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Piersma SJ. Tissue-specific features of innate lymphoid cells in antiviral defense. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x. [PMID: 38684766 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphocytes (ILCs) rapidly respond to and protect against invading pathogens and cancer. ILCs include natural killer (NK) cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and include type I, type II, and type III immune cells. While NK cells have been well recognized for their role in antiviral immunity, other ILC subtypes are emerging as players in antiviral defense. Each ILC subset has specialized functions that uniquely impact the antiviral immunity and health of the host depending on the tissue microenvironment. This review focuses on the specialized functions of each ILC subtype and their roles in antiviral immune responses across tissues. Several viruses within infection-prone tissues will be highlighted to provide an overview of the extent of the ILC immunity within tissues and emphasize common versus virus-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Fernández-Soto D, García-Jiménez ÁF, Casasnovas JM, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. Elevated levels of cell-free NKG2D-ligands modulate NKG2D surface expression and compromise NK cell function in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1273942. [PMID: 38410511 PMCID: PMC10895954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1273942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is now clear that coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) severity is associated with a dysregulated immune response, but the relative contributions of different immune cells is still not fully understood. SARS CoV-2 infection triggers marked changes in NK cell populations, but there are contradictory reports as to whether these effector lymphocytes play a protective or pathogenic role in immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Methods To address this question we have analysed differences in the phenotype and function of NK cells in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals who developed either very mild, or life-threatening COVID-19 disease. Results Although NK cells from patients with severe disease appeared more activated and the frequency of adaptive NK cells was increased, they were less potent mediators of ADCC than NK cells from patients with mild disease. Further analysis of peripheral blood NK cells in these patients revealed that a population of NK cells that had lost expression of the activating receptor NKG2D were a feature of patients with severe disease and this correlated with elevated levels of cell free NKG2D ligands, especially ULBP2 and ULBP3 in the plasma of critically ill patients. In vitro, culture in NKG2DL containing patient sera reduced the ADCC function of healthy donor NK cells and this could be blocked by NKG2DL-specific antibodies. Discussion These observations of reduced NK function in severe disease are consistent with the hypothesis that defects in immune surveillance by NK cells permit higher levels of viral replication, rather than that aberrant NK cell function contributes to immune system dysregulation and immunopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro F. García-Jiménez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugh T. Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Guo Z, Dong L. The upregulation of peripheral CD3 -CD56 +CD16 + natural killer cells correlates with Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthma patients during acute upper respiratory viral infections. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:40. [PMID: 37865742 PMCID: PMC10590514 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to clarify the changes of peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells and their correlation with Th1/Th2 immunity profiles in asthma during the phase of acute upper respiratory viral infections (AURVIs). METHODS Peripheral venous blood and induced sputum samples were collected from 56 mild asthma patients, 49 asthma patients with AURVIs and 50 healthy subjects. Peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells were monitored by flow cytometry during the course of acute viral infections. Meanwhile, the induced sputum Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and Th1 cytokine IFN-γ were also detected by ELISA assay. RESULTS The asthmatics had lower levels of peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells populations as well as higher induced sputum cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ) compared to healthy controls at baseline. Upon upper respiratory viral infections, peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells numbers in asthma patients sharply elevated on day 3 and slowly decreased by day 14, in accordance with induced sputum IFN-γ changes. IL-4 and IL-5 levels spiked much later (day 8) and lasted until day 14. Compared with asthma alone group, the IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-5 ratios of the asthma patients with AURVIs on day 1 were higher and peaked on day 3. The changes of peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells proportions positively correlated with the IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-5 ratios on day 1 to day 3 in asthma subsequent to upper respiratory viral infections. CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed an imbalanced Th1/Th2 immunity in airways of asthma with acute upper respiratory viral infections. Upregulated peripheral CD3-CD56+CD16+ NK cells play a crucial role in biased Th1 immunity of airways in asthma during the acute phase of viral infections. The anti-viral Th1 immunity by targeting NK cells may be a possible therapeutic option for virus-induced asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200123, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 200120, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqian Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200123, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200123, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200123, Shanghai, China.
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Bjorgen JC, Dick JK, Cromarty R, Hart GT, Rhein J. NK cell subsets and dysfunction during viral infection: a new avenue for therapeutics? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267774. [PMID: 37928543 PMCID: PMC10620977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of viral challenge, natural killer (NK) cells play an important role as an early immune responder against infection. During this response, significant changes in the NK cell population occur, particularly in terms of their frequency, location, and subtype prevalence. In this review, changes in the NK cell repertoire associated with several pathogenic viral infections are summarized, with a particular focus placed on changes that contribute to NK cell dysregulation in these settings. This dysregulation, in turn, can contribute to host pathology either by causing NK cells to be hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive. Hyperresponsive NK cells mediate significant host cell death and contribute to generating a hyperinflammatory environment. Hyporesponsive NK cell populations shift toward exhaustion and often fail to limit viral pathogenesis, possibly enabling viral persistence. Several emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing NK cell dysregulation have arisen in the last three decades in the setting of cancer and may prove to hold promise in treating viral diseases. However, the application of such therapeutics to treat viral infections remains critically underexplored. This review briefly explores several therapeutic approaches, including the administration of TGF-β inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive NK cell therapies, CAR NK cells, and NK cell engagers among other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Bjorgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jenna K. Dick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ross Cromarty
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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5
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Miles MA, Liong S, Liong F, Coward-Smith M, Trollope GS, Oseghale O, Erlich JR, Brooks RD, Logan JM, Hickey S, Wang H, Bozinovski S, O’Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. TLR7 promotes chronic airway disease in RSV-infected mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240552. [PMID: 37795093 PMCID: PMC10545951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) commonly infects the upper respiratory tract (URT) of humans, manifesting with mild cold or flu-like symptoms. However, in infants and the elderly, severe disease of the lower respiratory tract (LRT) often occurs and can develop into chronic airway disease. A better understanding of how an acute RSV infection transitions to a LRT chronic inflammatory disease is critically important to improve patient care and long-term health outcomes. To model acute and chronic phases of the disease, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 and toll-like receptor 7 knockout (TLR7 KO) mice with RSV and temporally assessed nasal, airway and lung inflammation for up to 42 days post-infection. We show that TLR7 reduced viral titers in the URT during acute infection but promoted pronounced pathogenic and chronic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in the LRT. This study defines a hitherto unappreciated molecular mechanism of lower respiratory pathogenesis to RSV, highlighting the potential of TLR7 modulation to constrain RSV pathology to the URT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Miles
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicia Liong
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Madison Coward-Smith
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma S. Trollope
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Erlich
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert D. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Logan
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane Hickey
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun’s Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Lopes N, Vivier E, Narni-Mancinelli E. Natural killer cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells in cancer. Semin Immunol 2023; 66:101709. [PMID: 36621291 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a group of innate lymphocytes that do not express RAG-dependent rearranged antigen-specific cell surface receptors. ILCs are classified into five groups according to their developmental trajectory and cytokine production profile. They encompass NK cells, which are cytotoxic, helper-like ILCs 1-3, which functionally mirror CD4+ T helper (Th) type 1, Th2 and Th17 cells respectively, and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. NK cell development depends on Eomes (eomesodermin), whereas the ILC1 program is regulated principally by the transcription factor T-bet (T-box transcription factor Tbx21), that of ILC2 is regulated by GATA3 (GATA-binding protein 3) and that of ILC3 is regulated by RORγt (RAR-related orphan receptor γ). NK cells were discovered close to fifty years ago, but ILC1s were first described only about fifteen years ago. Within the ILC family, NK and ILC1s share many similarities, as witnessed by their cell surface phenotype which largely overlap. NK cells and ILC1s have been reported to respond to tissue inflammation and intracellular pathogens. Several studies have reported an antitumorigenic role for NK cells in both humans and mice, but data for ILC1s are both scarce and contradictory. In this review, we will first describe the different NK cell and ILC1 subsets, their effector functions and development. We will then discuss their role in cancer and the effects of the tumor microenvironment on their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noella Lopes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France; Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; APHM, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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7
