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Zhang P, Ding J, Wang Q, McDowell NG, Kong D, Tong Y, Yin H. Contrasting coordination of non-structural carbohydrates with leaf and root economic strategies of alpine coniferous forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:580-590. [PMID: 38488228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), as the labile fraction and dominant carbon currency, are essential mediators of plant adaptation to environments. However, whether and how NSC coordinates with plant economic strategy frameworks, particularly the well-recognized leaf economics spectrums (LES) and root economics space (RES), remains unclear. We examined the relationships between NSC and key plant economics traits in leaves and fine roots across 90 alpine coniferous populations on the Tibetan Plateau, China. We observed contrasting coordination of NSC with economics traits in leaves and roots. Leaf total NSC and soluble sugar aligned with the leaf economic spectrum, conveying a trade-off between growth and storage in leaves. However, NSC in roots was independent of the root economic spectrum, but highly coordinated with root foraging, with more starch and less sugar in forage-efficient, thinner roots. Further, NSC-trait coordination in leaves and roots was, respectively, driven by local temperature and precipitation. These findings highlight distinct roles of NSC in shaping the above- and belowground multidimensional economics trait space, and NSC-based carbon economics provides a mechanistic understanding of how plants adapt to heterogeneous habitats and respond to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junxiang Ding
- College of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qitong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Deliang Kong
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Huajun Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Ordoñez JC, Pinto E, Bernardi A, Cuesta F. Tree mortality and recruitment in secondary Andean tropical mountain forests along a 3000 m elevation gradient. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300114. [PMID: 38466663 PMCID: PMC10927132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the understudied dynamics of mortality and recruitment in Tropical Mountain forests, critical determinants of forest structural processes and biomass turnover. We examine how these demographic processes change with elevation and varying degrees of forest recovery by utilizing two forest censuses (2015 and 2019) from 16 plots (0.36 ha) across a 600-3500 m asl elevation gradient in the Ecuadorian Andes. Employing multivariate PCA analyses, we characterize successional forest dynamics and explore relationships between demographic rates, elevation, and indicators of forest recovery using standard linear regression and generalized additive models (GAMs). Contrary to our hypothesis, mortality exhibits a unimodal response, peaking at mid-elevations, with no significant relationship to above-ground biomass productivity (AGBp). In our successional forests, dominance by fast-growing species alters expected patterns, leading to increased mortality rates and AGBp, particularly at low-mid elevations. Forest recovery emerges as a significant driver of mortality and the sole predictor of recruitment, especially across different recovery statuses. Although forest recovery doesn't impact mortality rates, it elucidates the identity of declining species in forests with varying recovery degrees. Our findings underscore that while forest recovery does not alter mortality rates, it provides critical insights into understanding which species are affected under varying recovery conditions. Recruitment, primarily driven by successional dynamics, exhibits higher rates in sites with less recovery. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of forest structure indicators, such as above-ground biomass, in inferring successional dynamics when the time since the last disturbance is unknown. The study emphasizes the importance of considering disturbances in comprehending the intricate interplay between the environment and forest dynamics in secondary forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C. Ordoñez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud -BIOMAS—Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Pinto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Antonella Bernardi
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud -BIOMAS—Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Cuesta
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud -BIOMAS—Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
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Pugh TAM, Seidl R, Liu D, Lindeskog M, Chini LP, Senf C. The anthropogenic imprint on temperate and boreal forest demography and carbon turnover. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2024; 33:100-115. [PMID: 38516343 PMCID: PMC10952773 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Aim The sweeping transformation of the biosphere by humans over the last millennia leaves only limited windows into its natural state. Much of the forests that dominated temperate and southern boreal regions have been lost and those that remain typically bear a strong imprint of forestry activities and past land-use change, which have changed forest age structure and composition. Here, we ask how would the dynamics, structure and function of temperate and boreal forests differ in the absence of forestry and the legacies of land-use change? Location Global. Time Period 2001-2014, integrating over the legacy of disturbance events from 1875 to 2014. Major Taxa Studied Trees. Methods We constructed an empirical model of natural disturbance probability as a function of community traits and climate, based on observed disturbance rate and form across 77 protected forest landscapes distributed across three continents. Coupling this within a dynamic vegetation model simulating forest composition and structure, we generated estimates of stand-replacing disturbance return intervals in the absence of forestry for northern hemisphere temperate and boreal forests. We then applied this model to calculate forest stand age structure and carbon turnover rates. Results Comparison with observed disturbance rates revealed human activities to have almost halved the median return interval of stand-replacing disturbances across temperate forest, with more moderate changes in the boreal region. The resulting forests are typically much younger, especially in northern Europe and south-eastern North America, resulting in a 32% reduction in vegetation carbon turnover time across temperate forests and a 7% reduction for boreal forests. Conclusions The current northern hemisphere temperate forest age structure is dramatically out of equilibrium with its natural disturbance regimes. Shifts towards more nature-based approaches to forest policy and management should more explicitly consider the current disturbance surplus, as it substantially impacts carbon dynamics and litter (including deadwood) stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. M. Pugh
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Ecosystem dynamics and forest management groupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
- Berchtesgaden National ParkBerchtesgadenGermany
| | - Daijun Liu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mats Lindeskog
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Louise P. Chini
- Department of Geographical SciencesUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Cornelius Senf
- Ecosystem dynamics and forest management groupTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
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Mu Y, Lindenmayer D, Zheng S, Yang Y, Wang D, Liu J. Size-focused conservation may fail to protect the world's oldest trees. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4641-4649.e3. [PMID: 37820721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Old trees are irreplaceable natural resources that provide multifaceted benefits to humans. Current conservation strategies focus primarily on large-sized trees that were often considered old. However, some studies have demonstrated that small trees can be more than thousands of years old, suggesting that conventional size-focused perceptions may hamper the efficiency of current conservation strategies for old trees. Here, we compiled paired age and diameter data using tree-ring records sampled from 121,918 trees from 269 species around the world to detect whether tree size is a strong predictor of age for old trees and whether the spatial distribution of small old trees differs from that of large old trees. We found that tree size was a weak predictor of age for old trees, and diameter explained only 10% of the total age variance of old trees. Unlike large-sized trees that are mainly in warm, wet environments and protected, small old trees are predominantly in cold, dry environments and mostly unprotected, indicating that size-focused conservation failed to protect some of the oldest trees. To conserve old trees, comprehensive old-tree recognition systems are needed that consider not only tree size but also age and external characteristics. Protected areas designed for small old trees are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Mu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shilu Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Deyi Wang
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 202183, China.
