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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV-TAT and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9. [PMID: 38884890 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1). The ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. Itaconate then facilitates cytokine production and activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. However, the immunometabolic function of itaconate was unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable ester form of itaconate known for its anti-inflammatory properties. When primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine were treated with 4OI, microglial cell number increased and the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine were reversed. Microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. 4OI treatment inhibited secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling determined that Nrf2 target genes were significantly activated in Tat and 4OI treated cultures relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development to treat HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael D Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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O'Brien JA, Austin PJ. Minocycline Abrogates Individual Differences in Nerve Injury-Evoked Affective Disturbances in Male Rats and Prevents Associated Supraspinal Neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:30. [PMID: 38878098 PMCID: PMC11180027 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain precipitates a complex range of affective and behavioural disturbances that differ markedly between individuals. While the reasons for differences in pain-related disability are not well understood, supraspinal neuroimmune interactions are implicated. Minocycline has antidepressant effects in humans and attenuates affective disturbances in rodent models of pain, and acts by reducing neuroinflammation in both the spinal cord and brain. Previous studies, however, tend not to investigate how minocycline modulates individual affective responses to nerve injury, or rely on non-naturalistic behavioural paradigms that fail to capture the complexity of rodent behaviour. We investigated the development and resolution of pain-related affective disturbances in nerve-injured male rats by measuring multiple spontaneous ethological endpoints on a longitudinal naturalistic foraging paradigm, and the effect of chronic oral minocycline administration on these changes. Disrupted foraging behaviours appeared in 22% of nerve-injured rats - termed 'affected' rats - and were present at day 14 but partially resolved by day 21 post-injury. Minocycline completely prevented the emergence of an affected subgroup while only partly attenuating mechanical allodynia, dissociating the relationship between pain and affect. This was associated with a lasting downregulation of ΔFosB expression in ventral hippocampal neurons at day 21 post-injury. Markers of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation were not present by day 21, however proinflammatory microglial polarisation was apparent in the medial prefrontal cortex of affected rats and not in CCI minocycline rats. Individual differences in affective disturbances following nerve injury are therefore temporally related to altered microglial morphology and hippocampal neuronal activation, and are abrogated by minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A O'Brien
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Austin
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Choi K, Lee J, Kim G, Lim Y, Kang HJ. Recovery of synaptic loss and depressive-like behavior induced by GATA1 through blocking of the neuroinflammatory response. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1369951. [PMID: 38784708 PMCID: PMC11112091 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1369951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
GATA1, a member of the GATA transcription factor family, is a critical factor in hematopoietic system development. In a previous study, we demonstrated the increased expression of GATA1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) of patients suffering from depression and described its role as a transcriptional repressor of synapse-related genes. In this study, we investigated how GATA1 globally altered gene expression using multi-omics approaches. Through the combined analyses of ChIPseq, mRNAseq, and small RNAseq, we profiled genes that are potentially affected by GATA1 in cultured cortical neurons, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that GATA1 might be associated with immune-related functions. We hypothesized that GATA1 induces immune activation, which has detrimental effects including synapse loss and depressive-like behavior. To test this hypothesis, we first performed a microglial morphometric analysis of a brain having overexpression of GATA1 because microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Fractal analysis showed that the ramification and process length of microglia decreased in brains having GATA1 overexpression compared to the control, suggesting that GATA1 overexpression increases the activation of microglia. Through flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis, we found that activated microglia showed pro-inflammatory phenotypes characterized by the expression of CD86 and CD68. Finally, we demonstrated that the effects of GATA1 overexpression including synapse loss and depressive-like behavior could be blocked by inhibiting microglial activation using minocycline. These results will elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of GATA1 that affect pathophysiological conditions such as depression and provide a potential target for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyo Jung Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sha C, Van Brunt T, Kudria J, Schmidt D, Yurovsky A, Bandovic J, Giarrizzo M, Lin J, Tsirka SA, Bialkowska AB, Wollmuth L, Speer E, Hsieh H. A graded neonatal mouse model of necrotizing enterocolitis demonstrates that mild enterocolitis is sufficient to activate microglia and increase cerebral cytokine expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.03.551849. [PMID: 38746118 PMCID: PMC11092491 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory gastrointestinal process that afflicts approximately 10% of preterm infants born in the United States each year, with a mortality rate of 30%. NEC severity is graded using Bell's classification system, from stage I mild NEC to stage III severe NEC. Over half of NEC survivors present with neurodevelopmental impairment during adolescence, a long-term complication that is poorly understood but can occur even after mild NEC. Although multiple animal models exist, none allow the experimenter to control nor represent the gradient of symptom severities seen in NEC patients. We bridge this knowledge gap by developing a graded murine model of NEC and studying its relationship with neuroinflammation across a range of NEC severities. Methods Postnatal day 3 (P3) C57BL/6 mice were fed a formula containing different concentrations (0% control, 0.25%, 1%, 2%, and 3%) of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). P3 mice were fed every 3 hours for 72-hours. We collected data on weight gain and behavior (activity, response, body color) during feeding. At the end of the experiment, we collected tissues (intestine, liver, plasma, brain) for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and cytokine and chemokine analysis. Results Throughout NEC induction, mice fed higher concentrations of DSS died sooner, lost weight faster, and became sick or lethargic earlier. Intestinal characteristics (dilation, color, friability) were worse in mice fed with higher DSS concentrations. Histology revealed small intestinal disarray among mice fed all DSS concentrations, while higher DSS concentrations resulted in reduced small intestinal cellular proliferation and increased hepatic and systemic inflammation. In the brain, IL-2, G-CSF, and CXCL1 concentrations increased with higher DSS concentrations. Although the number of neurons and microglia in the CA1 hippocampal region did not differ, microglial branching was significantly reduced in DSS-fed mice. Conclusion We characterize a novel graded model of NEC that recapitulates the full range of NEC severities. We show that mild NEC is sufficient to initiate neuroinflammation and microglia activation. This model will facilitate studies on the neurodevelopmental effects of NEC.
