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Mustelin T, Andrade F. Autoimmunity: the neoantigen hypothesis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432985. [PMID: 38994353 PMCID: PMC11236689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Muralidharan C, Huang F, Enriquez JR, Wang JE, Nelson JB, Nargis T, May SC, Chakraborty A, Figatner KT, Navitskaya S, Anderson CM, Calvo V, Surguladze D, Mulvihill MJ, Yi X, Sarkar S, Oakes SA, Webb-Robertson BJM, Sims EK, Staschke KA, Eizirik DL, Nakayasu ES, Stokes ME, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Inhibition of the Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2-α Kinase PERK Decreases Risk of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561126. [PMID: 38895427 PMCID: PMC11185543 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Preventing the onset of autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is feasible through pharmacological interventions that target molecular stress-responsive mechanisms. Cellular stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, viral infection, or unfolded proteins, trigger the integrated stress response (ISR), which curtails protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF2α. In T1D, maladaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) in insulin-producing β cells renders these cells susceptible to autoimmunity. We show that inhibition of the eIF2α kinase PERK, a common component of the UPR and ISR, reverses the mRNA translation block in stressed human islets and delays the onset of diabetes, reduces islet inflammation, and preserves β cell mass in T1D-susceptible mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing of islets from PERK-inhibited mice shows reductions in the UPR and PERK signaling pathways and alterations in antigen processing and presentation pathways in β cells. Spatial proteomics of islets from these mice shows an increase in the immune checkpoint protein PD-L1 in β cells. Golgi membrane protein 1, whose levels increase following PERK inhibition in human islets and EndoC-βH1 human β cells, interacts with and stabilizes PD-L1. Collectively, our studies show that PERK activity enhances β cell immunogenicity, and inhibition of PERK may offer a strategy to prevent or delay the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanya Muralidharan
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob R. Enriquez
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiayi E. Wang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Nelson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Advaita Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kayla T. Figatner
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Svetlana Navitskaya
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cara M. Anderson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Yi
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soumyadeep Sarkar
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and the Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kirk A Staschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Li X, Ji Q, Zhong C, Wu C, Wu J, Yuan C, Ran J. Ghrelin regulates the endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling pathway in gestational diabetes mellitus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 709:149844. [PMID: 38564940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the ghrelin-regulated endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) signalling pathway in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS Pregnant female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a normal group, GDM group (high-fat diet + STZ), GDM + ghrelin group (acyl ghrelin), and GDM + ghrelin + ghrelin inhibitor group ([D-lys3]-GHRP-6). We measured body weight, the intake of water and food, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting insulin levels in each group. HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the pancreas. The TUNEL method was used to detect the apoptosis rate of islet cells. qPCR and Western boltting were performed to detect the relative expression levels of PERK, ATF6, IREIα, GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12, which are related to the ERS signalling pathway in the pancreas. Then, NIT-1 cells were cultured to verify whether ghrelin regulates ERS under high-glucose or tunicamycin conditions. RESULTS Compared with the GDM group, the GDM + ghrelin group showed improved physical conditions and significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting insulin levels. Damaged islet areas were inhibited by ghrelin in the GDM group. The GDM + ghrelin group showed reduced β-cell apoptosis compared to the GDM and GDM + ghrelin + ghrelin inhibitor groups. ERS-associated factors (PERK, ATF6, IREIα, GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12) mRNA and protein levels were obviously lower in the GDM + ghrelin group than in the GDM group, while expression levels were restored in the inhibitor group. Ghrelin treatment improved the high-glucose or tunicamycin-induced apoptosis, increased insulin levels and upregulation of GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 in NIT-1 cells. CONCLUSION Ghrelin suppressed ERS signalling and apoptosis in GDM mice and in NIT-1 cells. This study established a link between ghrelin and GDM, and the targeting of ERS with ghrelin represents a promising therapeutic strategy for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Care Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qun Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunrong Zhong
- Medical Care Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Congyin Wu
- Medical Care Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinchan Wu
- Medical Care Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Caihong Yuan
- Medical Care Center, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianmin Ran
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Alcazar O, Chuang ST, Ren G, Ogihara M, Webb-Robertson BJM, Nakayasu ES, Buchwald P, Abdulreda MH. A Composite Biomarker Signature of Type 1 Diabetes Risk Identified via Augmentation of Parallel Multi-Omics Data from a Small Cohort. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.09.579673. [PMID: 38405796 PMCID: PMC10888829 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Background Biomarkers of early pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are crucial to enable effective prevention measures in at-risk populations before significant damage occurs to their insulin producing beta-cell mass. We recently introduced the concept of integrated parallel multi-omics and employed a novel data augmentation approach which identified promising candidate biomarkers from a small cohort of high-risk T1D subjects. We now validate selected biomarkers to generate a potential composite signature of T1D risk. Methods Twelve candidate biomarkers, which were identified in the augmented data and selected based on their fold-change relative to healthy controls and cross-reference to proteomics data previously obtained in the expansive TEDDY and DAISY cohorts, were measured in the original samples by ELISA. Results All 12 biomarkers had established connections with lipid/lipoprotein metabolism, immune function, inflammation, and diabetes, but only 7 were found to be markedly changed in the high-risk subjects compared to the healthy controls: ApoC1 and PON1 were reduced while CETP, CD36, FGFR1, IGHM, PCSK9, SOD1, and VCAM1 were elevated. Conclusions Results further highlight the promise of our data augmentation approach in unmasking important patterns and pathologically significant features in parallel multi-omics datasets obtained from small sample cohorts to facilitate the identification of promising candidate T1D biomarkers for downstream validation. They also support the potential utility of a composite biomarker signature of T1D risk characterized by the changes in the above markers.
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5
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Hammoud B, Nelson JB, May SC, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Discordant Effects of Polyamine Depletion by DENSpm and DFMO on β-cell Cytokine Stress and Diabetes Outcomes in Mice. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae001. [PMID: 38195178 PMCID: PMC10808000 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease leading to dysfunction and loss of insulin-secreting β cells. In β cells, polyamines have been implicated in causing cellular stress and dysfunction. An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), has been shown to delay T1D in mouse models and preserve β-cell function in humans with recent-onset T1D. Another small molecule, N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSpm), both inhibits polyamine biosynthesis and accelerates polyamine metabolism and is being tested for efficacy in cancer clinical trials. In this study, we show that DENSpm depletes intracellular polyamines as effectively as DFMO in mouse β cells. RNA-sequencing analysis, however, suggests that the cellular responses to DENSpm and DFMO differ, with both showing effects on cellular proliferation but the latter showing additional effects on mRNA translation and protein-folding pathways. In the low-dose streptozotocin-induced mouse model of T1D, DENSpm, unlike DFMO, did not prevent or delay diabetes outcomes but did result in improvements in glucose tolerance and reductions in islet oxidative stress. In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, short-term DENSpm administration resulted in a slight reduction in insulitis and proinflammatory Th1 cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Longer term treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in mortality. Notwithstanding the efficacy of both DFMO and DENSpm in reducing potentially toxic polyamine levels in β cells, our results highlight the discordant T1D outcomes that result from differing mechanisms of polyamine depletion and, more importantly, that toxic effects of DENSpm may limit its utility in T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Hammoud
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer B Nelson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah C May
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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6
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James EA, Joglekar AV, Linnemann AK, Russ HA, Kent SC. The beta cell-immune cell interface in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Mol Metab 2023; 78:101809. [PMID: 37734713 PMCID: PMC10622886 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T1D is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islets of Langerhans are infiltrated by immune cells resulting in the specific destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells. Our understanding of the factors leading to islet infiltration and the interplay of the immune cells with target beta cells is incomplete, especially in human disease. While murine models of T1D have provided crucial information for both beta cell and autoimmune cell function, the translation of successful therapies in the murine model to human disease has been a challenge. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we discuss current state of the art and consider knowledge gaps concerning the interface of the islet beta cell with immune infiltrates, with a focus on T cells. We discuss pancreatic and immune cell phenotypes and their impact on cell function in health and disease, which we deem important to investigate further to attain a more comprehensive understanding of human T1D disease etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The last years have seen accelerated development of approaches that allow comprehensive study of human T1D. Critically, recent studies have contributed to our revised understanding that the pancreatic beta cell assumes an active role, rather than a passive position, during autoimmune disease progression. The T cell-beta cell interface is a critical axis that dictates beta cell fate and shapes autoimmune responses. This includes the state of the beta cell after processing internal and external cues (e.g., stress, inflammation, genetic risk) that that contributes to the breaking of tolerance by hyperexpression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I with presentation of native and neoepitopes and secretion of chemotactic factors to attract immune cells. We anticipate that emerging insights about the molecular and cellular aspects of disease initiation and progression processes will catalyze the development of novel and innovative intervention points to provide additional therapies to individuals affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Center for Systems Immunology and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Vived C, Lee-Papastavros A, Aparecida da Silva Pereira J, Yi P, MacDonald TL. β Cell Stress and Endocrine Function During T1D: What Is Next to Discover? Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad162. [PMID: 37947352 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Canonically, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disease characterized by autoreactive T cells as perpetrators of endocrine dysfunction and β cell death in the spiral toward loss of β cell mass, hyperglycemia, and insulin dependence. β Cells have mostly been considered as bystanders in a flurry of autoimmune processes. More recently, our framework for understanding and investigating T1D has evolved. It appears increasingly likely that intracellular β cell stress is an important component of T1D etiology/pathology that perpetuates autoimmunity during the progression to T1D. Here we discuss the emerging and complex role of β cell stress in initiating, provoking, and catalyzing T1D. We outline the bridges between hyperglycemia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and autoimmunity from the viewpoint of intrinsic β cell (dys)function, and we extend this discussion to the potential role for a therapeutic β cell stress-metabolism axis in T1D. Lastly, we mention research angles that may be pursued to improve β cell endocrine function during T1D. Biology gleaned from studying T1D will certainly overlap to innovate therapeutic strategies for T2D, and also enhance the pursuit of creating optimized stem cell-derived β cells as endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Vived
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peng Yi
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Diabetes Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Section for Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mirmira RG, Kulkarni RN, Xu P, Drossos T, Varady K, Knutson KL, Reutrakul S, Martyn-Nemeth P, Sargis RM, Wallia A, Tuchman AM, Weissberg-Benchell J, Danielson KK, Oakes SA, Thomas CC, Layden BT, May SC, Burbea Hoffmann M, Gatta E, Solway J, Philipson LH. Stress and human health in diabetes: A report from the 19 th Chicago Biomedical Consortium symposium. J Clin Transl Sci 2023; 7:e263. [PMID: 38229904 PMCID: PMC10790105 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2023.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress and diabetes coexist in a vicious cycle. Different types of stress lead to diabetes, while diabetes itself is a major life stressor. This was the focus of the Chicago Biomedical Consortium's 19th annual symposium, "Stress and Human Health: Diabetes," in November 2022. There, researchers primarily from the Chicago area met to explore how different sources of stress - from the cells to the community - impact diabetes outcomes. Presenters discussed the consequences of stress arising from mutant proteins, obesity, sleep disturbances, environmental pollutants, COVID-19, and racial and socioeconomic disparities. This symposium showcased the latest diabetes research and highlighted promising new treatment approaches for mitigating stress in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pingwen Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tina Drossos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Krista Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen L. Knutson
- Department of Neurology, Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pamela Martyn-Nemeth
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, University of Illinois Chicago College of Nursing, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert M. Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amisha Wallia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jill Weissberg-Benchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kirstie K. Danielson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott A. Oakes
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Celeste C. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah C. May
- Department of Medicine, Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Julian Solway
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Louis H. Philipson
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Felton JL, Griffin KJ, Oram RA, Speake C, Long SA, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Rich SS, Monaco GSF, Evans-Molina C, DiMeglio LA, Ismail HM, Steck AK, Dabelea D, Johnson RK, Urazbayeva M, Gitelman S, Wentworth JM, Redondo MJ, Sims EK. Disease-modifying therapies and features linked to treatment response in type 1 diabetes prevention: a systematic review. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:130. [PMID: 37794169 PMCID: PMC10550983 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Prevention efforts have focused on immune modulation and supporting beta cell health before or around diagnosis; however, heterogeneity in disease progression and therapy response has limited translation to clinical practice, highlighting the need for precision medicine approaches to T1D disease modification. METHODS To understand the state of knowledge in this area, we performed a systematic review of randomized-controlled trials with ≥50 participants cataloged in PubMed or Embase from the past 25 years testing T1D disease-modifying therapies and/or identifying features linked to treatment response, analyzing bias using a Cochrane-risk-of-bias instrument. RESULTS We identify and summarize 75 manuscripts, 15 describing 11 prevention trials for individuals with increased risk for T1D, and 60 describing treatments aimed at preventing beta cell loss at disease onset. Seventeen interventions, mostly immunotherapies, show benefit compared to placebo (only two prior to T1D onset). Fifty-seven studies employ precision analyses to assess features linked to treatment response. Age, beta cell function measures, and immune phenotypes are most frequently tested. However, analyses are typically not prespecified, with inconsistent methods of reporting, and tend to report positive findings. CONCLUSIONS While the quality of prevention and intervention trials is overall high, the low quality of precision analyses makes it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions that inform clinical practice. To facilitate precision medicine approaches to T1D prevention, considerations for future precision studies include the incorporation of uniform outcome measures, reproducible biomarkers, and prespecified, fully powered precision analyses into future trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Felton
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kurt J Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Richard A Oram
- NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Academic Kidney Unit, University of Exeter, Devon, UK
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK
- Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriela S F Monaco
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Linda A DiMeglio
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heba M Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randi K Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Stephen Gitelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Center; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John M Wentworth
- Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria J Redondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily K Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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10
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Atkinson MA, Mirmira RG. The pathogenic "symphony" in type 1 diabetes: A disorder of the immune system, β cells, and exocrine pancreas. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1500-1518. [PMID: 37478842 PMCID: PMC10529265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to result from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells. This concept has been a central tenet for decades of attempts seeking to decipher the disorder's pathogenesis and prevent/reverse the disease. Recently, this and many other disease-related notions have come under increasing question, particularly given knowledge gained from analyses of human T1D pancreas. Perhaps most crucial are findings suggesting that a collective of cellular constituents-immune, endocrine, and exocrine in origin-mechanistically coalesce to facilitate T1D. This review considers these emerging concepts, from basic science to clinical research, and identifies several key remaining knowledge voids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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11
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Chen S, Wang Q, Wang H, Xia S. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in T cell-mediated diseases. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13307. [PMID: 38441291 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
T cells synthesize a large number of proteins during their development, activation, and differentiation. The build-up of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, however, causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Thus, T cells can maintain ER homeostasis via endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, unfolded protein response, and autophagy. In T cell-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, type 1 diabetes and vitiligo, ER stress caused by changes in the internal microenvironment can cause disease progression by affecting T cell homeostasis. This review discusses ER stress in T cell formation, activation, differentiation, and T cell-mediated illnesses, and may offer new perspectives on the involvement of T cells in autoimmune disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiulei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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12
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Quattrin T, Mastrandrea LD, Walker LSK. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2023; 401:2149-2162. [PMID: 37030316 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are reliant on insulin for survival. Despite enhanced knowledge related to the pathophysiology of the disease, including interactions between genetic, immune, and environmental contributions, and major strides in treatment and management, disease burden remains high. Studies aimed at blocking the immune attack on β cells in people at risk or individuals with very early onset type 1 diabetes show promise in preserving endogenous insulin production. This Seminar will review the field of type 1 diabetes, highlighting recent progress within the past 5 years, challenges to clinical care, and future directions in research, including strategies to prevent, manage, and cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Quattrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Diabetes Center, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Lucy D Mastrandrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Diabetes Center, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Moustakas AK, Nguyen H, James EA, Papadopoulos GK. Autoimmune susceptible HLA class II motifs facilitate the presentation of modified neoepitopes to potentially autoreactive T cells. Cell Immunol 2023; 390:104729. [PMID: 37301094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and celiac disease (CD), are strongly associated with susceptible HLA class II haplotypes. The peptide-binding pockets of these molecules are polymorphic, thus each HLA class II protein presents a distinct set of peptides to CD4+ T cells. Peptide diversity is increased through post-translational modifications, generating non-templated sequences that enhance HLA binding and/or T cell recognition. The high-risk HLA-DR alleles that confer susceptibility to RA are notable for their ability to accommodate citrulline, promoting responses to citrullinated self-antigens. Likewise, HLA-DQ alleles associated with T1D and CD favor the binding of deamidated peptides. In this review, we discuss structural features that promote modified self-epitope presentation, provide evidence supporting the relevance of T cell recognition of such antigens in disease processes, and make a case that interrupting the pathways that generate such epitopes and reprogramming neoepitope-specific T cells are key strategies for effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Ionian University, GR26100 Argostoli, Cephalonia, Greece
