1
|
Hassan MZ, Shirin T, Satter SM, Rahman MZ, Bourner J, Cheyne A, Torreele E, Horby P, Olliaro P. Nipah virus disease: what can we do to improve patient care? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e463-e471. [PMID: 38185127 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The year 2023 marked the 25th anniversary of the first detected outbreak of Nipah virus disease. Despite Nipah virus being a priority pathogen in the WHO Research and Development blueprint, the disease it causes still carries high mortality, unchanged since the first reported outbreaks. Although candidate vaccines for Nipah virus disease exist, developing new therapeutics has been underinvested. Nipah virus disease illustrates the typical market failure of medicine development for a high-consequence pathogen. The unpredictability of outbreaks and low number of infections affecting populations in low-income countries does not make an attractive business case for developing treatments for Nipah virus disease-a situation compounded by methodological challenges in clinical trial design. Nipah virus therapeutics development is not motivated by commercial interest. Therefore, we propose a regionally led, patient-centred, and public health-centred, end-to-end framework that articulates a public health vision and a roadmap for research, development, manufacturing, and access towards the goal of improving patient outcomes. This framework includes co-creating a regulatory-compliant, clinically meaningful, and context-specific clinical development plan and establishing quality standards in clinical care and research capabilities at sites where the disease occurs. The success of this approach will be measured by the availability and accessibility of improved Nipah virus treatments in affected communities and reduced mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Zakiul Hassan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Syed M Satter
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Z Rahman
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Josephine Bourner
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashleigh Cheyne
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Els Torreele
- Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, University College London, London, UK; Independent Researcher and Advisor, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Horby
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun YQ, Zhang YY, Liu MC, Chen JJ, Li TT, Liu YN, Zhang LY, Wang T, Yu LJ, Che TL, Tang T, Xu Q, Lv CL, Jiang BG, Golding N, Mehlman ML, Hay SI, Fang LQ, Liu W. Mapping the distribution of Nipah virus infections: a geospatial modelling analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e463-e475. [PMID: 38969474 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nipah virus is a zoonotic paramyxovirus responsible for disease outbreaks with high fatality rates in south and southeast Asia. However, knowledge of the potential geographical extent and risk patterns of the virus is poor. We aimed to establish an integrated spatiotemporal and phylogenetic database of Nipah virus infections in humans and animals across south and southeast Asia. METHODS In this geospatial modelling analysis, we developed an integrated database containing information on the distribution of Nipah virus infections in humans and animals from 1998 to 2021. We conducted phylodynamic analysis to examine the evolution and migration pathways of the virus and meta-analyses to estimate the adjusted case-fatality rate. We used two boosted regression tree models to identify the potential ecological drivers of Nipah virus occurrences in spillover events and endemic areas, and mapped potential risk areas for Nipah virus endemicity. FINDINGS 749 people and eight bat species across nine countries were documented as being infected with Nipah virus. On the basis of 66 complete genomes of the virus, we identified two clades-the Bangladesh clade and the Malaysia clade-with the time of the most recent common ancestor estimated to be 1863. Adjusted case-fatality rates varied widely between countries and were higher for the Bangladesh clade than for the Malaysia clade. Multivariable meta-regression analysis revealed significant relationships between case-fatality rate estimates and viral clade (p=0·0021), source country (p=0·016), proportion of male patients (p=0·036), and travel time to health-care facilities (p=0·036). Temperature-related bioclimate variables and the probability of occurrence of Pteropus medius were important contributors to both the spillover and the endemic infection models. INTERPRETATION The suitable niches for Nipah virus are more extensive than previously reported. Future surveillance efforts should focus on high-risk areas informed by updated projections. Specifically, intensifying zoonotic surveillance efforts, enhancing laboratory testing capacity, and implementing public health education in projected high-risk areas where no human cases have been reported to date will be crucial. Additionally, strengthening wildlife surveillance and investigating potential modes of transmission in regions with documented human cases is needed. FUNDING The Key Research and Development Program of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Affiliated Nanjing Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Le Che
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Long Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Nick Golding
- Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Max L Mehlman
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma N, Jamwal VL, Nagial S, Ranjan M, Rath D, Gandhi SG. Current status of diagnostic assays for emerging zoonotic viruses: Nipah and Hendra. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38924448 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2368591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nipah and Hendra viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which pose a significant threat to human health, with sporadic outbreaks causing severe morbidity and mortality. Early symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and headache, which offer little in terms of differential diagnosis. There are no specific therapeutics and vaccines for these viruses. AREAS COVERED This review comprehensively covers a spectrum of diagnostic techniques for Nipah and Hendra virus infections, discussed in conjunction with appropriate type of samples during the progression of infection. Serological assays, reverse transcriptase Real-Time PCR assays, and isothermal amplification assays are discussed in detail, along with a listing of few commercially available detection kits. Patents protecting inventions in Nipah and Hendra virus detection are also covered. EXPERT OPINION Despite several outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra infections in the past decade, in-depth research into their pathogenesis, Point-of-Care diagnostics, specific therapies, and human vaccines is lacking. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is pivotal for efficient outbreak management, patient treatment, and the adoption of preventative measures. The emergence of rapid point-of-care tests holds promise in enhancing diagnostic capabilities in real-world settings. The patent landscape emphasizes the importance of innovation and collaboration within the legal and business realms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sakshi Nagial
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jammu (AIIMS), Jammu, India
| | - Dharitri Rath
- Microfluidics Design and Bioengineering Lab, Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu (IIT), Jammu, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Jammu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahim AA, Chandran P, Bindu V, Radhakrishnan C, Moorkoth AP, Ramakrishnan LV. Recurrent Nipah outbreaks in Kerala: implications for health policy and preparedness. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1356515. [PMID: 38966708 PMCID: PMC11222320 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1356515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Asuma Ayesha Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
| | - Priya Chandran
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
| | - V. Bindu
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
| | - Chandini Radhakrishnan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
| | - Anitha P. Moorkoth
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yin C, Yao YF, Yang P, Liu H, Gao G, Peng Y, Chen M, Lu M, Zhang X, Guo W, Zhang Z, Hu X, Yuan Z, Shan C. A highly effective ferritin-based divalent nanoparticle vaccine shields Syrian hamsters against lethal Nipah virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1387811. [PMID: 38911870 PMCID: PMC11191641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Nipah virus (NiV), a highly deadly bat-borne paramyxovirus, poses a substantial threat due to recurrent outbreaks in specific regions, causing severe respiratory and neurological diseases with high morbidity. Two distinct strains, NiV-Malaysia (NiV-M) and NiV-Bangladesh (NiV-B), contribute to outbreaks in different geographical areas. Currently, there are no commercially licensed vaccines or drugs available for prevention or treatment. In response to this urgent need for protection against NiV and related henipaviruses infections, we developed a novel homotypic virus-like nanoparticle (VLP) vaccine co-displaying NiV attachment glycoproteins (G) from both strains, utilizing the self-assembling properties of ferritin protein. In comparison to the NiV G subunit vaccine, our nanoparticle vaccine elicited significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with NiV infection in Syrian hamsters. Remarkably, the nanoparticle vaccine stimulated the production of antibodies that exhibited superior cross-reactivity to homologous or heterologous henipavirus. These findings underscore the potential utility of ferritin-based nanoparticle vaccines in providing both broad-spectrum and long-term protection against NiV and emerging zoonotic henipaviruses challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Feng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Peipei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang X, Xu K, Li S, Zhang J, Xie Y, Lou Y, Xiao X. Novel methods for the rapid and sensitive detection of Nipah virus based on a CRISPR/Cas12a system. Analyst 2024; 149:2586-2593. [PMID: 38497408 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-borne zoonotic viral pathogen with high infectivity and lethality to humans, has caused severe outbreaks in several countries of Asia during the past two decades. Because of the worldwide distribution of the NiV natural reservoir, fruit bats, and lack of effective treatments or vaccines for NiV, routine surveillance and early detection are the key measures for containing NiV outbreaks and reducing its influence. In this study, we developed two rapid, sensitive and easy-to-conduct methods, RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FQ and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FB, for NiV detection based on a recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay and a CRISPR/Cas12a system by utilizing dual-labeled fluorophore-quencher or fluorophore-biotin ssDNA probes. These two methods can be completed in 45 min and 55 min and achieve a limit of detection of 10 copies per μL and 100 copies per μL of NiV N DNA, respectively. In addition, they do not cross-react with nontarget nucleic acids extracted from the pathogens causing similar symptoms to NiV, showing high specificity for NiV N DNA detection. Meanwhile, they show satisfactory performance in the detection of spiked samples from pigs and humans. Collectively, the RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FQ and RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-FB methods developed by us would be promising candidates for the early detection and routine surveillance of NiV in resource-poor areas and outdoors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Kexin Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Siying Li