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Cogut V, Goris M, Jansma A, van der Staaij M, Henning RH. Hippocampal neuroimmune response in mice undergoing serial daily torpor induced by calorie restriction. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1334206. [PMID: 38686173 PMCID: PMC11056553 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1334206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hibernating animals demonstrate a remarkable ability to withstand extreme physiological brain changes without triggering adverse neuroinflammatory responses. While hibernators may offer valuable insights into the neuroprotective mechanisms inherent to hibernation, studies using such species are constrained by the limited availability of molecular tools. Laboratory mice may serve as an alternative, entering states of hypometabolism and hypothermia similar to the torpor observed in hibernation when faced with energy shortage. Notably, prolonged calorie restriction (CR) induces serial daily torpor patterns in mice, comparable to species that utilize daily hibernation. Here, we examined the neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus of male C57BL/6 mice undergoing serial daily torpor induced by a 30% CR for 4 weeks. During daily torpor episodes, CR mice exhibited transient increases in TNF-α mRNA expression, which normalized upon arousal. Concurrently, the CA1 region of the hippocampus showed persistent morphological changes in microglia, characterized by reduced cell branching, decreased cell complexity and altered shape. Importantly, these morphological changes were not accompanied by evident signs of astrogliosis or oxidative stress, typically associated with detrimental neuroinflammation. Collectively, the adaptive nature of the brain's inflammatory response to CR-induced torpor in mice parallels observations in hibernators, highlighting its value for studying the mechanisms of brain resilience during torpor. Such insights could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions in stroke and neurodegenerative disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cogut
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Strohm AO, Johnston C, Hernady E, Marples B, O'Banion MK, Majewska AK. Cranial irradiation disrupts homeostatic microglial dynamic behavior. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:82. [PMID: 38570852 PMCID: PMC10993621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation causes cognitive deficits that are in part mediated by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Microglia are highly reactive, exhibiting changes in shape and morphology depending on the function they are performing. Additionally, microglia processes make dynamic, physical contacts with different components of their environment to monitor the functional state of the brain and promote plasticity. Though evidence suggests radiation perturbs homeostatic microglia functions, it is unknown how cranial irradiation impacts the dynamic behavior of microglia over time. Here, we paired in vivo two-photon microscopy with a transgenic mouse model that labels cortical microglia to follow these cells and determine how they change over time in cranial irradiated mice and their control littermates. We show that a single dose of 10 Gy cranial irradiation disrupts homeostatic cortical microglia dynamics during a 1-month time course. We found a lasting loss of microglial cells following cranial irradiation, coupled with a modest dysregulation of microglial soma displacement at earlier timepoints. The homogeneous distribution of microglia was maintained, suggesting microglia rearrange themselves to account for cell loss and maintain territorial organization following cranial irradiation. Furthermore, we found cranial irradiation reduced microglia coverage of the parenchyma and their surveillance capacity, without overtly changing morphology. Our results demonstrate that a single dose of radiation can induce changes in microglial behavior and function that could influence neurological health. These results set the foundation for future work examining how cranial irradiation impacts complex cellular dynamics in the brain which could contribute to the manifestation of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Carl Johnston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Eric Hernady
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Brian Marples
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - M Kerry O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Sheridan SD, Horng JE, Yeh H, McCrea L, Wang J, Fu T, Perlis RH. Loss of Function in the Neurodevelopmental Disease and Schizophrenia-Associated Gene CYFIP1 in Human Microglia-like Cells Supports a Functional Role in Synaptic Engulfment. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:676-686. [PMID: 37573007 PMCID: PMC10874584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CYFIP1 gene, located in the neurodevelopmental risk locus 15q11.2, is highly expressed in microglia, but its role in human microglial function as it relates to neurodevelopment is not well understood. METHODS We generated multiple CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) knockouts of CYFIP1 in patient-derived models of microglia to characterize function and phenotype. Using microglia-like cells reprogrammed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we quantified phagocytosis of synaptosomes (isolated and purified synaptic vesicles) from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal cultures as an in vitro model of synaptic pruning. We repeated these analyses in human iPSC-derived microglia-like cells derived from 3 isogenic wild-type/knockout line pairs derived from 2 donors and further characterized microglial development and function through morphology and motility. RESULTS CYFIP1 knockout using orthogonal CRISPR constructs in multiple patient-derived cell lines was associated with a statistically significant decrease in synaptic vesicle phagocytosis in microglia-like cell models derived from both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and iPSCs. Morphology was also shifted toward a more ramified profile, and motility was significantly reduced. However, iPSC-CYFIP1 knockout lines retained the ability to differentiate to functional microglia. CONCLUSIONS The changes in microglial phenotype and function due to the loss of function of CYFIP1 observed in this study implicate a potential impact on processes such as synaptic pruning that may contribute to CYFIP1-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Investigating risk genes in a range of central nervous system cell types, not solely neurons, may be required to fully understand the way in which common and rare variants intersect to yield neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Sheridan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joy E Horng