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, GR47100 Arta, Greece
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14
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Lichti CF, Wan X. Using mass spectrometry to identify neoantigens in autoimmune diseases: The type 1 diabetes example. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101730. [PMID: 36827760 PMCID: PMC10324092 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In autoimmune diseases, recognition of self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules elicits unexpected attack of tissue by autoantibodies and/or autoreactive T cells. Post-translational modification (PTM) may alter the MHC-binding motif or TCR contact residues in a peptide antigen, transforming the tolerance to self to autoreactivity. Mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics provides a valuable mechanism for identifying MHC ligands that contain PTMs and can thus provide valuable insights into pathogenesis and therapeutics of autoimmune diseases. A plethora of PTMs have been implicated in this process, and this review highlights their formation and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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15
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Nguyen H, Arribas-Layton D, Chow IT, Speake C, Kwok WW, Hessner MJ, Greenbaum CJ, James EA. Characterizing T cell responses to enzymatically modified beta cell neo-epitopes. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1015855. [PMID: 36703975 PMCID: PMC9871889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous studies verify the formation of enzymatically post-translationally modified (PTM) self-peptides and their preferred recognition by T cells in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, questions remain about the relative prevalence of T cells that recognize PTM self-peptides derived from different antigens, their functional phenotypes, and whether their presence correlates with a specific disease endotype. Methods To address this question, we identified a cohort of subjects with T1D who had diverse levels of residual beta cell function. Using previously developed HLA class II tetramer reagents, we enumerated T cells that recognize PTM GAD epitopes in the context of DRB1*04:01 or PTM IA2 epitopes in the context of DQB1*03:02 (DQ8). Results Consistent with prior studies, we observed higher overall frequencies and a greater proportion of memory T cells in subjects with T1D than in HLA matched controls. There were significantly higher numbers of GAD specific T cells than IA2 specific T cells in subjects with T1D. T cells specific for both groups of epitopes could be expanded from the peripheral blood of subjects with established T1D and at-risk subjects. Expanded neo-epitope specific T cells primarily produced interferon gamma in both groups, but a greater proportion of T cells were interferon gamma positive in subjects with T1D, including some poly-functional cells that also produced IL-4. Based on direct surface phenotyping, neo-epitope specific T cells exhibited diverse combinations of chemokine receptors. However, the largest proportion had markers associated with a Th1-like phenotype. Notably, DQ8 restricted responses to PTM IA2 were over-represented in subjects with lower residual beta cell function. Neo-epitope specific T cells were present in at-risk subjects, and those with multiple autoantibodies have higher interferon gamma to IL-4 ratios than those with single autoantibodies, suggesting a shift in polarization during progression. Discussion These results reinforce the relevance of PTM neo-epitopes in human disease and suggest that distinct responses to neo-antigens promote a more rapid decline in beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Nguyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William W. Kwok
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Martin J. Hessner
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
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16
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Guyer P, Arribas-Layton D, Manganaro A, Speake C, Lord S, Eizirik DL, Kent SC, Mallone R, James EA. Recognition of mRNA Splice Variant and Secretory Granule Epitopes by CD4+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2023; 72:85-96. [PMID: 36201618 PMCID: PMC9797322 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A recent discovery effort resulted in identification of novel splice variant and secretory granule antigens within the HLA class I peptidome of human islets and documentation of their recognition by CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood and human islets. In the current study, we applied a systematic discovery process to identify novel CD4+ T cell epitopes derived from these candidate antigens. We predicted 145 potential epitopes spanning unique splice junctions and within conventional secretory granule antigens and measured their in vitro binding to DRB1*04:01. We generated HLA class II tetramers for the 35 peptides with detectable binding and used these to assess immunogenicity and isolate T cell clones. Tetramers corresponding to peptides with verified immunogenicity were then used to label T cells specific for these putative epitopes in peripheral blood. T cells that recognize distinct epitopes derived from a cyclin I splice variant, neuroendocrine convertase 2, and urocortin-3 were detected at frequencies that were similar to those of an immunodominant proinsulin epitope. Cells specific for these novel epitopes predominantly exhibited a Th1-like surface phenotype. Among the three epitopes, responses to the cyclin I peptide exhibited a distinct memory profile. Responses to neuroendocrine convertase 2 were detected among pancreatic infiltrating T cells. These results further establish the contribution of unconventional antigens to the loss of tolerance in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - David Arribas-Layton
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Manganaro
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sandra Lord
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sally C. Kent
- Division of Diabetes, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Centre, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA
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17
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Foster A, Bhattacharjee P, Tresoldi E, Pakusch M, Cameron FJ, Mannering SI. Glutamine deamidation does not increase the immunogenicity of C-peptide in people with type 1 diabetes. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 6:100180. [PMID: 36619657 PMCID: PMC9811213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed. While it is clear that full-length C-peptide, derived from proinsulin, is a major antigen in human T1D it is not clear how and why C-peptide becomes a target of the autoimmune CD4+ T-cell responses in T1D. Neoepitopes formed by the conversion of glutamine (Q) residues to glutamic acid (E) by deamidation are central to the immune pathogenesis of coeliac disease and have been implicated in autoimmune responses in T1D. Here, we asked if the immunogenicity of full-length C-peptide, which comprises four glutamine residues, was enhanced by deamidation, which we mimicked by substituting glutamic acid for glutamine residue. First, we used a panel of 18 well characterized CD4+ T-cell lines specific for epitopes derived from human C-peptide. In all cases, when the substitution fell within the cognate epitope the response was diminished, or in a few cases unchanged. In contrast, when the substitution fell outside the epitope recognized by the TCR responses were unchanged or slightly augmented. Second, we compared CD4+ T-cell proliferation responses, against deamidated and unmodified C-peptide, in the peripheral blood of people with or without T1D using the CFSE-based proliferation assay. While, as reported previously, responses were detected to unmodified C-peptide, no deamidated C-peptide was consistently more stimulatory than native C-peptide. Overall responses were weaker to deamidated C-peptide compared to unmodified C-peptide. Hence, we conclude that deamidated C-peptide does not play a role in beta-cell autoimmunity in people with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Foster
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Eleonora Tresoldi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Miha Pakusch
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Fergus J. Cameron
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Australia,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Corresponding author. St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Kulkarni A, Muralidharan C, May SC, Tersey SA, Mirmira RG. Inside the β Cell: Molecular Stress Response Pathways in Diabetes Pathogenesis. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6783239. [PMID: 36317483 PMCID: PMC9667558 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pathogeneses of the 2 major forms of diabetes, type 1 and type 2, differ with respect to their major molecular insults (loss of immune tolerance and onset of tissue insulin resistance, respectively). However, evidence suggests that dysfunction and/or death of insulin-producing β-cells is common to virtually all forms of diabetes. Although the mechanisms underlying β-cell dysfunction remain incompletely characterized, recent years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that contribute to the demise of the β-cell. Cellular and environmental factors contribute to β-cell dysfunction/loss through the activation of molecular pathways that exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum stress, the integrated stress response, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy. Whereas many of these stress responsive pathways are interconnected, their individual contributions to glucose homeostasis and β-cell health have been elucidated through the development and interrogation of animal models. In these studies, genetic models and pharmacological compounds have enabled the identification of genes and proteins specifically involved in β-cell dysfunction during diabetes pathogenesis. Here, we review the critical stress response pathways that are activated in β cells in the context of the animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah C May
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Correspondence: Raghavendra G. Mirmira, MD, PhD, Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 900 E 57th St, KCBD 8132, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Hu A, Zou H, Chen B, Zhong J. Posttranslational modifications in diabetes: Mechanisms and functions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1011-1033. [PMID: 35697961 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widespread chronic diseases, diabetes and its accompanying complications affect approximately one tenth of individuals worldwide and represent a growing cause of morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence has proven that the process of diabetes is complex and interactive, involving various cellular responses and signaling cascades by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and functions of PTMs in regulatory networks has fundamental importance for understanding the prediction, onset, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of diabetes. In this review, we offer a holistic summary and illustration of the crosstalk between PTMs and diabetes, including both types 1 and 2. Meanwhile, we discuss the potential use of PTMs in diabetes treatment and provide a prospective direction for deeply understanding the metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haohong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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20