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jiangnian Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yinli Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Balasubramanian R, Mohandas S, Thankappan UP, Shete A, Patil D, Sabarinath K, Mathapati B, Sahay R, Patil D, Yadav PD. Surveillance of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius of Kerala state, India, 2023. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1342170. [PMID: 38511004 PMCID: PMC10951996 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1342170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since 2018, the Indian state of Kerala has reported four Nipah virus (NiV) disease outbreaks, raising concerns about NiV spillover from bats to the human population. Considering this, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Pteropus medius bat population around the Nipah virus-affected regions of Kozhikode, Kerala, India, during February, July, and September 2023. Methods Throat swabs, rectal swabs, and organ samples were collected from bats to test for NiV using the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while serum samples were screened for anti-Nipah IgG antibodies through ELISA. Results An overall seroprevalence of 20.9% was observed in 272 P. medius bats tested. The throat and rectal swab samples of 321 bats were negative for NiV RNA. However, 4 of 44 P. medius bats tested positive for NiV in their liver/spleen samples. The partial N gene retrieved showed more than 99% similarity with the earlier reported NiV genome from Kerala state, India. Discussion The findings of the study caution that there is a spillover risk in the region and necessary precautions should be taken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anita Shete
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dilip Patil
- Animal House, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kannan Sabarinath
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Rima Sahay
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepak Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
As AK, Sahay RR, Radhakrishnan C, P S, Kandath S, Patil DY, Shete AM, M S, Ramakrishnan G, Moorkoth AP, Gupta N, Yadav PD, Godbole S, Ramakrishnan LV, Vadekkandiyil S, Ekkalayil D, V N, Balakrishnan A, Pullor NK, Asokan N, Joseph RK, Nair PR, Purayil SM, Mathew T, Kizhakkekandiyil R, Poovullathil JK, Ps KS, Pt U, George K, Rahim A, Kumar S, S S, Mohandas S, Rajan LS, Ramachandran SP, Thampi SP, Ashadevi, Anish TS, Chandran P, Mohan A, Vadakkayil B, Koroth SC, Hafeez N, Sasi RR, Abraham M. Clinico-epidemiological presentations and management of Nipah virus infection during the outbreak in Kozhikode district, Kerala state, India 2023. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29559. [PMID: 38529536 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
India experienced its sixth Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in September 2023 in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state. The NiV is primarily transmitted by spillover events from infected bats followed by human-to-human transmission. The clinical specimens were screened using real-time RT-PCR, and positive specimens were further characterized using next-generation sequencing. We describe here an in-depth clinical presentation and management of NiV-confirmed cases and outbreak containment activities. The current outbreak reported a total of six cases with two deaths, with a case fatality ratio of 33.33%. The cases had a mixed presentation of acute respiratory distress syndrome and encephalitis syndrome. Fever was a persistent presentation in all the cases. The Nipah viral RNA was detected in clinical specimens until the post-onset day of illness (POD) 14, with viral load in the range of 1.7-3.3 × 104 viral RNA copies/mL. The genomic analysis showed that the sequences from the current outbreak clustered into the Indian clade similar to the 2018 and 2019 outbreaks. This study highlights the vigilance of the health system to detect and effectively manage the clustering of cases with clinical presentations similar to NiV, which led to early detection and containment activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Shihabudheen P
- Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Deepak Y Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamsudheen M
- Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sheela Godbole
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | - Nithasha V
- Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Reena Kalathil Joseph
- Public Health Department of Kerala, Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Priyanka R Nair
- Iqraa International Hospital and Research Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Thomas Mathew
- Director of Medical Education, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Rajaram Kizhakkekandiyil
- Public Health Department of Kerala, Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Kannan Sabarinath Ps
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ullas Pt
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Asma Rahim
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siba S
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lekshmi S Rajan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamin Punnath Ramachandran
- Public Health Department of Kerala, Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Ashadevi
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Anuja Mohan
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Shaji Cheriya Koroth
- Public Health Department of Kerala, Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Nimin Hafeez
- Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | | | - Minu Abraham
- Public Health Department of Kerala, Directorate of Health Services (IDSP), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Byrne PO, Blade EG, Fisher BE, Ambrozak DR, Ramamohan AR, Graham BS, Loomis RJ, McLellan JS. Prefusion stabilization of the Hendra and Langya virus F proteins. J Virol 2024; 98:e0137223. [PMID: 38214525 PMCID: PMC10878279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01372-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are pathogenic paramyxoviruses that cause mild-to-severe disease in humans. As members of the Henipavirus genus, NiV and HeV use an attachment (G) glycoprotein and a class I fusion (F) glycoprotein to invade host cells. The F protein rearranges from a metastable prefusion form to an extended postfusion form to facilitate host cell entry. Prefusion NiV F elicits higher neutralizing antibody titers than postfusion NiV F, indicating that stabilization of prefusion F may aid vaccine development. A combination of amino acid substitutions (L104C/I114C, L172F, and S191P) is known to stabilize NiV F in its prefusion conformation, although the extent to which substitutions transfer to other henipavirus F proteins is not known. Here, we perform biophysical and structural studies to investigate the mechanism of prefusion stabilization in F proteins from three henipaviruses: NiV, HeV, and Langya virus (LayV). Three known stabilizing substitutions from NiV F transfer to HeV F and exert similar structural and functional effects. One engineered disulfide bond, located near the fusion peptide, is sufficient to stabilize the prefusion conformations of both HeV F and LayV F. Although LayV F shares low overall sequence identity with NiV F and HeV F, the region around the fusion peptide exhibits high sequence conservation across all henipaviruses. Our findings indicate that substitutions targeting this site of conformational change might be applicable to prefusion stabilization of other henipavirus F proteins and support the use of NiV as a prototypical pathogen for henipavirus vaccine antigen design.IMPORTANCEPathogenic henipaviruses such as Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) cause respiratory symptoms, with severe cases resulting in encephalitis, seizures, and coma. The work described here shows that the NiV and HeV fusion (F) proteins share common structural features with the F protein from an emerging henipavirus, Langya virus (LayV). Sequence alignment alone was sufficient to predict which known prefusion-stabilizing amino acid substitutions from NiV F would stabilize the prefusion conformations of HeV F and LayV F. This work also reveals an unexpected oligomeric interface shared by prefusion HeV F and NiV F. Together, these advances lay a foundation for future antigen design targeting henipavirus F proteins. In this way, Nipah virus can serve as a prototypical pathogen for the development of protective vaccines and monoclonal antibodies to prepare for potential henipavirus outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O. Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth G. Blade
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Brian E. Fisher
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David R. Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajit R. Ramamohan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Rebecca J. Loomis
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Verma A, Jain H, Sulaiman SA, Pokhrel P, Goyal A, Dave T. An impending public health threat: analysis of the recent Nipah virus outbreak and future recommendations - an editorial. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:638-642. [PMID: 38333322 PMCID: PMC10849355 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amogh Verma
- Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Hapur
| | - Hritvik Jain
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Jodhpur
| | | | - Prakriti Pokhrel
- Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Aman Goyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas (GS) Medical College and King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Tirth Dave
- Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Suman N, Khandelwal E, Chiluvuri P, Rami DS, Chansoria S, Jerry A, Tiwari R. NIPAH Virus Encephalitis: Unveiling the Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S102-S105. [PMID: 38595585 PMCID: PMC11001063 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_935_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and risk variables to inform treatment and prevention. Methodology In a PubMed systematic search, 929 citations were found. After screening and eligibility, 22 studies were included. This study obtained age, gender, geographic regions, diagnostic methods, data collection methods, and bias risk. The case fatality rate (CFR) and NiV infection risk variables were evaluated by meta-analysis. Results Southeast Asia, especially Bangladesh and Malaysia, had the most NiV cases. The major diagnostic method was blood and cerebrospinal fluid IgM and IgG antibody tests, and males predominated. Proxy respondents and matched controls were utilized for risk factor analyses when patients could not answer. The pooled CFR for NiV encephalitis was 61.0%, indicating severity. Risk factors included pigs, nighttime bats near homes, tree climbing, and male gender. Conclusion Southeast Asian public health is plagued by NiV encephalitis. The high CFR calls for better diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. NiV's multiple risk factors must be understood for targeted therapy. Future research should fill knowledge gaps and improve NiV infection prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Suman
- Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge, SGRD Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Pavankumar Chiluvuri
- Department of Orthodontics, Konaseema Institute of Dental Sciences, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Diptesh S. Rami
- Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, Siddhpur Dental College and Hospital, Siddhpur, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivakshi Chansoria
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Government College of Dentistry Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Rahul Tiwari
- Department of OMFS, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College and Hospital, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faus-Cotino J, Reina G, Pueyo J. Nipah Virus: A Multidimensional Update. Viruses 2024; 16:179. [PMID: 38399954 PMCID: PMC10891541 DOI: 10.3390/v16020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus to which is attributed numerous high mortality outbreaks in South and South-East Asia; Bangladesh's Nipah belt accounts for the vast majority of human outbreaks, reporting regular viral emergency events. The natural reservoir of NiV is the Pteropus bat species, which covers a wide geographical distribution extending over Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Occasionally, human outbreaks have required the presence of an intermediate amplification mammal host between bat and humans. However, in Bangladesh, the viral transmission occurs directly from bat to human mainly by ingestion of contaminated fresh date palm sap. Human infection manifests as a rapidly progressive encephalitis accounting for extremely high mortality rates. Despite that, no therapeutic agents or vaccines have been approved for human use. An updated review of the main NiV infection determinants and current potential therapeutic and preventive strategies is exposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Microbiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Javier Pueyo