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hana Yeh
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liam McCrea
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Fu
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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DeVries SA, Conner B, Dimovasili C, Moore TL, Medalla M, Mortazavi F, Rosene DL. Immune proteins C1q and CD47 may contribute to aberrant microglia-mediated synapse loss in the aging monkey brain that is associated with cognitive impairment. GeroScience 2024; 46:2503-2519. [PMID: 37989825 PMCID: PMC10828237 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in learning, memory, and executive function occurs in normal aging even in the absence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While neurons do not degenerate in humans or monkeys free of AD, there are structural changes including synapse loss and dendritic atrophy, especially in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and these correlate with cognitive age-related impairment. Developmental studies revealed activity-dependent neuronal properties that lead to synapse remodeling by microglia. Microglia-mediated phagocytosis that may eliminate synapses is regulated by immune "eat me" and "don't eat me" signaling proteins in an activity-dependent manner, so that less active synapses are eliminated. Whether this process contributes to age-related synapse loss remains unknown. The present study used a rhesus monkey model of normal aging to investigate the balance between the "eat me" signal, complement component C1q, and the "don't eat me" signal, transmembrane glycoprotein CD47, relative to age-related synapse loss in dlPFC Area 46. Results showed an age-related elevation of C1q and reduction of CD47 at PSD95+ synapses that is associated with cognitive impairment. Additionally, reduced neuronal CD47 RNA expression was found, indicating that aged neurons were less able to produce the protective signal CD47. Interestingly, microglia do not show the hypertrophic morphology indicative of phagocytic activity. These findings suggest that in the aging brain, changes in the balance of immunologic proteins give microglia instructions favoring synapse elimination of less active synapses, but this may occur by a process other than classic phagocytosis such as trogocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A DeVries
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bryce Conner
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Farzad Mortazavi
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurobiology, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Salas-Gallardo GA, Lorea-Hernández JJ, Robles-Gómez ÁA, Del Campo CCM, Peña-Ortega F. Morphological differentiation of peritumoral brain zone microglia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297576. [PMID: 38451958 PMCID: PMC10919594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peritumoral Brain Zone (PBZ) contributes to Glioblastoma (GBM) relapse months after the resection of the original tumor, which is influenced by a variety of pathological factors. Among those, microglia are recognized as one of the main regulators of GBM progression and probably relapse. Although microglial morphology has been analyzed inside GBM and its immediate surroundings, it has not been objectively characterized throughout the PBZ. Thus, we aimed to perform a thorough characterization of microglial morphology in the PBZ and its likely differentiation not just from the tumor-associated microglia but from control tissue microglia. For this purpose, Sprague Dawley rats were intrastriatally implanted with C6 cells to induce a GBM formation. Gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to locate the tumor and to define the PBZ (2 mm beyond the tumor border), thus delimitating the different regions of interest (ROIs: core tumoral zone and immediate interface; contralateral striatum as control). Brain slices were obtained and immunolabeled with the microglia marker Iba-1. Sixteen morphological parameters were measured for each cell, significative differences were found in all parameters when comparing the four ROIs. To determine if PBZ microglia could be morphologically differentiated from microglia in other ROIs, hierarchical clustering analysis was performed, revealing that microglia can be separated into four morphologically differentiated clusters, each of them mostly integrated by cells sampled in each ROI. Furthermore, a classifier based on linear discriminant analysis, including only three morphological parameters, categorized microglial cells across the studied ROIs and showed a gradual transition between them. The robustness of this classification was assessed through principal component analysis with the remaining 13 morphological parameters, corroborating the obtained results. Thus, in this study we provided objective and quantitative evidence that PBZ microglia represent a differentiable microglial morphotype that could contribute to the recurrence of GBM in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Anahí Salas-Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Jonathan-Julio Lorea-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Ángel Abdiel Robles-Gómez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Claudia Castillo-Martin Del Campo
- Laboratorio de Células Neurales Troncales, CIACYT-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
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Liu L, Tang J, Liang X, Li Y, Zhu P, Zhou M, Qin L, Deng Y, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang L, Huang D, Zhou Y, Wang S, Xiao Q, Luo Y, Tang Y. Running exercise alleviates hippocampal neuroinflammation and shifts the balance of microglial M1/M2 polarization through adiponectin/AdipoR1 pathway activation in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02464-1. [PMID: 38361125 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Running exercise has been shown to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, the mechanism underlying the antidepressant effects of running exercise is not fully understood. The imbalance of M1/M2 microglia phenotype/polarization and concomitant dysregulation of neuroinflammation play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of depression. Running exercise increases circulating levels of adiponectin which is known to cross the blood‒brain barrier and suppress inflammatory responses. AdipoR1 is an adiponectin receptor that is involved in regulating microglial phenotypes and activation states. However, whether running exercise regulates hippocampal microglial phenotypes and neuroinflammation through adiponectin/AdipoR1 to exert its antidepressant effects remains unclear. In the current study, 4 weeks of running exercise significantly alleviated the depressive-like