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Barrere J, Reineking B, Cordonnier T, Kulha N, Honkaniemi J, Peltoniemi M, Korhonen KT, Ruiz-Benito P, Zavala MA, Kunstler G. Functional traits and climate drive interspecific differences in disturbance-induced tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2836-2851. [PMID: 36757005 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With climate change, natural disturbances such as storm or fire are reshuffled, inducing pervasive shifts in forest dynamics. To predict how it will impact forest structure and composition, it is crucial to understand how tree species differ in their sensitivity to disturbances. In this study, we investigated how functional traits and species mean climate affect their sensitivity to disturbances while controlling for tree size and stand structure. With data on 130,594 trees located on 7617 plots that were disturbed by storm, fire, snow, biotic or other disturbances from the French, Spanish, and Finnish National Forest Inventory, we modeled annual mortality probability for 40 European tree species as a function of tree size, dominance status, disturbance type, and intensity. We tested the correlation of our estimated species probability of disturbance mortality with their traits and their mean climate niches. We found that different trait combinations controlled species sensitivity to disturbances. Storm-sensitive species had a high height-dbh ratio, low wood density and high maximum growth, while fire-sensitive species had low bark thickness and high P50. Species from warmer and drier climates, where fires are more frequent, were more resistant to fire. The ranking in disturbance sensitivity between species was overall consistent across disturbance types. Productive conifer species were the most disturbance sensitive, while Mediterranean oaks were the least disturbance sensitive. Our study identified key relations between species functional traits and disturbance sensitivity, that allows more reliable predictions of how changing climate and disturbance regimes will impact future forest structure and species composition at large spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Barrere
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Björn Reineking
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Thomas Cordonnier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, LESSEM, St-Martin-d'Hères, France
- Office National des Forêts, Département Recherche Développement Innovation, Direction Territoriale Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dole, France
| | - Niko Kulha
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Honkaniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kari T Korhonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Grupo de Ecologıa y Restauracion Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Grupo de Ecologıa y Restauracion Forestal, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
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Searle EB, Chen HYH, Paquette A. Higher tree diversity is linked to higher tree mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2013171119. [PMID: 35500110 PMCID: PMC9171344 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013171119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the relationship between tree diversity and ecosystem functioning has been a recent focus of forest ecology. Particular emphasis has been given to the impact of tree diversity on productivity and to its potential to mitigate negative global change effects; however, little attention has been paid to tree mortality. This is critical because both tree mortality and productivity underpin forest ecosystem dynamics and therefore forest carbon sequestration. Neglecting tree mortality leaves a large part of the picture undocumented. Here we show that increasingly diverse forest stands have increasingly high mortality probabilities. We found that the most species-rich stands in temperate biomes had mortality probabilities more than sevenfold higher than monospecific stands (∼0.6% year−1 in monospecific stands to 4.0% year−1 in the most species-rich stands) while in boreal stands increases were less pronounced but still significant (∼1.1% year−1 in monospecific stands to 1.8% year−1 in the most species-rich stands). Tree species richness was the third-most-important predictor of mortality in our models in temperate forests and the fifth-most-important predictor in boreal forests. Our results highlight that while the promotion of tree diversity undoubtedly has many positive effects on ecosystem functioning and the services that trees provide to humanity, it remains important to consider all aspects of forest dynamics in order to properly predict the implications of maintaining and promoting tree diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Searle
- Département des sciences biologiques, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1
| | - Alain Paquette
- Département des sciences biologiques, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
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Wu G, Chen D, Zhou Z. Contrasting Hydraulic Efficiency and Photosynthesis Strategy in Differential Successional Stages of a Subtropical Forest in a Karst Region. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122604. [PMID: 34961075 PMCID: PMC8705339 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the successional process from a disturbed forest to a mature forest is essential for species recovery and conservation initiatives. The resource acquisition and drought tolerance of plants can be instructive to predictions of species abundance and distribution for different forests. However, they have not been adequately tested at different successional stages in karst regions. Here, we selected seven dominant species in an early-succession forest and 17 species in a late-succession forest in a karst region of southwestern China. Resource acquisition-related traits such as hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic rate, and drought tolerance-related traits, including turgor loss point and wood density, were measured. We found that species in the early-succession forest had a higher hydraulic conductance and photosynthetic rate than those in the late-succession forest, while leaf water potential at turgor loss point and wood density showed nonsignificant differences between the two forests. In addition, we observed a significant negative relationship between photosynthetic rate and drought tolerance in the early-succession forest, which was not identified in late-succession forests. Our study indicates that resource acquisition rather than drought tolerance was the key factor explaining plant distributions in forests at different successional stages in karst regions. We also suggest that the resource acquisition and drought tolerance trade-off hypothesis is not always supported for karst region species. Our study could inform about the design of species replacements in successional forests and provide forest management and restoration guidelines for karst regions.
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Population age structures, persistence and flowering cues in Cerberiopsis candelabra (Apocynaceae), a long-lived monocarpic rain-forest tree in New Caledonia. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCerberiopsis candelabra Vieill. is a long-lived, monocarpic (= semelparous) and mass-flowering rain-forest tree, endemic to New Caledonia. Population size structures suggest establishment has been episodic, followed by a recruitment gap that might signal population decline. Here, we use age structures based on tree rings to better assess population dynamics and persistence, and investigate influences of tree size, age and growth rate on flowering. Age structures of populations surveyed in 2007–2008 were unimodal, with establishment over c. 15–81 y, followed by a recruitment gap of c. 23–79 y. Seedling mortality was generally high. High densities of flowering trees or large-scale exogenous disturbances may be necessary for in-situ regeneration. There was no evidence of a simple flowering threshold: flowering in 2017 occurred across a wide range of tree size, age and growth rate. Instead, evidence suggested that size and age at flowering may vary among plants depending on their growth trajectory. Environmental triggers of flowering were not identified by dating tree establishment, but the last three mass-flowering events occurred in years of tropical cyclones. Regeneration and persistence might be facilitated if large-scale disturbances trigger flowering, improving reproductive efficiency by synchronising flowering and linking reproduction with environmental conditions that enhance seedling recruitment.
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Lichstein JW, Peterson BT, Langebrake J, McKinley SA. Leaf Economics of Early- and Late-Successional Plants. Am Nat 2021; 198:347-359. [PMID: 34403314 DOI: 10.1086/715453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe leaf economics spectrum ranges from cheap, short-lived leaves to expensive, long-lived leaves. Species with low leaf mass per area (LMA) and short leaf life span tend to be fast growing and shade intolerant (early successional), whereas species with high LMA and long leaf life span tend to be slow growing and shade tolerant (late successional). However, we have limited understanding of how different leaf mass components (e.g., metabolically active photosynthetic components vs. structural toughness components) contribute to variation in LMA and other leaf economics spectrum traits. Here, we develop a model of plant community dynamics in which species differ in just two traits, photosynthetic and structural LMA components, and we identify optimal values of these traits for early- and late-successional species. Most of the predicted increase in LMA from early- to late-successional species was due to structural LMA. Photosynthetic LMA did not differ consistently between early- and late-successional species, but the photosynthetic LMA to structural LMA ratio declined from early- to late-successional species. Early-successional species had high rates of instantaneous return on leaf mass investment, whereas late-successional species had high lifetime return. Our results provide theoretical support for the primary role of structural (rather than photosynthetic) LMA variation in driving relationships among leaf economics spectrum traits.