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Caruso S, Edwards SJ. Recently Emerged Novel Henipa-like Viruses: Shining a Spotlight on the Shrew. Viruses 2023; 15:2407. [PMID: 38140648 PMCID: PMC10747904 DOI: 10.3390/v15122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Henipaviruses are zoonotic viruses, including some highly pathogenic and capable of serious disease and high fatality rates in both animals and humans. Hendra virus and Nipah virus are the most notable henipaviruses, resulting in significant outbreaks across South Asia, South-East Asia, and Australia. Pteropid fruit bats have been identified as key zoonotic reservoirs; however, the increased discovery of henipaviruses outside the geographic distribution of Pteropid fruit bats and the detection of novel henipa-like viruses in other species such as the shrew, rat, and opossum suggest that Pteropid bats are not the sole reservoir for henipaviruses. In this review, we provide an update on henipavirus spillover events and describe the recent detection of novel unclassified henipaviruses, with a strong focus on the shrew and its emerging role as a key host of henipaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J. Edwards
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Health & Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, East Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu M, Yao Y, Liu H, Zhang X, Li X, Liu Y, Peng Y, Chen T, Sun Y, Gao G, Chen M, Zhao J, Zhang X, Yin C, Guo W, Yang P, Hu X, Rao J, Li E, Wong G, Yuan Z, Chiu S, Shan C, Lan J. Vaccines based on the fusion protein consensus sequence protect Syrian hamsters from Nipah virus infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e175461. [PMID: 37917215 PMCID: PMC10795836 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.175461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV), a bat-borne paramyxovirus, results in neurological and respiratory diseases with high mortality in humans and animals. Developing vaccines is crucial for fighting these diseases. Previously, only a few studies focused on the fusion (F) protein alone as the immunogen. Numerous NiV strains have been identified, including 2 representative strains from Malaysia (NiV-M) and Bangladesh (NiV-B), which differ significantly from each other. In this study, an F protein sequence with the potential to prevent different NiV strain infections was designed by bioinformatics analysis after an in-depth study of NiV sequences in GenBank. Then, a chimpanzee adenoviral vector vaccine and a DNA vaccine were developed. High levels of immune responses were detected after AdC68-F, pVAX1-F, and a prime-boost strategy (pVAX1-F/AdC68-F) in mice. After high titers of humoral responses were induced, the hamsters were challenged by the lethal NiV-M and NiV-B strains separately. The vaccinated hamsters did not show any clinical signs and survived 21 days after infection with either strain of NiV, and no virus was detected in different tissues. These results indicate that the vaccines provided complete protection against representative strains of NiV infection and have the potential to be developed as a broad-spectrum vaccine for human use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Yao
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuekai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Chen
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Miaoyu Chen
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoYu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Juhong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gary Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Sandra Chiu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mohandas S, Shete A, Sarkale P, Kumar A, Mote C, Yadav P. Genomic characterization, transcriptome analysis, and pathogenicity of the Nipah virus (Indian isolate). Virulence 2023; 14:2224642. [PMID: 37312405 PMCID: PMC10281463 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2224642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a high-risk pathogen which can cause fatal infections in humans. The Indian isolate from the 2018 outbreak in the Kerala state of India showed ~ 4% nucleotide and amino acid difference in comparison to the Bangladesh strains of NiV and the substitutions observed were mostly not present in the region of any functional significance except for the phosphoprotein gene. The differential expression of viral genes was observed following infection in Vero (ATCC® CCL-81™) and BHK-21 cells. Intraperitoneal infection in the 10-12-week-old, Syrian hamster model induced dose dependant multisystemic disease characterized by prominent vascular lesions in lungs, brain, kidney and extra vascular lesions in brain and lungs. Congestion, haemorrhages, inflammatory cell infiltration, thrombosis and rarely endothelial syncitial cell formation were seen in the blood vessels. Intranasal infection resulted in respiratory tract infection characterised by pneumonia. The model showed disease characteristics resembling the human NiV infection except that of myocarditis similar to that reported by NiV-Malaysia and NiV-Bangladesh isolates in hamster model. The variation observed in the genome of the Indian isolate at the amino acid levels should be explored further for any functional significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrasekhar Mote
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Krantisinh Nana Patil College of Veterinary Science, Shirwal, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barua S, Dénes A. Global dynamics of a compartmental model to assess the effect of transmission from deceased. Math Biosci 2023; 364:109059. [PMID: 37619887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
During several epidemics, transmission from deceased people significantly contributed to disease spread, but mathematical analysis of this transmission has not been seen in the literature numerously. Transmission of Ebola during traditional burials was the most well-known example; however, there are several other diseases, such as hepatitis, plague or Nipah virus, that can potentially be transmitted from disease victims. This is especially true in the case of serious epidemics when healthcare is overwhelmed and the operative capacity of the health sector is diminished, such as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. We present a compartmental model for the spread of a disease with an imperfect vaccine available, also considering transmission from deceased infected in general. The global dynamics of the system are completely described by constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions. To support our analytical results, we perform numerical simulations to assess the importance of transmission from the deceased, considering the data collected from three infectious diseases, Ebola virus disease, COVID-19, and Nipah fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Barua
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Attila Dénes
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barua S, Dénes A. Global dynamics of a compartmental model for the spread of Nipah virus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19682. [PMID: 37809375 PMCID: PMC10558937 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus, which originated in South-East Asia is a bat-borne virus causing Nipah virus infection in humans. This emerging infectious disease has become one of the most alarming threats to public health due to its periodic outbreaks and extremely high mortality rate. We establish and study a novel SIRS model to describe the dynamics of Nipah virus transmission, considering human-to-human as well as zoonotic transmission from bats and pigs as well as loss of immunity. We determine the basic reproduction number which can be obtained as the maximum of three threshold parameters corresponding to various ways of disease transmission and determining in which of the three species the disease becomes endemic. By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions, we completely describe the global dynamics of our model depending on these threshold parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to support our theoretical results and assess the effect of various intervention measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saumen Barua
- Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - Attila Dénes
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Bolyai Institute, University of Szeged, Aradi vértanúk tere 1., Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Orosco FL. Advancing the frontiers: Revolutionary control and prevention paradigms against Nipah virus. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1056-1070. [PMID: 37842102 PMCID: PMC10576574 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i9.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah Virus (NiV) is a highly virulent pathogen that poses a significant threat to human and animal populations. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest control and prevention strategies against NiV, focusing on vaccine development, antiviral drug discovery, early diagnosis, surveillance, and high-level biosecurity measures. Advancements in vaccine research, including live-attenuated vaccines, virus-like particles, and mRNA-based vaccines, hold promise for preventing NiV infections. In addition, antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir, ribavirin, and favipiravir, have the potential to inhibit NiV replication. Early diagnosis through molecular and serological assays, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction plays a crucial role in timely detection. Surveillance efforts encompassing cluster-based and case-based systems enhance outbreak identification and provide valuable insights into transmission dynamics. Furthermore, the implementation of high-level biosecurity measures in agriculture, livestock practices, and healthcare settings is essential to minimize transmission risks. Collaboration among researchers, public health agencies, and policymakers is pivotal in refining and implementing these strategies to effectively control and prevent NiV outbreaks and safeguard public health on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredmoore L. Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Institute of the Philippines Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
- S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Satter SM, Aquib WR, Sultana S, Sharif AR, Nazneen A, Alam MR, Siddika A, Akther Ema F, Chowdhury KIA, Alam AN, Rahman M, Klena JD, Rahman MZ, Banu S, Shirin T, Montgomery JM. Tackling a global epidemic threat: Nipah surveillance in Bangladesh, 2006-2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011617. [PMID: 37756301 PMCID: PMC10529576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Nipah virus (NiV) infection is an epidemic-prone disease and since the first recognized outbreak in Bangladesh in 2001, human infections have been detected almost every year. Due to its high case fatality rate and public health importance, a hospital-based Nipah sentinel surveillance was established in Bangladesh to promptly detect Nipah cases and respond to outbreaks at the earliest. The surveillance has been ongoing till present. The hospital-based sentinel surveillance was conducted at ten strategically chosen tertiary care hospitals distributed throughout Bangladesh. The surveillance staff ensured that routine screening, enrollment, data, and specimen collection from suspected Nipah cases were conducted daily. The specimens were then processed and transported to the reference laboratory of Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) and icddr,b for confirmation of diagnosis through serology and molecular detection. From 2006 to 2021, through this hospital-based surveillance platform, 7,150 individuals were enrolled and tested for Nipah virus. Since 2001, 322 Nipah infections were identified in Bangladesh, 75% of whom were laboratory confirmed cases. Half of the reported cases were primary cases (162/322) having an established history of consuming raw date palm sap (DPS) or tari (fermented date palm sap) and 29% were infected through person-to-person transmission. Since the initiation of surveillance, 68% (218/322) of Nipah cases from Bangladesh have been identified from various parts of the country. Fever, vomiting, headache, fatigue, and increased salivation were the most common symptoms among enrolled Nipah patients. Till 2021, the overall case fatality rate of NiV infection in Bangladesh was 71%. This article emphasizes that the overall epidemiology of Nipah virus infection in Bangladesh has remained consistent throughout the years. This is the only systematic surveillance to detect human NiV infection globally. The findings from this surveillance have contributed to early detection of NiV cases in hospital settings, understanding of Nipah disease epidemiology, and have enabled timely public health interventions for prevention and containment of NiV infection. Although we still have much to learn regarding the transmission dynamics and risk factors of human NiV infection, surveillance has played a significant role in advancing our knowledge in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharmin Sultana