behaviors of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-exposed mice. Moreover, running exercise decreased the microglial numbers and altered microglial morphology in three subregions of the hippocampus to restore the M1/M2 balance; these effects were accompanied by regulation of pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine production and secretion in CUS-exposed mice. These effects may involve elevation of peripheral tissue (adipose tissue and muscle) and plasma adiponectin levels, and hippocampal AdipoR1 levels as well as activation of the AMPK-NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway by running exercise. When an adeno-associated virus was used to knock down hippocampal AdipoR1, mice showed depressive-like behaviors and alterations in microglia and inflammatory factor expression in the hippocampus that were similar to those observed in CUS-exposed mice. Together, these results suggest that running exercise maintains the M1/M2 balance and inhibits neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of CUS-exposed mice. These effects might occur via adiponectin/AdipoR1-mediated activation of the AMPK-NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Qin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dujuan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Radioactive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Sung W, Noh MY, Nahm M, Kim YS, Ki CS, Kim YE, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Progranulin haploinsufficiency mediates cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation with lysosomal abnormalities in human microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38347588 PMCID: PMC10863104 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. METHODS To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD-GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. RESULTS iMGs from FTD-GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD-GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjae Sung
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyeop Nahm
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Fernandes HDB, Oliveira BDS, Machado CA, Carvalho BC, de Brito Toscano EC, da Silva MCM, Vieira ÉLM, de Oliveira ACP, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, da Silva AM. Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroimmune features of RasGEF1b deficient mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110908. [PMID: 38048936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The factor RasGEF1b is a Ras guanine exchange factor involved in immune responses. Studies have also implicated RasGEF1b in the CNS development. It is still limited the understanding of the role of RasGEF1b in CNS functioning. Using RasGEF1b deficient mice (RasGEF1b-cKO), we investigated the impact of this gene deletion in behavior, cognition, brain neurochemistry and microglia morphology. We showed that RasGEF1b-cKO mice display spontaneous hyperlocomotion and anhedonia. RasGEF1b-cKO mice also exhibited compulsive-like behavior that was restored after acute treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (5 mg/kg). A down-regulation of mRNA of dopamine receptor (Drd1, Drd2, Drd4 and Drd5) and serotonin receptor genes (5Htr1a, 5Htr1b and 5Htr1d) was observed in hippocampus of RasGEF1b-cKO mice. These mice also had reduction of Drd1 and Drd2 in prefrontal cortex and 5Htr1d in striatum. In addition, morphological alterations were observed in RasGEF1b deficient microglia along with decreased levels of hippocampal BDNF. We provided original evidence that the deletion of RasGEF1b leads to unique behavioral features, implicating this factor in CNS functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Amaral Machado
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brener Cunha Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisas em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, s/n°, Dom Bosco, CEP: 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina M da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center of Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Departament of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science McGovern School, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building (BBSB), The University of Texas Health Science Center, 941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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13
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Salinas-García AF, Roque A, Zamudio-Flores J, Meléndez-Herrera E, Kline AE, Lajud N. Early Life Stress Negatively Impacts Spatial Learning Acquisition and Increases Hippocampal CA1 Microglial Activation After a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Male Rats. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:514-528. [PMID: 37885223 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) affects neurogenesis and spatial learning, and increases neuroinflammation after a pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Previous studies have shown that ELS has minimal effects in juveniles but shows age-dependent effects in adults. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the effects of ELS in adult male rats after an mTBI. Maternal separation for 180 min per day (MS180) during the first 21 post-natal (P) days was used as the ELS model. At P110, the rats were subjected to a mild controlled cortical impact injury (2.6 mm) or sham surgery. Spatial learning was evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM) 14 days after surgery and both microglial activation and neurogenesis were quantified. The results indicate that MS180 + mTBI, but not control (CONT) + mTBI, rats show deficiencies in the acquisition of spatial learning. mTBI led to comparable increases in microglial activation in both the hilus and cortical regions for both groups. However, MS180 + mTBI rats exhibited a greater increase in microglial activation in the ipsilateral CA1 hippocampus subfield compared with CONT + mTBI. Interestingly, for the contralateral CA1 region, this effect was observed exclusively in MS180 + mTBI. ELS and mTBI independently caused a decrease in hippocampal neurogenesis and this effect was not increased further in MS180 + mTBI rats. The findings demonstrate that ELS and mTBI synergistically affect cognitive performance and neuroinflammation, thus supporting the hypothesis that increased inflammation resulting from the combination of ELS and mTBI could underlie the observed effects on learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernanda Salinas-García
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Angélica Roque
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Jonathan Zamudio-Flores
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Esperanza Meléndez-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. USA