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Cooper GE, Mayall J, Donovan C, Haw TJ, Budden KF, Hansbro NG, Blomme EE, Maes T, Kong CW, Horvat JC, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Hansbro PM, Staples KJ. Antiviral Responses of Tissue-resident CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cells Are Dysregulated in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:553-565. [PMID: 36170617 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0848oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Tissue-resident natural killer (trNK) cells have been identified in numerous organs, but little is known about their functional contribution to respiratory immunity, in particular during chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To investigate the phenotype and antiviral responses of trNK cells in murine cigarette smoke-induced experimental COPD and in human lung parenchyma from COPD donors. Methods: Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 12 weeks to induce COPD-like lung disease. Lung trNK cell phenotypes and function were analyzed by flow cytometry in both murine and human disease with and without challenge with influenza A virus. Measurements and Main Results: In the mouse lung, CD49a+CD49b+EOMES+ and CD49a+CD49b-EOMESlo NK cell populations had a distinct phenotype compared with CD49a- circulating NK cells. CD49a+ NK cells were more extensively altered earlier in disease onset than circulating NK cells, and increased proportions of CD49a+ NK cells correlated with worsening disease in both murine and human COPD. Furthermore, the presence of lung disease delayed both circulating and trNK cell functional responses to influenza infection. CD49a+ NK cells markedly increased their NKG2D, CD103, and CD69 expression in experimental COPD after influenza infection, and human CD49a+ NK cells were hyperactive to ex vivo influenza infection in COPD donors. Conclusions: Collectively, these results demonstrate that trNK cell function is altered in cigarette smoke-induced disease and suggests that smoke exposure may aberrantly prime trNK cell responsiveness to viral infection. This may contribute to excess inflammation during viral exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Mayall
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatt J Haw
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evy E Blomme
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chia Wei Kong
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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8
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Mengistu DT, Freeman CM. Welcome to the Neighborhood: Tissue-Resident Lung Natural Killer Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Viral Infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:500-502. [PMID: 36255201 PMCID: PMC10870899 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202210-1867ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit T Mengistu
- Department of Internal Medicine Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine M Freeman
- Department of Internal Medicine Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Research Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Silla L. Peripheral blood persistence and expansion of transferred non-genetically modified Natural Killer cells might not be necessary for clinical activity. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2023; 3:ltac024. [PMID: 36726770 PMCID: PMC9885937 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that react without previous exposition to virus infected or malignant cells and stimulate adaptive immune response to build a long-lasting immunity against it. To that end, tissue resident NK cells are predominantly regulatory as opposed to cytotoxic. In the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) setting, which curative potential relies on the graft versus leukemia effect, NK cells are known to play a significant role. This knowledge has paved the way to the active investigation on its anti-tumor effect outside the stem cell transplant scenario. Based on the relevant literature on the adoptive transfer of non-genetically modified NK cells for the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute leukemia and on our own experience, we discuss the role of donor cell peripheral blood persistence and expansion and its lack of correlation with anti-leukemia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Silla
- Correspondence: Rua Ramiro, Barcelos #2350, Universidade Federal do Rio, Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-903, Brazil;
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10
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Smith DM, Schafer JR, Tullius B, Witkam L, Paust S. Natural killer cells for antiviral therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabl5278. [PMID: 36599006 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy is being explored for treating infectious diseases, including viral infections. Here, we discuss evidence of NK cell responses to different viruses, ongoing clinical efforts to treat such infections with NK cell products, and review platforms to generate NK cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Witkam
- Kiadis Pharma, Sanofi, 1105BP Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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11
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Gunasekaran M, Difiglia A, Fitzgerald J, Hariri R, van der Touw W, Mahlakõiv T. Human placental hematopoietic stem cell-derived natural killer cells (CYNK) recognize and eliminate influenza A virus-infected cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900624. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are a significant recurrent threat to public health and a significant burden on global economy, highlighting the need for developing more effective therapies. Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the control of pulmonary IAV infection, however, little is known about the therapeutic potential of adoptively transferred NK cells for viral infections. Here, we investigated the antiviral activity of CYNK, human placental hematopoietic stem cell-derived NK cells, against IAV infection in vitro. Virus infection induced the expression of NK cell activating ligands on respiratory epithelial cells, resulting in enhanced recognition by CYNK cells. Upon co-culture with IAV-infected epithelial cells, CYNK exhibited elevated degranulation and increased production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF in a virus dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, CYNK showed virus dose-dependent cytotoxicity against IAV-infected cells. The antiviral activity of CYNK was mediated by NKp46 and NKG2D. Together, these data demonstrate that CYNK possesses potent antiviral function against IAV and warrant clinical investigations for adoptive NK cell therapies against viral infections.
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12
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Malengier-Devlies B, Filtjens J, Ahmadzadeh K, Boeckx B, Vandenhaute J, De Visscher A, Bernaerts E, Mitera T, Jacobs C, Vanderbeke L, Van Mol P, Van Herck Y, Hermans G, Meersseman P, Wilmer A, Gouwy M, Garg AD, Humblet-Baron S, De Smet F, Martinod K, Wauters E, Proost P, Wouters C, Leclercq G, Lambrechts D, Wauters J, Matthys P. Severe COVID-19 patients display hyper-activated NK cells and NK cell-platelet aggregates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861251. [PMID: 36275702 PMCID: PMC9581751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is characterised by a broad spectrum of clinical and pathological features. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate immune responses to viral infections. Here, we analysed the phenotype and activity of NK cells in the blood of COVID-19 patients using flow cytometry, single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), and a cytotoxic killing assay. In the plasma of patients, we quantified the main cytokines and chemokines. Our cohort comprises COVID-19 patients hospitalised in a low-care ward unit (WARD), patients with severe COVID-19 disease symptoms hospitalised in intensive care units (ICU), and post-COVID-19 patients, who were discharged from hospital six weeks earlier. NK cells from hospitalised COVID-19 patients displayed an activated phenotype with substantial differences between WARD and ICU patients and the timing when samples were taken post-onset of symptoms. While NK cells from COVID-19 patients at an early stage of infection showed increased expression of the cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme A and B, NK cells from patients at later stages of COVID-19 presented enhanced levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α which were measured ex vivo in the absence of usual in vitro stimulation. These activated NK cells were phenotyped as CD49a+CD69a+CD107a+ cells, and their emergence in patients correlated to the number of neutrophils, and plasma IL-15, a key cytokine in NK cell activation. Despite lower amounts of cytotoxic molecules in NK cells of patients with severe symptoms, majority of COVID-19 patients displayed a normal cytotoxic killing of Raji tumour target cells. In vitro stimulation of patients blood cells by IL-12+IL-18 revealed a defective IFN-γ production in NK cells of ICU patients only, indicative of an exhausted phenotype. ScRNA-seq revealed, predominantly in patients with severe COVID-19 disease symptoms, the emergence of an NK cell subset with a platelet gene signature that we identified by flow and imaging cytometry as aggregates of NK cells with CD42a+CD62P+ activated platelets. Post-COVID-19 patients show slow recovery of NK cell frequencies and phenotype. Our study points to substantial changes in NK cell phenotype during COVID-19 disease and forms a basis to explore the contribution of platelet-NK cell aggregates to antiviral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Malengier-Devlies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Filtjens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Vandenhaute
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amber De Visscher
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline Bernaerts
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Mitera
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cato Jacobs
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Vanderbeke
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Mol
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yannick Van Herck
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hermans
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Wilmer
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D. Garg
- Laboratory for Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Adaptive Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Wauters
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Patrick Matthys,
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13