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Piñeros AR, Kulkarni A, Gao H, Orr KS, Glenn L, Huang F, Liu Y, Gannon M, Syed F, Wu W, Anderson CM, Evans-Molina C, McDuffie M, Nadler JL, Morris MA, Mirmira RG, Tersey SA. Proinflammatory signaling in islet β cells propagates invasion of pathogenic immune cells in autoimmune diabetes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111011. [PMID: 35767947 PMCID: PMC9297711 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a disorder of immune tolerance that leads to death of insulin-producing islet β cells. We hypothesize that inflammatory signaling within β cells promotes progression of autoimmunity within the islet microenvironment. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the proinflammatory gene encoding 12/15-lipoxygenase (Alox15) in β cells of non-obese diabetic mice at a pre-diabetic time point when islet inflammation is a feature. Deletion of Alox15 leads to preservation of β cell mass, reduces populations of infiltrating T cells, and protects against spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in both sexes. Mice lacking Alox15 in β cells exhibit an increase in a population of β cells expressing the gene encoding the protein programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which engages receptors on immune cells to suppress autoimmunity. Delivery of a monoclonal antibody against PD-L1 recovers the diabetes phenotype in knockout animals. Our results support the contention that inflammatory signaling in β cells promotes autoimmunity during type 1 diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie R Piñeros
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abhishek Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kara S Orr
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lindsey Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Authority, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Farooq Syed
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cara M Anderson
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marcia McDuffie
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jerry L Nadler
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Morris
- Department of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Medicine and the Kovler Diabetes Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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21
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Jing Y, Kong Y, McGinty J, Blahnik-Fagan G, Lee T, Orozco-Figueroa S, Bettini ML, James EA, Bettini M. T-Cell Receptor/HLA Humanized Mice Reveal Reduced Tolerance and Increased Immunogenicity of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitope. Diabetes 2022; 71:1012-1022. [PMID: 35179565 PMCID: PMC9044133 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a critical role for posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet neoantigens in type 1 diabetes. However, our understanding regarding thymic development and peripheral activation of PTM autoantigen-reactive T cells is still limited. Using HLA-DR4 humanized mice, we observed that deamidation of GAD65115-127 generates a more immunogenic epitope that recruits T cells with promiscuous recognition of both the deamidated and native epitopes and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells. Using humanized HLA/T-cell receptor (TCR) mice, we observed that TCRs reactive to the native or deamidated GAD65115-127 led to efficient development of CD4+ effector T cells; however, regulatory T-cell development was reduced in mice expressing the PTM-reactive TCR, which was partially restored with exogenous PTM peptide. Upon priming, both the native-specific and the deamidated-specific T cells accumulated in pancreatic islets, suggesting that both specificities can recognize endogenous GAD65 and contribute to anti-β-cell responses. Collectively, our observations in polyclonal and single TCR systems suggest that while effector T-cell responses can exhibit cross-reactivity between native and deamidated GAD65 epitopes, regulatory T-cell development is reduced in response to the deamidated epitope, pointing to regulatory T-cell development as a key mechanism for loss of tolerance to PTM antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Orozco-Figueroa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Maria Bettini,
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22
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Frequency of Breakfast Eating and Obesity Prevalence in Primary School Teachers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095331. [PMID: 35564728 PMCID: PMC9105426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of research using objective measures about teachers’ physical characteristics and lifestyle. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between frequency of breakfast consumption and body size, body composition, blood pressure and lifestyle factors in teachers from Hungary. The study analyzed data collected from 99 female primary school teachers (50.6 ± 6.6 year) before the COVID-19 pandemic. Anthropometric and resting blood pressure measurements were taken for each participant. Questionnaires were used to assess lifestyle factors (i.e., physical activity level, smoking status and eating breakfast). The frequency of eating breakfast was classified as rarely or never (0–2 days), some days (3–5 days) and regularly (6–7 days). Sixty-five percent of female teachers consumed breakfast 6–7 days/week, and this regular eating habit was positively associated with a lower risk of obesity (OR 0.29; CI: 0.10–0.80). In our sample, a higher frequency of breakfast consumption was not significantly associated with smoking (OR 2.65; CI: 0.17–1.37), hypertension (OR 0.61; CI: 0.23–1.65) and inactivity (OR 2.80; CI: 0.26–1.84). A beneficial effect of eating breakfast regularly was found on body composition in female teachers. Further studies should focus on the health behaviors of teachers and their relationship with physical activity or diagnosed diseases in urban and rural areas.
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23
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Khilji MS, Faridi P, Pinheiro-Machado E, Hoefner C, Dahlby T, Aranha R, Buus S, Nielsen M, Klusek J, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Pandey K, Purcell AW, Marzec MT. Defective Proinsulin Handling Modulates the MHC I Bound Peptidome and Activates the Inflammasome in β-Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040814. [PMID: 35453564 PMCID: PMC9024965 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How immune tolerance is lost to pancreatic β-cell peptides triggering autoimmune type 1 diabetes is enigmatic. We have shown that loss of the proinsulin chaperone glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to mishandling of proinsulin, ER stress, and activation of the immunoproteasome. We hypothesize that inadequate ER proinsulin folding capacity relative to biosynthetic need may lead to an altered β-cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I bound peptidome and inflammasome activation, sensitizing β-cells to immune attack. We used INS-1E cells with or without GRP94 knockout (KO), or in the presence or absence of GRP94 inhibitor PU-WS13 (GRP94i, 20 µM), or exposed to proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β or interferon gamma (IFNγ) (15 pg/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively) for 24 h. RT1.A (rat MHC I) expression was evaluated using flow cytometry. The total RT1.A-bound peptidome analysis was performed on cell lysates fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing protein (NLRP1), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and (pro) IL-1β expression and secretion were investigated by Western blotting. GRP94 KO increased RT1.A expression in β-cells, as did cytokine exposure compared to relevant controls. Immunopeptidome analysis showed increased RT1.A-bound peptide repertoire in GRP94 KO/i cells as well as in the cells exposed to cytokines. The GRP94 KO/cytokine exposure groups showed partial overlap in their peptide repertoire. Notably, proinsulin-derived peptide diversity increased among the total RT1.A peptidome in GRP94 KO/i along with cytokines exposure. NLRP1 expression was upregulated in GRP94 deficient cells along with decreased IκBα content while proIL-1β cellular levels declined, coupled with increased secretion of mature IL-1β. Our results suggest that limiting β-cell proinsulin chaperoning enhances RT1.A expression alters the MHC-I peptidome including proinsulin peptides and activates inflammatory pathways, suggesting that stress associated with impeding proinsulin handling may sensitize β-cells to immune-attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Univesity, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Erika Pinheiro-Machado
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Carolin Hoefner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8603 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Ritchlynn Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín CP1650, Argentina
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Surgical Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Kirti Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
| | - Michal T. Marzec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-002 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
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24
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Yang JHM, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Perry DJ, Blanchfield JL, Posgai AL, Wiedeman AE, Diggins K, Rahman A, Tree TIM, Brusko TM, Levings MK, James EA, Kent SC, Speake C, Homann D, Long SA. Guidelines for standardizing T cell cytometry assays to link biomarkers, mechanisms, and disease outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:372-388. [PMID: 35025103 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytometric immunophenotyping is a powerful tool to discover and implement T cell biomarkers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) progression and response to clinical therapy. Although many discovery-based T cell biomarkers have been described, to date, no such markers have been widely adopted in standard practice. The heterogeneous nature of T1D and lack of standardized assays and experimental design across studies is a major barrier to the broader adoption of T cell immunophenotyping assays. There is an unmet need to harmonize the design of immunophenotyping assays, including those that measure antigen-agnostic cell populations, such that data collected from different clinical trial sites and T1D cohorts are comparable, yet account for cohort-specific features and different drug mechanisms of action. In these Guidelines, we aim to provide expert advice on how to unify aspects of study design and practice. We provide recommendations for defining cohorts, method implementation, as well as tools for data analysis and reporting by highlighting and building on selected successes. Harmonization of cytometry-based T cell assays will allow researchers to better integrate findings across trials, ultimately enabling the identification and validation of biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response in T1D. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie H M Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kirsten A Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Lori Blanchfield
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alice E Wiedeman
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirsten Diggins
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy I M Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia, Vancouver, CA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, CA
| | - Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dirk Homann
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | -
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Li X, Wang L, Meng G, Chen X, Yang S, Zhang M, Zheng Z, Zhou J, Lan Z, Wu Y, Wang L. Sustained high glucose intake accelerates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1037822. [PMID: 36545340 PMCID: PMC9760976 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1037822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors, especially high consumption of high glycaemic index carbohydrates and sugars, may trigger or exacerbate the progression of type 1 diabetes. We aimed to provide experimental evidence to confirm this relevance and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS NOD mice were given sustained high-glucose drinking or glucose-free water and observed for the incidence of type 1 diabetes and islet inflammation. RNAseq was performed to detect the transcriptome changes of the NOD islet beta cell line NIT-1 after high glucose treatment, and mass spectrometry was performed to detect the proteome changes of NIT-1-cells-derived sEVs. RESULTS Sustained high glucose drinking significantly aggravates islet inflammation and accelerates the onset of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Mechanistically, high glucose treatment induces aberrant ER stress and up-regulates the expression of autoantigens in islet beta cell. Moreover, high glucose treatment alters the proteome of beta-cells-derived sEVs, and significantly enhances the ability of sEVs to promote DC maturation and stimulate immune inflammatory response. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence for negative effect of high glucose intake as a dietary factor on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals. Therefore, avoiding high sugar intake may be an effective disease prevention strategy for children or adults susceptible to type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University. Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shushu Yang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengni Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhu Lan
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Immunology People's Liberation Army (PLA) & Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang,
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26
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Callebaut A, Bruggeman Y, Zamit C, Sodré FMC, Irla M, Mathieu C, Buitinga M, Overbergh L. Aberrant expression of transglutaminase 2 in pancreas and thymus of NOD mice underscores the importance of deamidation in neoantigen generation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908248. [PMID: 35966081 PMCID: PMC9367685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can lead to a break in immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Deamidation, the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, is a post-translational modification of interest, with deamidated peptides being reported as autoantigens in T1D. However, little is known about how Tgm2, the most ubiquitously expressed Tgm isoform, is regulated and how tolerance against deamidated peptides is lost. Here, we report on the aberrant expression and regulation of Tgm2 in the pancreas and thymus of NOD mice. We demonstrate that Tgm2 expression is induced by the inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IFNγ in a synergistic manner and that murine pancreatic islets of NOD mice have higher Tgm2 levels, while Tgm2 levels in medullary thymic epithelial cells are reduced. We thus provide the first direct evidence to our knowledge that central tolerance establishment against deamidated peptides might be impaired due to lower Tgm2 expression in NOD medullary thymic epithelial cells, which together with the aberrantly high levels of deamidated peptides in NOD β-cells underscores the role of deamidation in amplifying T-cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aїsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ylke Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cloé Zamit
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fernanda Marques Câmara Sodré
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Irla
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lut Overbergh,
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27
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Catriona C, Paolo P. SARS-CoV-2 induced post-translational protein modifications: A trigger for developing autoimmune diabetes? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022; 38:e3508. [PMID: 34990520 PMCID: PMC9015335 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates a bi-directional relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and diabetes. The possibility exists that SARS-CoV-2 could induce diabetes, but it is not yet clear whether this might be a fulminant-type diabetes, autoimmune diabetes, or a new-onset transient hyperglycaemia. This viewpoint discusses mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 might trigger type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Specifically, we looked at the role of post-translational protein modifications (PTMs) and the generation of neoepitopes as a potential mechanism in the induction of islet autoimmunity, and the pathways via which coronavirus infections might exacerbate the formation of PTMs and, in so doing, provoke the onset of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pozzilli Paolo
- Department of MedicineUnit of Endocrinology and DiabetesCampus Bio‐Medico UniversityRomeItaly
- Blizard InstituteBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of LondonLondonUK
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28
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Josefsen K, Krogvold L, Gerling IC, Pociot F, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Buschard K. Development of Type 1 Diabetes may occur through a Type 2 Diabetes mechanism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032822. [PMID: 36589856 PMCID: PMC9794996 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), 30% of the beta cells are dormant, i.e. alive, but inactive. This could reduce beta cell destruction, as cellular stress contributes to beta cell damage. However, the beta cells, that are still active, must produce more insulin and are therefore more vulnerable. The inactive beta cells represent a potential for restoring the insulin secretion. METHODS We analyzed the expression of selected genes in islets from live, newly diagnosed T1D patients from the DiViD study and organ doners with longer duration of T1D, type 2 diabetes (T2D), or no diabetes from the nPOD study. Additionally, analysis of polymorphisms was performed on all the investigated genes. FINDINGS Various possibilities were considered for the inactivity of the beta cells: secretion defect, fetal state, hibernation, and insulin resistance. We analyzed genes related to the ceramide and sphingomyelin synthesis and degradation, secretion, circadian rhythm and insulin action, and found changes in T1D islets that resemble fetal dedifferentiation and asynchrony. Furthermore, we found low levels of insulin receptor mRNA in the islets. No polymorphisms were found. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest a secretion defect, but also fetal dedifferentiation and desynchronization in the inactive beta cells. Together with previous evidence, that predisposing factors for T2D are also present for T1D development, we raise the idea to treat individuals with ongoing T1D development prophylactically with T2D medicine like GLP-1 receptor agonists, metformin, or others, combined with anti-inflammatory compounds, in order to reactivate the dormant beta cells, and to prevent autoimmune destruction. T2D mechanisms during T1D development should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Denmark
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Karsten Buschard,
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29
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Zuo J, Tang J, Lu M, Zhou Z, Li Y, Tian H, Liu E, Gao B, Liu T, Shao P. Glycolysis Rate-Limiting Enzymes: Novel Potential Regulators of Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779787. [PMID: 34899740 PMCID: PMC8651870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a classic autoimmune disease characterized by uncontrolled synovial proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage injury, and bone destruction. The specific pathogenesis of RA, a chronic inflammatory disease, remains unclear. However, both key glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes, hexokinase-II (HK-II), phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), as well as indirect rate-limiting enzymes, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of RA. In here, we review the latest literature on the pathogenesis of RA, introduce the pathophysiological characteristics of HK-II, PFK-1/PFKFB3, and PKM2 and their expression characteristics in this autoimmune disease, and systematically assess the association between the glycolytic rate-limiting enzymes and RA from a molecular level. Moreover, we highlight HK-II, PFK-1/PFKFB3, and PKM2 as potential targets for the clinical treatment of RA. There is great potential to develop new anti-rheumatic therapies through safe inhibition or overexpression of glycolysis rate-limiting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Zuo
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinshuo Tang
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Nursing, The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongsheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Enbo Liu
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baoying Gao
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Te Liu
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pu Shao
- Department of Orthopeadics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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Alchujyan N, Hovhannisyan M, Movsesyan N, Melkonyan A, Shaboyan V, Aghajanova Y, Minasyan G, Kevorkian G. Sexual Dimorphism in Alternative Metabolic Pathways of L-Arginine in Circulating Leukocytes in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Res 2021; 46:149-159. [PMID: 33944639 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2021.1920608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Sexual dimorphism in specific biochemical pathways and immune response, underlies the heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and affects the outcome of immunotherapy. Arginase and nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) metabolize L-arginine and play opposite roles in the immune response and autoimmune processes.Objective: We hypothesized that the above mentioned enzymes can be involved in sex and age differences in T1DM and its treatment. Based on this, the enzymes have been studied in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and plasma of young people with T1DM.Methods: Patients were recruited from Muratsan University Hospital (Yerevan, Armenia) and were divided into groups: girls and boys by age, from children to adolescents and adolescents/young adults with recent-onset T1DM (RO-T1DM) (0.1-1 years) and long-term T1DM (LT-T1DM) (1.6-9.9 years). Arginase activity was assessed by L-arginine-dependent production of L-ornithine, and the NOS activity was assessed by NO/nitrite production. Glycemic control was assessed using hemoglobin A1c test. Plasma HbA1c concentration below 7.5% (median (range) 6.7 [6.2-7.5]) was taken as good glycemic control (+) and above 7.5% (median (range) 10.5 [7.6-13]) as poor glycemic control (-). Healthy volunteers with corresponding sex and age were used as the control group.Results: All the patients with RO-T1DM, with poor glycemic control, had increased arginase activity in the cytoplasm (cARG) and mitochondria (mARG) in PBL. In girls with RO-T1DM, with good glycemic control, the subcellular arginase activity decreased, and normalized in LT-T1DM, regardless of age. In contrast, boys from both age groups showed high arginase activity, regardless of glycemic control and duration of T1DM along with insulin therapy. At the same time, a significant decrease in the subcellular production of bioavailable NO was observed in children/preadolescents, regardless of glycemic control and duration of diabetes. In adolescents/young adult boys with RO-T1DM, with (-), the subcellular production of NO decreased significantly, and with LT-T1DM, the decrease was attenuated, but even with (+) remained lower than in healthy people. In contrast, in the group of same age girls with RO-T1DM, NO production increased above normal in both cellular compartments, while with LT-T1DM it normalized in the cytoplasm. In adolescents/young adults with LT-T1DM, NO production in PBL mitochondria decreased by almost a half, regardless of glycemic control and gender. Changes in the metabolic pathways of L-arginine in plasma differed and were less substantial than in the PBL cellular compartments in T1DM.Conclusions: Glycemic status and duration of T1DM along with insulin therapy affect the activity of arginase and NOS-dependent production of bioavailable NO in the cytoplasm and mitochondria in PBL of young patients with T1DM, depending on sex and age. Arginase and NOS can directly affect the processes occurring in the pancreas and the outcome of therapy through infiltrated leukocytes. Obtained data can be useful for understanding the heterogeneity of T1DM and using it to develop available criteria for assessing the severity and treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Alchujyan