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10
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Piovesan G, Biondi F. On tree longevity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1318-1337. [PMID: 33305422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large, majestic trees are iconic symbols of great age among living organisms. Published evidence suggests that trees do not die because of genetically programmed senescence in their meristems, but rather are killed by an external agent or a disturbance event. Long tree lifespans are therefore allowed by specific combinations of life history traits within realized niches that support resistance to, or avoidance of, extrinsic mortality. Another requirement for trees to achieve their maximum longevity is either sustained growth over extended periods of time or at least the capacity to increase their growth rates when conditions allow it. The growth plasticity and modularity of trees can then be viewed as an evolutionary advantage that allows them to survive and reproduce for centuries and millennia. As more and more scientific information is systematically collected on tree ages under various ecological settings, it is becoming clear that tree longevity is a key trait for global syntheses of life history strategies, especially in connection with disturbance regimes and their possible future modifications. In addition, we challenge the long-held notion that shade-tolerant, late-successional species have longer lifespans than early-successional species by pointing out that tree species with extreme longevity do not fit this paradigm. Identifying extremely old trees is therefore the groundwork not only for protecting and/or restoring entire landscapes, but also to revisit and update classic ecological theories that shape our understanding of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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11
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Venturas MD, Todd HN, Trugman AT, Anderegg WRL. Understanding and predicting forest mortality in the western United States using long-term forest inventory data and modeled hydraulic damage. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1896-1910. [PMID: 33112415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is expected to exacerbate the duration and intensity of droughts in the western United States, which may lead to increased tree mortality. A prevailing proximal mechanism of drought-induced tree mortality is hydraulic damage, but predicting tree mortality from hydraulic theory and climate data still remains a major scientific challenge. We used forest inventory data and a plant hydraulic model (HM) to address three questions: can we capture regional patterns of drought-induced tree mortality with HM-predicted damage thresholds; do HM metrics improve predictions of mortality across broad spatial areas; and what are the dominant controls of forest mortality when considering stand characteristics, climate metrics, and simulated hydraulic stress? We found that the amount of variance explained by models predicting mortality was limited (R2 median = 0.10, R2 range: 0.00-0.52). HM outputs, including hydraulic damage and carbon assimilation diagnostics, moderately improve mortality prediction across the western US compared with models using stand and climate predictors alone. Among factors considered, metrics of stand density and tree size tended to be some of the most critical factors explaining mortality, probably highlighting the important roles of structural overshoot, stand development, and biotic agent host selection and outbreaks in mortality patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Henry N Todd
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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12
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Russo SE, McMahon SM, Detto M, Ledder G, Wright SJ, Condit RS, Davies SJ, Ashton PS, Bunyavejchewin S, Chang-Yang CH, Ediriweera S, Ewango CEN, Fletcher C, Foster RB, Gunatilleke CVS, Gunatilleke IAUN, Hart T, Hsieh CF, Hubbell SP, Itoh A, Kassim AR, Leong YT, Lin YC, Makana JR, Mohamad MB, Ong P, Sugiyama A, Sun IF, Tan S, Thompson J, Yamakura T, Yap SL, Zimmerman JK. The interspecific growth-mortality trade-off is not a general framework for tropical forest community structure. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:174-183. [PMID: 33199870 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resource allocation within trees is a zero-sum game. Unavoidable trade-offs dictate that allocation to growth-promoting functions curtails other functions, generating a gradient of investment in growth versus survival along which tree species align, known as the interspecific growth-mortality trade-off. This paradigm is widely accepted but not well established. Using demographic data for 1,111 tree species across ten tropical forests, we tested the generality of the growth-mortality trade-off and evaluated its underlying drivers using two species-specific parameters describing resource allocation strategies: tolerance of resource limitation and responsiveness of allocation to resource access. Globally, a canonical growth-mortality trade-off emerged, but the trade-off was strongly observed only in less disturbance-prone forests, which contained diverse resource allocation strategies. Only half of disturbance-prone forests, which lacked tolerant species, exhibited the trade-off. Supported by a theoretical model, our findings raise questions about whether the growth-mortality trade-off is a universally applicable organizing framework for understanding tropical forest community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Science and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, USA.,Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Matteo Detto
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn Ledder
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Peter S Ashton
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin
- Research Office, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chia-Hao Chang-Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and Technology, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka
| | - Corneille E N Ewango
- Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Management & Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - C V Savi Gunatilleke
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Terese Hart
- Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project, Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Chang-Fu Hsieh
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Akira Itoh
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yao Tze Leong
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ching Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Remy Makana
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mohizah Bt Mohamad
- Forest Department Sarawak, Bangunan Wisma Sumber Alam, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Perry Ong
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Anna Sugiyama
- School of Life Sciences, Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - I-Fang Sun
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, Hualian, Taiwan
| | - Sylvester Tan
- Smithsonian ForestGEO, Lambir Hills National Park, Miri, Malaysia
| | - Jill Thompson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UK.,Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, PR, USA
| | - Takuo Yamakura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Jess K Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, PR, USA
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13
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Needham JF, Chambers J, Fisher R, Knox R, Koven CD. Forest responses to simulated elevated CO 2 under alternate hypotheses of size- and age-dependent mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5734-5753. [PMID: 32594557 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) is predicted to increase growth rates of forest trees. The extent to which increased growth translates to changes in biomass is dependent on the turnover time of the carbon, and thus tree mortality rates. Size- or age-dependent mortality combined with increased growth rates could result in either decreased carbon turnover from a speeding up of tree life cycles, or increased biomass from trees reaching larger sizes, respectively. However, most vegetation models currently lack any representation of size- or age-dependent mortality and the effect of eCO2 on changes in biomass and carbon turnover times is thus a major source of uncertainty in predictions of future vegetation dynamics. Using a reduced-complexity form of the vegetation demographic model the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator to simulate an idealised tropical forest, we find increases in biomass despite reductions in carbon turnover time in both size- and age-dependent mortality scenarios in response to a hypothetical eCO2 -driven 25% increase in woody net primary productivity (wNPP). Carbon turnover times decreased by 9.6% in size-dependent mortality scenarios due to a speeding up of tree life cycles, but also by 2.0% when mortality was age-dependent, as larger crowns led to increased light competition. Increases in aboveground biomass (AGB) were much larger when mortality was age-dependent (24.3%) compared with size-dependent (13.4%) as trees reached larger sizes before death. In simulations with a constant background mortality rate, carbon turnover time decreased by 2.1% and AGB increased by 24.0%, however, absolute values of AGB and carbon turnover were higher than in either size- or age-dependent mortality scenario. The extent to which AGB increases and carbon turnover decreases will thus depend on the mechanisms of large tree mortality: if increased size itself results in elevated mortality rates, then this could reduce by about half the increase in AGB relative to the increase in wNPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Needham
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rosie Fisher
- Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Ryan Knox
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charles D Koven
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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14
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Wu D, Piao S, Zhu D, Wang X, Ciais P, Bastos A, Xu X, Xu W. Accelerated terrestrial ecosystem carbon turnover and its drivers. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5052-5062. [PMID: 32539197 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The terrestrial carbon cycle has been strongly influenced by human-induced CO2 increase, climate change, and land use change since the industrial revolution. These changes alter the carbon balance of ecosystems through changes in vegetation productivity and ecosystem carbon turnover time (τeco ). Even though numerous studies have drawn an increasingly clear picture of global vegetation productivity changes, global changes in τeco are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the changes of τeco between the 1860s and the 2000s and their drivers, based on theory of dynamic carbon cycle in non-steady state and process-based ecosystem model. Results indicate that τeco has been reduced (i.e., carbon turnover has accelerated) by 13.5% from the 1860s (74 years) to the 2000s (64 years), with reductions of 1 year of carbon residence times in vegetation (rveg ) and of 9 years in soil (rsoil ). Additionally, the acceleration of τeco was examined at biome scale and grid scale. Among different driving processes, land use change and climate change were found to be the major drivers of turnover acceleration. These findings imply that carbon fixed by plant photosynthesis is being lost from ecosystems to the atmosphere more quickly over time, with important implications for the climate-carbon cycle feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munchen, Germany
