Z.); (X.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.S.)
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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4
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Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
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5
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Reyahi A, Studahl M, Skouboe MK, Fruhwürth S, Narita R, Ren F, Bjerhem Viklund M, Iversen MB, Christiansen M, Svensson A, Mogensen TH, Eriksson K, Paludan SR. An IKBKE variant conferring functional cGAS/STING pathway deficiency and susceptibility to recurrent HSV-2 meningitis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173066. [PMID: 37937644 PMCID: PMC10721272 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying susceptibility to recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) meningitis remain incompletely understood. In a patient experiencing multiple episodes of HSV-2 meningitis, we identified a monoallelic variant in the IKBKE gene, which encodes the IKKε kinase involved in induction of antiviral IFN genes. Patient cells displayed impaired induction of IFN-β1 (IFNB1) expression upon infection with HSV-2 or stimulation with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and failed to induce phosphorylation of STING, an activation marker of the DNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) pathway. The patient allele encoded a truncated IKKε protein with loss of kinase activity and also capable of exerting dominant-negative activity. In stem cell-derived microglia, HSV-2-induced expression of IFNB1 was dependent on cGAS, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and IKBKE, but not TLR3, and supernatants from HSV-2-treated microglia exerted IKBKE-dependent type I IFN-mediated antiviral activity upon neurons. Reintroducing wild-type IKBKE into patient cells rescued IFNB1 induction following treatment with HSV-2 or dsDNA and restored antiviral activity. Collectively, we identify IKKε to be important for protection against HSV-2 meningitis and suggest a nonredundant role for the cGAS/STING pathway in human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Moa Bjerhem Viklund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alexandra Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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6
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Abdel-Maksoud EM, Daha AAEF, Taha NM, Lebda MA, Sadek KM, Alshahrani MY, Ahmed AE, Shukry M, Fadl SE, Elfeky M. Effects of ginger extract and/or propolis extract on immune system parameters of vaccinated broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102903. [PMID: 37506621 PMCID: PMC10413198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI, H5N8), and infectious bronchitis (IB) are important diseases in the poultry industry and cause significant losses. Vaccination is the most practical method for controlling infectious diseases. To reduce vaccination costs and several disorders in poultry farms, using herbal water supplements for immunomodulation with vaccination is critical to improving or preventing some conditions in the poultry industry. However, drinking water supplementation of ginger extract (GE)/propolis extract (PE) alone/in combination may increase broilers' humoral and cellular immunity due to the immunomodulatory effects of ginger and propolis. This protocol aimed to see how GE/PE alone or in combination improved the immunity, immune organ gene expression, and histology of the immune organs of broilers for 35 d after vaccination against NDV, H5N8, IBV, and IBDV. The chicks were dispensed into 5 groups according to GE and/or PE with vaccination. The control group was offered normal drinking water without any supplements or vaccinations. The GE group was supplemented with ginger extract (1 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The GE+PE group was supplemented with GE (0.5 mL/L drinking water) and PE (0.5 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The PE group was supplemented with propolis extract (1 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The fifth group was the vaccinated untreated group. This experiment showed the immunomodulatory properties of GE and/or PE against 3 common diseases, NDV, AI, and IB, in broiler chicken farms for 35 d applied to a vaccination program. Thus, ginger extract and propolis extract supplementation in drinking water increased antibody titer, INF, IL10, and IL2 and TLR3 gene expression in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, respectively, as well as cellular immunity as indicated by increased CD3, CD4, and CD8 in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, respectively, with normal lymphocytes in the medulla of the bursa, thymus, and spleen. In conclusion, propolis extracts alone or with GE improved all of the metrics mentioned above without harming the histology of the immune organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd El Fattah Daha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Nabil M Taha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Sabreen E Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, 51744 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elfeky
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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7
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Uyangaa E, Choi JY, Park SO, Byeon HW, Cho HW, Kim K, Eo SK. TLR3/TRIF pathway confers protection against herpes simplex encephalitis through NK cell activation mediated by a loop of type I IFN and IL-15 from epithelial and dendritic cells. Immunology 2023; 170:83-104. [PMID: 37278103 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive (AR) and dominant (AD) deficiencies of TLR3 and TRIF are believed to be crucial genetic causes of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), which is a fatal disease causing focal or global cerebral dysfunction following infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). However, few studies have been conducted on the immunopathological networks of HSE in the context of TLR3 and TRIF defects at the cellular and molecular levels. In this work, we deciphered the crosstalk between type I IFN (IFN-I)-producing epithelial layer and IL-15-producing dendritic cells (DC) to activate NK cells for the protective role of TLR3/TRIF pathway in HSE progression after vaginal HSV-1 infection. TLR3- and TRIF-ablated mice showed enhanced susceptibility to HSE progression, along with high HSV-1 burden in vaginal tract, lymphoid tissues and CNS. The increased HSV-1 burden in TLR3- and TRIF-ablated mice did not correlate with increased infiltration of Ly-6C+ monocytes, but it was closely associated with impaired NK cell activation in vaginal tract. Furthermore, using delicate ex vivo experiments and bone marrow transplantation, TRIF deficiency in tissue-resident cells, such as epithelial cells in vaginal tract, was found to cause impaired NK cell activation by means of low IFN-I production, whereas IFN-I receptor in DC was required for NK cell activation via IL-15 production in response to IFN-I produced from epithelial layer. These results provide new information about IFN-I- and IL-15-mediated crosstalk between epithelial cells and DC at the primary infection site, which suppresses HSE progression in a TLR3- and TRIF-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Byeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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8
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Silva MJA, Silva CS, da Silva Vieira MC, dos Santos PAS, Frota CC, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. The Relationship between TLR3 rs3775291 Polymorphism and Infectious Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1311. [PMID: 37510216 PMCID: PMC10379146 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the host's first line of defense against pathogens, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as the TLR3, are genes encoding transmembrane receptors of the same name. Depending on their expression, TLRs cause a pro- or anti-inflammatory response. The purpose of the article was to determine whether there is an association between the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) rs3775291 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-SNP and susceptibility to infections. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO under the code CRD42023429533. A systematic search for relevant studies was performed using PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by the MeSH descriptors and the Boolean Operator "AND": "Infections"; "TLR3"; "SNP", between January 2005 and July 2022. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for genotypic comparison assuming a dominant genetic model (CT + TT vs. CC). A meta-analysis of 18 studies consisting of 3118 cases and 4368 controls found a significant association for risk between the presence of the TLR3 SNP rs3775291 and infections as part of the general analysis (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.28, p = 0.004). In the subgroups of continents, the SNP had a protective role in Europe for 1044 cases and 1471 controls (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.70-0.99, p = 0.04); however, the Asian (for 1588 patients and 2306 controls) and American (for 486 patients and 591 controls) continents had an increase in infectious risk (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.19-1.58, p < 0.001; OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.08-1.86, and p = 0.01, respectively). Heterogeneity between studies was detected (I2 = 58%) but was explained in meta-regression by the subgroup of continents itself and publication bias was not evident. The results of the meta-analysis suggest a significant association between the TLR3 rs3775291 polymorphism and susceptibility to infections. Thus, when analyzing subgroups, the Asian and American continents showed that this SNP confers a higher risk against infections in a dominant genotypic model. Therefore, more studies are necessary to fully elucidate the role of TLR3 rs3775291 in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (M.C.d.S.V.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Cleyton da Silva Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (M.C.d.S.V.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Parasitic Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), University of State of Pará (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (C.S.S.); (M.C.d.S.V.); (P.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Cristiane Cunha Frota
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60441-750, CE, Brazil;
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section of the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
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9
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Lim YS, Lee AG, Jiang X, Scott JM, Cofie A, Kumar S, Kennedy D, Granville DJ, Shin H. NK cell-derived extracellular granzyme B drives epithelial ulceration during HSV-2 genital infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112410. [PMID: 37071533 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is characterized by recurrent episodes of epithelial blistering. The mechanisms causing this pathology are ill defined. Using a mouse model of vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, we show that interleukin-18 (IL-18) acts upon natural killer (NK) cells to promote accumulation of the serine protease granzyme B in the vagina, coinciding with vaginal epithelial ulceration. Genetic loss of granzyme B or therapeutic inhibition by a specific protease inhibitor reduces disease and restores epithelial integrity without altering viral control. Distinct effects of granzyme B and perforin deficiency on pathology indicates that granzyme B acts independent of its classic cytotoxic role. IL-18 and granzyme B are markedly elevated in human herpetic ulcers compared with non-herpetic ulcers, suggesting engagement of these pathways in HSV-infected patients. Our study reveals a role for granzyme B in destructing mucosal epithelium during HSV-2 infection, identifying a therapeutic target to augment treatment of genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shiang Lim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aisha G Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason M Scott