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad Raihan Sharif
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Nawsher Alam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stevens CS, Lowry J, Juelich T, Atkins C, Johnson K, Smith JK, Panis M, Ikegami T, tenOever B, Freiberg AN, Lee B. Nipah Virus Bangladesh Infection Elicits Organ-Specific Innate and Inflammatory Responses in the Marmoset Model. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:604-614. [PMID: 36869692 PMCID: PMC10469344 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is increasingly recognized as an ideal nonhuman primate (NHP) at high biocontainment due to its smaller size and relative ease of handling. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility and pathogenesis of Nipah virus Bangladesh strain (NiVB) infection in marmosets at biosafety level 4. Infection via the intranasal and intratracheal route resulted in fatal disease in all 4 infected marmosets. Three developed pulmonary edema and hemorrhage as well as multifocal hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy, while 1 recapitulated neurologic clinical manifestations and cardiomyopathy on gross pathology. Organ-specific innate and inflammatory responses were characterized by RNA sequencing in 6 different tissues from infected and control marmosets. Notably, a unique transcriptome was revealed in the brainstem of the marmoset exhibiting neurological signs. Our results provide a more comprehensive understanding of NiV pathogenesis in an accessible and novel NHP model, closely reflecting clinical disease as observed in NiV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian S Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jake Lowry
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Terry Juelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kendra Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer K Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maryline Panis
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New YorkUSA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Benjamin tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, New YorkUSA
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Joshi J, Shah Y, Pandey K, Ojha RP, Joshi CR, Bhatt LR, Dumre SP, Acharya PR, Joshi HR, Rimal S, Shahi R, Pokharel D, Khadka KS, Dahal B, Nepal S, Dhami RS, Pant KP, Basnet R, Pandey BD. Possible high risk of transmission of the Nipah virus in South and South East Asia: a review. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:44. [PMID: 37559114 PMCID: PMC10413696 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic, single-stranded RNA virus from the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. NiV is a biosafety-level-4 pathogen that is mostly spread by Pteropus species, which serve as its natural reservoir host. NiV is one of the major public health challenges in South and South East Asia. However, few molecular studies have been conducted to characterise NiV in a specific region. The main objective of this review is to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular surveillance, transmission dynamics, genetic diversity, reservoir host, clinical characteristics, and phylogenetics of NiV. South and South East Asian nations have experienced NiV outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that two primary clades of NiV are in circulation. In humans, NiV causes severe respiratory illness and/or deadly encephalitis. NiV is mainly diagnosed by ELISA along with PCR. Therefore, we recommend that the governments of the region support the One Health approach to reducing the risk of zoonotic disease transmission in their respective countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Joshi
- Health Directorate, Doti, Rajpur, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal.
| | - Yogendra Shah
- Province Public Health Laboratory, Rajpur, Kailali, Nepal.
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Chet Raj Joshi
- Ministry of Social Development, Kailali, Dhangadhi, Sudaurpaschim Province, Nepal
| | - Lok Raj Bhatt
- Province Public Health Laboratory, Rajpur, Kailali, Nepal
| | | | - Pushpa Raj Acharya
- Central Campus of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Mid-West, University, Surkhet, Nepal
| | - Hem Raj Joshi
- Health Directorate, Doti, Rajpur, Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal
| | - Shikha Rimal
- Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST), Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Shahi
- Seti Provincial Hospital, Kailali, Dhangadhi, Nepal
| | - Deepak Pokharel
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Kamal Singh Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Janapriya Multiple Campus, Kaski, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bimal Dahal
- Department of Microbiology, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saroj Nepal
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram Singh Dhami
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Rajdip Basnet
- Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- DEJIMA Infectious Disease Research Alliance, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Welch SR, Spengler JR, Genzer SC, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Sorvillo TE, Scholte FE, Rodriguez SE, O’Neal TJ, Ritter JM, Ficarra G, Davies KA, Kainulainen MH, Karaaslan E, Bergeron É, Goldsmith CS, Lo MK, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF. Single-dose mucosal replicon-particle vaccine protects against lethal Nipah virus infection up to 3 days after vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4057. [PMID: 37540755 PMCID: PMC10403222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes a highly lethal disease in humans who present with acute respiratory or neurological signs. No vaccines against NiV have been approved to date. Here, we report on the clinical impact of a novel NiV-derived nonspreading replicon particle lacking the fusion (F) protein gene (NiVΔF) as a vaccine in three small animal models of disease. A broad antibody response was detected that included immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA subtypes with demonstrable Fc-mediated effector function targeting multiple viral antigens. Single-dose intranasal vaccination up to 3 days before challenge prevented clinical signs and reduced virus levels in hamsters and immunocompromised mice; decreases were seen in tissues and mucosal secretions, critically decreasing potential for virus transmission. This virus replicon particle system provides a vital tool to the field and demonstrates utility as a highly efficacious and safe vaccine candidate that can be administered parenterally or mucosally to protect against lethal Nipah disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sarah C. Genzer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - JoAnn D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Teresa E. Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sergio E. Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - T. Justin O’Neal
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Georgia Ficarra
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katherine A. Davies
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Markus H. Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang X, Li Y, Li R, Wang S, Yang L, Wang S, Yin Y, Zai X, Zhang J, Xu J. Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein ectodomain delivered by type 5 adenovirus vector elicits broad immune response against NiV and HeV. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1180344. [PMID: 37577376 PMCID: PMC10413271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1180344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are newly emerging dangerous zoonotic pathogens of the Henipavirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. NiV and HeV (HNVs) which are transmitted by bats cause acute respiratory disease and fatal encephalitis in humans. To date, as there is a lack of antiviral drugs or effective antiviral therapies, the development of vaccines against those two viruses is of primary importance, and the immunogen design is crucial to the success of vaccines. In this study, the full-length protein (G), the ectodomain (Ge) and the head domain (Gs) of NiV attachment glycoprotein were delivered by the replication-defective type 5 adenovirus vector (Ad5) respectively, and the recombinant Ad5-NiV vaccine candidates (Ad5-NiVG, Ad5-NiVGe and Ad5-NiVGs) were constructed and their immunogenicity were evaluated in mice. The results showed that all the vaccine candidates stimulated specific humoral and cellular immune responses efficiently and rapidly against both NiV and HeV, and the Ad5-NiVGe elicited the strongest immune responses after a single-dose immunization. Furthermore, the potent conserved T-cell epitope DTLYFPAVGFL shared by NiV and HeV was identified in the study, which may provide valid information on the mechanism of HNVs-specific cellular immunity. In summary, this study demonstrates that the Ad5-NiVGe could be a potent vaccine candidate against HNVs by inducing robust humoral and cellular immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyan Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li H, Kim JYV, Pickering BS. Henipavirus zoonosis: outbreaks, animal hosts and potential new emergence. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167085. [PMID: 37529329 PMCID: PMC10387552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are biosafety level 4 zoonotic pathogens causing severe and often fatal neurological and respiratory disease. These agents have been recognized by the World Health Organization as top priority pathogens expected to result in severe future outbreaks. HeV has caused sporadic infections in horses and a small number of human cases in Australia since 1994. The NiV Malaysia genotype (NiV-M) was responsible for the 1998-1999 epizootic outbreak in pigs with spillover to humans in Malaysia and Singapore. Since 2001, the NiV Bangladesh genotype (NiV-B) has been the predominant strain leading to outbreaks almost every year in Bangladesh and India, with hundreds of infections in humans. The natural reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are fruit bats, which carry the viruses without clinical manifestation. The transmission pathways of henipaviruses from bats to humans remain poorly understood. Transmissions are often bridged by an intermediate animal host, which amplifies and spreads the viruses to humans. Horses and pigs are known intermediate hosts for the HeV outbreaks in Australia and NiV-M epidemic in Malaysia and Singapore, respectively. During the NiV-B outbreaks in Bangladesh, following initial spillover thought to be through the consumption of date palm sap, the spread of infection was largely human-to-human transmission. Spillover of NiV-B in recent outbreaks in India is less understood, with the primary route of transmission from bat reservoir to the initial human infection case(s) unknown and no intermediate host established. This review aims to provide a concise update on the epidemiology of henipaviruses covering their previous and current outbreaks with emphasis on the known and potential role of livestock as intermediate hosts in disease transmission. Also included is an up-to-date summary of newly emerging henipa-like viruses and animal hosts. In these contexts we discuss knowledge gaps and new challenges in the field and propose potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhao Li