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wenfang Xu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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15
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Symbiotic niche mapping reveals functional specialization by two ectomycorrhizal fungi that expands the host plant niche. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Intra- and Interspecific Interactions among Pioneer Trees Affect Forest-Biomass Carbon Accumulation in a Nutrient-Deficient Reclaimed Coal Mine Spoil. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11080819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pioneer trees play a key role in the recovery of a reclaimed ecosystem that is nutrient-deficient in the initial stage of reclamation. Clarifying the growth of pioneer trees and their response to intra- or interspecific competition is of great importance to help stewards manage reclaimed forest. Nevertheless, such documents are lacking. We utilized forestry inventory data from a R. pseudoacacia and P. tabuliformis mixed forest plot with an area of 8000 m2 to find out the effect of trees interaction on their growth (indicated by the amount of biomass carbon per stem) in a nutrient-lacking reclaimed ecosystem 17 years after reclamation in Pingshuo opencast coal mine, Shanxi Province, China. In total, 2133 tree individuals were measured and tagged; the kriging interpolation method was applied to map spatial variation of forest-biomass carbon (C). Univariate and bivariate mark correlation functions were employed to examine the effect of intra- and interspecific interactions on tree’s biomass C accumulation. The results showed that tree biomass C was 27.84 Mg ha−1 in the forest. C class structure of planted R. pseudoacacia followed inversed J-shaped distribution and seeded-in R. pseudoacacia and Ulmus pumila (a spontaneous species) had L-shaped distribution. P. tabuliformis, however, followed a nearly normal distribution. Patchy distribution was observed with regard to C spatial arrangement of all tree species. In terms of the intraspecific correlation of biomass C, no significant competitive or facilitative interactions (GoF p ≥ 0.05) was observed among conspecific trees of seeded-in R. pseudoacacia and P. tabuliformis. In contrast, significant negative interactions (GoF p < 0.05) or repulsion correlations between biomass C of planted R. pseudoacacia individuals and U. pumila individuals were found at the scale of 1–2 and 0–8.5 m, respectively. In term of the interspecfic spatial correlation of biomass C, a significant positive interaction between the heterospecific individuals of planted R. pseudoacacia and seeded-in R. pseudoacacia was observed at the scale of 2.5–4 and 12.5–15 m. Similarly, seeded-in R. pseudoacacia and U. pumila were found to be attracted by P. tabuliformis at 7–9 and 0–2 m, respectively. Conversely, significant departure effect was observed at the scale of 1–3 m between the biomass C of U. pumila and planted R. pseudoacacia and 4.5–5.5 m between the biomass C of U. pumila and seeded-in R. pseudoacacia. Consequently, R. pseudoacacia and P. tabuliformis could coexist for a long term and P. tabuliformis was a species that facilitated the accumulation of C of other tree species. Overall, complex intra- and interspecific interactions in nutrient-limit reclamation ecosystem affected biomass C accumulation. R. pseudoacacia–P. tabuliformis mixed forest could be an efficient reclamation pattern to restore biomass C in the Loess Plateau area.
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17
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Souza AF, Longhi SJ. Disturbance history mediates climate change effects on subtropical forest biomass and dynamics. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7184-7199. [PMID: 31380042 PMCID: PMC6662394 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The responses of forest communities to interacting anthropogenic disturbances like climate change and logging are poorly known. Subtropical forests have been heavily modified by humans and their response to climate change is poorly understood. We investigated the 9-year change observed in a mixed conifer-hardwood Atlantic forest mosaic that included both mature and selectively logged forest patches in subtropical South America. We used demographic monitoring data within 10 1 ha plots that were subjected to distinct management histories (plots logged until 1955, until 1987, and unlogged) to test the hypothesis that climate change affected forest structure and dynamics differentially depending on past disturbances. We determined the functional group of all species based on life-history affinities as well as many functional traits like leaf size, specific leaf area, wood density, total height, stem slenderness, and seed size data for the 66 most abundant species. Analysis of climate data revealed that minimum temperatures and rainfall have been increasing in the last few decades of the 20th century. Floristic composition differed mainly with logging history categories, with only minor change over the nine annual census intervals. Aboveground biomass increased in all plots, but increases were higher in mature unlogged forests, which showed signs of forest growth associated with increased CO2, temperature, and rainfall/treefall gap disturbance at the same time. Logged forests showed arrested succession as indicated by reduced abundances of Pioneers and biomass-accumulators like Large Seeded Pioneers and Araucaria, as well as reduced functional diversity. Management actions aimed at creating regeneration opportunities for long-lived pioneers are needed to restore community functional diversity, and ecosystem services such as increased aboveground biomass accumulation. We conclude that the effects of climate drivers on the dynamics of Brazilian mixed Atlantic forests vary with land-use legacies, and can differ importantly from the ones prevalent in better known tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F. Souza
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia, CBUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteNatalBrazil
| | - Solon Jonas Longhi
- PPG Engenharia Florestal, Depto. Ciências FlorestaisUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaBrazil
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18
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Büntgen U, Krusic PJ, Piermattei A, Coomes DA, Esper J, Myglan VS, Kirdyanov AV, Camarero JJ, Crivellaro A, Körner C. Limited capacity of tree growth to mitigate the global greenhouse effect under predicted warming. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2171. [PMID: 31092831 PMCID: PMC6520339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that animal heartbeat and lifespan are often inversely correlated, however, the relationship between productivity and longevity has not yet been described for trees growing under industrial and pre-industrial climates. Using 1768 annually resolved and absolutely dated ring width measurement series from living and dead conifers that grew in undisturbed, high-elevation sites in the Spanish Pyrenees and the Russian Altai over the past 2000 years, we test the hypothesis of grow fast-die young. We find maximum tree ages are significantly correlated with slow juvenile growth rates. We conclude, the interdependence between higher stem productivity, faster tree turnover, and shorter carbon residence time, reduces the capacity of forest ecosystems to store carbon under a climate warming-induced stimulation of tree growth at policy-relevant timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Piermattei
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - David A Coomes
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jan Esper
- Departmemt of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vladimir S Myglan
- Institute of Humanities, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kirdyanov
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
- Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, 660036, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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19
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van Mantgem PJ, Falk DA, Williams EC, Das AJ, Stephenson NL. Pre-fire drought and competition mediate post-fire conifer mortality in western U.S. National Parks. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1730-1739. [PMID: 30151923 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is an important outcome of many forest fires. Extensive tree injuries from fire may lead directly to mortality, but environmental and biological stressors may also contribute to tree death. However, there is little evidence showing how the combined effects of two common stressors, drought and competition, influence post-fire mortality. Geographically broad observations of three common western coniferous trees subjected to prescribed fire showed the likelihood of post-fire mortality was related to intermediate-term (10 yr) pre-fire average radial growth, an important component of tree vigor. Path analysis showed that indices of competition and drought stress prior to fire can be described in terms of joint effects on growth, indirectly affecting post-fire mortality. Our results suggest that the conditions that govern the relationship between growth and mortality in unburned stands may also apply to post-fire environments. Thus, biotic and abiotic changes that affect growth negatively (e.g., drought stress) or positively (e.g., growth releases following thinning treatments) prior to fire may influence expressed fire severity, independent of fire intensity (e.g., heat flux, residence time). These relationships suggest that tree mortality may increase under stressful climatic or stand conditions even if fire behavior remains constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J van Mantgem
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Arcata, California, 95521, USA
| | - Donald A Falk
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Emma C Williams
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Adrian J Das
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
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20
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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21