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dania Kennedy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Vancouver, BC V5V 3P1, Canada
| | - Haina Shin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10
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Davé VA, Klein RS. The multitaskers of the brain: Glial responses to viral infections and associated post-infectious neurologic sequelae. Glia 2023; 71:803-818. [PMID: 36334073 PMCID: PMC9931640 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many viral infections cause acute and chronic neurologic diseases which can lead to degeneration of cortical functions. While neurotropic viruses that gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) may induce brain injury directly via infection of neurons or their supporting cells, they also alter brain function via indirect neuroimmune mechanisms that may disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), eliminate synapses, and generate neurotoxic astrocytes and microglia that prevent recovery of neuronal circuits. Non-neuroinvasive, neurovirulent viruses may also trigger aberrant responses in glial cells, including those that interfere with motor and sensory behaviors, encoding of memories and executive function. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies indicate that neuroprotective antiviral responses that amplify levels of innate immune molecules dysregulate normal neuroimmune processes, even in the absence of neuroinvasion, which may persist after virus is cleared. In this review, we discuss how select emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses induce neuroimmunologic responses that lead to dysfunction of higher order processes including visuospatial recognition, learning and memory, and motor control. Identifying therapeutic targets that return the neuroimmune system to homeostasis is critical for preventing virus-induced neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Davé
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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11
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Latanova A, Starodubova E, Karpov V. Flaviviridae Nonstructural Proteins: The Role in Molecular Mechanisms of Triggering Inflammation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081808. [PMID: 36016430 PMCID: PMC9414172 DOI: 10.3390/v14081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family are posing a significant threat to human health worldwide. Many flaviviruses are capable of inducing severe inflammation in humans. Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins, apart from their canonical roles in viral replication, have noncanonical functions strongly affecting antiviral innate immunity. Among these functions, antagonism of type I IFN is the most investigated; meanwhile, more data are accumulated on their role in the other pathways of innate response. This review systematizes the last known data on the role of Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins in molecular mechanisms of triggering inflammation, with an emphasis on their interactions with TLRs and RLRs, interference with NF-κB and cGAS-STING signaling, and activation of inflammasomes.
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12
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Lee Y, Wessel AW, Xu J, Reinke JG, Lee E, Kim SM, Hsu AP, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Cao S, Enos C, Brooks SR, Deng Z, Lin B, de Jesus AA, Hupalo DN, Piotto DG, Terreri MT, Dimitriades VR, Dalgard CL, Holland SM, Goldbach-Mansky R, Siegel RM, Hanson EP. Genetically programmed alternative splicing of NEMO mediates an autoinflammatory disease phenotype. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:128808. [PMID: 35289316 PMCID: PMC8920334 DOI: 10.1172/jci128808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense and inflammation are regulated by the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), a scaffolding protein with a broad immune cell and tissue expression profile. Hypomorphic mutations in inhibitor of NF-κB kinase regulatory subunit gamma (IKBKG) encoding NEMO typically present with immunodeficiency. Here, we characterized a pediatric autoinflammatory syndrome in 3 unrelated male patients with distinct X-linked IKBKG germline mutations that led to overexpression of a NEMO protein isoform lacking the domain encoded by exon 5 (NEMO-Δex5). This isoform failed to associate with TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and dermal fibroblasts from affected patients activated NF-κB in response to TNF but not TLR3 or RIG-I–like receptor (RLR) stimulation when isoform levels were high. By contrast, T cells, monocytes, and macrophages that expressed NEMO-Δex5 exhibited increased NF-κB activation and IFN production, and blood cells from these patients expressed a strong IFN and NF-κB transcriptional signature. Immune cells and TNF-stimulated dermal fibroblasts upregulated the inducible IKK protein (IKKi) that was stabilized by NEMO-Δex5, promoting type I IFN induction and antiviral responses. These data revealed how IKBKG mutations that lead to alternative splicing of skipping exon 5 cause a clinical phenotype we have named NEMO deleted exon 5 autoinflammatory syndrome (NDAS), distinct from the immune deficiency syndrome resulting from loss-of-function IKBKG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younglang Lee
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex W Wessel
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jiazhi Xu
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia G Reinke
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eries Lee
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Somin M Kim
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jevgenia Zilberman-Rudenko
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Clinton Enos
- Immunodeficiency and Inflammatory Disease Unit and.,Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen R Brooks
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, NIAMS and
| | - Zuoming Deng
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, NIAMS and
| | - Bin Lin
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), LCIM, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adriana A de Jesus
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), LCIM, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel N Hupalo
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniela Gp Piotto
- Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria T Terreri
- Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victoria R Dimitriades
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology & Allergy University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Raphaela Goldbach-Mansky
- Translational Autoinflammatory Diseases Section (TADS), LCIM, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M Siegel
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research WSJ, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric P Hanson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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13
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Mielcarska MB, Skowrońska K, Wyżewski Z, Toka FN. Disrupting Neurons and Glial Cells Oneness in the Brain-The Possible Causal Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010242. [PMID: 35008671 PMCID: PMC8745046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current data strongly suggest herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the brain as a contributing factor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). The consequences of HSV-1 brain infection are multilateral, not only are neurons and glial cells damaged, but modifications also occur in their environment, preventing the transmission of signals and fulfillment of homeostatic and immune functions, which can greatly contribute to the development of disease. In this review, we discuss the pathological alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) cells that occur, following HSV-1 infection. We describe the changes in neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes related to the production of inflammatory factors, transition of glial cells into a reactive state, oxidative damage, Aβ secretion, tau hyperphosphorylation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Further, HSV-1 infection can affect processes observed during brain aging, and advanced age favors HSV-1 reactivation as well as the entry of the virus into the brain. The host activates pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for an effective antiviral response during HSV-1 brain infection, which primarily engages type I interferons (IFNs). Future studies regarding the influence of innate immune deficits on AD development, as well as supporting the neuroprotective properties of glial cells, would reveal valuable information on how to harness cytotoxic inflammatory milieu to counter AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-59-36063
| | - Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Jana Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre 42123, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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14
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Feige L, Zaeck LM, Sehl-Ewert J, Finke S, Bourhy H. Innate Immune Signaling and Role of Glial Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus- and Rabies Virus-Induced Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:2364. [PMID: 34960633 PMCID: PMC8708193 DOI: 10.3390/v13122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a double-edged sword in the context of viral infections. On the one hand, the infectious route for viral pathogens is restricted via neuroprotective barriers; on the other hand, viruses benefit from the immunologically quiescent neural environment after CNS entry. Both the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the rabies virus (RABV) bypass the neuroprotective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and successfully enter the CNS parenchyma via nerve endings. Despite the differences in the molecular nature of both viruses, each virus uses retrograde transport along peripheral nerves to reach the human CNS. Once inside the CNS parenchyma, HSV infection results in severe acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhaging, while RABV preserves the intact neuronal network by inhibiting apoptosis and limiting inflammation. During RABV neuroinvasion, surveilling glial cells fail to generate a sufficient type I interferon (IFN) response, enabling RABV to replicate undetected, ultimately leading to its fatal outcome. To date, we do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation or suppression of the host inflammatory responses of surveilling glial cells, which present important pathways shaping viral pathogenesis and clinical outcome in viral encephalitis. Here, we compare the innate immune responses of glial cells in RABV- and HSV-infected CNS, highlighting different viral strategies of neuroprotection or Neuroinflamm. in the context of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Institute of Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (L.M.Z.); (S.F.)