| | - Naima Lajud
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Chumak T, Jullienne A, Joakim Ek C, Ardalan M, Svedin P, Quan R, Salehi A, Salari S, Obenaus A, Vexler ZS, Mallard C. Maternal n-3 enriched diet reprograms neurovascular transcriptome and blunts inflammation in neonate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576634. [PMID: 38328227 PMCID: PMC10849562 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Infection during perinatal period can adversely affect brain development, predispose infants to ischemic stroke and have lifelong consequences. We previously demonstrated that diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) transforms brain lipid composition and protects from neonatal stroke. Vasculature is a critical interface between blood and brain providing a barrier to systemic infection. Here we examined whether maternal PUFA-enriched diets exert reprograming of endothelial cell signalling in 9-day old mice after endotoxin (LPS)-induced infection. Transcriptome analysis was performed on brain microvessels from pups born to dams maintained on 3 diets: standard, n-3 or n-6 enriched. N-3 diet enabled higher immune reactivity in brain vasculature, while preventing imbalance of cell cycle regulation and extracellular matrix cascades that accompanied inflammatory response in standard diet. LPS response in blood and brain was blunted in n-3 offspring. Cerebral angioarchitecture analysis revealed modified vessel complexity after LPS. Thus, n-3-enriched maternal diet partially prevents imbalance in homeostatic processes and alters inflammation rather than affects brain vascularization during early life. Importantly, maternal diet may presage offspring neurovascular outcomes later in life.
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16
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Smiley CE, Pate BS, Bouknight SJ, Harrington EN, Jasnow AM, Wood SK. The role of locus coeruleus neuroimmune signaling in the response to social stress in female rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575076. [PMID: 38260568 PMCID: PMC10802589 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders that result from stress exposure, including post-traumatic stress disorder and substance abuse, are highly associated with central inflammation. Our previous work established that females selectively exhibit increased proinflammatory cytokine release within the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in response to witnessing social stress, which was associated with a hypervigilant phenotype. Thus, neuroimmune activation in the LC may be responsible for the heightened risk of developing mental health disorders following stress in females. Further, ablation of microglia using pharmacological techniques reduces the hypervigilant behavioral response exhibited by females during social stress. Therefore, these studies were designed to further investigate the impact of stress-induced neuroimmune signaling on the long-term behavioral and neuronal consequences of social stress exposure in females using DREADDs. We first characterized the use of an AAV-CD68-Gi-DREADD virus targeted to microglia within the LC. While the use of AAVs in preclinical research has been limited by observations regarding poor transfection efficiency in mice, recent data suggest that species specific differences in microglial genetics may render rats more receptive to chemogenetic targeting of microglia using a CD68 promoter. Therefore, clozapine-n-oxide (CNO) was used to activate the microglial expressed hM4Di to inhibit microglial activity during acute exposure to vicarious social defeat (witness stress, WS) in female rats. Neuroimmune activity within the LC, quantified by microglial morphology and cytokine release, was augmented by WS and prevented by chemogenetic microglial inhibition. Following confirmation of DREADD selectivity and efficacy, we utilized this technique to inhibit microglial activity during repeated WS. Subsequently, rats were tested in a marble burying paradigm and exposed to the WS cues and context to measure hypervigilant behaviors. Chemogenetic-mediated inhibition of microglial activity prior to each WS exposure prevented both acute and long-term hypervigilant responses induced by WS across multiple behavioral paradigms. Further, a history of microglial inactivation during WS prevented the heightened LC activity typically observed in response to stress cues. These studies are among the first to use a chemogenetic approach to inhibit microglia within the female brain in vivo and establish LC inflammation as a key mechanism underlying the behavioral and neuronal responses to social stress in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora E. Smiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Brittany S. Pate
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Samantha J. Bouknight
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Evelynn N. Harrington
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Aaron M. Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
| | - Susan K. Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience; University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209
- WJB Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209
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17
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Serrano-Martínez I, Pedreño M, Castillo-González J, Ferraz-de-Paula V, Vargas-Rodríguez P, Forte-Lago I, Caro M, Campos-Salinas J, Villadiego J, Peñalver P, Morales JC, Delgado M, González-Rey E. Cortistatin as a Novel Multimodal Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:694. [PMID: 38255772 PMCID: PMC10815070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disorder characterized by the impairment of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system. PD has duplicated its global burden in the last few years, becoming the leading neurological disability worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop innovative approaches that target multifactorial underlying causes to potentially prevent or limit disease progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory responses may play a pivotal role in the neurodegenerative processes that occur during the development of PD. Cortistatin is a neuropeptide that has shown potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects in preclinical models of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders. The goal of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of cortistatin in a well-established preclinical mouse model of PD induced by acute exposure to the neurotoxin 1-methil-4-phenyl1-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We observed that treatment with cortistatin mitigated the MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and their connections to the striatum. Consequently, cortistatin administration improved the locomotor activity of animals intoxicated with MPTP. In addition, cortistatin diminished the presence and activation of glial cells in the affected brain regions of MPTP-treated mice, reduced the production of immune mediators, and promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors in the striatum. In an in vitro model of PD, treatment with cortistatin also demonstrated a reduction in the cell death of dopaminergic neurons that were exposed to the neurotoxin. Taken together, these findings suggest that cortistatin could emerge as a promising new therapeutic agent that combines anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties to regulate the progression of PD at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Serrano-Martínez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Pedreño