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Radandish M, Esmaeil N, Khorvash F, Andalib A. Diagnostic Value of Natural Killer Cells, CD56+ CD16+ Natural Killer Cells, NLRP3, and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Severe/Critical COVID-19: A Prospective Longitudinal Study According to the Severe/Critical COVID-19 Definitions. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:616-628. [PMID: 36099205 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity, as the first line of defense of our immune system, plays a crucial role in defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection and also its immunopathogenesis. We aim to investigate the immune status of natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and NLRP3 gene expression in COVID-19 patient blood samples. The immunophenotype of NK cell subsets and NKT cells was detected by flow cytometry and the expression of NLRP3 gene assessed by reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction in 44 COVID-19 patients and 20 healthy individuals. The percentage of most of NK cell subpopulation and NKT cells was significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients. The percentage of CD56dim CD16- NK cell subsets, and NLRP3 gene expression increased. The percentage of total NK cells, CD56+ CD16+ NK cells, and NLRP3 gene expression had acceptable sensitivity and specificity for assisting diagnosis of severe/critical COVID-19. O2 saturation% and lactate dehydrogenase levels showed valuable diagnostic value to identify critical cases. The declined NK and NKT cells in COVID-19 patients and enhanced NLRP3 gene expression were associated with disease severity. Total NK cells, CD56+ CD16+ NK cells, and NLRP3 gene expression might be used as meaningful indicators for assisting diagnosis of severe/critical COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Radandish
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Esmaeil
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzin Khorvash
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Wang GQ, Gu Y, Wang C, Wang F, Hsu ACY. A Game of Infection - Song of Respiratory Viruses and Interferons. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:937460. [PMID: 35846766 PMCID: PMC9277140 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.937460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity has experienced four major pandemics since the twentieth century, with the 1918 Spanish flu, the 2002 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the 2009 swine flu, and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemics having the most important impact in human health. The 1918 Spanish flu caused unprecedented catastrophes in the recorded human history, with an estimated death toll between 50 – 100 million. While the 2002 SARS and 2009 swine flu pandemics caused approximately 780 and 280,000 deaths, respectively, the current COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in > 6 million deaths globally at the time of writing. COVID-19, instigated by the SARS – coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes unprecedented challenges in all facets of our lives, and never before brought scientists of all fields together to focus on this singular topic. While for the past 50 years research have been heavily focused on viruses themselves, we now understand that the host immune responses are just as important in determining the pathogenesis and outcomes of infection. Research in innate immune mechanisms is crucial in understanding all aspects of host antiviral programmes and the mechanisms underpinning virus-host interactions, which can be translated to the development of effective therapeutic avenues. This review summarizes what is known and what remains to be explored in the innate immune responses to influenza viruses and SARS-CoVs, and virus-host interactions in driving disease pathogenesis. This hopefully will encourage discussions and research on the unanswered questions, new paradigms, and antiviral strategies against these emerging infectious pathogens before the next pandemic occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Qiang Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinuo Gu
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Alan Chen-Yu Hsu
- Signature Research Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke - National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Viruses, Infections/Immunity, Vaccines and Asthma, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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15
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Franklin M, Connolly E, Hussell T. Recruited and Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells in the Lung During Infection and Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887503. [PMID: 35844626 PMCID: PMC9284027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system, and have a key role in host defense against infection and in tumor surveillance. Tumors and viruses employ remarkably similar strategies to avoid recognition and killing by NK cells and so much can be learnt by comparing NK cells in these disparate diseases. The lung is a unique tissue environment and immune cells in this organ, including NK cells, exist in a hypofunctional state to prevent activation against innocuous stimuli. Upon infection, rapid NK cell infiltration into the lung occurs, the amplitude of which is determined by the extent of inflammation and damage. Activated NK cells kill infected cells and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to recruit cells of the adaptive immune system. More recent evidence has shown that NK cells also play an additional role in resolution of inflammation. In lung cancer however, NK cell recruitment is impaired and those that are present have reduced functionality. The majority of lung NK cells are circulatory, however recently a small population of tissue-resident lung NK cells has been described. The specific role of this subset is yet to be determined, but they show similarity to resident memory T cell subsets. Whether resident or recruited, NK cells are important in the control of pulmonary infections, but equally, can drive excessive inflammation if not regulated. In this review we discuss how NK cells are recruited, controlled and retained in the specific environment of the lung in health and disease. Understanding these mechanisms in the context of infection may provide opportunities to promote NK cell recruitment and function in the lung tumor setting.
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16
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Abstract
At the end of 2019, an outbreak of a severe respiratory disease occurred in Wuhan China, and an increase in cases of unknown pneumonia was alerted. In January 2020, a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the cause. The virus spreads primarily through the respiratory tract, and lymphopenia and cytokine storms have been observed in severely ill patients. This suggests the existence of an immune dysregulation as an accompanying event during a serious illness caused by this virus. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders, critical for virus shedding and immunomodulation. Despite its importance in viral infections, the contribution of NK cells in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be deciphered. Different studies in patients with COVID-19 suggest a significant reduction in the number and function of NK cells due to their exhaustion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Gallardo-Zapata
- Laboratorio de investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Laboratorio de investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Wu H, Zou M, Fan X, Su F, Xiao F, Zhou M, Sun Y, Zhao F, Wu G. Facile, Rapid, and Low-Cost Detection for Influenza Viruses and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Based on a Catalytic DNA Assembly Circuit. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15074-15081. [PMID: 35557683 PMCID: PMC9089383 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have contributed to severe respiratory infections, causing huge economic and healthcare burdens. To achieve rapid and precise detection of influenza viruses and RSV, we proposed a catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) combined with the lateral flow immunoassay (CHA-LFIA) detection method. The presence of the target RNA triggers the initiation of CHA circuits. H1/H2 complexes, the amplified signal products, which were labeled with digoxin and biotin, were detected with a highly sensitive lateral flow immunoassay system. The sensitivity of the CHA-LFIA system to influenza A and B viruses and RSV reached up to 1, 1, and 5 pM, respectively. In addition, this method exhibited excellent capability for differentiating between target RNA and base-mismatched RNA. The results demonstrated that an enzyme-free, rapid, highly sensitive, and specific method had been developed to detect influenza A and B viruses and RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Wu
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Zou
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Feiya Su
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Zhao
- Medical
School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center
of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic
of China
- Diagnostics
Department, Medical School of Southeast
University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu
Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic
of China
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18
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Exploring the Utility of NK Cells in COVID-19. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051002. [PMID: 35625739 PMCID: PMC9138257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Extensive data now indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection determine the COVID-19 disease course. A wide range of immunomodulatory agents have been tested for the treatment of COVID-19. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antiviral innate immunity, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and antifibrotic activity are particularly critical for COVID-19 control. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 clearance rate, antibody response, and disease progression in COVID-19 correlate with NK cell status, and NK cell dysfunction is linked with increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Thus, NK cells function as the key element in the switch from effective to harmful immune responses in COVID-19. However, dysregulation of NK cells has been observed in COVID-19 patients, exhibiting depletion and dysfunction, which correlate with COVID-19 severity; this dysregulation perhaps contributes to disease progression. Given these findings, NK-cell-based therapies with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antifibrotic activity, and strong safety profiles for cancers may encourage the rapid application of functional NK cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to eliminate SARS-CoV-2-infected cells at an early stage, facilitate immune–immune cell interactions, and favor inflammatory processes that prevent and/or reverse over-inflammation and inhibit fibrosis progression, thereby helping in the fight against COVID-19. However, our understanding of the role of NK cells in COVID-19 remains incomplete, and further research on the involvement of NK cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is needed. The rationale of NK-cell-based therapies for COVID-19 has to be based on the timing of therapeutic interventions and disease severity, which may be determined by the balance between beneficial antiviral and potential detrimental pathologic actions. NK cells would be more effective early in SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevent the progression of COVID-19. Immunomodulation by NK cells towards regulatory functions could be useful as an adjunct therapy to prevent the progression of COVID-19.