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, 28 Rue Du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France;
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15
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Magnavacca A, Sangiovanni E, Racagni G, Dell'Agli M. The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: An update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:897-945. [PMID: 34725836 PMCID: PMC9298305 DOI: 10.1002/med.21866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Propolis is a complex natural product that possesses antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties mainly attributed to the high content in flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their derivatives. The chemical composition of propolis is multifarious, as it depends on the botanical sources from which honeybees collect resins and exudates. Nevertheless, despite this variability propolis may have a general pharmacological value, and this review systematically compiles, for the first time, the existing preclinical and clinical evidence of propolis activities as an antiviral and immunomodulatory agent, focusing on the possible application in respiratory diseases. In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated propolis broad‐spectrum effects on viral infectivity and replication, as well as the modulatory actions on cytokine production and immune cell activation as part of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Clinical trials confirmed propolis undeniable potential as an effective therapeutic agent; however, the lack of rigorous randomized clinical trials in the context of respiratory diseases is tangible. Since propolis is available as a dietary supplement, possible use for the prevention of respiratory diseases and their deleterious inflammatory drawbacks on the respiratory tract in humans is considered and discussed. This review opens up new perspectives on the clinical investigation of neglected propolis biological properties which, now more than ever, are particularly relevant with respect to the recent outbreaks of pandemic respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Magnavacca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Sangiovanni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Dell'Agli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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16
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Gern OL, Mulenge F, Pavlou A, Ghita L, Steffen I, Stangel M, Kalinke U. Toll-like Receptors in Viral Encephalitis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102065. [PMID: 34696494 PMCID: PMC8540543 DOI: 10.3390/v13102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a rare but serious syndrome. In addition to DNA-encoded herpes viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus, RNA-encoded viruses from the families of Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae and Paramyxoviridae are important neurotropic viruses. Whereas in the periphery, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during immune stimulation is well understood, TLR functions within the CNS are less clear. On one hand, TLRs can affect the physiology of neurons during neuronal progenitor cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth, whereas under conditions of infection, the complex interplay between TLR stimulated neurons, astrocytes and microglia is just on the verge of being understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about which TLRs are expressed by cell subsets of the CNS. Furthermore, we specifically highlight functional implications of TLR stimulation in neurons, astrocytes and microglia. After briefly illuminating some examples of viral evasion strategies from TLR signaling, we report on the current knowledge of primary immunodeficiencies in TLR signaling and their consequences for viral encephalitis. Finally, we provide an outlook with examples of TLR agonist mediated intervention strategies and potentiation of vaccine responses against neurotropic virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Luca Ghita
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Imke Steffen
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Martin Stangel
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research (NIBR), 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (F.M.); (A.P.); (L.G.); (U.K.)
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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17
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Reinert LS, Rashidi AS, Tran DN, Katzilieris-Petras G, Hvidt AK, Gohr M, Fruhwürth S, Bodda C, Thomsen MK, Vendelbo MH, Khan AR, Hansen B, Bergström P, Agholme L, Mogensen TH, Christensen MH, Nyengaard JR, Sen GC, Zetterberg H, Verjans GM, Paludan SR. Brain immune cells undergo cGAS/STING-dependent apoptosis during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection to limit type I IFN production. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136824. [PMID: 32990676 DOI: 10.1172/jci136824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of the brain from viral infections involves the type I IFN (IFN-I) system, defects in which render humans susceptible to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). However, excessive cerebral IFN-I levels lead to pathologies, suggesting the need for tight regulation of responses. Based on data from mouse models, human HSE cases, and primary cell culture systems, we showed that microglia and other immune cells undergo apoptosis in the HSV-1-infected brain through a mechanism dependent on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway, but independent of IFN-I. HSV-1 infection of microglia induced cGAS-dependent apoptosis at high viral doses, whereas lower viral doses led to IFN-I responses. Importantly, inhibition of caspase activity prevented microglial cell death and augmented IFN-I responses. Accordingly, HSV-1-infected organotypic brain slices or mice treated with a caspase inhibitor exhibited lower viral load and an improved infection outcome. Collectively, we identify an activation-induced apoptosis program in brain immune cells that downmodulates local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ahmad S Rashidi
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diana N Tran
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Astrid K Hvidt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Gohr
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Mikkel H Vendelbo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ahmad R Khan
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGI Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Brian Hansen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Petra Bergström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Germany
| | - Lotta Agholme
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ganes C Sen
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Zhang SY, Harschnitz O, Studer L, Casanova JL. Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:309-317. [PMID: 34425410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major neglected medical problem. Host defense mechanisms against viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) have long remained unclear. The few previous studies of CNS-specific immunity to viruses in mice in vivo and humans in vitro have focused on the contributions of circulating leukocytes, resident microglial cells and astrocytes, with neurons long considered passive victims of viral infection requiring protection from extrinsic antiviral mechanisms. The last decade has witnessed the gradual emergence of the notion that neurons also combat viruses through cell-intrinsic mechanisms. Forward genetic approaches in humans have shown that monogenic inborn errors of TLR3, IFN-α/β, or snoRNA31 immunity confer susceptibility to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection of the forebrain, whereas inborn errors of DBR1 underlie brainstem infections due to various viruses, including HSV-1. The study of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CNS-resident cells has unraveled known (i.e. TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and new (i.e. snoRNA31-dependent or DBR1-dependent immunity) cell-intrinsic antiviral mechanisms operating in neurons. Reverse genetic approaches in mice have confirmed that some known antiviral mechanisms also operate in mouse neurons (e.g. TLR3 and IFN-α/β immunity). The search for human inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) underlying various forms of viral encephalitis, coupled with mouse models in vivo, and hPSC-based culture models of CNS and peripheral nervous system cells and organoids in vitro, should shed further light on the cell-specific and tissue-specific mechanisms of host defense against viruses in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
| | - Oliver Harschnitz
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Wijesinghe VN, Farouk IA, Zabidi NZ, Puniyamurti A, Choo WS, Lal SK. Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1077-1096. [PMID: 34296960 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1960162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccine development for the disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been challenging over the years and is always in dire need of novel approaches for prevention and cure. To date, the HSV disease remains incurable and challenging to prevent. The disease is extremely widespread due to its high infection rate, resulting in millions of infection cases worldwide.Areas covered: This review first explains the diverse forms of HSV-related disease presentations and reports past vaccine history for the disease. Next, this review examines current and novel HSV vaccine approaches being studied and tested for efficacy and safety as well as vaccines in clinical trial phases I to III. Modern approaches to vaccine design using bioinformatics are described. Finally, we discuss measures to enhance new vaccine development pipelines for HSV.Expert opinion: Modernized approaches using in silico analysis and bioinformatics are emerging methods that exhibit potential for producing vaccines with enhanced targets and formulations. Although not yet fully established for HSV disease, we describe current studies using these approaches for HSV vaccine design to shed light on these methods. In addition, we provide up-to-date requirements of immunogenicity, adjuvant selection, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isra Ahmad Farouk
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sunil Kumar Lal
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Lebratti T, Lim YS, Cofie A, Andhey P, Jiang X, Scott J, Fabbrizi MR, Ozantürk AN, Pham C, Clemens R, Artyomov M, Dinauer M, Shin H. A sustained type I IFN-neutrophil-IL-18 axis drives pathology during mucosal viral infection. eLife 2021; 10:e65762. [PMID: 34047696 PMCID: PMC8163503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil responses against pathogens must be balanced between protection and immunopathology. Factors that determine these outcomes are not well-understood. In a mouse model of genital herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, which results in severe genital inflammation, antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion reduced disease. Comparative single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of vaginal cells against a model of genital HSV-1 infection, which results in mild inflammation, demonstrated sustained expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) only after HSV-2 infection primarily within the neutrophil population. Both therapeutic blockade of IFNα/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and genetic deletion of IFNAR1 in neutrophils concomitantly decreased HSV-2 genital disease severity and vaginal IL-18 levels. Therapeutic neutralization of IL-18 also diminished genital inflammation, indicating an important role for this cytokine in promoting neutrophil-dependent immunopathology. Our study reveals that sustained type I interferon (IFN) signaling is a driver of pathogenic neutrophil responses and identifies IL-18 as a novel component of disease during genital HSV-2 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/metabolism
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucous Membrane/drug effects
- Mucous Membrane/innervation
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/virology