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistryafter H. Buniatyan, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Margarita Hovhannisyan
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistryafter H. Buniatyan, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Nina Movsesyan
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistryafter H. Buniatyan, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arthur Melkonyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vanuhi Shaboyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Yelena Aghajanova
- Department of Endocrinology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Grigory Minasyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Guevork Kevorkian
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistryafter H. Buniatyan, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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Clark AL, Yan Z, Chen SX, Shi V, Kulkarni DH, Diwan A, Remedi MS. High-fat diet prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23:2455-2465. [PMID: 34212475 PMCID: PMC8490276 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has a strong genetic predisposition and requires an environmental trigger to initiate the beta-cell autoimmune destruction. The rate of childhood obesity has risen in parallel to the proportion of T1D, suggesting high-fat diet (HFD)/obesity as potential environmental triggers for autoimmune diabetes. To explore this, non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were subjected to HFD and monitored for the development of diabetes, insulitis and beta-cell stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four-week-old female NOD mice were placed on HFD (HFD-NOD) or standard chow-diet. Blood glucose was monitored weekly up to 40 weeks of age, and glucose- and insulin-tolerance tests performed at 4, 10 and 15 weeks. Pancreata and islets were analysed for insulin secretion, beta-cell mass, inflammation, insulitis and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. Immune cell levels were measured in islets and spleens. Stool microbiome was analysed at age 4, 8 and 25 weeks. RESULTS At early ages, HFD-NOD mice showed a significant increase in body weight, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; but paradoxically, they were protected from developing diabetes. This was accompanied by increased insulin secretion and beta-cell mass, decreased insulitis, increased splenic T-regulatory cells and altered stool microbiome. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that HFD protects NOD mice from autoimmune diabetes and preserves beta-cell mass and function through alterations in gut microbiome, increased T-regulatory cells and decreased insulitis. Further studies into the exact mechanism of HFD-mediated prevention of diabetes in NOD mice could potentially lead to interventions to prevent or delay T1D development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Clark
- Department of PediatricsWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Zihan Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid research DivisionWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Sophia X. Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid research DivisionWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Victoria Shi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid research DivisionWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Devesha H. Kulkarni
- Department of Internal MedicineWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Department of Internal Medicine‐Cardiovascular DivisionWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
- John Cochran VA Medical Center‐Cardiovascular DivisionSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Maria S. Remedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid research DivisionWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
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32
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Toren E, Burnette KS, Banerjee RR, Hunter CS, Tse HM. Partners in Crime: Beta-Cells and Autoimmune Responses Complicit in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756548. [PMID: 34691077 PMCID: PMC8529969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Loss of beta-cells leads to insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, with patients eventually requiring lifelong insulin therapy to maintain normal glycemic control. Since T1D has been historically defined as a disease of immune system dysregulation, there has been little focus on the state and response of beta-cells and how they may also contribute to their own demise. Major hurdles to identifying a cure for T1D include a limited understanding of disease etiology and how functional and transcriptional beta-cell heterogeneity may be involved in disease progression. Recent studies indicate that the beta-cell response is not simply a passive aspect of T1D pathogenesis, but rather an interplay between the beta-cell and the immune system actively contributing to disease. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature describing beta-cell vulnerability, heterogeneity, and contributions to pathophysiology of T1D, how these responses are influenced by autoimmunity, and describe pathways that can potentially be exploited to delay T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Toren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - KaLia S. Burnette
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ronadip R. Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chad S. Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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33
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Li Y, Sun F, Yue TT, Wang FX, Yang CL, Luo JH, Rong SJ, Xiong F, Zhang S, Wang CY. Revisiting the Antigen-Presenting Function of β Cells in T1D Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690783. [PMID: 34335595 PMCID: PMC8318689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the unresolved autoimmune inflammation and islet β cell destruction. The islet resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells and macrophages uptake and process the β cell-derived antigens to prime the autoreactive diabetogenic T cells. Upon activation, those autoreactive T cells produce copious amount of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β to induce β cell stress and death. Autoimmune attack and β cell damage intertwine together to push forward this self-destructive program, leading to T1D onset. However, β cells are far beyond a passive participant during the course of T1D development. Herein in this review, we summarized how β cells are actively involved in the initiation of autoimmune responses in T1D setting. Specifically, β cells produce modified neoantigens under stressed condition, which is coupled with upregulated expression of MHC I/II and co-stimulatory molecules as well as other immune modules, that are essential properties normally exhibited by the professional APCs. At the cellular level, this subset of APC-like β cells dynamically interacts with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and manifests potency to activate autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells, by which β cells initiate early autoimmune responses predisposing to T1D development. Overall, the antigen-presenting function of β cells helps to explain the tissue specificity of T1D and highlights the active roles of structural cells played in the pathogenesis of various immune related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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34
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Amdare N, Purcell AW, DiLorenzo TP. Noncontiguous T cell epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: From mice to men and back again. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100827. [PMID: 34044020 PMCID: PMC8233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets. The nonobese diabetic mouse is a widely studied spontaneous model of the disease that has contributed greatly to our understanding of T1D pathogenesis. This is especially true in the case of antigen discovery. Upon review of existing knowledge concerning the antigens and peptide epitopes that are recognized by T cells in this model, good concordance is observed between mouse and human antigens. A fascinating recent illustration of the contribution of the nonobese diabetic mouse in the area of epitope identification is the discovery of noncontiguous CD4+ T cell epitopes. This novel epitope class is characterized by the linkage of an insulin-derived peptide to, most commonly, a fragment of a natural cleavage product of another beta cell secretory granule constituent. These so-called hybrid insulin peptides are also recognized by T cells in patients with T1D, although the precise mechanism for their generation has yet to be defined and is the subject of active investigation. Although evidence from the tumor immunology arena documented the existence of noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes, generated by proteasome-mediated peptide splicing involving transpeptidation, such CD8+ T cell epitopes were thought to be a rare immunological curiosity. However, recent advances in bioinformatics and mass spectrometry have challenged this view. These developments, coupled with the discovery of hybrid insulin peptides, have spurred a search for noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes in T1D, an exciting frontier area still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Amdare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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35
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T-cell responses to hybrid insulin peptides prior to type 1 diabetes development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019129118. [PMID: 33542101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019129118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified self-antigens are associated with many autoimmune disorders. In type 1 diabetes, hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) are implicated in the T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within pancreatic islets. The natural history of the disease is such that it allows for the study of T-cell reactivity prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. We hypothesized that CD4 T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified islet peptides precedes diabetes onset. In a cohort of genetically at-risk individuals, we measured longitudinal T-cell responses to native insulin and hybrid insulin peptides. Both proinflammatory (interferon-γ) and antiinflammatory (interluekin-10) cytokine responses to HIPs were more robust than those to native peptides, and the ratio of such responses oscillated between pro- and antiinflammatory over time. However, individuals who developed islet autoantibodies or progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes had predominantly inflammatory T-cell responses to HIPs. Additionally, several HIP T-cell responses correlated to worsening measurements of blood glucose, highlighting the relevance of T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified peptides prior to autoimmune disease development.
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36
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Identification of Human Antigen-Specific CD4+ Cells with Peptide-MHC Multimer Technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33928551 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1311-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) multimers have emerged as a convenient and powerful tool for characterization of CD4 T cell immune responses in a large variety of human diseases. Peptide-MHCII multimers can rapidly identify peptide antigens recognized by CD4 T cells via high-throughput peptide screening procedures. The specificity and phenotype of antigen-specific CD4 T cells can be effectively visualized by pMHCII multimers from unmanipulated immune cell populations. Functional attributes of antigen-specific CD4 T cells can also be defined with the multimer technology in combination with immune functional assays such as intracellular cytokine staining (ICS).