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Vilanova E, Ramírez-Angulo H, Torres-Lezama A, Aymard G, Gámez L, Durán C, Hernández L, Herrera R, van der Heijden G, Phillips OL, Ettl GJ. Environmental drivers of forest structure and stem turnover across Venezuelan tropical forests. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198489. [PMID: 29927972 PMCID: PMC6013196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data from 50 long-term permanent plots from across Venezuelan forests in northern South America, we explored large-scale patterns of stem turnover, aboveground biomass (AGB) and woody productivity (AGWP), and the relationships between them and with potential climatic drivers. We used principal component analysis coupled with generalized least squares models to analyze the relationship between climate, forest structure and stem dynamics. Two major axes associated with orthogonal temperature and moisture gradients effectively described more than 90% of the environmental variability in the dataset. Average turnover was 1.91 ± 0.10% year-1 with mortality and recruitment being almost identical, and close to average rates for other mature tropical forests. Turnover rates were significantly different among regions (p < 0.001), with the lowland forests in Western alluvial plains being the most dynamic, and Guiana Shield forests showing the lowest turnover rates. We found a weak positive relationship between AGB and AGWP, with Guiana Shield forests having the highest values for both variables (204.8 ± 14.3 Mg C ha-1 and 3.27 ± 0.27 Mg C ha-1 year-1 respectively), but AGB was much more strongly and negatively related to stem turnover. Our data suggest that moisture is a key driver of turnover, with longer dry seasons favoring greater rates of tree turnover and thus lower biomass, having important implications in the context of climate change, given the increases in drought frequency in many tropical forests. Regional variation in AGWP among Venezuelan forests strongly reflects the effects of climate, with greatest woody productivity where both precipitation and temperatures are high. Overall, forests in wet, low elevation sites and with slow turnover stored the greatest amounts of biomass. Although faster stand dynamics are closely associated with lower carbon storage, stem-level turnover rates and woody productivity did not show any correlation, indicating that stem dynamics and carbon dynamics are largely decoupled from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United of States America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hirma Ramírez-Angulo
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Armando Torres-Lezama
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Gerardo Aymard
- Universidad Experimental de los Llanos Ezequiel Zamora (UNELLEZ), Portuguesa, Venezuela
| | - Luis Gámez
- Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Cristabel Durán
- Institute of Forest Sciences. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lionel Hernández
- Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG), Bolívar, Venezuela
| | - Rafael Herrera
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
- Department of Geography and Regional Research–Geoecology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Gregory J. Ettl
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences (SEFS), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United of States America
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22
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Rogers BM, Solvik K, Hogg EH, Ju J, Masek JG, Michaelian M, Berner LT, Goetz SJ. Detecting early warning signals of tree mortality in boreal North America using multiscale satellite data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2284-2304. [PMID: 29481709 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing tree mortality from global change drivers such as drought and biotic infestations is a widespread phenomenon, including in the boreal zone where climate changes and feedbacks to the Earth system are relatively large. Despite the importance for science and management communities, our ability to forecast tree mortality at landscape to continental scales is limited. However, two independent information streams have the potential to inform and improve mortality forecasts: repeat forest inventories and satellite remote sensing. Time series of tree-level growth patterns indicate that productivity declines and related temporal dynamics often precede mortality years to decades before death. Plot-level productivity, in turn, has been related to satellite-based indices such as the Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Here we link these two data sources to show that early warning signals of mortality are evident in several NDVI-based metrics up to 24 years before death. We focus on two repeat forest inventories and three NDVI products across western boreal North America where productivity and mortality dynamics are influenced by periodic drought. These data sources capture a range of forest conditions and spatial resolution to highlight the sensitivity and limitations of our approach. Overall, results indicate potential to use satellite NDVI for early warning signals of mortality. Relationships are broadly consistent across inventories, species, and spatial resolutions, although the utility of coarse-scale imagery in the heterogeneous aspen parkland was limited. Longer-term NDVI data and annually remeasured sites with high mortality levels generate the strongest signals, although we still found robust relationships at sites remeasured at a typical 5 year frequency. The approach and relationships developed here can be used as a basis for improving forest mortality models and monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward H Hogg
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Junchang Ju
- Biospheric Science Laboratory (Code 618), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Masek
- Biospheric Science Laboratory (Code 618), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Michael Michaelian
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Hülsmann L, Bugmann H, Cailleret M, Brang P. How to kill a tree: empirical mortality models for 18 species and their performance in a dynamic forest model. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:522-540. [PMID: 29266516 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Vegetation Models (DVMs) are designed to be suitable for simulating forest succession and species range dynamics under current and future conditions based on mathematical representations of the three key processes regeneration, growth, and mortality. However, mortality formulations in DVMs are typically coarse and often lack an empirical basis, which increases the uncertainty of projections of future forest dynamics and hinders their use for developing adaptation strategies to climate change. Thus, sound tree mortality models are highly needed. We developed parsimonious, species-specific mortality models for 18 European tree species using >90,000 records from inventories in Swiss and German strict forest reserves along a considerable environmental gradient. We comprehensively evaluated model performance and incorporated the new mortality functions in the dynamic forest model ForClim. Tree mortality was successfully predicted by tree size and growth. Only a few species required additional covariates in their final model to consider aspects of stand structure or climate. The relationships between mortality and its predictors reflect the indirect influences of resource availability and tree vitality, which are further shaped by species-specific attributes such as maximum longevity and shade tolerance. Considering that the behavior of the models was biologically meaningful, and that their performance was reasonably high and not impacted by changes in the sampling design, we suggest that the mortality algorithms developed here are suitable for implementation and evaluation in DVMs. In the DVM ForClim, the new mortality functions resulted in simulations of stand basal area and species composition that were generally close to historical observations. However, ForClim performance was poorer than when using the original, coarse mortality formulation. The difficulties of simulating stand structure and species composition, which were most evident for Fagus sylvatica L. and in long-term simulations, resulted from feedbacks between simulated growth and mortality as well as from extrapolation to very small and very large trees. Growth and mortality processes and their species-specific differences should thus be revisited jointly, with a particular focus on small and very large trees in relation to their shade tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hülsmann
- Forest Resources and Management, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Theoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Forest Dynamics, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brang
- Forest Resources and Management, WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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24
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Neumann M, Mues V, Moreno A, Hasenauer H, Seidl R. Climate variability drives recent tree mortality in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4788-4797. [PMID: 28417562 PMCID: PMC5633074 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is an important process in forest ecosystems, frequently hypothesized to be highly climate sensitive. Yet, tree death remains one of the least understood processes of forest dynamics. Recently, changes in tree mortality have been observed in forests around the globe, which could profoundly affect ecosystem functioning and services provisioning to society. We describe continental-scale patterns of recent tree mortality from the only consistent pan-European forest monitoring network, identifying recent mortality hotspots in southern and northern Europe. Analyzing 925,462 annual observations of 235,895 trees between 2000 and 2012, we determine the influence of climate variability and tree age on interannual variation in tree mortality using Cox proportional hazard models. Warm summers as well as high seasonal variability in precipitation increased the likelihood of tree death. However, our data also suggest that reduced cold-induced mortality could compensate increased mortality related to peak temperatures in a warming climate. Besides climate variability, age was an important driver of tree mortality, with individual mortality probability decreasing with age over the first century of a trees life. A considerable portion of the observed variation in tree mortality could be explained by satellite-derived net primary productivity, suggesting that widely available remote sensing products can be used as an early warning indicator of widespread tree mortality. Our findings advance the understanding of patterns of large-scale tree mortality by demonstrating the influence of seasonal and diurnal climate variation, and highlight the potential of state-of-the-art remote sensing to anticipate an increased likelihood of tree mortality in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Neumann
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Volker Mues
- Centre for Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adam Moreno
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Hubert Hasenauer
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Institute of Silviculture, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Gora EM, Bitzer PM, Burchfield JC, Schnitzer SA, Yanoviak SP. Effects of lightning on trees: A predictive model based on in situ electrical resistivity. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8523-8534. [PMID: 29075468 PMCID: PMC5648650 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of lightning on trees range from catastrophic death to the absence of observable damage. Such differences may be predictable among tree species, and more generally among plant life history strategies and growth forms. We used field‐collected electrical resistivity data in temperate and tropical forests to model how the distribution of power from a lightning discharge varies with tree size and identity, and with the presence of lianas. Estimated heating density (heat generated per volume of tree tissue) and maximum power (maximum rate of heating) from a standardized lightning discharge differed 300% among tree species. Tree size and morphology also were important; the heating density of a hypothetical 10 m tall Alseis blackiana was 49 times greater than for a 30 m tall conspecific, and 127 times greater than for a 30 m tall Dipteryx panamensis. Lianas may protect trees from lightning by conducting electric current; estimated heating and maximum power were reduced by 60% (±7.1%) for trees with one liana and by 87% (±4.0%) for trees with three lianas. This study provides the first quantitative mechanism describing how differences among trees can influence lightning–tree interactions, and how lianas can serve as natural lightning rods for trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M Gora