- Neutrophil Activation/drug effects
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/virology
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vagina/drug effects
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Vero Cells
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Lebratti
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ying Shiang Lim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Adjoa Cofie
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Prabhakar Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maria Rita Fabbrizi
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Ayşe Naz Ozantürk
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Christine Pham
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Regina Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Mary Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics/Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of MedicineSt LouisUnited States
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21
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Yum S, Li M, Fang Y, Chen ZJ. TBK1 recruitment to STING activates both IRF3 and NF-κB that mediate immune defense against tumors and viral infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100225118. [PMID: 33785602 PMCID: PMC8040795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of type I interferons through the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is considered a major outcome of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation that drives immune responses against DNA viruses and tumors. However, STING activation can also trigger other downstream pathways such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling and autophagy, and the roles of interferon (IFN)-independent functions of STING in infectious diseases or cancer are not well understood. Here, we generated a STING mouse strain with a mutation (S365A) that disrupts IRF3 binding and therefore type I interferon induction but not NF-κB activation or autophagy induction. We also generated STING mice with mutations that disrupt the recruitment of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which is important for both IRF3 and NF-κB activation but not autophagy induction (L373A or ∆CTT, which lacks the C-terminal tail). The STING-S365A mutant mice, but not L373A or ∆CTT mice, were still resistant to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections and mounted an antitumor response after cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) treatment despite the absence of STING-induced interferons. These results demonstrate that STING can function independently of type I interferons and autophagy, and that TBK1 recruitment to STING is essential for antiviral and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyun Yum
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148;
- Center for Inflammation Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148
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22
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Mielcarska MB, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Toka FN. Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-Like Receptors-A Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication? Front Immunol 2021; 11:620972. [PMID: 33597952 PMCID: PMC7882679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response, however, the same TLRs should maintain the delicate balance of avoiding recognition of self-nucleic acids. Such sensing is widely known to start from endosomal compartments, but recently enough evidence has accumulated supporting the idea that TLR-mediated signaling pathways originating in the cell membrane may be engaged in various cells due to differential expression and distribution of the endosomal TLRs. Therefore, the presence of endosomal TLRs on the cell surface could benefit the host responses in certain cell types and/or organs. Although not fully understood why, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may occur both in the cell membrane and intracellularly, and it seems that activation of the immune response can be initiated concurrently from these two sites in the cell. Furthermore, various forms of endosomal TLRs may be transported to the cell membrane, indicating that this may be a normal process orchestrated by cysteine proteases-cathepsins. Among the endosomal TLRs, TLR3 belongs to the evolutionary distinct group and engages a different protein adapter in the signaling cascade. The differently glycosylated forms of TLR3 are transported by UNC93B1 to the cell membrane, unlike TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. The aim of this review is to reconcile various views on the cell surface positioning of endosomal TLRs and add perspective to the implication of such receptor localization on their function, with special attention to TLR3. Cell membrane-localized TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 may contribute to endosomal TLR-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways. Dissecting this signaling axis may serve to better understand mechanisms influencing endosomal TLR-mediated inflammation, thus determine whether it is a necessity for immune response or simply a circumstantial superfluous duplication, with other consequences on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Division of Immunology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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23
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Singh H, Koury J, Kaul M. Innate Immune Sensing of Viruses and Its Consequences for the Central Nervous System. Viruses 2021; 13:170. [PMID: 33498715 PMCID: PMC7912342 DOI: 10.3390/v13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections remain a global public health concern and cause a severe societal and economic burden. At the organismal level, the innate immune system is essential for the detection of viruses and constitutes the first line of defense. Viral components are sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be further classified based on their localization into Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and cytosolic DNA sensors (CDS). TLR and RLR signaling results in production of type I interferons (IFNα and -β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a cell-specific manner, whereas NLR signaling leads to the production of interleukin-1 family proteins. On the other hand, CLRs are capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens, which can induce phagocytic, endocytic, antimicrobial, and pro- inflammatory responses. Peripheral immune sensing of viruses and the ensuing cytokine response can significantly affect the central nervous system (CNS). But viruses can also directly enter the CNS via a multitude of routes, such as the nasal epithelium, along nerve fibers connecting to the periphery and as cargo of infiltrating infected cells passing through the blood brain barrier, triggering innate immune sensing and cytokine responses directly in the CNS. Here, we review mechanisms of viral immune sensing and currently recognized consequences for the CNS of innate immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Singh
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Sun J, Zhang W, Tan Z, Zheng C, Tang Y, Ke X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li P, Hu Q, Wang H, Mao P, Zheng Z. Zika virus promotes CCN1 expression via the CaMKIIα-CREB pathway in astrocytes. Virulence 2021; 11:113-131. [PMID: 31957543 PMCID: PMC6984649 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1715189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the human central nervous system (CNS) causes Guillain–Barre syndrome, cerebellum deformity, and other diseases. Astrocytes are immune response cells in the CNS and an important component of the blood–brain barrier. Consequently, any damage to astrocytes facilitates the spread of ZIKV in the CNS. Connective tissue growth factor/Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene family 1 (CCN1), an important inflammatory factor secreted by astrocytes, is reported to regulate innate immunity and viral infection. However, the mechanism by which astrocyte viral infection affects CCN1 expression remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that ZIKV infection up-regulates CCN1 expression in astrocytes, thus promoting intracellular viral replication. Other studies revealed that the cAMP response element (CRE) in the CCN1 promoter is activated by the ZIKV NS3 protein. The cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), a transacting factor of the CRE, is also activated by NS3 or ZIKV. Furthermore,a specific inhibitor of CREB, i.e. SGC-CBP30, reduced ZIKV-induced CCN1 up-regulation and ZIKV replication. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation, overexpression, and knockdown studies confirmed that the interaction between NS3 and the regulatory domain of CaMKIIα could activate the CREB pathway, thus resulting in the up-regulation of CCN1 expression and enhancement of virus replication. In conclusion, the findings of our investigations on the NS3-CaMKIIα-CREB-CCN1 pathway provide a foundation for understanding the infection mechanism of ZIKV in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of life sciences and health, Wuhan university of science and technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongyuan Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Caishang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianliang Ke
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases,Military Hospital of China, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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25
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Li L, Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:740-755. [PMID: 33039660 PMCID: PMC7543714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal cells that mediate innate immunity in the CNS. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed by astrocytes and microglia, sense pathogen-derived or endogenous ligands released by damaged cells and initiate the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-characterized family of PRRs. The contribution of microglial TLR signaling to CNS pathology has been extensively investigated. Even though astrocytes assume a wide variety of key functions, information about the role of astroglial TLRs in CNS disease and injuries is limited. Because astrocytes display heterogeneity and exhibit phenotypic plasticity depending on the effectors present in the local milieu, they can exert both detrimental and beneficial effects. TLRs are modulators of these paradoxical astroglial properties. The goal of the current review is to highlight the essential roles played by astroglial TLRs in CNS infections, injuries and diseases. We discuss the contribution of astroglial TLRs to host defense as well as the dissemination of viral and bacterial infections in the CNS. We examine the link between astroglial TLRs and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and present evidence showing the pivotal influence of astroglial TLR signaling on sterile inflammation in CNS injury. Finally, we define the research questions and areas that warrant further investigations in the context of astrocytes, TLRs, and CNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Li
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F. Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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26
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Bansode YD, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:256-266. [PMID: 33351727 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing cytokines and interferons (IFNs). In this study, we checked the effect of differential activation of TLR2 by using different TLR2 dimer-specific ligands on the anti-HSV-1 innate immune response. We found that TLR2/2 ligand-induced IFN-β in neurons, while IFN-α in astrocytes and these IFNs subsequently induce the expression of IFN stimulatory genes like viperin, Ch25H, OAS2, latent RNase (RNase L), protein kinase R (PKR), and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1. These are the genes with antiviral functions such as blocking viral attachment, protein synthesis, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,ICMR-Virus Unit, Kolkata, India
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27