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ji-Young V. Kim
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bradley S. Pickering
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nazmunnahar, Ahmed I, Roknuzzaman ASM, Islam MR. The recent Nipah virus outbreak in Bangladesh could be a threat for global public health: A brief report. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1423. [PMID: 37448729 PMCID: PMC10336337 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nipah virus is a zoonotic infection that can potentially be transmitted from person to person as well as through ingesting contaminated food. It has a high fatality rate, and no treatment or cure at present. Several nations in South Asia have reported Nipah virus outbreaks occurred during a particular season of the year. Since it was first found in Bangladesh in 2001, there have been a total of 335 people infected with it, and 237 of those people have passed away as a result of their infection. With increased public awareness, community engagement, and preventative measures, this potentially fatal virus has been suppressed. Yet, following a pandemic and a considerable increase in the health burden, the transmission rate continuously increased over a few years, indicating that there is a growing possibility to become a global public health concern. Without effective vaccines and reliable treatment options, its capacity for human-to-human transmission and potential to spread throughout the area could result in a disastrous public health emergency worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazmunnahar
- Department of Sociology, Eden Women's CollegeNational University BangladeshGazipurBangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Ahmed
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Asia PacificDhakaBangladesh
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Donnelly CM, Vogel OA, Edwards MR, Taylor PE, Roby JA, Forwood JK, Basler CF. Henipavirus Matrix Protein Employs a Non-Classical Nuclear Localization Signal Binding Mechanism. Viruses 2023; 15:1302. [PMID: 37376602 DOI: 10.3390/v15061302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic species from the Henipavirus genus within the paramyxovirus family and are harbored by Pteropus Flying Fox species. Henipaviruses cause severe respiratory disease, neural symptoms, and encephalitis in various animals and humans, with human mortality rates exceeding 70% in some NiV outbreaks. The henipavirus matrix protein (M), which drives viral assembly and budding of the virion, also performs non-structural functions as a type I interferon antagonist. Interestingly, M also undergoes nuclear trafficking that mediates critical monoubiquitination for downstream cell sorting, membrane association, and budding processes. Based on the NiV and HeV M X-ray crystal structures and cell-based assays, M possesses a putative monopartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) (residues 82KRKKIR87; NLS1 HeV), positioned on an exposed flexible loop and typical of how many NLSs bind importin alpha (IMPα), and a putative bipartite NLS (244RR-10X-KRK258; NLS2 HeV), positioned within an α-helix that is far less typical. Here, we employed X-ray crystallography to determine the binding interface of these M NLSs and IMPα. The interaction of both NLS peptides with IMPα was established, with NLS1 binding the IMPα major binding site, and NLS2 binding as a non-classical NLS to the minor site. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence assays (IFA) confirm the critical role of NLS2, and specifically K258. Additionally, localization studies demonstrated a supportive role for NLS1 in M nuclear localization. These studies provide additional insight into the critical mechanisms of M nucleocytoplasmic transport, the study of which can provide a greater understanding of viral pathogenesis and uncover a potential target for novel therapeutics for henipaviral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M Donnelly
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Olivia A Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Megan R Edwards
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paige E Taylor
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Justin A Roby
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sozzi E, Lelli D, Barbieri I, Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Trogu T, Tosi G, Lavazza A. Isolation and Molecular Characterisation of Respirovirus 3 in Wild Boar. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1815. [PMID: 37889684 PMCID: PMC10252080 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are important pathogens affecting various animals, including humans. In this study, we identified a paramyxovirus in 2004 (180608_2004), isolated from a sample of the femoral marrow bone of a wild boar carcass imported from Australia. Antigenic and morphological characteristics indicated that this virus was similar to members of the family Paramyxoviridae. The complete genome phylogenetic analysis grouped this virus into genotype A of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), recently renamed bovine respirovirus type 3 (BRV3), which also includes two swine paramyxoviruses (SPMV)-Texas-81 and ISU-92-isolated from encephalitic pigs in the United States in 1982 and 1992, respectively. The wild boar 180608_2004 strain was more closely related to both the BRV3 shipping fever (SF) strain and the SPMV Texas-81 strain at the nucleotide and amino acid levels than the SPMV ISU-92 strain. The high sequence identity to BRV3 suggested that this virus can be transferred from cattle to wild boars. The potential for cross-species transmission in the Respirovirus genus makes it essential for intensified genomic surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Sozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), Via Antonio Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (D.L.); (I.B.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (T.T.); (G.T.); (A.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Li C. Porcine Respirovirus 1 Suppresses Host Type I Interferon Production and the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051176. [PMID: 37243262 DOI: 10.3390/v15051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respirovirus 1 (PRV1), first reported in Hong Kong, is currently widely spread in several countries. Our knowledge of the clinical significance and the pathogenicity of this virus is still limited. In this study, we studied the interactions between PRV1 and host innate immune responses. PRV1 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the production of interferon (IFN), ISG15, and RIG-I induced by SeV infection. Our data generated in vitro suggest that multiple viral proteins can suppress host type I interferon production and signaling, including N, M, and P/C/V/W. The P gene products disrupt both IRF3 and NF-κB dependent type I IFN production and block type I IFN signaling pathway by sequestering STAT1 in the cytoplasm. The V protein disrupts both MDA5 signaling and RIG-I signaling through interaction with TRIM25 and RIG-I, V protein blocks RIG-I polyubiquitination, which is required for RIG-I activation. V protein also binds to MDA5, which may contribute to its inhibitory effect on MDA5 signaling. These findings indicate that PRV1 antagonizes host innate immune responses using various mechanisms, which provides important insights into the pathogenicity of PRV1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Müller M, Fischer K, Woehnke E, Zaeck LM, Prönnecke C, Knittler MR, Karger A, Diederich S, Finke S. Analysis of Nipah Virus Replication and Host Proteome Response Patterns in Differentiated Porcine Airway Epithelial Cells Cultured at the Air-Liquid Interface. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040961. [PMID: 37112941 PMCID: PMC10143807 DOI: 10.3390/v15040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract epithelium infection plays a primary role in Nipah virus (NiV) pathogenesis and transmission. Knowledge about infection dynamics and host responses to NiV infection in respiratory tract epithelia is scarce. Studies in non-differentiated primary respiratory tract cells or cell lines indicate insufficient interferon (IFN) responses. However, studies are lacking in the determination of complex host response patterns in differentiated respiratory tract epithelia for the understanding of NiV replication and spread in swine. Here we characterized infection and spread of NiV in differentiated primary porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultivated at the air-liquid interface (ALI). After the initial infection of only a few apical cells, lateral spread for 12 days with epithelium disruption was observed without releasing substantial amounts of infectious virus from the apical or basal sides. Deep time course proteomics revealed pronounced upregulation of genes related to type I/II IFN, immunoproteasomal subunits, transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)-mediated peptide transport, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I antigen presentation. Spliceosomal factors were downregulated. We propose a model in which NiV replication in PBEC is slowed by a potent and broad type I/II IFN host response with conversion from 26S proteasomes to immunoproteasomal antigen processing and improved MHC I presentation for adaptive immunity priming. NiV induced cytopathic effects could reflect the focal release of cell-associated NiV, which may contribute to efficient airborne viral spread between pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Woehnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luca M Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R Knittler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Byrne PO, Fisher BE, Ambrozak DR, Blade EG, Tsybovsky Y, Graham BS, McLellan JS, Loomis RJ. Structural basis for antibody recognition of vulnerable epitopes on Nipah virus F protein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1494. [PMID: 36932063 PMCID: PMC10021056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in humans. Two envelope glycoproteins, the attachment protein (G/RBP) and fusion protein (F), facilitate entry into host cells. Due to its vital role, NiV F presents an attractive target for developing vaccines and therapeutics. Several neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the NiV F apex have been described, however the antigenicity of most of the F protein's surface remains uncharacterized. Here, we immunize mice with prefusion-stabilized NiV F and isolate ten monoclonal antibodies that neutralize pseudotyped virus. Cryo-electron microscopy reveals eight neutralization-sensitive epitopes on NiV F, four of which have not previously been described. Novel sites span the lateral and basal faces of NiV F, expanding the known library of vulnerable epitopes. Seven of ten antibodies bind the Hendra virus (HeV) F protein. Multiple sequence alignment suggests that some of these newly identified neutralizing antibodies may also bind F proteins across the Henipavirus genus. This work identifies new epitopes as targets for therapeutics, provides a molecular basis for NiV neutralization, and lays a foundation for development of new cross-reactive antibodies targeting Henipavirus F proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Fisher
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Blade
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, 21701, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Morehouse School of Medicine, 30310, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Loomis
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- GSK Global Health R&D Vaccines (GVGH), 53100, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases and infections naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. Over the years, zoonoses have become increasingly significant threats to global health. They form the dominant group of diseases among the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and currently account for 73% of EID. Approximately 25% of zoonoses originate in domestic animals. The etiological agents of zoonoses include different pathogens, with viruses accounting for approximately 30% of all zoonotic infections. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly, by contact, via aerosols, through a vector, or vertically in utero. Zoonotic diseases are found in every continent except Antarctica. Numerous factors associated with the pathogen, human activities, and the environment play significant roles in the transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. Effective response and control of zoonotic diseases call for multiple-sector involvement and collaboration according to the One Health concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria; ,