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Julia Castillo-González
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Viviane Ferraz-de-Paula
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Pablo Vargas-Rodríguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Irene Forte-Lago
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marta Caro
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Javier Villadiego
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Peñalver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.P.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Morales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.P.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Mario Delgado
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain; (I.S.-M.); (M.P.); (J.C.-G.); (V.F.-d.-P.); (P.V.-R.); (I.F.-L.); (M.C.); (J.C.-S.); (M.D.)
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18
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Strohm AO, O'Connor TN, Oldfield S, Young S, Hammond C, McCall M, Dirksen RT, Majewska AK. Cortical microglia dynamics are conserved during voluntary wheel running. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:89-108. [PMID: 37969082 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00311.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the first demonstration of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia in mice undergoing voluntary wheel running. We find that healthy mice undergoing voluntary wheel running have similar microglia dynamics, morphologies, and responses to injury when compared to sedentary mice. This suggests that exercise over a period of 1 mo does not grossly alter cortical microglial phenotypes and that exercise may exert its beneficial effects on the brain through other mechanisms. Future work examining how microglia dynamics may be altered during exercise in disease or injury models could provide further insights into the therapeutic benefit of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the first use of chronic in vivo imaging of microglia over time during physical exercise. We found that microglia movement, morphology, and process motility were remarkably stable during voluntary wheel running (VWR). Additionally, microglia in running mice respond similarly to laser ablation injury compared to sedentary mice. These findings indicate that VWR does not induce changes in microglia dynamics in healthy adults. Exercise may elicit positive effects on the brain through other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Strohm
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Thomas N O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sadie Oldfield
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Sala Young
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Christian Hammond
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Matthew McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ania K Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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19
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. Morphology and Fractal-Based Classifications of Neurons and Microglia in Two and Three Dimensions. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:149-172. [PMID: 38468031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Microglia and neurons live physically intertwined, intimately related structurally and functionally in a dynamic relationship in which microglia change continuously over a much shorter timescale than do neurons. Although microglia may unwind and depart from the neurons they attend under certain circumstances, in general, together both contribute to the fractal topology of the brain that defines its computational capabilities. Both neuronal and microglial morphologies are well-described using fractal analysis complementary to more traditional measures. For neurons, the fractal dimension has proved valuable for classifying dendritic branching and other neuronal features relevant to pathology and development. For microglia, fractal geometry has substantially contributed to classifying functional categories, where, in general, the more pathological the biological status, the lower the fractal dimension for individual cells, with some exceptions, including hyper-ramification. This chapter provides a review of the intimate relationships between neurons and microglia, by introducing 2D and 3D fractal analysis methodology and its applications in neuron-microglia function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Karperien
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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20
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Kokkosis AG, Madeira MM, Hage Z, Valais K, Koliatsis D, Resutov E, Tsirka SE. Chronic psychosocial stress triggers microglial-/macrophage-induced inflammatory responses leading to neuronal dysfunction and depressive-related behavior. Glia 2024; 72:111-132. [PMID: 37675659 PMCID: PMC10842267 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic environmental stress and traumatic social experiences induce maladaptive behavioral changes and is a risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD) and various anxiety-related psychiatric disorders. Clinical studies and animal models of chronic stress have reported that symptom severity is correlated with innate immune responses and upregulation of neuroinflammatory cytokine signaling in brain areas implicated in mood regulation (mPFC; medial Prefrontal Cortex). Despite increasing evidence implicating impairments of neuroplasticity and synaptic signaling deficits into the pathophysiology of stress-related mental disorders, how microglia may modulate neuronal homeostasis in response to chronic stress has not been defined. Here, using the repeated social defeat stress (RSDS) mouse model we demonstrate that microglial-induced inflammatory responses are regulating neuronal plasticity associated with psychosocial stress. Specifically, we show that chronic stress induces a rapid activation and proliferation of microglia as well as macrophage infiltration in the mPFC, and these processes are spatially related to neuronal activation. Moreover, we report a significant association of microglial inflammatory responses with susceptibility or resilience to chronic stress. In addition, we find that exposure to chronic stress exacerbates phagocytosis of synaptic elements and deficits in neuronal plasticity. Importantly, by utilizing two different CSF1R inhibitors (the brain penetrant PLX5622 and the non-penetrant PLX73086) we highlight a crucial role for microglia (and secondarily macrophages) in catalyzing the pathological manifestations linked to psychosocial stress in the mPFC and the resulting behavioral deficits usually associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G. Kokkosis