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Zheng W, Xu Q, Zhang Y, E X, Gao W, Zhang M, Zhai W, Rajkumar RS, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways. Virol J 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 33298111 PMCID: PMC7726878 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Xiaofei E
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Mogen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Weijie Zhai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | | | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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28
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Cabrera JR, Rodríguez-Izquierdo I, Jiménez JL, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. Analysis of ALS-related proteins during herpes simplex virus-2 latent infection. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:371. [PMID: 33287823 PMCID: PMC7722435 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics have provided hints on potential molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). However, the number of cases caused exclusively by genetic alterations is low, suggesting an important contribution of environmental factors to NDDs. Among these factors, viruses like herpes simplex viruses (HSV-2), capable of establishing lifelong infections within the nervous system (NS), are being proposed to have a role in NDDs. Despite promising data, there is a significant lack of knowledge on this and an urgent need for more research. METHODS We have set up a mouse model to study HSV latency and its associated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. The goal of this model was to observe neuroinflammatory changes caused by HSV latent infections, and if those changes were similar to alterations observed in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. RESULTS In infected spinal cords, we have observed a strong leukocyte infiltration and a severe alteration of microglia close to motor neurons. We have also analyzed ALS-related proteins: we have not found changes in TDP-43 and Fus in neurons, but interestingly, we have found decreased protein levels of C9orf72, of which coding gene is severely altered in some familial forms of ALS and is critical for microglia homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Latent infection of HSV in the spinal cord showed altered microglia and leukocyte infiltration. These inflammatory features resembled to those observed in the spinal cord of ALS patients. No changes mimicking ALS neuropathology, such as TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions, were found in infected spinal cords, but a decrease in protein levels of C9orf72 was observed. Then, further studies should be required to determine whether HSV-2 has a role in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rubén Cabrera
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, España
- Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rodríguez-Izquierdo
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, España
- Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, España.
- Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
- Spain HIV HGM BioBanco, Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Sección Inmunología, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, España.
- Spain HIV HGM BioBanco, Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), C/Dr. Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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Svenningsen EB, Thyrsted J, Blay-Cadanet J, Liu H, Lin S, Moyano-Villameriel J, Olagnier D, Idorn M, Paludan SR, Holm CK, Poulsen TB. Ionophore antibiotic X-206 is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104988. [PMID: 33248195 PMCID: PMC7687369 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pandemic spread of emerging human pathogenic viruses, such as the current SARS-CoV-2, poses both an immediate and future challenge to human health and society. Currently, effective treatment of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is limited and broad spectrum antiviral therapies to meet other emerging pandemics are absent leaving the World population largely unprotected. Here, we have identified distinct members of the family of polyether ionophore antibiotics with potent ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication and cytopathogenicity in cells. Several compounds from this class displayed more than 100-fold selectivity between viral-induced cytopathogenicity and inhibition of cell viability, however the compound X-206 displayed >500-fold selectivity and was furthermore able to inhibit viral replication even at sub-nM levels. The antiviral mechanism of the polyether ionophores is currently not understood in detail. We demonstrate, e.g. through unbiased bioactivity profiling, that their effects on the host cells differ from those of cationic amphiphiles such as hydroxychloroquine. Collectively, our data suggest that polyether ionophore antibiotics should be subject to further investigations as potential broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The polyether ionophore antibiotic X-206 is revealed as a potent inhibitor of the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Other members of the same compound family also display strong antiviral potency although selectivity differs widely. Morphological profiling allows mechanistic comparison between X-206 and cationic amphiphiles, such as hydroxychloroquine. Further pre-clinical development of X-206, and other polyether ionophores, as antiviral agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben B Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thyrsted
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Julia Blay-Cadanet
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Shaoquan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Thomas B Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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30
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Zhu H, Zheng C. The Race between Host Antiviral Innate Immunity and the Immune Evasion Strategies of Herpes Simplex Virus 1. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00099-20. [PMID: 32998978 PMCID: PMC7528619 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is very successful in establishing acute and latent infections in humans by counteracting host antiviral innate immune responses. HSV-1 has evolved various strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity and some cellular survival-associated pathways. Since there is still no vaccine available for HSV-1, a continuous update of information regarding the interaction between HSV-1 infection and the host antiviral innate immunity will provide novel insights to develop new therapeutic strategies for HSV-1 infection and its associated diseases. Here, we update recent studies about how HSV-1 evades the host antiviral innate immunity, specifically how HSV-1 proteins directly or indirectly target the adaptors in the antiviral innate immunity signaling pathways to downregulate the signal transduction. Additionally, some classical intracellular stress responses, which also play important roles in defense of viral invasion, will be discussed here. With a comprehensive review of evasion mechanisms of antiviral innate immunity by HSV-1, we will be able to develop potential new targets for therapies and a possible vaccine against HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Neonatal/Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Szulc-Da̧browska L, Bossowska-Nowicka M, Wyżewski Z, Cymerys J, Chodkowski M, Kiełbik P, Godlewski MM, Gieryńska M, Toka FN. Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:544612. [PMID: 33281554 PMCID: PMC7705377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.544612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained. In this research, we investigated the involvement of various types of endosomes in the regulation of the TLR3 mobility in C8-D1A murine astrocyte cell line. TLR3 was transported rapidly to early EEA1-positive endosomes as well as LAMP1-lysosomes following stimulation with the poly(I:C). Later, TLR3 largely associated with late Rab7-positive endosomes. Twenty-four hours after stimulation, TLR3 co-localized with LAMP1 abundantly in lysosomes of astrocytes. TLR3 interacted with poly(I:C) intracellularly from 1 min to 8 h following cell stimulation. We detected TLR3 on the surface of astrocytes indicating constitutive expression, which increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Our findings contribute to the understanding of cellular modulation of TLR3 trafficking. Detailed analysis of the TLR3 transportation pathway is an important component in disclosing the fate of the receptor in HSV-infected CNS and may help in the search for rationale therapeutics to control the replication of neuropathic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Szulc-Da̧browska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Kiełbik
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał M Godlewski
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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32
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Carty M, Guy C, Bowie AG. Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114316. [PMID: 33152343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes are a key part of the anti-viral innate immune system as they detect conserved viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A successful host response to viral infections critically depend on the initial activation of PRRs by viruses, mainly by viral DNA and RNA. The signalling pathways activated by PRRs leads to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, to recruit immune cells, and type I and type III interferons which leads to the induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG), powerful virus restriction factors that establish the "antiviral state". Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses through the maturation of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 and through triggering pyroptotic cell death. The activity of the innate immune system along with the adaptive immune response normally leads to successful virus elimination, although disproportionate innate responses contribute to viral pathology. In this review we will discuss recent insights into the influence of PRR activation and inflammasomes on viral infections and what this means for the mammalian host. We will also comment on how specific PRRs and inflammasomes may be relevant to how SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, interacts with host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carty
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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33
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Solid Cancer and Therapy Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113227. [PMID: 33147700 PMCID: PMC7692054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for the antiviral function and, therefore, its role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer. In this perspective, we focus on the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as on the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, which has been extensively studied for its antiviral function. It is highly expressed in the endosomes of antigen-presenting immune cells and epithelial cells. TLR3 binds specifically double-strand RNAs (dsRNAs), leading to the activation of mainly two downstream pathways: the phosphorylation of IRF3, with subsequent production of type I interferon, and the activation of NF-κB, which drives the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Several studies have demonstrated TLR3 expression in multiple neoplasia types including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. Most studies were focused on the beneficial role of TLR3 activation in tumor cells, which leads to the production of cytotoxic cytokines and interferons and promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis. Indeed, ligands of this receptor were proposed for the treatment of cancer, also in combination with conventional chemotherapy. In contrast to these findings, recent evidence showed a link between TLR3 and tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms through which TLR3 can either lead to tumor regression or promote carcinogenesis as well as the potential of TLR-based therapies in resistant cancer.