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Phillip M Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Jeffrey C Burchfield
- Department of Atmospheric Science University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA
| | - Stefan A Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee WI USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Stephen P Yanoviak
- Department of Biology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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26
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Osazuwa-Peters OL, Wright SJ, Zanne AE. Linking wood traits to vital rates in tropical rainforest trees: Insights from comparing sapling and adult wood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1464-1473. [PMID: 29885221 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Wood density is the top predictor of growth and mortality rates (vital rates) but with modest explanatory power at best. Stronger links to vital rates are expected if wood density is decomposed into its anatomical properties at sapling and adult stages, since saplings and adults differ in wood traits and vital rates. We examined whether anatomical determinants of wood density and strength of the relationship between wood traits and vital rates shift between saplings and adults. METHODS Using wood segments from near pith (sapling) and near bark (adult) for 20 tree species (three adults each) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we quantified wood traits. Vital rates for saplings and adults were obtained from an earlier study. KEY RESULTS Anatomical predictors of wood density were similar for sapling and adult wood, with wood density variation largely explained by fiber lumen area and fiber wall fraction. In sapling wood only, growth rates decreased with fiber wall fraction and increased with fiber lumen area, while mortality rates increased with vessel area but decreased with fiber wall fraction and vessel density. CONCLUSIONS Wood traits of sapling trees provide functional insight into the growth-mortality tradeoff. Sapling wood with relatively large fiber lumen area and wide vessels, enabling faster hydraulic transport but less mechanical strength, is associated with fast growth and high mortality. Sapling wood with relatively more fiber wall and many narrow vessels, enabling greater mechanical strength but slower hydraulic transport, is associated with slow growth and low mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyomoare L Osazuwa-Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri 63121 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843 - 03092 Balboa, Panama
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC DC 20052 USA
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri 63166 USA
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27
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Detecting Drought-Induced Tree Mortality in Sierra Nevada Forests with Time Series of Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9090929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A five-year drought in California led to a significant increase in tree mortality in the Sierra Nevada forests from 2012 to 2016. Landscape level monitoring of forest health and tree dieback is critical for vegetation and disaster management strategies. We examined the capability of multispectral imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in detecting and explaining the impacts of the recent severe drought in Sierra Nevada forests. Remote sensing metrics were developed to represent baseline forest health conditions and drought stress using time series of MODIS vegetation indices (VIs) and a water index. We used Random Forest algorithms, trained with forest aerial detection surveys data, to detect tree mortality based on the remote sensing metrics and topographical variables. Map estimates of tree mortality demonstrated that our two-stage Random Forest models were capable of detecting the spatial patterns and severity of tree mortality, with an overall producer’s accuracy of 96.3% for the classification Random Forest (CRF) and a RMSE of 7.19 dead trees per acre for the regression Random Forest (RRF). The overall omission errors of the CRF ranged from 19% for the severe mortality class to 27% for the low mortality class. Interpretations of the models revealed that forests with higher productivity preceding the onset of drought were more vulnerable to drought stress and, consequently, more likely to experience tree mortality. This method highlights the importance of incorporating baseline forest health data and measurements of drought stress in understanding forest response to severe drought.
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28
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Canham CD, Murphy L. The demography of tree species response to climate: sapling and canopy tree survival. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Canham
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box AB Millbrook New York 12545 USA
| | - Lora Murphy
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box AB Millbrook New York 12545 USA
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29
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Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Davis KP. Why do trees die? Characterizing the drivers of background tree mortality. Ecology 2016; 97:2616-2627. [PMID: 27859135 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of background tree mortality rates-the typical low rates of tree mortality found in forests in the absence of acute stresses like drought-are central to our understanding of forest dynamics, the effects of ongoing environmental changes on forests, and the causes and consequences of geographical gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions. To shed light on factors contributing to background tree mortality, we analyzed detailed pathological data from 200,668 tree-years of observation and 3,729 individual tree deaths, recorded over a 13-yr period in a network of old-growth forest plots in California's Sierra Nevada mountain range. We found that: (1) Biotic mortality factors (mostly insects and pathogens) dominated (58%), particularly in larger trees (86%). Bark beetles were the most prevalent (40%), even though there were no outbreaks during the study period; in contrast, the contribution of defoliators was negligible. (2) Relative occurrences of broad classes of mortality factors (biotic, 58%; suppression, 51%; and mechanical, 25%) are similar among tree taxa, but may vary with tree size and growth rate. (3) We found little evidence of distinct groups of mortality factors that predictably occur together on trees. Our results have at least three sets of implications. First, rather than being driven by abiotic factors such as lightning or windstorms, the "ambient" or "random" background mortality that many forest models presume to be independent of tree growth rate is instead dominated by biotic agents of tree mortality, with potentially critical implications for forecasting future mortality. Mechanistic models of background mortality, even for healthy, rapidly growing trees, must therefore include the insects and pathogens that kill trees. Second, the biotic agents of tree mortality, instead of occurring in a few predictable combinations, may generally act opportunistically and with a relatively large degree of independence from one another. Finally, beyond the current emphasis on folivory and leaf defenses, studies of broad-scale gradients in the nature and strength of biotic interactions should also include biotic attacks on, and defenses of, tree stems and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, California, 93271, USA
| | - Kristin P Davis
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
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30
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Lindenmayer DB, Laurance WF. The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1434-1458. [PMID: 27383287 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Large old trees are some of the most iconic biota on earth and are integral parts of many terrestrial ecosystems including those in tropical, temperate and boreal forests, deserts, savannas, agro-ecological areas, and urban environments. In this review, we provide new insights into the ecology, function, evolution and management of large old trees through broad cross-disciplinary perspectives from literatures in plant physiology, growth and development, evolution, habitat value for fauna and flora, and conservation management. Our review reveals that the diameter, height and longevity of large old trees varies greatly on an inter-specific basis, thereby creating serious challenges in defining large old trees and demanding an ecosystem- and species-specific definition that will only rarely be readily transferable to other species or ecosystems. Such variation is also manifested by marked inter-specific differences in the key attributes of large old trees (beyond diameter and height) such as the extent of buttressing, canopy architecture, the extent of bark micro-environments and the prevalence of cavities. We found that large old trees play an extraordinary range of critical ecological roles including in hydrological regimes, nutrient cycles and numerous ecosystem processes. Large old trees strongly influence the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of individuals of the same species and populations of numerous other plant and animal species. We suggest many key characteristics of large old trees such as extreme height, prolonged lifespans, and the presence of cavities - which confer competitive and evolutionary advantages in undisturbed environments - can render such trees highly susceptible to a range of human influences. Large old trees are vulnerable to threats ranging from droughts, fire, pests and pathogens, to logging, land clearing, landscape fragmentation and climate change. Tackling such diverse threats is challenging because they often interact and manifest in different ways in different ecosystems, demanding targeted species- or ecosystem-specific responses. We argue that novel management actions will often be required to protect existing large old trees and ensure the recruitment of new cohorts of such trees. For example, fine-scale tree-level conservation such as buffering individual stems will be required in many environments such as in agricultural areas and urban environments. Landscape-level approaches like protecting places where large old trees are most likely to occur will be needed. However, this brings challenges associated with likely changes in tree distributions associated with climate change, because long-lived trees may presently exist in places unsuitable for the development of new cohorts of the same species. Appropriate future environmental domains for a species could exist in new locations where it has never previously occurred. The future distribution and persistence of large old trees may require controversial responses including assisted migration via seed or seedling establishment in new locales. However, the effectiveness of such approaches may be limited where key ecological features of large old trees (such as cavity presence) depend on other species such as termites, fungi and bacteria. Unless other species with similar ecological roles are present to fulfil these functions, these taxa might need to be moved concurrently with the target tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, 4878, Australia