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pollak NM, Olsson M, Marsh GA, Macdonald J, McMillan D. Evaluation of three rapid low-resource molecular tests for Nipah virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101914. [PMID: 36845977 PMCID: PMC9949527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of Nipah virus (NiV) requires rapid, inexpensive, and robust diagnostic tests to control spread of disease. Current state of the art technologies are slow and require laboratory infrastructure that may not be available in all endemic settings. Here we report the development and comparison of three rapid NiV molecular diagnostic tests based on reverse transcription recombinase-based isothermal amplification coupled with lateral flow detection. These tests include a simple and fast one-step sample processing step that inactivates the BSL-4 pathogen, enabling safe testing without the need for multi-step RNA purification. The rapid NiV tests targeted the Nucleocapsid protein (N) gene with analytical sensitivity down to 1,000 copies/μL for synthetic NiV RNA and did not cross-react with RNA of other flaviviruses or Chikungunya virus, which can clinically present with similar febrile symptoms. Two tests detected 50,000-100,000 TCID50/mL (100-200 RNA copies/reaction) of the two distinct strains of NiV, Bangladesh (NiVB) and Malaysia (NiVM), and took 30 min from sample to result, suggesting these tests are well suited for rapid diagnosis under resource-limited conditions due to rapidity, simplicity, and low equipment requirements. These Nipah tests represent a first step toward development of near-patient NiV diagnostics that are appropriately sensitive for first-line screening, sufficiently robust for a range of peripheral settings, with potential to be safely performed outside of biohazard containment facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina M. Pollak
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,*Correspondence: Nina M. Pollak,
| | - Malin Olsson
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Health and Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,BioCifer Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD, Australia,Joanne Macdonald,
| | - David McMillan
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,DMTC Limited, Kew, VIC, Australia,School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia,David McMillan,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pseudotyped Virus for Henipavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:175-190. [PMID: 36920697 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus (HNV) includes two virulent infectious viruses, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), which are the focus of considerable public health research efforts and have been classified as priority infectious diseases by the World Health Organization. Both viruses are high risk and should be handled in biosafety level 4 laboratories. Pseudotyped viruses containing the envelope proteins of HNV viruses have the same envelope protein structure as the authentic viruses; thus, they can mimic the receptor-binding and membrane fusion processes of authentic viruses with host cells and can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. These characteristics enable pseudotyped viruses to be widely used in studies of viral infection mechanisms (packaging, budding, virus attachment, membrane fusion, viral entry, and glycosylation), inhibitory drug screening assays, and monoclonal antibody neutralization characteristics. This review will provide an overview of the progress of research concerning pseudotyped virus packaging systems for NiV and HeV.
Collapse
|
34
|
Satterfield BA, Mire CE, Geisbert TW. Overview of Experimental Vaccines and Antiviral Therapeutics for Henipavirus Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2682:1-22. [PMID: 37610570 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3283-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses, which have emerged in recent decades and cause sporadic outbreaks of respiratory and encephalitic disease in Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively. Over two billion people currently live in regions potentially at risk due to the wide range of the Pteropus fruit bat reservoir, yet there are no approved vaccines or therapeutics to protect against or treat henipavirus disease. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward developing various experimental vaccine platforms and therapeutics. Here, we describe these advances for both human and livestock vaccine candidates and discuss the numerous preclinical studies and the few that have progressed to human phase 1 clinical trial and the one approved veterinary vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad E Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- National Bio- and Agro-defense Facility, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Escudero-Pérez B, Lawrence P, Castillo-Olivares J. Immune correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Nipah virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156758. [PMID: 37153606 PMCID: PMC10158532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoP) are biological parameters that predict a certain level of protection against an infectious disease. Well-established correlates of protection facilitate the development and licensing of vaccines by assessing protective efficacy without the need to expose clinical trial participants to the infectious agent against which the vaccine aims to protect. Despite the fact that viruses have many features in common, correlates of protection can vary considerably amongst the same virus family and even amongst a same virus depending on the infection phase that is under consideration. Moreover, the complex interplay between the various immune cell populations that interact during infection and the high degree of genetic variation of certain pathogens, renders the identification of immune correlates of protection difficult. Some emerging and re-emerging viruses of high consequence for public health such as SARS-CoV-2, Nipah virus (NiV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) are especially challenging with regards to the identification of CoP since these pathogens have been shown to dysregulate the immune response during infection. Whereas, virus neutralising antibodies and polyfunctional T-cell responses have been shown to correlate with certain levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV, other effector mechanisms of immunity play important roles in shaping the immune response against these pathogens, which in turn might serve as alternative correlates of protection. This review describes the different components of the adaptive and innate immune system that are activated during SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and NiV infections and that may contribute to protection and virus clearance. Overall, we highlight the immune signatures that are associated with protection against these pathogens in humans and could be used as CoP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), Lyon, France
| | - Javier Castillo-Olivares
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Escudero-Pérez, ; Javier Castillo-Olivares,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010159. [PMID: 36611767 PMCID: PMC9817766 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a viral disease caused by a Henipavirus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, responsible for a zoonosis. The course of the disease can be very serious and lead to death. NiV natural hosts are fruit bats (also known as megabats) belonging to the Pteropodidae family, especially those of the Pteropus genus. Natural infection in domestic animals has been described in farming pigs, horses, domestic and feral dogs and cats. Natural NiV transmission is possible intra-species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) and inter-species (flying bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human). The infection can be spread by humans or animals in different ways. It is peculiar how the viral transmission modes among different hosts also change depending on the geographical area for different reasons, including different breeding methods, eating habits and the recently identified genetic traits/molecular features of main virus proteins related to virulence. Outbreaks have been described in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines with, in some cases, severe respiratory and neurological disease and high mortality in both humans and pigs. Diagnosis can be made using different methods including serological, molecular, virological and immunohistochemical methods. The cornerstones for control of the disease are biosecurity (via the correct management of reservoir and intermediate/amplifying hosts) and potential vaccines which are still under development. However, the evaluation of the potential influence of climate and anthropogenic changes on the NiV reservoir bats and their habitat as well as on disease spread and inter-specific infections is of great importance. Bats, as natural reservoirs of the virus, are responsible for the viral spread and, therefore, for the outbreaks of the disease in humans and animals. Due to the worldwide distribution of bats, potential new reports and spillovers are not to be dismissed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bruno
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Anna Nappo
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Uwishema O, Wellington J, Berjaoui C, Muoka KO, Onyeaka CVP, Onyeaka H. A short communication of Nipah virus outbreak in India: An urgent rising concern. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 82:104599. [PMID: 36268453 PMCID: PMC9577510 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
Nipah virus is an acute febrile illness that can cause fatal encephalitis. It is an emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus endemic to south-east Asia and the western Pacific, and can be transmitted by its primary reservoir of fruit bats, through intermediate animal vectors and by human-to-human spread. Outbreaks of Nipah virus encephalitis have occurred in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India and Bangladesh, with the most recent outbreak occurring in Kerala, India in late 2021. Extremely high case fatality rates have been reported from these outbreaks, and to date no vaccines or therapeutic management options are available. Combining this with its propensity to present non-specifically, Nipah virus encephalitis presents a challenging diagnosis that should not be missed in patients returning from endemic regions. Raising awareness of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and risk factors of contracting Nipah virus is vital to recognise and manage potential outbreaks of this disease in the UK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alam
- Foundation year 2 doctor, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