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19
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Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells span both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages, have been found in multiple human tissues, and play integral roles at all stages of the immune response, from maintaining homeostasis to responding to infectious challenges to resolution of inflammation to tissue repair. In humans, studying immune cells and responses in tissues is challenging, although recent advances in sampling and high-dimensional profiling have provided new insights into the ontogeny, maintenance, and functional role of tissue-resident immune cells. Each tissue contains a specific complement of resident immune cells. Moreover, resident immune cells for each lineage share core properties, along with tissue-specific adaptations. Here we propose a five-point checklist for defining resident immune cell types in humans and describe the currently known features of resident immune cells, their mechanisms of development, and their putative functional roles within various human organs. We also consider these aspects of resident immune cells in the context of future studies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA;
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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20
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Brownlie D, Rødahl I, Varnaite R, Asgeirsson H, Glans H, Falck-Jones S, Vangeti S, Buggert M, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J, Gredmark-Russ S, Smed-Sörensen A, Marquardt N. Comparison of Lung-Homing Receptor Expression and Activation Profiles on NK Cell and T Cell Subsets in COVID-19 and Influenza. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834862. [PMID: 35371005 PMCID: PMC8966396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses commonly induce a strong infiltration of immune cells into the human lung, with potential detrimental effects on the integrity of the lung tissue. Despite comprising the largest fractions of circulating lymphocytes in the lung, rather little is known about how peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell and T cell subsets are equipped for lung-homing in COVID-19 and influenza. Here, we provide a detailed comparative analysis of NK cells and T cells in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus, focusing on the protein and gene expression of chemokine receptors known to be involved in recruitment to the lung. For this, we used 28-colour flow cytometry as well as re-analysis of a publicly available single-cell RNA-seq dataset from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Frequencies of NK cells and T cells expressing CXCR3, CXCR6, and CCR5 were altered in peripheral blood of COVID-19 and influenza patients, in line with increased transcript expression of CXCR3, CXCR6, and CCR5 and their respective ligands in BAL fluid. NK cells and T cells expressing lung-homing receptors displayed stronger phenotypic signs of activation compared to cells lacking lung-homing receptors, and activation was overall stronger in influenza compared to COVID-19. Together, our results indicate a role for CXCR3+, CXCR6+, and/or CCR5+ NK cells and T cells that potentially migrate to the lungs in moderate COVID-19 and influenza patients, identifying common targets for future therapeutic interventions in respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi Brownlie
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inga Rødahl
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaite
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hilmir Asgeirsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Glans
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Falck-Jones
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sindhu Vangeti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Marquardt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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La Sala L, Gandini S, Bruno A, Allevi R, Gallazzi M, Senesi P, Palano MT, Meregalli P, Longhi E, Sommese C, Luzi L, Trabucchi E. SARS-CoV-2 Immunization Orchestrates the Amplification of IFNγ-Producing T Cell and NK Cell Persistence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798813. [PMID: 35237261 PMCID: PMC8882867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful vaccination would represent the most efficient means to control the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) that led to millions of deaths worldwide. Novel mRNA-based vaccines confer protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, but whether immunity is immediately effective and how long it will remain in recipients are uncertain. We sought to assess the effectiveness of a two-dose regimen since the boosts are often delayed concerning the recommended intervals.MethodsA longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers (HCW, N = 46; 30.4% men; 69.6% women; mean age 36.05 ± 2.2 years) with no SARS-CoV-2 infection as documented by negative polymerase chain reaction was immunophenotyped in PBMC once a week for 4 weeks from the prime immunization (Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2) and had received 2 doses, to study the kinetic response.ResultsWe identified three risk groups to develop SARS-CoV-2 infection IgG+-based (late responders, R-; early responders, R+; pauci responders, PR). In all receipts, amplification of B cells and NK cells, including IL4-producing B cells and IL4-producing CD8+ T cells, is early stimulated by the vaccine. After the boost, we observed a growing increase of NK cells but a resistance of T cells, IFNγ-producing CD4+T cells, and IFNγ-producing NK cells. Also, hematologic parameters decline until the boost. The positive association of IFNγ-producing NK with IFNγ-producing CD4+T cells by the multiple mixed-effect model, adjusted for confounders (p = 0.036) as well as the correlation matrix (r = 0.6, p < 0.01), suggests a relationship between these two subsets of lymphocytes.ConclusionsThese findings introduce several concerns about policy delay in vaccination: based on immunological protection, B cells and the persistent increase of NK cells during 2 doses of the mRNA-based vaccine could provide further immune protection against the virus, while CD8+ T cells increased slightly only in the R+ and PR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia La Sala
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lucia La Sala,
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Bruno
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Allevi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Gallazzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and General Pathology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Palano
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Meregalli
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanno Longhi
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Sommese
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Trabucchi
- Lab of Cardiovascular Diabetology and Dysmetabolic Disease, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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22
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate immune responses to viral infections. Here, we review recent insights into the role of NK cells in viral infections, with particular emphasis on human studies. We first discuss NK cells in the context of acute viral infections, with flavivirus and influenza virus infections as examples. Questions related to activation of NK cells, homing to infected tissues and the role of tissue-resident NK cells in acute viral infections are also addressed. Next, we discuss NK cells in the context of chronic viral infections with hepatitis C virus and HIV-1. Also covered is the role of adaptive-like NK cell expansions as well as the appearance of CD56- NK cells in the course of chronic infection. Specific emphasis is then placed in viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies affecting NK cells. Not least, studies in this area have revealed an important role for NK cells in controlling several herpesvirus infections. Finally, we address new data with respect to the activation of NK cells and NK cell function in humans infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) giving rise to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Bergantini L, d’Alessandro M, Cameli P, Cavallaro D, Gangi S, Cekorja B, Sestini P, Bargagli E. NK and T Cell Immunological Signatures in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Cells 2021; 10:3182. [PMID: 34831404 PMCID: PMC8618013 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 emerged in Wuhan (China) in December 2019 and has severely challenged the human population. NK and T cells are involved in the progression of COVID-19 infection through the ability of NK cells to modulate T-cell responses, and by the stimulation of cytokine release. No detailed investigation of the NK cell landscape in clinical SARS-CoV-2 infection has yet been reported. A total of 35 COVID-19 hospitalised patients were stratified for clinical severity and 17 healthy subjects were enrolled. NK cell subsets and T cell subsets were analysed with flow cytometry. Serum cytokines were detected with a bead-based multiplex assay. Fewer CD56dimCD16brightNKG2A+NK cells and a parallel increase in the CD56+CD69+NK, CD56+PD-1+NK, CD56+NKp44+NK subset were reported in COVID-19 than HC. A significantly higher adaptive/memory-like NK cell frequency in patients with severe disease than in those with mild and moderate phenotypes were reported. Moreover, adaptive/memory-like NK cell frequencies were significantly higher in patients who died than in survivors. Severe COVID-19 patients showed higher serum concentrations of IL-6 than mild and control groups. Direct correlation emerged for IL-6 and adaptive/memory-like NK. All these findings provide new insights into the immune response of patients with COVID-19. In particular, they demonstrate activation of NK through overexpression of CD69 and CD25 and show that PD-1 inhibitory signalling maintains an exhausted phenotype in NK cells. These results suggest that adaptive/memory-like NK cells could be the basis of promising targeted therapy for future viral infections.
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Wu X, Zhang H, Chen J. Comprehensive expectoration nursing in elderly patients with pulmonary infection and its influence on respiratory function. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12965-12972. [PMID: 34956512 PMCID: PMC8661149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of comprehensive expectoration nursing in elderly patients with pulmonary infection and its influence on respiratory function. METHODS Clinical data of 88 elderly patients with pulmonary infection treated in our hospital from March 2018 to May 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. During treatment, 40 patients receiving conventional nursing mode were included in the control group (CG), and 48 with comprehensive expectoration nursing were included in the observation group (OG). The number of patients with spontaneous expectoration, assisted expectoration and sputum aspiration one week after nursing, the related indices of blood oxygen and lung function before and after nursing, and the sputum excretion volume, respiratory rate and neutrophils one week after nursing, were compared between the two groups. The hospitalization time, expenses, patients' quality of life after nursing and nursing satisfaction were also compared between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the CG, the hospitalization time and expenses of patients in OG were obviously lower, while the effective rate of sputum excretion was obviously higher after nursing. The blood oxygen, lung function, sputum excretion volume, respiratory rate and neutrophil recovery in OG were obviously better than those in CG. Meanwhile, compared with the CG, the quality of life and nursing satisfaction of patients in OG were obviously higher after nursing. CONCLUSION Comprehensive expectoration nursing in elderly patients with pulmonary infection has better effect and is able to effectively improve their respiratory function, quality of life and nursing satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wu
- Geriatric and General Medicine Department, Nantong First People’s HospitalNantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Zhang
- Radiological Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Geriatric and General Medicine Department, Nantong First People’s HospitalNantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Elevated Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Is Associated with Cavity Formation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:7925903. [PMID: 34646890 PMCID: PMC8505075 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7925903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavitation is a major pathological feature of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The study is aimed at investigating the mechanism of natural killer (NK) cells participating the cavity formation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. Human peripheral blood samples were donated by pulmonary TB patients with cavity or not. Real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to analyze the expression of cytokines secreted by NK cells. And the cytotoxicity of NK cells was compared between two groups. Our data showed that NK cells were more abundant in cohorts of cavity. Increased abundance of granzyme A and granzyme B was observed in culture supernatants of NK cells isolated from cavitary TB patients, which also resulted in a higher level of nonviable MTB-infected monocytes. Our data firstly demonstrates that NK cells participate in cavity formation in pulmonary TB patients. The elevated level and increased cytotoxicity of NK cells accelerate the cavitary formulation.
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Single-cell immune profiling reveals distinct immune response in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:342. [PMID: 34531370 PMCID: PMC8443960 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While some individuals infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present mild-to-severe disease, many SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals are asymptomatic. We sought to identify the distinction of immune response between asymptomatic and moderate patients. We performed single-cell transcriptome and T-cell/B-cell receptor (TCR/BCR) sequencing in 37 longitudinal collected peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from asymptomatic, moderate, and severe patients with healthy controls. Asymptomatic patients displayed increased CD56briCD16− natural killer (NK) cells and upregulation of interferon-gamma in effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells. They showed more robust TCR clonal expansion, especially in effector CD4+ T cells, but lack strong BCR clonal expansion compared to moderate patients. Moreover, asymptomatic patients have lower interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression in general but large interpatient variability, whereas moderate patients showed various magnitude and temporal dynamics of the ISGs expression across multiple cell populations but lower than a patient with severe disease. Our data provide evidence of different immune signatures to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic infections.