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37
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Yang ML, Sodré FMC, Mamula MJ, Overbergh L. Citrullination and PAD Enzyme Biology in Type 1 Diabetes - Regulators of Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Pathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678953. [PMID: 34140951 PMCID: PMC8204103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in human proteins is a physiological process leading to structural and immunologic variety in proteins, with potentially altered biological functions. PTMs often arise through normal responses to cellular stress, including general oxidative changes in the tissue microenvironment and intracellular stress to the endoplasmic reticulum or immune-mediated inflammatory stresses. Many studies have now illustrated the presence of 'neoepitopes' consisting of PTM self-proteins that induce robust autoimmune responses. These pathways of inflammatory neoepitope generation are commonly observed in many autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes (T1D), among others. This review will focus on one specific PTM to self-proteins known as citrullination. Citrullination is mediated by calcium-dependent peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, which catalyze deimination, the conversion of arginine into the non-classical amino acid citrulline. PADs and citrullinated peptides have been associated with different autoimmune diseases, notably with a prominent role in the diagnosis and pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. More recently, an important role for PADs and citrullinated self-proteins has emerged in T1D. In this review we will provide a comprehensive overview on the pathogenic role for PADs and citrullination in inflammation and autoimmunity, with specific focus on evidence for their role in T1D. The general role of PADs in epigenetic and transcriptional processes, as well as their crucial role in histone citrullination, neutrophil biology and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation will be discussed. The latter is important in view of increasing evidence for a role of neutrophils and NETosis in the pathogenesis of T1D. Further, we will discuss the underlying processes leading to citrullination, the genetic susceptibility factors for increased recognition of citrullinated epitopes by T1D HLA-susceptibility types and provide an overview of reported autoreactive responses against citrullinated epitopes, both of T cells and autoantibodies in T1D patients. Finally, we will discuss recent observations obtained in NOD mice, pointing to prevention of diabetes development through PAD inhibition, and the potential role of PAD inhibitors as novel therapeutic strategy in autoimmunity and in T1D in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fernanda M C Sodré
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark J Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (CEE), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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38
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Leite NC, Sintov E, Meissner TB, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Harlan DM, Melton DA. Modeling Type 1 Diabetes In Vitro Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107894. [PMID: 32668238 PMCID: PMC7359783 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the root causes of autoimmune diseases is hampered by the inability to access relevant human tissues and identify the time of disease onset. To examine the interaction of immune cells and their cellular targets in type 1 diabetes, we differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells, including β cells. Here, we describe an in vitro platform that models features of human type 1 diabetes using stress-induced patient-derived endocrine cells and autologous immune cells. We demonstrate a cell-type-specific response by autologous immune cells against induced pluripotent stem cell-derived β cells, along with a reduced effect on α cells. This approach represents a path to developing disease models that use patient-derived cells to predict the outcome of an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara C Leite
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elad Sintov
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Torsten B Meissner
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, 02215 MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - David M Harlan
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Johnson JD, Overbergh L, Dunne JL. Neoepitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: Etiological Insights, Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667989. [PMID: 33953728 PMCID: PMC8089389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis remain largely unknown. While autoantibodies to pancreatic beta-cell antigens are often the first biological response and thereby a useful biomarker for identifying individuals in early stages of T1D, their role in T1D pathogenesis is not well understood. Recognition of these antigenic targets by autoreactive T-cells plays a pathological role in T1D development. Recently, several beta-cell neoantigens have been described, indicating that both neoantigens and known T1D antigens escape central or peripheral tolerance. Several questions regarding the mechanisms by which tolerance is broken in T1D remain unanswered. Further delineating the timing and nature of antigenic responses could allow their use as biomarkers to improve staging, as targets for therapeutic intervention, and lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to loss of tolerance. Multiple factors that contribute to cellular stress may result in the generation of beta-cell derived neoepitopes and contribute to autoimmunity. Understanding the cellular mechanisms that induce beta-cells to produce neoantigens has direct implications on development of therapies to intercept T1D disease progression. In this perspective, we will discuss evidence for the role of neoantigens in the pathogenesis of T1D, including antigenic responses and cellular mechanisms. We will additionally discuss the pathways leading to neoepitope formation and the cross talk between the immune system and the beta-cells in this regard. Ultimately, delineating the timing of neoepitope generation in T1D pathogenesis will determine their role as biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - James D. Johnson
- Diabetes Research Group, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica L. Dunne
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ, United States
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40
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Kim YK, Sussel L, Davidson HW. Inherent Beta Cell Dysfunction Contributes to Autoimmune Susceptibility. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040512. [PMID: 33808310 PMCID: PMC8065553 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic beta cell is a highly specialized cell type whose primary function is to secrete insulin in response to nutrients to maintain glucose homeostasis in the body. As such, the beta cell has developed unique metabolic characteristics to achieve functionality; in healthy beta cells, the majority of glucose-derived carbons are oxidized and enter the mitochondria in the form of pyruvate. The pyruvate is subsequently metabolized to induce mitochondrial ATP and trigger the downstream insulin secretion response. Thus, in beta cells, mitochondria play a pivotal role in regulating glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In type 2 diabetes (T2D), mitochondrial impairment has been shown to play an important role in beta cell dysfunction and loss. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), autoimmunity is the primary trigger of beta cell loss; however, there is accumulating evidence that intrinsic mitochondrial defects could contribute to beta cell susceptibility during proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, there is speculation that dysfunctional mitochondrial responses could contribute to the formation of autoantigens. In this review, we provide an overview of mitochondrial function in the beta cells, and discuss potential mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kyung Kim
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.K.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Lori Sussel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.K.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Howard W. Davidson
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.K.K.); (L.S.)
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-6852; Fax: +1-303-724-6830
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Non-Genetically Encoded Epitopes Are Relevant Targets in Autoimmune Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020202. [PMID: 33671312 PMCID: PMC7922826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet antigen reactive T cells play a key role in promoting beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Self-reactive T cells are typically deleted through negative selection in the thymus or deviated to a regulatory phenotype. Nevertheless, those processes are imperfect such that even healthy individuals have a reservoir of potentially autoreactive T cells. What remains less clear is how tolerance is lost to insulin and other beta cell specific antigens. Islet autoantibodies, the best predictor of disease risk, are known to recognize classical antigens such as proinsulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. These antibodies are thought to be supported by the expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that recognize these same antigenic targets. However, recent studies have identified new classes of non-genetically encoded epitopes that may reflect crucial gaps in central and peripheral tolerance. Notably, some of these specificities, including epitopes from enzymatically post-translationally modified antigens and hybrid insulin peptides, are present at relatively high frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D. We conclude that CD4+ T cells that recognize non-genetically encoded epitopes are likely to make an important contribution to the progression of islet autoimmunity in T1D. We further propose that these classes of neo-epitopes should be considered as possible targets for strategies to induce antigen specific tolerance.