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Miguel M. Madeira
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Zachary Hage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kimonas Valais
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Dimitris Koliatsis
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Emran Resutov
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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21
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. ImageJ in Computational Fractal-Based Neuroscience: Pattern Extraction and Translational Research. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:795-814. [PMID: 38468064 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
To explore questions asked in neuroscience, neuroscientists rely heavily on the tools available. One such toolset is ImageJ, open-source, free, biological digital image analysis software. Open-source software has matured alongside of fractal analysis in neuroscience, and today ImageJ is not a niche but a foundation relied on by a substantial number of neuroscientists for work in diverse fields including fractal analysis. This is largely owing to two features of open-source software leveraged in ImageJ and vital to vigorous neuroscience: customizability and collaboration. With those notions in mind, this chapter's aim is threefold: (1) it introduces ImageJ, (2) it outlines ways this software tool has influenced fractal analysis in neuroscience and shaped the questions researchers devote time to, and (3) it reviews a few examples of ways investigators have developed and used ImageJ for pattern extraction in fractal analysis. Throughout this chapter, the focus is on fostering a collaborative and creative mindset for translating knowledge of the fractal geometry of the brain into clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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22
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Karperien AL, Jelinek HF. Box-Counting Fractal Analysis: A Primer for the Clinician. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:15-55. [PMID: 38468026 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
This chapter lays out the elementary principles of fractal geometry underpinning much of the rest of this book. It assumes a minimal mathematical background, defines the key principles and terms in context, and outlines the basics of a fractal analysis method known as box counting and how it is used to perform fractal, lacunarity, and multifractal analyses. As a standalone reference, this chapter grounds the reader to be able to understand, evaluate, and apply essential methods to appreciate and heal the exquisitely detailed fractal geometry of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Ndukwe K, Serrano PA, Rockwell P, Xie L, Figueiredo-Pereira M. Histone deacetylase inhibitor RG2833 has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer's disease in females. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.26.573348. [PMID: 38234827 PMCID: PMC10793399 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.26.573348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Nearly two-thirds of patients with Alzheimer's are women. Identifying therapeutics specific for women is critical to lowering their elevated risk for developing this major cause of adult dementia. Moreover, targeting epigenetic processes that regulate multiple cellular pathways is advantageous given Alzheimer's multifactorial nature. Histone acetylation is an epigenetic process heavily involved in memory consolidation. Its disruption is linked to Alzheimer's. Through our computational studies, we predicted that the investigational drug RG2833 (N-[6-(2-aminoanilino)-6-oxohexyl]-4-methylbenzamide) has repurposing potential for Alzheimer's. RG2833 is a histone deacetylase HDAC1/3 inhibitor that is orally bioavailable and permeates the blood-brain-barrier. We investigated the RG2833 therapeutic potential in TgF344-AD rats, which are a model of Alzheimer's that exhibits age-dependent progression, thus mimicking this aspect of Alzheimer's patients that is difficult to establish in animal models. We investigated the RG2833 effects on cognitive performance, gene expression, and AD-like pathology in 11-month TgF344-AD female and male rats. A total of 89 rats were used: wild type n = 45 (17 females, 28 males), and TgF344-AD n = 44 (24 females, 20 males)] across multiple cohorts. No obvious toxicity was detected in the TgF344-AD rats up to 6 months of RG2833-treatment starting at 5 months of age administering the drug in rodent chow at ∼30mg/kg of body weight. We started treatment early in the course of pathology when therapeutic intervention is predicted to be more effective than in later stages of the disease. The drug-treatment significantly mitigated hippocampal-dependent spatial memory deficits in 11-month TgF344-AD females but not in males, compared to wild type littermates. This female sex-specific drug effect has not been previously reported. RG2833-treatment failed to ameliorate amyloid beta accumulation and microgliosis in female and male TgF344-AD rats. However, RNAseq analysis of hippocampal tissue from TgF344-AD rats showed that drug-treatment in females upregulated the expression of immediate early genes, such as Arc, Egr1 and c-Fos, and other genes involved in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation. Remarkably, out of 17,168 genes analyzed for each sex, no significant changes in gene expression were detected in males at P < 0.05, false discovery rate < 0.05, and fold-change ≥ 1.5. Our data suggest that histone modifying therapeutics such as RG2833 improve cognitive behavior by modulating the expression of immediate early, neuroprotective and synaptic plasticity genes. Our preclinical study supports that RG2833 has therapeutic potential specifically for female Alzheimer's patients. RG2833 evaluations using other AD-related models is necessary to confirm our findings.