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Lesan V, Bewarder M, Metz C, Becker A, Mang S, Regitz E, Thurner L, Neumann F, Kos I, Christofyllakis K, Danziger G, Stilgenbauer S, Bals R, Lepper PM, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Rixecker T. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS5 is associated with recovery from coronavirus disease 2019. Intensive Care Med Exp 2021; 9:45. [PMID: 34476598 PMCID: PMC8412971 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-021-00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous advances in the identification of risk factors for the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), factors that promote recovery from COVID-19 remain unknown. Natural killer (NK) cells provide innate immune defense against viral infections and are known to be activated during moderate and severe COVID-19. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) mediate NK cell cytotoxicity through recognition of an altered MHC-I expression on infected target cells. However, the influence of KIR genotype on outcome of patients with COVID-19 has not been investigated so far. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome associations of NK cell count and KIR genotype of patients with COVID-19 related severe ARDS treated on our tertiary intensive care unit (ICU) between February and June 2020 and validated our findings in an independent validation cohort of patients with moderate COVID-19 admitted to our tertiary medical center. RESULTS Median age of all patients in the discovery cohort (n = 16) was 61 years (range 50-71 years). All patients received invasive mechanical ventilation; 11 patients (68%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Patients who recovered from COVID-19 had significantly higher median NK cell counts during the whole observational period compared to patients who died (121 cells/µL, range 16-602 cells/µL vs 81 cells/µL, range 6-227 cells/µL, p-value = 0.01). KIR2DS5 positivity was significantly associated with shorter time to recovery (21.6 ± 2.8 days vs. 44.6 ± 2.2 days, p-value = 0.01). KIR2DS5 positivity was significantly associated with freedom from transfer to ICU (0% vs 9%, p-value = 0.04) in the validation cohort which consisted of 65 patients with moderate COVID-19. CONCLUSION NK cells and KIR genotype might have an impact on recovery from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Lesan
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Moritz Bewarder
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Metz
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - André Becker
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mang
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Igor Kos
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Christofyllakis
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Guy Danziger
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Lepper
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Kaddu-Mulindwa
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Oncology, Hematology, Clinical Immunology, Rheumatology), Saarland University Medical Center, University Hospital, Saarland, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Torben Rixecker
- Department of Internal Medicine V (Pneumology, Allergology and Critical Care Medicine), Interdisciplinary COVID-19 Center, University Hospital, Saarland, Homburg, Germany
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Littera R, Chessa L, Deidda S, Angioni G, Campagna M, Lai S, Melis M, Cipri S, Firinu D, Santus S, Lai A, Porcella R, Rassu S, Meloni F, Schirru D, Cordeddu W, Kowalik MA, Ragatzu P, Vacca M, Cannas F, Alba F, Carta MG, Del Giacco S, Restivo A, Deidda S, Palimodde A, Congera P, Perra R, Orrù G, Pes F, Loi M, Murru C, Urru E, Onali S, Coghe F, Giglio S, Perra A. Natural killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors trigger differences in immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255608. [PMID: 34352002 PMCID: PMC8341547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diversity in the clinical course of COVID-19 has been related to differences in innate and adaptative immune response mechanisms. Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes are critical protagonists of human host defense against viral infections. It would seem that reduced circulating levels of these cells have an impact on COVID-19 progression and severity. Their activity is strongly regulated by killer-cell immuno-globulin-like receptors (KIRs) expressed on the NK cell surface. The present study’s focus was to investigate the impact of KIRs and their HLA Class I ligands on SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods KIR gene frequencies, KIR haplotypes, KIR ligands and combinations of KIRs and their HLA Class I ligands were investigated in 396 Sardinian patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Comparisons were made between 2 groups of patients divided according to disease severity: 240 patients were symptomatic or paucisymptomatic (Group A), 156 hospitalized patients had severe disease (Group S). The immunogenetic characteristics of patients were also compared to a population group of 400 individuals from the same geographical areas. Results Substantial differences were obtained for KIR genes, KIR haplotypes and KIR-HLA ligand combinations when comparing patients of Group S to those of Group A. Patients in Group S had a statistically significant higher frequency of the KIR A/A haplotype compared to patients in Group A [34.6% vs 23.8%, OR = 1.7 (95% CI 1.1–2.6); P = 0.02, Pc = 0.04]. Moreover, the KIR2DS2/HLA C1 combination was poorly represented in the group of patients with severe symptoms compared to those of the asymptomatic-paucisymptomatic group [33.3% vs 50.0%, OR = 0.5 (95% CI 0.3–0.8), P = 0.001, Pc = 0.002]. Multivariate analysis confirmed that, regardless of the sex and age of the patients, the latter genetic variable correlated with a less severe disease course [ORM = 0.4 (95% CI 0.3–0.7), PM = 0.0005, PMC = 0.005]. Conclusions The KIR2DS2/HLA C1 functional unit resulted to have a strong protective effect against the adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Combined to other well known factors such as advanced age, male sex and concomitant autoimmune diseases, this marker could prove to be highly informative of the disease course and thus enable the timely intervention needed to reduce the mortality associated with the severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, larger studies in other populations as well as experimental functional studies will be needed to confirm our findings and further pursue the effect of KIR receptors on NK cell immune-mediated response to SARS-Cov-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Littera
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
- Association for the Advancement of Research on Transplantation O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (RL); (LC); (SG); (AP)
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Association for the Advancement of Research on Transplantation O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (RL); (LC); (SG); (AP)
| | - Silvia Deidda
- Complex Structure of Pneumology, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Goffredo Angioni
- Complex Structure of Infectious Diseases, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Lai
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Melis
- Association for the Advancement of Research on Transplantation O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Selene Cipri
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Lai
- Local Crisis Unit (UCL), ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rita Porcella
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefania Rassu
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federico Meloni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Schirru
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - William Cordeddu
- Complex Structure of Infectious Diseases, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Ragatzu
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Vacca
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Cannas
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Alba
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelo Restivo
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Deidda
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Palimodde
- Complex Structure of Pneumology, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Congera
- Complex Structure of Pneumology, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Perra
- Complex Structure of Pneumology, SS Trinità Hospital, ASSL Cagliari, ATS Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Germano Orrù
- Molecular Biology Service Laboratory, Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pes
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Loi
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Murru
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enrico Urru
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Onali
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Coghe
- Clinical Chemical and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giglio
- Complex Structure of Medical Genetics, R. Binaghi Hospital, Local Public Health and Social Care Unit (ASSL) of Cagliari, Sardinian Regional Company for the Protection of Health (ATS Sardegna), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (RL); (LC); (SG); (AP)
| | - Andrea Perra
- Association for the Advancement of Research on Transplantation O.d.V., Non Profit Organisation, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail: (RL); (LC); (SG); (AP)
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Björkström NK, Ponzetta A. Natural killer cells and unconventional T cells in COVID-19. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:176-182. [PMID: 34217135 PMCID: PMC8214213 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
NK cells and diverse populations of unconventional T cells, such as MAIT cells, γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, and DNTɑβ cells are important early effector lymphocytes. While some of these cells, such as NK cell and MAIT cells, have well-established roles in antiviral defense, the function of other populations remains more elusive. Here, we summarize and discuss current knowledge on NK cell and unconventional T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also covered is the role of these cells in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19. Understanding the early, both systemic and local (lung), effector lymphocyte response in this novel disease will likely aid ongoing efforts to combat the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Differential immune responses in pregnant patients recovered from COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:289. [PMID: 34326311 PMCID: PMC8320317 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00703-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are generally more susceptible to viral infection. Although the impact of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy remains to be determined, evidence indicates that the risk factors for severe COVID-19 are similar in pregnancy to the general population. Here we systemically analyzed the clinical characteristics of pregnant and non-pregnant female COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized during the same period and found that pregnant patients developed marked lymphopenia and higher inflammation evident by higher C-reactive protein and IL-6. To elucidate the pathways that might contribute to immunopathology or protective immunity against COVID-19 during pregnancy, we applied single-cell mRNA sequencing to profile peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four pregnant and six non-pregnant female patients after recovery along with four pregnant and three non-pregnant healthy donors. We found normal clonal expansion of T cells in the pregnant patients, heightened activation and chemotaxis in NK, NKT, and MAIT cells, and differential interferon responses in the monocyte compartment. Our data present a unique feature in both innate and adaptive immune responses in pregnant patients recovered from COVID-19.