McKee CD, Islam A, Rahman MZ, Khan SU, Rahman M, Satter SM, Islam A, Yinda CK, Epstein JH, Daszak P, Munster VJ, Hudson PJ, Plowright RK, Luby SP, Gurley ES. Nipah Virus Detection at Bat Roosts after Spillover Events, Bangladesh, 2012-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1384-1392. [PMID: 35731130 PMCID: PMC9239894 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the dynamics and genetic diversity of Nipah virus circulating in bats and at the human-animal interface is limited by current sampling efforts, which produce few detections of viral RNA. We report a series of investigations at Pteropus medius bat roosts identified near the locations of human Nipah cases in Bangladesh during 2012–2019. Pooled bat urine was collected from 23 roosts; 7 roosts (30%) had >1 sample in which Nipah RNA was detected from the first visit. In subsequent visits to these 7 roosts, RNA was detected in bat urine up to 52 days after the presumed exposure of the human case-patient, although the probability of detection declined rapidly with time. These results suggest that rapidly deployed investigations of Nipah virus shedding from bat roosts near human cases could increase the success of viral sequencing compared with background surveillance and could enhance understanding of Nipah virus ecology and evolution.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rahman MM, Puspo JA, Adib AA, Hossain ME, Alam MM, Sultana S, Islam A, Klena JD, Montgomery JM, Satter SM, Shirin T, Rahman MZ. An Immunoinformatics Prediction of Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccines Candidate Against Surface Antigens of Nipah Virus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:123. [PMID: 35761851 PMCID: PMC9219388 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic virus causing outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illnesses in humans, with high mortality. NiV is considered endemic in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia. There are no licensed vaccines against NiV. This study aimed at predicting a dual-antigen multi-epitope subunit chimeric vaccine against surface-glycoproteins G and F of NiV. Targeted proteins were subjected to immunoinformatics analyses to predict antigenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes. The proposed vaccine designs were implemented based on the conservancy, population coverage, molecular docking, immune simulations, codon adaptation, secondary mRNA structure, and in-silico cloning. Total 40 T and B-cell epitopes were found to be conserved, antigenic (vaxijen-value > 0.4), non-toxic, non-allergenic, and human non-homologous. Of 12 hypothetical vaccines, two (NiV_BGD_V1 and NiV_BGD_V2) were strongly immunogenic, non-allergenic, and structurally stable. The proposed vaccine candidates show a negative Z-score (- 6.32 and - 6.67) and 83.6% and 89.3% of most rama-favored regions. The molecular docking confirmed the highest affinity of NiV_BGD_V1 and NiV_BGD_V2 with TLR-4 (ΔG = - 30.7) and TLR8 (ΔG = - 20.6), respectively. The vaccine constructs demonstrated increased levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines in humans and could be expressed properly using an adenoviral-based pAdTrack-CMV expression vector. However, more experimental investigations and clinical trials are needed to validate its efficacy and safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10989-022-10431-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahfuzur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Joynob Akter Puspo
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Ahsan Adib
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | | | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Syed M. Satter
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division (IDD), icddr,b, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212 Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chaiyes A, Duengkae P, Suksavate W, Pongpattananurak N, Wacharapluesadee S, Olival KJ, Srikulnath K, Pattanakiat S, Hemachudha T. Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission from Bats to Humans in Thailand. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:175-189. [PMID: 35657574 PMCID: PMC10116436 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus that can pose a serious threat to human and livestock health. Old-world fruit bats (Pteropus spp.) are the natural reservoir hosts for NiV, and Pteropus lylei, Lyle's flying fox, is an important host of NiV in mainland Southeast Asia. NiV can be transmitted from bats to humans directly via bat-contaminated foods (i.e., date palm sap or fruit) or indirectly via livestock or other intermediate animal hosts. Here we construct risk maps for NiV spillover and transmission by combining ecological niche models for the P. lylei bat reservoir with other spatial data related to direct or indirect NiV transmission (livestock density, foodborne sources including fruit production, and human population). We predict the current and future (2050 and 2070) distribution of P. lylei across Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Our best-fit model predicted that central and western regions of Thailand and small areas in Cambodia are currently the most suitable habitats for P. lylei. However, due to climate change, the species range is predicted to expand to include lower northern, northeastern, eastern, and upper southern Thailand and almost all of Cambodia and lower southern Vietnam. This expansion will create additional risk areas for human infection from P. lylei in Thailand. Our combined predictive risk maps showed that central Thailand, inhabited by 2.3 million people, is considered highly suitable for the zoonotic transmission of NiV from P. lylei. These current and future NiV transmission risk maps can be used to prioritize sites for active virus surveillance and developing awareness and prevention programs to reduce the risk of NiV spillover and spread in Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aingorn Chaiyes
- School of Agricultural and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi, 11120, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Warong Suksavate
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nantachai Pongpattananurak
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics, Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Unit (AGB Research Unit), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sura Pattanakiat
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital Faculty of Medicine, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases - Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Khan SA, Imtiaz MA, Islam MM, Tanzin AZ, Islam A, Hassan MM. Major bat-borne zoonotic viral epidemics in Asia and Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1787-1801. [PMID: 35537080 PMCID: PMC9297750 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoir host for many pathogenic and non‐pathogenic viruses, potentially spilling over to humans and domestic animals directly or via an intermediate host. The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is the continuation of virus spillover events that have taken place over the last few decades, particularly in Asia and Africa. Therefore, these bat‐associated epidemics provide a significant number of hints, including respiratory cellular tropism, more intense susceptibility to these cell types, and overall likely to become a pandemic for the next spillover. In this systematic review, we analysed data to insight, through bat‐originated spillover in Asia and Africa. We used STATA/IC‐13 software for descriptive statistics and meta‐analysis. The random effect of meta‐analysis showed that the pooled estimates of case fatality rates of bat‐originated viral zoonotic diseases were higher in Africa (61.06%, 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2% = 97.3, p < 0.001). Moreover, estimates of case fatality rates were higher in Ebola (61.06%; 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2% = 97.3, p < 0.001) followed by Nipah (55.19%; 95%CI: 39.29 to 71.09, l2% = 94.2, p < 0.001), MERS (18.49%; 95%CI: 8.19 to 28.76, l2% = 95.4, p < 0.001) and SARS (10.86%; 95%CI: 6.02 to 15.71, l2% = 85.7, p < 0.001) with the overall case fatality rates of 29.86 (95%CI: 29.97 to 48.58, l2% = 99.0, p < 0.001). Bat‐originated viruses have caused several outbreaks of deadly diseases, including Nipah, Ebola, SARS and MERS in Asia and Africa in a sequential fashion. Nipah virus emerged first in Malaysia, but later, periodic outbreaks were noticed in Bangladesh and India. Similarly, the Ebola virus was detected in the African continent with neurological disorders in humans, like Nipah, seen in the Asian region. Two important coronaviruses, MERS and SARS, were introduced, both with the potential to infect respiratory passages. This paper explores the dimension of spillover events within and/or between bat–human and the epidemiological risk factors, which may lead to another pandemic occurring. Further, these processes enhance the bat‐originated virus, which utilises an intermediate host to jump into human species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abu Zubayer Tanzin
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Styczynski A, Hemlock C, Hoque KI, Verma R, LeBoa C, Bhuiyan MOF, Nag A, Harun MGD, Amin MB, Andrews JR. Assessing impact of ventilation on airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional analysis of naturally ventilated healthcare settings in Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e055206. [PMID: 35428628 PMCID: PMC9013789 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in naturally ventilated hospital settings by measuring parameters of ventilation and comparing these findings with results of bioaerosol sampling. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. STUDY SETTING AND STUDY SAMPLE The study sample included nine hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ventilation characteristics and air samples were collected from 86 healthcare spaces during October 2020 to February 2021. PRIMARY OUTCOME Risk of cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection by type of healthcare area. SECONDARY OUTCOMES Ventilation rates by healthcare space; risk of airborne detection of SARS-CoV-2 across healthcare spaces; impact of room characteristics on absolute ventilation; SARS-CoV-2 detection by naturally ventilated versus mechanically ventilated spaces. RESULTS The majority (78.7%) of naturally ventilated patient care rooms had ventilation rates that fell short of the recommended ventilation rate of 60 L/s/p. Using a modified Wells-Riley equation and local COVID-19 case numbers, we found that over a 40-hour exposure period, outpatient departments posed the highest median risk for infection (7.7%). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was most frequently detected in air samples from non-COVID wards (50.0%) followed by outpatient departments (42.9%). Naturally ventilated spaces (22.6%) had higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 detection compared with mechanically ventilated spaces (8.3%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.128). In multivariable linear regression with calculated elasticity, open door area and cross-ventilation were found to have a significant impact on ventilation. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that naturally ventilated healthcare settings may pose a high risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, particularly among non-COVID-designated spaces, but improving parameters of ventilation can mitigate this risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Styczynski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Caitlin Hemlock
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kazi Injamamul Hoque
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Renu Verma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Chris LeBoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Md Omar Faruk Bhuiyan
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Auddithio Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Md Golam Dostogir Harun
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Badrul Amin
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jalihal S, Rana S, Sharma S. Systematic mapping on the importance of vultures in the Indian public health discourse. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2022; 5:135-143. [PMID: 37521585 PMCID: PMC9004616 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-022-00224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vultures are of immense ecological significance to forest and urban ecosystems. These birds play a major role in curbing environmental contamination through scavenging on carcasses. Prevention of spread of diseases is pivotal for public health and is an inexorable economic burden for any country. We present the crucial role vultures can play in disease mitigation and public health by regulating or decreasing the spread of zoonotic diseases. We elaborate examples from three zoonotic diseases; rabies, brucellosis and tuberculosis, which spread among dogs and cattle as well as human population. We establish the viable links in the transmission of these diseases from the infected dead and alive animals to humans and their possible exacerbation in the absence of vultures. These indirect links help formulate the case for increased interventions for disease spread and control along with conservation of these scavengers. Their role as natural and effective cleaners of the environment in the Indian health discourse is of importance because they can reduce the expenses of the government in waste management and maintenance of public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Jalihal