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34
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Olagnier D, Farahani E, Thyrsted J, Blay-Cadanet J, Herengt A, Idorn M, Hait A, Hernaez B, Knudsen A, Iversen MB, Schilling M, Jørgensen SE, Thomsen M, Reinert LS, Lappe M, Hoang HD, Gilchrist VH, Hansen AL, Ottosen R, Nielsen CG, Møller C, van der Horst D, Peri S, Balachandran S, Huang J, Jakobsen M, Svenningsen EB, Poulsen TB, Bartsch L, Thielke AL, Luo Y, Alain T, Rehwinkel J, Alcamí A, Hiscott J, Mogensen TH, Paludan SR, Holm CK. SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4938. [PMID: 33009401 PMCID: PMC7532469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral strategies to inhibit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) and the pathogenic consequences of COVID-19 are urgently required. Here, we demonstrate that the NRF2 antioxidant gene expression pathway is suppressed in biopsies obtained from COVID-19 patients. Further, we uncover that NRF2 agonists 4-octyl-itaconate (4-OI) and the clinically approved dimethyl fumarate (DMF) induce a cellular antiviral program that potently inhibits replication of SARS-CoV2 across cell lines. The inhibitory effect of 4-OI and DMF extends to the replication of several other pathogenic viruses including Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and-2, Vaccinia virus, and Zika virus through a type I interferon (IFN)-independent mechanism. In addition, 4-OI and DMF limit host inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV2 infection associated with airway COVID-19 pathology. In conclusion, NRF2 agonists 4-OI and DMF induce a distinct IFN-independent antiviral program that is broadly effective in limiting virus replication and in suppressing the pro-inflammatory responses of human pathogenic viruses, including SARS-CoV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Thyrsted
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julia Blay-Cadanet
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angela Herengt
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alon Hait
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bruno Hernaez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alice Knudsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Beck Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sofie E Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Huy-Dung Hoang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Victoria H Gilchrist
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Anne Louise Hansen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ottosen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Camilla G Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Demi van der Horst
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Suraj Peri
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philidelphia, PA, 19111-2497, USA
| | | | - Jinrong Huang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lydia Bartsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne L Thielke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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35
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Buch A, Sodeik B, Pich A, Claus P. The Proteome and Secretome of Cortical Brain Cells Infected With Herpes Simplex Virus. Front Neurol 2020; 11:844. [PMID: 32973653 PMCID: PMC7481480 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of the brain with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause life-threatening Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) characterized by viral replication in neurons and neuro-inflammation including an infiltration of peripheral immune cells. HSV-1 reprograms host cells to foster its own replication and for immune evasion, but eventually the immune responses clear the infection in most patients. However, many survivors suffer from long-term neuronal damage and cannot regenerate all brain functions. HSV-1 influences the physiology of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia, and significantly changes their protein expression and secretion pattern. To characterize temporal changes upon HSV-1 infection in detail, we inoculated mixed primary cultures of the murine brain cortex, and performed quantitative mass spectrometry analyses of the cell-associated proteome and the secretome. We identified 28 differentially regulated host proteins influencing inflammasome formation and intracellular vesicle trafficking during endocytosis and secretion. The NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7), a critical component of the inflammasome, and ArfGap1, a regulator of endocytosis, were significantly up-regulated upon HSV-1 infection. In the secretome, we identified 71 proteins including guidance cues regulating axonal regeneration, such as semaphorin6D, which were enriched in the conditioned media of HSV-1 infected cells. Modulation of inflammasome activity and intracellular membrane traffic are critical for HSV-1 cell entry, virus assembly, and intracellular spread. Our proteome analysis provides first clues on host factors that might dampen the inflammasome response and modulate intracellular vesicle transport to promote HSV infection of the brain. Furthermore, our secretome analysis revealed a set of proteins involved in neuroregeneration that might foster neuronal repair processes to restore brain functions after clearance of an HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany.,Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,DZIF-German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute for Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Core Facility Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.,Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hanover, Germany
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36
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Jondle CN, Tarakanova VL. Innate immunity and alpha/gammaherpesviruses: first impressions last a lifetime. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:81-89. [PMID: 32777757 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system is considered the first line of defense during viral invasion, with the wealth of the literature demonstrating innate immune control of diverse viruses during acute infection. What is far less clear is the role of innate immune system during chronic virus infections. This short review focuses on alphaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses, two highly prevalent herpesvirus subfamilies that, following a brief, once in a lifetime period of acute lytic infection, establish life-long latent infection that is characterized by sporadic reactivation in an immunocompetent host. In spite of many similarities, these two viral families are characterized by distinct cellular tropism and pathogenesis. Here we focus on the published in vivo studies to review known interactions of these two viral subfamilies with the innate immunity of the intact host, both during acute and, particularly, chronic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Jondle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, United States.
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37
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Insights into Sensing of Murine Retroviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080836. [PMID: 32751803 PMCID: PMC7472155 DOI: 10.3390/v12080836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are major causes of disease in animals and human. Better understanding of the initial host immune response to these viruses could provide insight into how to limit infection. Mouse retroviruses that are endemic in their hosts provide an important genetic tool to dissect the different arms of the innate immune system that recognize retroviruses as foreign. Here, we review what is known about the major branches of the innate immune system that respond to mouse retrovirus infection, Toll-like receptors and nucleic acid sensors, and discuss the importance of these responses in activating adaptive immunity and controlling infection.
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38
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145150. [PMID: 32708188 PMCID: PMC7404291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 virions, the subsequent IFN response generated to limit viral infection, and the evasion strategies developed by HSV-1 to evade the immune system and establish latency in the host.