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31
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Verschoor CP, Haynes L, Pawelec G, Loeb M, Andrew MK, Kuchel GA, McElhaney JE. Key Determinants of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses: A Randomized Trial of High Dose Vs. Standard Dose Split-Virus Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2. [PMID: 35128529 PMCID: PMC8813165 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.649110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Efforts to improve influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults have resulted in some successes, such as the introduction of high-dose split-virus influenza vaccine (HD-SVV), yet studies of cell-mediated immune responses to these vaccines remain limited. We have shown that granzyme B (GrB) activity in influenza A/H3N2 challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlates with protection against influenza following standard dose vaccination (SD-SVV) in older adults. Further, the interferon-γ (IFNγ) to interleukin-10 (IL-10) ratio can be a correlate of protection. Methods: In a double-blind trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02297542) older adults (≥65 years, n = 582) were randomized to receive SD-SVV or HD-SVV (Fluzone®) from 2014/15 to 2017/18. Young adults (20–40 years, n = 79) received SD-SVV. At 0, 4, 10, and 20 weeks post-vaccination, serum antibody titers, IFNγ, IL-10, and inducible GrB (iGrB) were measured in ex vivo influenza-challenged PBMC. iGrB is defined as the fold change in GrB activity from baseline levels (bGrB) in circulating T cells. Responses of older adults were compared to younger controls, and in older adults, we analyzed effects of age, sex, cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus, frailty, and vaccine dose. Results: Prior to vaccination, younger compared to older adults produced significantly higher IFNγ, IL-10, and iGrB levels. Relative to SD-SVV recipients, older HD-SVV recipients exhibited significantly lower IFNγ:IL-10 ratios at 4 weeks post-vaccination. In contrast, IFNγ and iGrB levels were higher in younger SD vs. older SD or HD recipients; only the HD group showed a significant IFNγ response to vaccination compared to the SD groups; all three groups showed a significant iGrB response to vaccination. In a regression analysis, frailty was associated with lower IFNγ levels, whereas female sex and HD-SVV with higher IL-10 levels. Age and SD-SVV were associated with lower iGrB levels. The effect of prior season influenza vaccination was decreased iGrB levels, and increased IFNγ and IL-10 levels, which correlated with influenza A/H3N2 hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers. Conclusion: Overall, HD-SVV amplified the IL-10 response consistent with enhanced antibody responses, with little effect on the iGrB response relative to SD-SVV in either younger or older adults. These results suggest that enhanced protection with HD-SVV is largely antibody-mediated. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02297542).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George A. Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Janet E. McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Janet E. McElhaney,
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Osuchowski MF, Winkler MS, Skirecki T, Cajander S, Shankar-Hari M, Lachmann G, Monneret G, Venet F, Bauer M, Brunkhorst FM, Weis S, Garcia-Salido A, Kox M, Cavaillon JM, Uhle F, Weigand MA, Flohé SB, Wiersinga WJ, Almansa R, de la Fuente A, Martin-Loeches I, Meisel C, Spinetti T, Schefold JC, Cilloniz C, Torres A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Ferrer R, Girardis M, Cossarizza A, Netea MG, van der Poll T, Bermejo-Martín JF, Rubio I. The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2021; 9:622-642. [PMID: 33965003 PMCID: PMC8102044 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 continues to spread worldwide, with devastating consequences. While the medical community has gained insight into the epidemiology of COVID-19, important questions remain about the clinical complexities and underlying mechanisms of disease phenotypes. Severe COVID-19 most commonly involves respiratory manifestations, although other systems are also affected, and acute disease is often followed by protracted complications. Such complex manifestations suggest that SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates the host response, triggering wide-ranging immuno-inflammatory, thrombotic, and parenchymal derangements. We review the intricacies of COVID-19 pathophysiology, its various phenotypes, and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 host response at the humoral and cellular levels. Some similarities exist between COVID-19 and respiratory failure of other origins, but evidence for many distinctive mechanistic features indicates that COVID-19 constitutes a new disease entity, with emerging data suggesting involvement of an endotheliopathy-centred pathophysiology. Further research, combining basic and clinical studies, is needed to advance understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms and to characterise immuno-inflammatory derangements across the range of phenotypes to enable optimum care for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin F Osuchowski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in the AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin S Winkler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara Cajander
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, ICU support offices, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Lachmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - bioMérieux - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Immunology Laboratory, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France; Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - bioMérieux - Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank M Brunkhorst
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Clinical Studies, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Institute for Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Alberto Garcia-Salido
- Pediatric Critical Care Unit, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Florian Uhle
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie B Flohé
- Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Almansa
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda de la Fuente
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martin-Loeches
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaud Spinetti
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joerg C Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catia Cilloniz
- Pneumology Department, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, ICREA, CIBERESUCICOVID, Spain
| | - Antoni Torres
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Pneumology Department, Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, ICREA, CIBERESUCICOVID, Spain; SGR 911-ICREA Academia, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ricard Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Intensive Care Department and Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Massimo Girardis
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania; Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jesús F Bermejo-Martín
- Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega de Valladolid, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomedica En Red-Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. Human NK cells: From development to effector functions. Innate Immun 2021; 27:212-229. [PMID: 33761782 PMCID: PMC8054151 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system that mediates antiviral and anti-tumor responses. It is well established that they develop mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self during the process of NK cell education. Unlike T and B cells, natural killer cells lack clonotypic receptors and are activated after recognizing their target via germline-encoded receptors through natural cytotoxicity, cytokine stimulation, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they utilize cytotoxic granules, death receptor ligands, and cytokines to perform their effector functions. In this review, we provide a general overview of human NK cells, as opposed to murine NK cells, discussing their ontogeny, maturation, receptor diversity, types of responses, and effector functions. Furthermore, we also describe recent advances in human NK cell biology, including tissue-resident NK cell populations, NK cell memory, and novel approaches used to target NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
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34
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Harker JA, Lloyd CM. Overlapping and distinct features of viral and allergen immunity in the human lung. Immunity 2021; 54:617-631. [PMID: 33852829 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity in the human respiratory tract is provided by a diverse range of tissue-resident cells, including specialized epithelial and macrophage populations and a network of innate and innate-like lymphocytes, such as natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and invariant T cells. Lung-resident memory T and B cells contribute to this network following initial exposure to antigenic stimuli. This review explores how advances in the study of human immunology have shaped our understanding of this resident immune network and its response to two of the most commonly encountered inflammatory stimuli in the airways: viruses and allergens. It discusses the many ways in which pathogenic infection and allergic inflammation mirror each other, highlighting the key checkpoints at which they diverge and how this can result in a lifetime of allergic exacerbation versus protective anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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35
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Expansions of adaptive-like NK cells with a tissue-resident phenotype in human lung and blood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016580118. [PMID: 33836578 PMCID: PMC7980282 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are leading causes of death worldwide. However, the local immune cell composition in the human lung and individual outliers within the population still remain largely undescribed. We here identify adaptive-like NK cell expansions with tissue-resident traits in lung and blood in approximately 20% of individuals. This particular NK cell subset, which differed from adaptive-like CD16+ blood NK cells, was hyperresponsive to target cell stimulation. Individuals with such in vivo-primed, expanded NK cells will likely experience a different course of acute lung disease such as viral infections. Furthermore, we believe that target cell-hyperresponsive tissue-resident NK cells represent a future tool in the treatment of lung cancer. Human adaptive-like “memory” CD56dimCD16+ natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood from cytomegalovirus-seropositive individuals have been extensively investigated in recent years and are currently explored as a treatment strategy for hematological cancers. However, treatment of solid tumors remains limited due to insufficient NK cell tumor infiltration, and it is unknown whether large expansions of adaptive-like NK cells that are equipped for tissue residency and tumor homing exist in peripheral tissues. Here, we show that human lung and blood contains adaptive-like CD56brightCD16− NK cells with hallmarks of tissue residency, including expression of CD49a. Expansions of adaptive-like lung tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells were found to be present independently of adaptive-like CD56dimCD16+ NK cells and to be hyperresponsive toward target cells. Together, our data demonstrate that phenotypically, functionally, and developmentally distinct subsets of adaptive-like NK cells exist in human lung and blood. Given their tissue-related character and hyperresponsiveness, human lung adaptive-like trNK cells might represent a suitable alternative for therapies targeting solid tumors.