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, 412115 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, 412115 India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342005 India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang Z, Amaya M, Addetia A, Dang HV, Reggiano G, Yan L, Hickey AC, DiMaio F, Broder CC, Veesler D. Architecture and antigenicity of the Nipah virus attachment glycoprotein. Science 2022; 375:1373-1378. [PMID: 35239409 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic henipaviruses (HNVs) responsible for outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illness. The entry of HNVs into host cells requires the attachment (G) and fusion (F) glycoproteins, which are the main targets of antibody responses. To understand viral infection and host immunity, we determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the NiV G homotetrameric ectodomain in complex with the nAH1.3 broadly neutralizing antibody Fab fragment. We show that a cocktail of two nonoverlapping G-specific antibodies neutralizes NiV and HeV synergistically and limits the emergence of escape mutants. Analysis of polyclonal serum antibody responses elicited by vaccination of macaques with NiV G indicates that the receptor binding head domain is immunodominant. These results pave the way for implementing multipronged therapeutic strategies against these deadly pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriella Reggiano
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andrew C Hickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,U.S. Public Health Services Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Defective Interfering Viral Particle Treatment Reduces Clinical Signs and Protects Hamsters from Lethal Nipah Virus Disease. mBio 2022; 13:e0329421. [PMID: 35297677 PMCID: PMC9040845 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03294-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIs) contain a considerably smaller genome than the parental virus but retain replication competency. As DIs can directly or indirectly alter propagation kinetics of the parental virus, they offer a novel approach to antiviral therapy, capitalizing on knowledge from natural infection. However, efforts to translate in vitro inhibition to in vivo screening models remain limited. We investigated the efficacy of virus-like particles containing DI genomes (therapeutic infectious particles [TIPs]) in the Syrian hamster model of lethal Nipah virus (NiV) disease. We found that coadministering a high dose of TIPs intraperitoneally with virus challenge improved clinical course and reduced lethality. To mimic natural exposure, we also evaluated lower-dose TIP delivery and virus challenge intranasally, finding equally efficacious reduction in disease severity and overall lethality. Eliminating TIP replicative capacity decreased efficacy, suggesting protection via direct inhibition. These data provide evidence that TIP-mediated treatment can confer protection against disease and lethal outcome in a robust animal NiV model, supporting further development of TIP treatment for NiV and other high-consequence pathogens. IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate that treatment with defective interfering particles (DIs), a natural by-product of viral infection, can significantly improve the clinical course and outcome of viral disease. When present with their parental virus, DIs can directly or indirectly alter viral propagation kinetics and exert potent inhibitory properties in cell culture. We evaluated the efficacy of a selection of virus-like particles containing DI genomes (TIPs) delivered intranasally in a lethal hamster model of Nipah virus disease. We demonstrate significantly improved clinical outcomes, including reduction in both lethality and the appearance of clinical signs. This work provides key efficacy data in a robust model of Nipah virus disease to support further development of TIP-mediated treatment against high-consequence viral pathogens.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gokhale M, Sudeep AB, Mathapati B, Balasubramanian R, Ullas PT, Mohandas S, Patil DR, Shete AM, Gopale S, Sawant P, Jain R, Holeppanavar M, Suryawanshi AT, Chopade G, Dhaigude S, Patil DY, Mourya DT, Yadav PD. Serosurvey for Nipah virus in bat population of southern part of India. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 85:101800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
48
|
Nipah Virus Mystery: Insight into Transmission and Mechanism of Disease Progression. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) belongs to the biosafety level four (BSL-4) group of human pathogens of zoonotic origin. It is an emerging pathogen capable of causing a variety of clinical presentations, including encephalitis and severe acute respiratory illness, which can be fatal. Interestingly, it can also cause asymptomatic infections, which can relapse after a long period of time ranging from months to years following initial infection. Zoonotic transmission involves bats or pigs. In addition, transmission via contaminated food and occasional human to human direct transmission may also occur. It can have diverse epidemiological features and can have a very high case fatality ratio. Although a variety of immunological and molecular assays have been developed and epidemiological monitoring procedures for this disease have been introduced, there are no drugs available for this virus. Vaccines are at different stages of development. In this mini-review, we present the latest information on the Nipah virus; primarily focusing on emergence, transmission, pathogenic mechanisms and possible prophylactic and treatment options.
Collapse
|
49
|
Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Balakrishnan A, Mohandas S, Radhakrishnan C, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Abraham P, Gupta N, Sugunan AP, Khobragade R, George K, Shete A, Patil S, Thankappan UP, Dighe H, Koshy J, Vijay V, Gayathri R, Kumar PJ, Rahim A, Naveen A, Nair S, Rajendran VR, Jayasree V, Majumdar T, Jain R, Viswanathan P, Patil DY, Kumar A, Nyayanit DA, Sarkale P, Waghmare A, Baradkar S, Gawande P, Bodke P, Kalele K, Yemul J, Dhaigude S, Holepannawar M, Gopale S, Chopade G, Ray S, Waghmare P, Narayan J, Mathapati B, Kadam M, Kumar A, Suryawanshi A, Jose BP, Sivadas S, Akash NP, Vimisha TV, Keerthi KV. Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala State, India Amidst of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818545. [PMID: 35252095 PMCID: PMC8891450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here a Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, India, which had caused fatal encephalitis in a 12-year-old boy and the outbreak response, which led to the successful containment of the disease and the related investigations. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA-based antibody detection, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to confirm the NiV infection. Contacts of the index case were traced and isolated based on risk categorization. Bats from the areas near the epicenter of the outbreak were sampled for throat swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples for NiV screening by real-time RT-PCR and anti-NiV bat immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. A plaque reduction neutralization test was performed for the detection of neutralizing antibodies. Nipah viral RNA could be detected from blood, bronchial wash, endotracheal (ET) secretion, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and anti-NiV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies from the serum sample of the index case. Rapid establishment of an onsite NiV diagnostic facility and contact tracing helped in quick containment of the outbreak. NiV sequences retrieved from the clinical specimen of the index case formed a sub-cluster with the earlier reported Nipah I genotype sequences from India with more than 95% similarity. Anti-NiV IgG positivity could be detected in 21% of Pteropus medius (P. medius) and 37.73% of Rousettus leschenaultia (R. leschenaultia). Neutralizing antibodies against NiV could be detected in P. medius. Stringent surveillance and awareness campaigns need to be implemented in the area to reduce human-bat interactions and minimize spillover events, which can lead to sporadic outbreaks of NiV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Pragya D. Yadav
| | - Rima R. Sahay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anukumar Balakrishnan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | | | | | - Mangesh D. Gokhale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - R. Balasubramanian
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Priya Abraham
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Rajan Khobragade
- Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Kalpana George
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Anita Shete
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Hitesh Dighe
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jijo Koshy
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - Vivek Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, India
| | - R. Gayathri
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - P. Jayesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - Asma Rahim
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - A. Naveen
- National Health Mission, Kozhikode, India
| | | | | | - V. Jayasree
- District Medical Office of Health, Health Department, Kozhikode, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Rajlaxmi Jain
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhinendra Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Dimpal A. Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Baradkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Poonam Bodke
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Kaumudi Kalele
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jyoti Yemul
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sachin Dhaigude
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjay Gopale
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Ganesh Chopade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Ray
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Priyanka Waghmare
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Basavaraj Mathapati
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manoj Kadam
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Abhimanyu Kumar
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Saritha Sivadas
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - N. P. Akash
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - T. V. Vimisha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| | - K. V. Keerthi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Skowron K, Bauza-Kaszewska J, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Zacharski M, Bernaciak Z, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Nipah Virus-Another Threat From the World of Zoonotic Viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:811157. [PMID: 35145498 PMCID: PMC8821941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.811157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diseases that pose a serious threat to public health, those caused by viruses are of great importance. The Nipah virus (NiV) belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family was reported in Malaysia in 1998/1999. Due to its high mortality in humans, its zoonotic nature, the possibility of human-to-human transmission, and the lack of an available vaccine, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized it as a global health problem. Depending on strain specificity, neurological symptoms and severe respiratory disorders are observed in NiV infection. In most confirmed cases of NiV epidemics, the appearance of the virus in humans was associated with the presence of various animal species, but generally, bats of Pteropus species are considered the most important natural animal NiV reservoir and vector. Consumption of contaminated food, contact with animals, and “human-to-human” direct contact were identified as NiV transmission routes. Due to the lack of vaccines and drugs with proven effectiveness against NiV, treatment of patients is limited to supportive and prophylactic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Justyna Bauza-Kaszewska
- Department of Microbiology and Food Technology, Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki University of Technology in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Zacharski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Bernaciak
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|