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31
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Vanderwel MC, Zeng H, Caspersen JP, Kunstler G, Lichstein JW. Demographic controls of aboveground forest biomass across North America. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:414-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Vanderwel
- Department of Biology; University of Regina; 3737 Wascana Pkwy Regina SK S4S 0A2 Canada
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Hongcheng Zeng
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; 33 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - John P. Caspersen
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Toronto; 33 Willcocks St. Toronto ON M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - Georges Kunstler
- Irstea; UR EMGR; 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble F-38402 France
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32
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Larson AJ, Lutz JA, Donato DC, Freund JA, Swanson ME, HilleRisLambers J, Sprugel DG, Franklin JF. Spatial aspects of tree mortality strongly differ between young and old-growth forests. Ecology 2015; 96:2855-61. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0628.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Malhi Y, Doughty CE, Goldsmith GR, Metcalfe DB, Girardin CAJ, Marthews TR, Del Aguila-Pasquel J, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Brando P, da Costa ACL, Silva-Espejo JE, Farfán Amézquita F, Galbraith DR, Quesada CA, Rocha W, Salinas-Revilla N, Silvério D, Meir P, Phillips OL. The linkages between photosynthesis, productivity, growth and biomass in lowland Amazonian forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2283-95. [PMID: 25640987 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between photosynthesis, net primary productivity and growth in forest ecosystems is key to understanding how these ecosystems will respond to global anthropogenic change, yet the linkages among these components are rarely explored in detail. We provide the first comprehensive description of the productivity, respiration and carbon allocation of contrasting lowland Amazonian forests spanning gradients in seasonal water deficit and soil fertility. Using the largest data set assembled to date, ten sites in three countries all studied with a standardized methodology, we find that (i) gross primary productivity (GPP) has a simple relationship with seasonal water deficit, but that (ii) site-to-site variations in GPP have little power in explaining site-to-site spatial variations in net primary productivity (NPP) or growth because of concomitant changes in carbon use efficiency (CUE), and conversely, the woody growth rate of a tropical forest is a very poor proxy for its productivity. Moreover, (iii) spatial patterns of biomass are much more driven by patterns of residence times (i.e. tree mortality rates) than by spatial variation in productivity or tree growth. Current theory and models of tropical forest carbon cycling under projected scenarios of global atmospheric change can benefit from advancing beyond a focus on GPP. By improving our understanding of poorly understood processes such as CUE, NPP allocation and biomass turnover times, we can provide more complete and mechanistic approaches to linking climate and tropical forest carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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Di Filippo A, Pederson N, Baliva M, Brunetti M, Dinella A, Kitamura K, Knapp HD, Schirone B, Piovesan G. The longevity of broadleaf deciduous trees in Northern Hemisphere temperate forests: insights from tree-ring series. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Báez S, Malizia A, Carilla J, Blundo C, Aguilar M, Aguirre N, Aquirre Z, Álvarez E, Cuesta F, Duque Á, Farfán-Ríos W, García-Cabrera K, Grau R, Homeier J, Linares-Palomino R, Malizia LR, Cruz OM, Osinaga O, Phillips OL, Reynel C, Silman MR, Feeley KJ. Large-scale patterns of turnover and Basal area change in Andean forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126594. [PMID: 25973977 PMCID: PMC4431807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
General patterns of forest dynamics and productivity in the Andes Mountains are poorly characterized. Here we present the first large-scale study of Andean forest dynamics using a set of 63 permanent forest plots assembled over the past two decades. In the North-Central Andes tree turnover (mortality and recruitment) and tree growth declined with increasing elevation and decreasing temperature. In addition, basal area increased in Lower Montane Moist Forests but did not change in Higher Montane Humid Forests. However, at higher elevations the lack of net basal area change and excess of mortality over recruitment suggests negative environmental impacts. In North-Western Argentina, forest dynamics appear to be influenced by land use history in addition to environmental variation. Taken together, our results indicate that combinations of abiotic and biotic factors that vary across elevation gradients are important determinants of tree turnover and productivity in the Andes. More extensive and longer-term monitoring and analyses of forest dynamics in permanent plots will be necessary to understand how demographic processes and woody biomass are responding to changing environmental conditions along elevation gradients through this century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Báez
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecoregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Agustina Malizia
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencias de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Julieta Carilla
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencias de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Blundo
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencias de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Esteban Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático, Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Cuesta
- Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecoregión Andina (CONDESAN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Álvaro Duque
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - William Farfán-Ríos
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karina García-Cabrera
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Grau
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencias de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Plant Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Lucio R. Malizia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
- Fundación ProYungas, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Omar Melo Cruz
- Grupo de investigación en Biodiversidad y Dinámica de Ecosistemas Tropicales, Universidad del Tolima, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oriana Osinaga
- Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Reynel
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Miles R. Silman
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kenneth J. Feeley
- International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Lu X, Zang R, Ding Y, Letcher SG, Long W, Huang Y. Variations and Trade-offs in Functional Traits of Tree Seedlings during Secondary Succession in a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest. Biotropica 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Susan G. Letcher
- Department of Environmental Studies; School of Natural and Social Sciences; Purchase College (SUNY); Purchase NY 10577 U.S.A
| | - Wenxing Long
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource; Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscapes; Hainan University; Haikou 570228 China
| | - Yunfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection; Chinese Academy of Forestry; Beijing 100091 China
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Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Phillips OL, Jackson RB. The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yude Pan
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073; ,
| | - Richard A. Birdsey
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania 19073; ,
| | | | - Robert B. Jackson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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Lai J, Coomes DA, Du X, Hsieh CF, Sun IF, Chao WC, Mi X, Ren H, Wang X, Hao Z, Ma K. A general combined model to describe tree-diameter distributions within subtropical and temperate forest communities. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Aubry-Kientz M, Hérault B, Ayotte-Trépanier C, Baraloto C, Rossi V. Toward trait-based mortality models for tropical forests. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63678. [PMID: 23675500 PMCID: PMC3652824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree mortality in tropical forests is a complex ecological process for which modelling approaches need to be improved to better understand, and then predict, the evolution of tree mortality in response to global change. The mortality model introduced here computes an individual probability of dying for each tree in a community. The mortality model uses the ontogenetic stage of the tree because youngest and oldest trees are more likely to die. Functional traits are integrated as proxies of the ecological strategies of the trees to permit generalization among all species in the community. Data used to parametrize the model were collected at Paracou study site, a tropical rain forest in French Guiana, where 20,408 trees have been censused for 18 years. A Bayesian framework was used to select useful covariates and to estimate the model parameters. This framework was developed to deal with sources of uncertainty, including the complexity of the mortality process itself and the field data, especially historical data for which taxonomic determinations were uncertain. Uncertainty about the functional traits was also considered, to maximize the information they contain. Four functional traits were strong predictors of tree mortality: wood density, maximum height, laminar toughness and stem and branch orientation, which together distinguished the light-demanding, fast-growing trees from slow-growing trees with lower mortality rates. Our modelling approach formalizes a complex ecological problem and offers a relevant mathematical framework for tropical ecologists to process similar uncertain data at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélaine Aubry-Kientz
- Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, UMR 'Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane', Kourou, France.