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36
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Marcos-Jiménez A, Sánchez-Alonso S, Alcaraz-Serna A, Esparcia L, López-Sanz C, Sampedro-Núñez M, Mateu-Albero T, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, Martínez-Fleta P, Gabrie L, Del Campo Guerola L, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Casasnovas JM, Reyburn HT, Valés-Gómez M, López-Trascasa M, Martín-Gayo E, Calzada MJ, Castañeda S, de la Fuente H, González-Álvaro I, Sánchez-Madrid F, Muñoz-Calleja C, Alfranca A. Deregulated cellular circuits driving immunoglobulins and complement consumption associate with the severity of COVID-19 patients. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:634-647. [PMID: 33251605 PMCID: PMC7753288 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection causes an abrupt response by the host immune system, which is largely responsible for the outcome of COVID‐19. We investigated whether the specific immune responses in the peripheral blood of 276 patients were associated with the severity and progression of COVID‐19. At admission, dramatic lymphopenia of T, B, and NK cells is associated with severity. Conversely, the proportion of B cells, plasmablasts, circulating follicular helper T cells (cTfh) and CD56–CD16+ NK‐cells increased. Regarding humoral immunity, levels of IgM, IgA, and IgG were unaffected, but when degrees of severity were considered, IgG was lower in severe patients. Compared to healthy donors, complement C3 and C4 protein levels were higher in mild and moderate, but not in severe patients, while the activation peptide of C5 (C5a) increased from the admission in every patient, regardless of their severity. Moreover, total IgG, the IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes, and C4 decreased from day 0 to day 10 in patients who were hospitalized for more than two weeks, but not in patients who were discharged earlier. Our study provides important clues to understand the immune response observed in COVID‐19 patients, associating severity with an imbalanced humoral response, and identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marcos-Jiménez
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Sánchez-Alonso
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alcaraz-Serna
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Esparcia
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia López-Sanz
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sampedro-Núñez
- Department of Endocrinology, La Princesa Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Mateu-Albero
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Martínez-Fleta
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ligia Gabrie
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luciana Del Campo Guerola
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Calzada
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Castañeda
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia de la Fuente
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia Muñoz-Calleja
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute La Princesa Hospital (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
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37
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Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Other Pathogen Glycoprotein Interactions with NK Cell Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020156. [PMID: 33494528 PMCID: PMC7911750 DOI: 10.3390/v13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immunity repertoire, and function in the recognition and destruction of tumorigenic and pathogen-infected cells. Engagement of NK cell activating receptors can lead to functional activation of NK cells, resulting in lysis of target cells. NK cell activating receptors specific for non-major histocompatibility complex ligands are NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, NKG2D, and CD16 (also known as FcγRIII). The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, have been implicated in functional activation of NK cells following influenza virus infection via binding with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In this review we describe NK cell and influenza A virus biology, and the interactions of influenza A virus HA and other pathogen lectins with NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We review concepts which intersect viral immunology, traditional virology and glycobiology to provide insights into the interactions between influenza virus HA and the NCRs. Furthermore, we provide expert opinion on future directions that would provide insights into currently unanswered questions.
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38
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Goodier MR, Riley EM. Regulation of the human NK cell compartment by pathogens and vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1244. [PMID: 33505682 PMCID: PMC7813579 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells constitute a phenotypically diverse population of innate lymphoid cells with a broad functional spectrum. Classically defined as cytotoxic lymphocytes with the capacity to eliminate cells lacking self‐MHC or expressing markers of stress or neoplastic transformation, critical roles for NK cells in immunity to infection in the regulation of immune responses and as vaccine‐induced effector cells have also emerged. A crucial feature of NK cell biology is their capacity to integrate signals from pathogen‐, tumor‐ or stress‐induced innate pathways and from antigen‐specific immune responses. The extent to which innate and acquired immune mediators influence NK cell effector function is influenced by the maturation and differentiation state of the NK cell compartment; moreover, NK cell differentiation is driven in part by exposure to infection. Pathogens can thus mould the NK cell response to maximise their own success and/or minimise the damage they cause. Here, we review recent evidence that pathogen‐ and vaccine‐derived signals influence the differentiation, adaptation and subsequent effector function of human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Goodier
- Department of Infection Biology London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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39
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Files JK, Boppana S, Perez MD, Sarkar S, Lowman KE, Qin K, Sterrett S, Carlin E, Bansal A, Sabbaj S, Long DM, Kutsch O, Kobie J, Goepfert PA, Erdmann N. Sustained cellular immune dysregulation in individuals recovering from SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140491. [PMID: 33119547 PMCID: PMC7773371 DOI: 10.1172/jci140491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and significant mortality. Studies investigating underlying immune characteristics are needed to understand disease pathogenesis and inform vaccine design. In this study, we examined immune cell subsets in hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals. In hospitalized patients, many adaptive and innate immune cells were decreased in frequency compared with those of healthy and convalescent individuals, with the exception of an increase in B lymphocytes. Our findings show increased frequencies of T cell activation markers (CD69, OX40, HLA-DR, and CD154) in hospitalized patients, with other T cell activation/exhaustion markers (PD-L1 and TIGIT) remaining elevated in hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals. B cells had a similar pattern of activation/exhaustion, with increased frequency of CD69 and CD95 during hospitalization followed by an increase in PD1 frequencies in nonhospitalized individuals. Interestingly, many of these changes were found to increase over time in nonhospitalized longitudinal samples, suggesting a prolonged period of immune dysregulation after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Changes in T cell activation/exhaustion in nonhospitalized patients were found to positively correlate with age. Severely infected individuals had increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers. These data suggest a prolonged period of immune dysregulation after SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the need for additional studies investigating immune dysregulation in convalescent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K. Files
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Sushma Boppana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Mildred D. Perez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Sanghita Sarkar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Kelsey E. Lowman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Kai Qin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Sarah Sterrett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Eric Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Steffanie Sabbaj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Dustin M. Long
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James Kobie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Paul A. Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Nathan Erdmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine
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40
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Diaz-Salazar C, Sun JC. Natural killer cell responses to emerging viruses of zoonotic origin. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:97-111. [PMID: 32784125 PMCID: PMC7415341 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases pose a major threat to public health worldwide. Nearly all emerging viruses, including Ebola, Dengue, Nipah, West Nile, Zika, and coronaviruses (including SARS-Cov2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic), have zoonotic origins, indicating that animal-to-human transmission constitutes a primary mode of acquisition of novel infectious diseases. Why these viruses can cause profound pathologies in humans, while natural reservoir hosts often show little evidence of disease is not completely understood. Differences in the host immune response, especially within the innate compartment, have been suggested to be involved in this divergence. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a critical role in the early antiviral response, secreting effector cytokines and clearing infected cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms through which NK cells interact with viruses, their contribution towards maintaining equilibrium between the virus and its natural host, and their role in disease progression in humans and other non-natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz-Salazar
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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41
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Hwang HS, Chang M, Kim YA. Influenza-Host Interplay and Strategies for Universal Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030548. [PMID: 32962304 PMCID: PMC7564814 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an annual epidemic and an occasional pandemic caused by pathogens that are responsible for infectious respiratory disease. Humans are highly susceptible to the infection mediated by influenza A viruses (IAV). The entry of the virus is mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein that binds to the cellular sialic acid receptors and facilitates the fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membrane. During IAV infection, virus-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognized by host intracellular specific sensors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) either on the cell surface or intracellularly in endosomes. Herein, we comprehensively review the current knowledge available on the entry of the influenza virus into host cells and the molecular details of the influenza virus–host interface. We also highlight certain strategies for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (Y.A.K.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.); +82-62-530-1871 (Y.A.K.)