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39
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Yamashiro LH, Wilson SC, Morrison HM, Karalis V, Chung JYJ, Chen KJ, Bateup HS, Szpara ML, Lee AY, Cox JS, Vance RE. Interferon-independent STING signaling promotes resistance to HSV-1 in vivo. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3382. [PMID: 32636381 PMCID: PMC7341812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway initiates potent immune responses upon recognition of DNA. To initiate signaling, serine 365 (S365) in the C-terminal tail (CTT) of STING is phosphorylated, leading to induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Additionally, evolutionary conserved responses such as autophagy also occur downstream of STING, but their relative importance during in vivo infections remains unclear. Here we report that mice harboring a serine 365-to-alanine (S365A) mutation in STING are unexpectedly resistant to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1, despite lacking STING-induced type I IFN responses. By contrast, resistance to HSV-1 is abolished in mice lacking the STING CTT, suggesting that the STING CTT initiates protective responses against HSV-1, independently of type I IFNs. Interestingly, we find that STING-induced autophagy is a CTT- and TBK1-dependent but IRF3-independent process that is conserved in the STING S365A mice. Thus, interferon-independent functions of STING mediate STING-dependent antiviral responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia H Yamashiro
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stephen C Wilson
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 200 Cambridge Park Dr, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Huntly M Morrison
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vasiliki Karalis
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jing-Yi J Chung
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Katherine J Chen
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Helen S Bateup
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jeffery S Cox
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Henry Wheeler Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Henry Wheeler Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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40
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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41
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Herpes simplex virus encephalitis of childhood: inborn errors of central nervous system cell-intrinsic immunity. Hum Genet 2020; 139:911-918. [PMID: 32040615 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis in Western countries. Over the last 15 years, human genetic and immunological studies have provided proof-of-principle that childhood HSE can result from inborn errors of central nervous system (CNS)-specific, cell-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1. HSE-causing mutations of eight genes disrupt known (TLR3-dependent IFN-α/β immunity) and novel (dependent on DBR1 or snoRNA31) antiviral mechanisms. Monogenic inborn errors confer susceptibility to forebrain (TLR3-IFN or snoRNA31) or brainstem (DBR1) HSE. Most of these disorders display incomplete clinical penetrance, with the possible exception of DBR1 deficiency. They account for a small, but non-negligible proportion of cases (about 7%). These findings pave the way for the gradual definition of the genetic and immunological architecture of childhood HSE, with both biological and clinical implications.
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42
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Tian B, Cai D, He T, Deng L, Wu L, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Chen S, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Cheng A. Isolation and Selection of Duck Primary Cells as Pathogenic and Innate Immunologic Cell Models for Duck Plague Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3131. [PMID: 32063900 PMCID: PMC6999086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV) is a representative pathogen transmitted among aquatic animals that causes gross lesions and immune inhibition in geese and ducks. The mechanism of organ tropism and innate immune evasion of DPV has not been completely deciphered due to a lack of cell models to study the innate immune manipulation and pathogenicity of aquatic viruses. In the present study, we isolated five types of duck primary cells [duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs), neurons, astrocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and monocytes/macrophages] to identify appropriate cell models for DPV, using tropism infection and innate immunologic assays. Cells responded differently to stimulation with DNA viruses or RNA virus analogs. DPV infection exhibited broad tropism, as the recombinant virulent strain (CHv-GFP) infected DEFs, neurons, astrocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, but not the PBMCs, as the expression of EGFP was negligible. The basal levels of innate immunity molecules were highest in monocytes/macrophages and lower in DEFs and astrocytes. Conversely, the titer and genomic copy number of the attenuated virus strain was higher in DEFs and astrocytes than in neurons and monocytes/macrophages. The titer and genomic copy number of the attenuated virus strain were higher compared with the virulent strain in DEFs, neurons, and astrocytes. The innate immune response was not significantly induced by either DPV strain in DEFs, neurons, or astrocytes. The virulent strain persistently infected monocytes/macrophages, but the attenuated strain did so abortively, and this was accompanied by the phenomenon of innate immune inhibition and activation by the virulent and attenuated strains, respectively. Blockage of IFNAR signaling promoted replication of the attenuated strain. Pre-activation of IFNAR signaling inhibited infection by the virulent strain. The selection assay results indicated that induction of innate immunity plays an essential role in controlling DPV infection, and monocytes/macrophages are an important cell model for further investigations. Our study provided practical methods for isolating and culturing duck primary cells, and our results will facilitate further investigations of organ tropism, innate immune responses, latent infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral drugs for treating DPV and potentially other aerial bird pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianqiong He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyao Deng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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43
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Khorooshi R, Marczynska J, Dieu RS, Wais V, Hansen CR, Kavan S, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse T, Webster GA, Owens T. Innate signaling within the central nervous system recruits protective neutrophils. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:2. [PMID: 31915070 PMCID: PMC6950927 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in understanding how the central nervous system (CNS) communicates with the immune system for recruitment of protective responses. Infiltrating phagocytic monocytes and granulocytes are implicated in neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To investigate how CNS endogenous signals can be harnessed to promote anti-inflammatory programs, we have used a particulate Toll-like receptor 9 and nucleotide-oligomerization domain 2 bispecific innate ligand (MIS416), to address whether its phagocytosis within the CNS recruits protective myeloid cells. We find that MIS416 injected intrathecally into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cisterna magna induced a local chemokine response that recruited blood-derived monocytes and neutrophils to the CNS. These cells phagocytosed MIS416. The increase in EAE severity normally seen from time of onset did not occur in mice receiving MIS416. This suppression of disease symptoms was dependent on expression of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). Transfer of intrathecal MIS416-induced neutrophils suppressed EAE in recipient mice, while monocytes did not transfer protection. MIS416-induced neutrophils showed increased IL-10 expression that was IFNAR1-driven. In contrast to intrathecal administration, intravenous administration of MIS416 led to monocyte but not neutrophil infiltration to the CNS. We thus identify a CNS-intrinsic and -specific phagocytosis-induced recruitment of anti-inflammatory neutrophils that contribute to CNS homeostasis and may have therapeutic potential.