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Vanderwel MC, Coomes DA, Purves DW. Quantifying variation in forest disturbance, and its effects on aboveground biomass dynamics, across the eastern United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:1504-17. [PMID: 23505000 PMCID: PMC3657128 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of tree mortality in the global carbon balance is complicated by strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity that arises from the stochastic nature of carbon loss through disturbance. Characterizing spatio-temporal variation in mortality (including disturbance) and its effects on forest and carbon dynamics is thus essential to understanding the current global forest carbon sink, and to predicting how it will change in future. We analyzed forest inventory data from the eastern United States to estimate plot-level variation in mortality (relative to a long-term background rate for individual trees) for nine distinct forest regions. Disturbances that produced at least a fourfold increase in tree mortality over an approximately 5 year interval were observed in 1-5% of plots in each forest region. The frequency of disturbance was lowest in the northeast, and increased southwards along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts as fire and hurricane disturbances became progressively more common. Across the central and northern parts of the region, natural disturbances appeared to reflect a diffuse combination of wind, insects, disease, and ice storms. By linking estimated covariation in tree growth and mortality over time with a data-constrained forest dynamics model, we simulated the implications of stochastic variation in mortality for long-term aboveground biomass changes across the eastern United States. A geographic gradient in disturbance frequency induced notable differences in biomass dynamics between the least- and most-disturbed regions, with variation in mortality causing the latter to undergo considerably stronger fluctuations in aboveground stand biomass over time. Moreover, regional simulations showed that a given long-term increase in mean mortality rates would support greater aboveground biomass when expressed through disturbance effects compared with background mortality, particularly for early-successional species. The effects of increased tree mortality on carbon stocks and forest composition may thus depend partly on whether future mortality increases are chronic or episodic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Vanderwel
- Computational Ecology and Environmental Science Group, Microsoft Research, Cambridge, UK.
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Ruiz-Benito P, Lines ER, Gómez-Aparicio L, Zavala MA, Coomes DA. Patterns and drivers of tree mortality in iberian forests: climatic effects are modified by competition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56843. [PMID: 23451096 PMCID: PMC3581527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key process underlying forest dynamics and community assembly. Understanding how tree mortality is driven by simultaneous drivers is needed to evaluate potential effects of climate change on forest composition. Using repeat-measure information from c. 400,000 trees from the Spanish Forest Inventory, we quantified the relative importance of tree size, competition, climate and edaphic conditions on tree mortality of 11 species, and explored the combined effect of climate and competition. Tree mortality was affected by all of these multiple drivers, especially tree size and asymmetric competition, and strong interactions between climate and competition were found. All species showed L-shaped mortality patterns (i.e. showed decreasing mortality with tree size), but pines were more sensitive to asymmetric competition than broadleaved species. Among climatic variables, the negative effect of temperature on tree mortality was much larger than the effect of precipitation. Moreover, the effect of climate (mean annual temperature and annual precipitation) on tree mortality was aggravated at high competition levels for all species, but especially for broadleaved species. The significant interaction between climate and competition on tree mortality indicated that global change in Mediterranean regions, causing hotter and drier conditions and denser stands, could lead to profound effects on forest structure and composition. Therefore, to evaluate the potential effects of climatic change on tree mortality, forest structure must be considered, since two systems of similar composition but different structure could radically differ in their response to climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Center - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain.
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Rapp JM, Silman MR, Clark JS, Girardin CAJ, Galiano D, Tito R. Intra- and interspecific tree growth across a long altitudinal gradient in the Peruvian Andes. Ecology 2012; 93:2061-72. [PMID: 23094378 DOI: 10.1890/11-1725.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tree growth response across environmental gradients is fundamental to understanding species distributional ecology and forest ecosystem ecology and to predict future ecosystem services. Cross-sectional patterns of ecosystem properties with respect to climatic gradients are often used to predict ecosystem responses to global change. Across sites in the tropics, primary productivity increases with temperature, suggesting that forest ecosystems will become more productive as temperature rises. However, this trend is confounded with a shift in species composition and so may not reflect the response of in situ forests to warming. In this study, we simultaneously studied tree diameter growth across the altitudinal ranges of species within a single genus across a geographically compact temperature gradient, to separate the direct effect of temperature on tree growth from that of species compositional turnover. Using a Bayesian state space modeling framework we combined data from repeated diameter censuses and dendrometer measurements from across a 1700-m altitudinal gradient collected over six years on over 2400 trees in Weinmannia, a dominant and widespread genus of cloud forest trees in the Andes. Within species, growth showed no consistent trend with altitude, but higher-elevation species had lower growth rates than lower-elevation species, suggesting that species turnover is largely responsible for the positive correlation between productivity and temperature in tropical forests. Our results may indicate a significant difference in how low- and high-latitude forests will respond to climate change, since temperate and boreal tree species are consistently observed to have a positive relationship between growth and temperature. If our results hold for other tropical species, a positive response in ecosystem productivity to increasing temperatures in the Andes will depend on the altitudinal migration of tree species. The rapid pace of climate change, and slow observed rates of migration, suggest a slow, or even initially negative response of ecosystem productivity to warming. Finally, this study shows how the observed scale of biological organization can affect conclusions drawn from studies of ecological phenomena across environmental gradients, and calls into question the common practice in tropical ecology of lumping species at higher taxonomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Rapp
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27106, USA.
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Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Swanson ME, Freund JA. Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36131. [PMID: 22567132 PMCID: PMC3342248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-diameter trees dominate the structure, dynamics and function of many temperate and tropical forests. Although both scaling theory and competition theory make predictions about the relative composition and spatial patterns of large-diameter trees compared to smaller diameter trees, these predictions are rarely tested. We established a 25.6 ha permanent plot within which we tagged and mapped all trees ≥1 cm dbh, all snags ≥10 cm dbh, and all shrub patches ≥2 m2. We sampled downed woody debris, litter, and duff with line intercept transects. Aboveground live biomass of the 23 woody species was 507.9 Mg/ha, of which 503.8 Mg/ha was trees (SD = 114.3 Mg/ha) and 4.1 Mg/ha was shrubs. Aboveground live and dead biomass was 652.0 Mg/ha. Large-diameter trees comprised 1.4% of individuals but 49.4% of biomass, with biomass dominated by Abies concolor and Pinus lambertiana (93.0% of tree biomass). The large-diameter component dominated the biomass of snags (59.5%) and contributed significantly to that of woody debris (36.6%). Traditional scaling theory was not a good model for either the relationship between tree radii and tree abundance or tree biomass. Spatial patterning of large-diameter trees of the three most abundant species differed from that of small-diameter conspecifics. For A. concolor and P. lambertiana, as well as all trees pooled, large-diameter and small-diameter trees were spatially segregated through inter-tree distances <10 m. Competition alone was insufficient to explain the spatial patterns of large-diameter trees and spatial relationships between large-diameter and small-diameter trees. Long-term observations may reveal regulation of forest biomass and spatial structure by fire, wind, pathogens, and insects in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Sustaining ecosystem functions such as carbon storage or provision of specialist species habitat will likely require different management strategies when the functions are performed primarily by a few large trees as opposed to many smaller trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Lutz
- College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
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