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Sodré FMC, Bissenova S, Bruggeman Y, Tilvawala R, Cook DP, Berthault C, Mondal S, Callebaut A, You S, Scharfmann R, Mallone R, Thompson PR, Mathieu C, Buitinga M, Overbergh L. Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibition Prevents Diabetes Development in NOD Mice. Diabetes 2021; 70:516-528. [PMID: 33203696 PMCID: PMC7881854 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein citrullination plays a role in several autoimmune diseases. Its involvement in murine and human type 1 diabetes has recently been recognized through the discovery of antibodies and T-cell reactivity against citrullinated peptides. In the current study, we demonstrate that systemic inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), the enzymes mediating citrullination, through BB-Cl-amidine treatment, prevents diabetes development in NOD mice. This prevention was associated with reduced levels of citrullination in the pancreas, decreased circulating autoantibody titers against citrullinated glucose-regulated protein 78, and reduced spontaneous neutrophil extracellular trap formation of bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Moreover, BB-Cl-amidine treatment induced a shift from Th1 to Th2 cytokines in the serum and an increase in the frequency of regulatory T cells in the blood and spleen. In the pancreas, BB-Cl-amidine treatment preserved insulin production and was associated with a less destructive immune infiltrate characterized by reduced frequencies of effector memory CD4+ T cells and a modest reduction in the frequency of interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Our results point to a role of citrullination in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes, with PAD inhibition leading to disease prevention through modulation of immune pathways. These findings provide insight in the potential of PAD inhibition for treating autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M C Sodré
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samal Bissenova
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ylke Bruggeman
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Dana P Cook
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire Berthault
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Santanu Mondal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Joshi K, Cameron F, Tiwari S, Mannering SI, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG. Modeling Type 1 Diabetes Using Pluripotent Stem Cell Technology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:635662. [PMID: 33868170 PMCID: PMC8047192 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.635662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology is increasingly being used to create in vitro models of monogenic human disorders. This is possible because, by and large, the phenotypic consequences of such genetic variants are often confined to a specific and known cell type, and the genetic variants themselves can be clearly identified and controlled for using a standardized genetic background. In contrast, complex conditions such as autoimmune Type 1 diabetes (T1D) have a polygenic inheritance and are subject to diverse environmental influences. Moreover, the potential cell types thought to contribute to disease progression are many and varied. Furthermore, as HLA matching is critical for cell-cell interactions in disease pathogenesis, any model that seeks to test the involvement of particular cell types must take this restriction into account. As such, creation of an in vitro model of T1D will require a system that is cognizant of genetic background and enables the interaction of cells representing multiple lineages to be examined in the context of the relevant environmental disease triggers. In addition, as many of the lineages critical to the development of T1D cannot be easily generated from iPSCs, such models will likely require combinations of cell types derived from in vitro and in vivo sources. In this review we imagine what an ideal in vitro model of T1D might look like and discuss how the required elements could be feasibly assembled using existing technologies. We also examine recent advances towards this goal and discuss potential uses of this technology in contributing to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this autoimmune condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- Department of Cell Biology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Fergus Cameron
- Department of Cell Biology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Elefanty
- Department of Cell Biology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Edouard G. Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
- *Correspondence: Edouard G. Stanley,
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Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Buckle I, Hamilton-Williams EE. A Question of Tolerance-Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 33169191 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a long sought-after goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D), with the potential of greater long-term safety than non-specific immunotherapy. We review the most recent advances in identification of target islet epitopes, delivery platforms and the ongoing challenges. RECENT FINDINGS It is now recognised that human proinsulin contains a hotspot of epitopes targeted in people with T1D. Beta-cell neoantigens are also under investigation as ASI target epitopes. Consideration of the predicted HLA-specificity of the target antigen for subject selection is now being incorporated into trial design. Cell-free ASI approaches delivering antigen with or without additional immunomodulatory agents can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cell responses, including in patients and many novel nanoparticle-based platforms are under development. ASI for T1D is rapidly advancing with a number of modalities currently being trialled in patients and many more under development in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Mater Research Institute UQ, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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45
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Akhbari P, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG. Type 1 Diabetes: Interferons and the Aftermath of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Enteroviral Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091419. [PMID: 32942706 PMCID: PMC7565444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and accumulating evidence has associated virus-induced autoimmunity with the loss of pancreatic beta cells in T1D. Inflammatory cytokines including interferons (IFN) form a primary line of defence against viral infections, and their chronic elevation is a hallmark feature of many autoimmune diseases. IFNs play a key role in activating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, and to do so they modulate the expression of networks of genes and transcription factors known generically as IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs in turn modulate critical cellular processes ranging from cellular metabolism and growth regulation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. More recent studies have revealed that IFNs also modulate gene expression at an epigenetic as well as post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. As such, IFNs form a key link connecting the various genetic, environmental and immunological factors involved in the initiation and progression of T1D. Therefore, gaining an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which IFNs modulate beta cell function and survival is crucial in explaining the pathogenesis of virally-induced T1D. This should provide the means to prevent, decelerate or even reverse beta cell impairment.
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Abstract
Proteins succumb to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs). These relate to enzymatic or non-enzymatic reactions taking place in either the intracellular or extracellular compartment. While intracellular oxidative changes are mainly due to redox stress, extracellular PTMs may be induced in an inflammatory micro milieu that is rich in reactive species. The increasing recognition of oxidative modifications as a causing agent or side-effect of pathophysiological states and diseases puts oxidative PTMS (oxPTMs) into the spotlight of inflammation research. Pathological hyper-modification of proteins can lead to accumulation, aggregation, cell stress, altered antigenic peptides, and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-like recognition by host immunity. Such processes are linked to cardiovascular disease and autoinflammation. At the same time, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms governing inflammatory responses to oxPTMs may capitalize on new therapeutic routes for enhancing adaptive immune responses as needed, for instance, in oncology. We here summarize some of the latest developments of oxPTMs in disease diagnosis and therapy. Potential target proteins and upcoming technologies, such as gas plasmas, are outlined for future research that may aid in identifying the molecular basis of immunogenic vs. tolerogenic oxPTMs.
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47
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Cai EP, Ishikawa Y, Zhang W, Leite NC, Li J, Hou S, Kiaf B, Hollister-Lock J, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA, Melton DA, Kissler S, Yi P. Genome-scale in vivo CRISPR screen identifies RNLS as a target for beta cell protection in type 1 diabetes. Nat Metab 2020; 2:934-945. [PMID: 32719542 PMCID: PMC7502486 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Pluripotent stem cells can now be differentiated into beta cells, thus raising the prospect of a cell replacement therapy for T1D. However, autoimmunity would rapidly destroy newly transplanted beta cells. Using a genome-scale CRISPR screen in a mouse model for T1D, we show that deleting RNLS, a genome-wide association study candidate gene for T1D, made beta cells resistant to autoimmune killing. Structure-based modelling identified the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug pargyline as a potential RNLS inhibitor. Oral pargyline treatment protected transplanted beta cells in diabetic mice, thus leading to disease reversal. Furthermore, pargyline prevented or delayed diabetes onset in several mouse models for T1D. Our results identify RNLS as a modifier of beta cell vulnerability and as a potential therapeutic target to avert beta cell loss in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica P Cai
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nayara C Leite
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Badr Kiaf
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peng Yi
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Emerging data have suggested that β-cell dysfunction may exacerbate the development and progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this review, we highlight clinical and preclinical studies suggesting a role for β-cell dysfunction during the evolution of T1D and suggest agents that may promote β-cell health in T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Metabolic abnormalities exist years before development of hyperglycemia and exhibit a reproducible pattern reflecting progressive deterioration of β-cell function and increases in β-cell stress and death. Preclinical studies indicate that T1D may be prevented by modification of pathways impacting intrinsic β-cell stress and antigen presentation. Recent findings suggest that differences in metabolic phenotypes and β-cell stress may reflect differing endotypes of T1D. Multiple pathways representing potential drug targets have been identified, but most remain to be tested in human populations with preclinical disease. SUMMARY This cumulative body of work shows clear evidence that β-cell stress, dysfunction, and death are harbingers of impending T1D and likely contribute to progression of disease and insulin deficiency. Treatment with agents targeting β-cell health could augment interventions with immunomodulatory therapies but will need to be tested in intervention studies with endpoints carefully designed to capture changes in β-cell function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Sims
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center and the Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of T cells specific for islet autoantigens is proven in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Recently, there has been rapid expansion in the number of T-cell subsets identified, this has coincided with an increase in the repertoire of reported islet antigens mainly through the discovery of novel epitopes. A discussion of how these marry together is now warranted and timely. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will discuss the autoreactivity against neo-epitopes. We then explore the growing array of T-cell subsets for both CD4 T cells, including follicular and peripheral T helper cells, and CD8 T cells, discussing evolution from naïve to exhausted phenotypes. Finally, we detail how subsets correlate with disease stage and loss of β-cell function and are impacted by immunotherapy. SUMMARY The expanding list of T-cell subsets may be potentially encouraging in terms of elucidating disease mechanisms and have a role as biomarkers for disease progression. Furthermore, T-cell subsets can be used in stratifying patients for clinical trials and for monitoring immunotherapy outcomes. However, the definition of subsets needs to be refined in order to ensure that there is a uniform approach in designating T-cell subset attributes that is globally applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefina Arif
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
- Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Eichmann
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
- Current address: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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50
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James EA, Mallone R, Kent SC, DiLorenzo TP. T-Cell Epitopes and Neo-epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Update and Reappraisal. Diabetes 2020; 69:1311-1335. [PMID: 32561620 PMCID: PMC7306130 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is characterized by effector T-cell responses to pancreatic β-cell-derived peptides presented by HLA class I and class II molecules, leading ultimately to β-cell demise and insulin insufficiency. Although a given HLA molecule presents a vast array of peptides, only those recognized by T cells are designated as epitopes. Given their intimate link to etiology, the discovery and characterization of T-cell epitopes is a critical aspect of type 1 diabetes research. Understanding epitope recognition is also crucial for the pursuit of antigen-specific immunotherapies and implementation of strategies for T-cell monitoring. For these reasons, a cataloging and appraisal of the T-cell epitopes targeted in type 1 diabetes was completed over a decade ago, providing an important resource for both the research and the clinical communities. Here we present a much needed update and reappraisal of this earlier work and include online supplementary material where we cross-index each epitope with its primary references and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) identifier. Our analysis includes a grading scale to score the degree of evidence available for each epitope, which conveys our perspective on several useful criteria for epitope evaluation. While providing an efficient summary of the arguably impressive current state of knowledge, this work also brings to light several deficiencies. These include the need for improved epitope validation, as few epitopes score highly by the criteria employed, and the dearth of investigations of the epitopes recognized in the context of several understudied type 1 diabetes-associated HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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