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Klomp M, Ghosh S, Mohammed S, Nadeem Khan M. From virus to inflammation, how influenza promotes lung damage. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:115-122. [PMID: 32895987 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0820-232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite seasonal vaccines, influenza-related hospitalization and death rates have remained unchanged over the past 5 years. Influenza pathogenesis has 2 crucial clinical components; first, influenza causes acute lung injury that may require hospitalization. Second, acute injury promotes secondary bacterial pneumonia, a leading cause of hospitalization and disease burden in the United States and globally. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic regimen against influenza requires a comprehensive understanding of the damage-associated immune-mechanisms to identify therapeutic targets for interventions to mitigate inflammation/tissue-damage, improve antiviral immunity, and prevent influenza-associated secondary bacterial diseases. In this review, the pathogenic immune mechanisms implicated in acute lung injury and the possibility of using lung inflammation and barrier crosstalk for developing therapeutics against influenza are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Klomp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sohail Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - M Nadeem Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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43
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Maucourant C, Filipovic I, Ponzetta A, Aleman S, Cornillet M, Hertwig L, Strunz B, Lentini A, Reinius B, Brownlie D, Cuapio A, Ask EH, Hull RM, Haroun-Izquierdo A, Schaffer M, Klingström J, Folkesson E, Buggert M, Sandberg JK, Eriksson LI, Rooyackers O, Ljunggren HG, Malmberg KJ, Michaëlsson J, Marquardt N, Hammer Q, Strålin K, Björkström NK. Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabd6832. [PMID: 32826343 PMCID: PMC7665314 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding innate immune responses in COVID-19 is important to decipher mechanisms of host responses and interpret disease pathogenesis. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that respond to acute viral infections but might also contribute to immunopathology. Using 28-color flow cytometry, we here reveal strong NK cell activation across distinct subsets in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. This pattern was mirrored in scRNA-seq signatures of NK cells in bronchoalveolar lavage from COVID-19 patients. Unsupervised high-dimensional analysis of peripheral blood NK cells furthermore identified distinct NK cell immunotypes that were linked to disease severity. Hallmarks of these immunotypes were high expression of perforin, NKG2C, and Ksp37, reflecting increased presence of adaptive NK cells in circulation of patients with severe disease. Finally, arming of CD56bright NK cells was observed across COVID-19 disease states, driven by a defined protein-protein interaction network of inflammatory soluble factors. This study provides a detailed map of the NK cell activation landscape in COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maucourant
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Lentini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Reinius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Demi Brownlie
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eivind Heggernes Ask
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of .Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ryan M Hull
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Haroun-Izquierdo
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department Clinical Interventions and Technology CLINTEC, Division for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of .Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Marquardt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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44
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Maucourant C, Filipovic I, Ponzetta A, Aleman S, Cornillet M, Hertwig L, Strunz B, Lentini A, Reinius B, Brownlie D, Cuapio A, Ask EH, Hull RM, Haroun-Izquierdo A, Schaffer M, Klingström J, Folkesson E, Buggert M, Sandberg JK, Eriksson LI, Rooyackers O, Ljunggren HG, Malmberg KJ, Michaëlsson J, Marquardt N, Hammer Q, Strålin K, Björkström NK. Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity. Sci Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32826343 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding innate immune responses in COVID-19 is important to decipher mechanisms of host responses and interpret disease pathogenesis. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that respond to acute viral infections but might also contribute to immunopathology. Using 28-color flow cytometry, we here reveal strong NK cell activation across distinct subsets in peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. This pattern was mirrored in scRNA-seq signatures of NK cells in bronchoalveolar lavage from COVID-19 patients. Unsupervised high-dimensional analysis of peripheral blood NK cells furthermore identified distinct NK cell immunotypes that were linked to disease severity. Hallmarks of these immunotypes were high expression of perforin, NKG2C, and Ksp37, reflecting increased presence of adaptive NK cells in circulation of patients with severe disease. Finally, arming of CD56bright NK cells was observed across COVID-19 disease states, driven by a defined protein-protein interaction network of inflammatory soluble factors. This study provides a detailed map of the NK cell activation landscape in COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maucourant
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Lentini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Reinius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Demi Brownlie
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eivind Heggernes Ask
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of .Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ryan M Hull
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Haroun-Izquierdo
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Schaffer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department Clinical Interventions and Technology CLINTEC, Division for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of .Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Marquardt
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Quirin Hammer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R. Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1309. [PMID: 32973527 PMCID: PMC7468462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide struggle against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health crisis continues to sweep across the globe. Up to now, effective antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is not available. Therefore, throughout virus infections, a thorough clarification of the virus-host immune system interactions will be most probably helpful to encounter these challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that just like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 primarily suppresses the innate immune system, enabling its stable propagation during the early stage of infection. Consequently, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been increasing during infection progression associated with severe lung pathology. It is imperative to consider hyper inflammation in vaccine designing, as vaccine-induced immune responses must have a protective role against infection without leading to immunopathology. Among the front-line responders to viral infections, Natural Killer (NK) cells have immense therapeutic potential, forming a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. A subset of NK cells exhibits putatively increased effector functions against viruses following pathogen-specific and immunization. Memory NK cells have higher cytotoxicity and effector activity, compared with the conventional NK cells. As a pioneering strategy, prompt accumulation and long-term maintenance of these memory NK cells could be an efficacious viral treatment. According to the high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the world, it remains to be determined whether HCMV adaptive NK cells could play a protective role against this new emerging virus. In addition, the new adaptive-like KIR+NKG2C+ NK cell subset (the adaptive-like lung tissue residue [tr]NK cell) in the context of the respiratory infection at this site could specifically exhibit the expansion upon COVID-19. Another aspect of NK cells we should note, utilizing modified NK cells such as allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells as a state-of-the-art strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. In this line, we speculate introducing NKG2C into chimeric antigen receptors in NK cells might be a potential approach in future viral immunotherapy for emerging viruses. In this contribution, we will briefly discuss the current status and future perspective of NK cells, which provide to successfully exploit NK cell-mediated antiviral activity that may offer important new tools in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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46
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Frank K, Paust S. Dynamic Natural Killer Cell and T Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:425. [PMID: 32974217 PMCID: PMC7461885 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have perplexed scientists for over a hundred years. Yearly vaccines limit their spread, but they do not prevent all infections. Therapeutic treatments for those experiencing severe infection are limited; further advances are held back by insufficient understanding of the fundamental immune mechanisms responsible for immunopathology. NK cells and T cells are essential in host responses to influenza infection. They produce immunomodulatory cytokines and mediate the cytotoxic response to infection. An imbalance in NK and T cell responses can lead to two outcomes: excessive inflammation and tissue damage or insufficient anti-viral functions and uncontrolled infection. The main cause of death in influenza patients is the former, mediated by hyperinflammatory responses termed “cytokine storm.” NK cells and T cells contribute to cytokine storm, but they are also required for viral clearance. Many studies have attempted to distinguish protective and pathogenic components of the NK cell and T cell influenza response, but it has become clear that they are dynamic and integrated processes. This review will analyze how NK cell and T cell effector functions during influenza infection affect the host response and correlate with morbidity and mortality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Market M, Angka L, Martel AB, Bastin D, Olanubi O, Tennakoon G, Boucher DM, Ng J, Ardolino M, Auer RC. Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1512. [PMID: 32655581 PMCID: PMC7324763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders critical for viral clearance and immunomodulation. Despite their vital role in viral infection, the contribution of NK cells in fighting SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been directly investigated. Insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic opportunities can therefore be inferred from studies assessing NK cell phenotype and function during SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. These studies suggest a reduction in circulating NK cell numbers and/or an exhausted phenotype following infection and hint toward the dampening of NK cell responses by coronaviruses. Reduced circulating NK cell levels and exhaustion may be directly responsible for the progression and severity of COVID-19. Conversely, in light of data linking inflammation with coronavirus disease severity, it is necessary to examine NK cell potential in mediating immunopathology. A common feature of coronavirus infections is that significant morbidity and mortality is associated with lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting from an exaggerated immune response, of which NK cells are an important component. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond in both early and late coronavirus infections, and the implication for ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials. Using this immunological lens, we outline recommendations for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 in clearing the virus while preventing the harm of immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Market
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leonard Angka
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andre B. Martel
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald Bastin
- Schulich School of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Oladunni Olanubi
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dominique M. Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Ng
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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48
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Unique transcriptional and protein-expression signature in human lung tissue-resident NK cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3841. [PMID: 31451696 PMCID: PMC6710242 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lung tissue-resident NK cells (trNK cells) are likely to play an important role in host responses towards viral infections, inflammatory conditions and cancer. However, detailed insights into these cells are still largely lacking. Here we show, using RNA sequencing and flow cytometry-based analyses, that subsets of human lung CD69+CD16− NK cells display hallmarks of tissue-residency, including high expression of CD49a, CD103, and ZNF683, and reduced expression of SELL, S1PR5, and KLF2/3. CD49a+CD16− NK cells are functionally competent, and produce IFN-γ, TNF, MIP-1β, and GM-CSF. After stimulation with IL-15, they upregulate perforin, granzyme B, and Ki67 to a similar degree as CD49a−CD16− NK cells. Comparing datasets from trNK cells in human lung and bone marrow with tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells identifies core genes co-regulated either by tissue-residency, cell-type or location. Together, our data indicate that human lung trNK cells have distinct features, likely regulating their function in barrier immunity. Detailed characterizations of human lung tissue-resident natural killer (trNK) cells, which potentially regulate local immune responses, is still lacking. Here the authors show that lung CD69+ CD16– NK cells express tissue-residency markers, produce effector cytokines, and are distinct, feature-wise, from lung CD8+ memory T cells or trNK in other tissues.
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