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44
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Akhtar LN, Szpara ML. Viral genetic diversity and its potential contributions to the development and progression of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:249-256. [PMID: 32944492 PMCID: PMC7491914 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neonatal infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 or 2 presents a devastating burden to new parents, due to the unpredictability of severe clinical outcomes, as well as the potential for lifelong reactivation. While just under half of neonatal HSV infections have mild clinical impacts akin to those observed in adults, the other half experience viral spread throughout the body (disseminated infection) and/or the brain (central nervous system infection). SUMMARY Here we summarize current data on clinical diagnostic measures, antiviral therapy, and known factors of human host biology that contribute to the distinct neonatal outcomes of HSV infection. RECENT FINDINGS We then explore recent new data on how viral genetic diversity between infections may impact clinical outcomes. Further research will be critical to build upon these early findings and to provide statistical power to our ability to discern and/or predict the potential clinical path of a given neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N. Akhtar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Moriah L. Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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45
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Gardner JK, Swaims-Kohlmeier A, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. IL-36γ Is a Key Regulator of Neutrophil Infiltration in the Vaginal Microenvironment and Limits Neuroinvasion in Genital HSV-2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:2655-2664. [PMID: 31578266 PMCID: PMC9978960 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
HSV-2 is a neurotropic virus that causes a persistent, lifelong infection that increases risk for other sexually transmitted infections. The vaginal epithelium is the first line of defense against HSV-2 and coordinates the immune response through the secretion of immune mediators, including the proinflammatory cytokine IL-36γ. Previously, we showed that IL-36γ treatment promoted transient polymorphonuclear cell infiltration to the vaginal cavity and protected against lethal HSV-2 challenge. In this report, we reveal that IL-36γ specifically induces transient neutrophil infiltration but does not impact monocyte and macrophage recruitment. Using IL-36γ-/- mice in a lethal HSV-2 challenge model, we show that neutrophil counts are significantly reduced at 1 and 2 d postinfection and that KC-mediated mature neutrophil recruitment is impaired in IL-36γ-/- mice. Additionally, IL-36γ-/- mice develop genital disease more rapidly, have significantly reduced survival time, and exhibit an increased incidence of hind limb paralysis that is linked to productive HSV-2 infection in the brain stem. IL-36γ-/- mice also exhibit a significant delay in clearance of the virus from the vaginal epithelium and a more rapid spread of HSV-2 to the spinal cord, bladder, and colon. We further show that the decreased survival time and increased virus spread observed in IL-36γ-/- mice are not neutrophil-dependent, suggesting that IL-36γ may function to limit HSV-2 spread in the nervous system. Ultimately, we demonstrate that IL-36γ is a key regulator of neutrophil recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment and may function to limit HSV-2 neuroinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K. Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Alison Swaims-Kohlmeier
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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46
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Wang P, Gamero AM, Jensen LE. IL-36 promotes anti-viral immunity by boosting sensitivity to IFN-α/β in IRF1 dependent and independent manners. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4700. [PMID: 31619669 PMCID: PMC6795910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of the IL-36 cytokines remain poorly understood. We report a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby IL-36 promotes innate antiviral immunity in mouse and human models of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections. HSV-1 actively suppresses production of type I interferon (IFN); our data reveal that IL-36 overcomes this immune evasion strategy by increasing cellular sensitivity to IFN. IL-36β deficient mice display impaired IFN responses and poorly restrict viral replication in skin keratinocytes. In mouse and human keratinocytes IL-36 elicits an antiviral state driven by STAT1 and STAT2 via enhanced expression of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits of the type I IFN receptor. The degree of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) involvement is species dependent, with IRF1 playing a more prominent role in human cells. Similar mechanisms are activated by IL-1. Overall, IL-36 acts as an antiviral cytokine by potentiating type I IFN signaling and thereby upholds immune responses to viruses that limit the production of IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Liselotte E Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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47
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Wang Y, Jia J, Wang Y, Li F, Song X, Qin S, Wang Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Roles of HSV-1 infection-induced microglial immune responses in CNS diseases: friends or foes? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:581-594. [PMID: 31512533 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1660615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, as brain-resident macrophages, are the first line of defense against brain invading pathogens. Further, their dysfunction has been recognized to be closely associated with mounting CNS diseases. Of note, chronic HSV-1 infection leads to the persistent activation of microglia, which elicit a comprehensive response by generating certain factors with neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects. CNS infection with HSV-1 results in herpes simplex encephalitis and herpes simplex keratitis. Microglial immune response plays a crucial role in the development of these diseases. Moreover, HSV-1 infection is strongly associated with several CNS diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. These CNS diseases can be effectively ameliorated by eliciting an appropriate immune response, such as inhibition of microglial proliferation and activation. Therefore, it is crucial to reassess the positive and negative roles of microglia in HSV-1 CNS infection for a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of the relationship between microglia and CNS diseases. Hence, the present review focuses on the dual roles of microglia in mediating HSV-1 CNS infection, as well as on the strategy of targeting microglia to ameliorate CNS diseases. Further research in this field can help comprehensively elucidate the dual role of the microglial immune response in HSV-1 CNS infection, providing a theoretical basis for identifying therapeutic targets against overactive microglia in CNS diseases and HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Jia
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Gunderstofte C, Iversen MB, Peri S, Thielke A, Balachandran S, Holm CK, Olagnier D. Nrf2 Negatively Regulates Type I Interferon Responses and Increases Susceptibility to Herpes Genital Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2101. [PMID: 31555293 PMCID: PMC6742979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections for which no effective vaccines or prophylactic treatment currently exist. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been more recently shown to regulate inflammatory and antiviral responses. Here, we evaluated the importance of Nrf2 in the control of HSV-2 genital infection, and its role in the regulation of HSV-induced innate antiviral immunity. Comparison of antiviral gene expression profile by RNA-sequencing analysis of wild type and Nrf2-mutant (Nrf2 AY/AY ) murine macrophages showed an upregulation at the basal level of the type I interferon-associated gene network. The same basal increased antiviral profile was also observed in the spleen of Nrf2 -/- mice. Interestingly, the lack of Nrf2 in murine cells was sufficient to increase the responsiveness to HSV-derived dsDNA and protect cells from HSV-2 infection in vitro. Surprisingly, there was no indication of an alteration in STING expression in murine cells as previously reported in cells of human origin. Additionally, genetic activation of Nrf2 in Keap1 -/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts increased HSV-2 infectivity and replication. Finally, using an in vivo vaginal herpes infection model, we showed that Nrf2 controlled early innate immune responses to HSV-2 without affecting STING expression levels. Nrf2 -/- mice exhibited reduced viral replication that was associated with higher level of type I interferons in vaginal washes. Nrf2 -/- mice also displayed reduced weight loss, lower disease scores, and higher survival rates than wild type animals. Collectively, these data identify Nrf2 as a negative regulator of the interferon-driven antiviral response to HSV-2 without impairing STING mRNA and protein expression levels in murine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Gunderstofte
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Beck Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Suraj Peri
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anne Thielke
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Christian Kanstrup Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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49
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Jahanban‐Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Majidinia M, Karimian A, Yousefi B, Nabavi SM, Astani A, Berindan‐Neagoe I, Gulei D, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Manni G, Pirro M, Xu S, Sadeghi M, Nabavi SF, Shirooie S. Toll‐like receptors as novel therapeutic targets for herpes simplex virus infection. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2048. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Jahanban‐Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research CenterUrmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research InstituteBabol University of Medical Sciences Babol Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Department of MicrobiologyShahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences Yazd Iran
| | - Ioana Berindan‐Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE ‐Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Research Centerfor Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental PathologyThe Oncology Institute “Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuţă” Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- MEDFUTURE ‐Research Center for Advanced Medicine“Iuliu‐Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | | | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Giorgia Manni
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Perugia Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research InstituteUniversity of Rochester Rochester NY USA
| | - Mahmoud Sadeghi
- Department of Transplantation ImmunologyUniversity of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyKermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
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Deeba E, Koptides D, Lambrianides A, Pantzaris M, Krashias G, Christodoulou C. Complete sequence analysis of human toll-like receptor 3 gene in natural killer cells of multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 33:100-106. [PMID: 31177052 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where both environmental and genetic risk factors play a role. Among the environmental risk factors, EBV and HSV infections have been suggested as strong candidates contributing to MS pathology/progression. Viral recognition and control is largely tasked to the NK cells via TLR recognition and various cytotoxic and immunoregulatory functions. The present work aimed to characterize NK cells isolated from MS patients for genetic polymorphisms in the gene encoding for TLR3, as TLR3 in NK cells is important in herpesvirus recognition. METHODS Highly purified NK cells isolated from peripheral blood of MS patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 30) were used to sequence all five exons of the TLR3 gene using sanger sequencing. Alignment of the obtained sequences with the wild-type TLR3 sequence was used to identify genetic polymorphisms within the TLR3 gene. RESULTS The alignment identified multiple substitution mutations across the five exons of the TLR3 gene (rs116729895, rs3775296, rs377529, rs3775290, rs3775291, rs376735334 and rs73873710). A significant difference was observed in the allele distribution of rs3775291 (Leu412Phe) between MS patients and HC, whereby the minor allele was detected in 38.9% of MS patients versus 11% of HC (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION There appears to be a possible association between the TLR3 missense mutation rs3775291 and multiple sclerosis, which might be attributed to changes in the TLR3 functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Deeba
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dana Koptides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasia Lambrianides
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Pantzaris
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Neurology Clinic C, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Krashias
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Molecular Virology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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