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Obenaus A, Noarbe BP, Lee JB, Panchenko PE, Noarbe SD, Lee YC, Badaut J. Progressive lifespan modifications in the corpus callosum following a single juvenile concussion in male mice monitored by diffusion MRI. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572925. [PMID: 38187748 PMCID: PMC10769374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The sensitivity of white matter (WM) in acute and chronic moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been established. In concussion syndromes, particularly in preclinical rodent models, there is lacking a comprehensive longitudinal study spanning the lifespan of the mouse. We previously reported early modifications to WM using clinically relevant neuroimaging and histological measures in a model of juvenile concussion at one month post injury (mpi) who then exhibited cognitive deficits at 12mpi. For the first time, we assess corpus callosum (CC) integrity across the lifespan after a single juvenile concussion utilizing diffusion MRI (dMRI). Methods C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to sham or two severities of closed-head concussion (Grade 1, G1, speed 2 m/sec, depth 1mm; Grade 2, G2, 3m/sec, 3mm) using an electromagnetic impactor at postnatal day 17. In vivo diffusion tensor imaging was conducted at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 mpi (21 directions, b=2000 mm2/sec) and processed for dMRI parametric maps: fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AxD), radial (RD) and mean diffusivity (MD). Whole CC and regional CC data were extracted. To identify the biological basis of altered dMRI metrics, astrocyte and microglia in the CC were characterized at 1 and 12 mpi by immunohistochemistry. Results Whole CC analysis revealed altered FA and RD trajectories following juvenile concussion. Shams exhibited a temporally linear increase in FA with age while G1/G2 mice had plateaued FA values. G2 concussed mice exhibited high variance of dMRI metrics at 12mpi, which was attributed to the heterogeneity of TBI on the anterior CC. Regional analysis of dMRI metrics at the impact site unveiled significant differences between G2 and sham mice. The dMRI findings appear to be driven, in part, by loss of astrocyte process lengths and increased circularity and decreased cell span ratios in microglia. Conclusion For the first time, we demonstrate progressive perturbations to WM of male mice after a single juvenile concussion across the mouse lifespan. The CC alterations were dependent on concussion severity with elevated sensitivity in the anterior CC that was related to astrocyte and microglial morphology. Our findings suggest that long-term monitoring of children with juvenile concussive episodes using dMRI is warranted, focusing on vulnerable WM tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Brenda P. Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Bin Lee
- Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, US
| | | | - Sean D. Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu Chiao Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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25
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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D’Angelo R, Sidoti A. Bridging Retinal and Cerebral Neurodegeneration: A Focus on Crosslinks between Alzheimer-Perusini's Disease and Retinal Dystrophies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3258. [PMID: 38137479 PMCID: PMC10741418 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of Alzheimer-Perusini's disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina's involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye's vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers. However, diseases like AD are now seen as mixed proteinopathies, with deposits of the prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein found in affected brains and retinas. Glial cells, especially microglial cells, play a crucial role in these diseases, maintaining immunoproteostasis. Studies have shown similarities between retinal and brain microglia in terms of transcription factor expression and morphotypes. All these findings constitute a good start to achieving better comprehension of neurodegeneration in both the eye and the brain. New insights will be able to bring the scientific community closer to specific disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.), 90139 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy; (L.D.); (C.S.); (R.D.); (A.S.)
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Zhang H, Sumbria RK, Chang R, Sun J, Cribbs DH, Holmes TC, Fisher MJ, Xu X. Erythrocyte-brain endothelial interactions induce microglial responses and cerebral microhemorrhages in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:265. [PMID: 37968737 PMCID: PMC10647121 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are associated with stroke, cognitive decline, and normal aging. Our previous study shows that the interaction between oxidatively stressed red blood cells (RBC) and cerebral endothelium may underlie CMH development. However, the real-time examination of altered RBC-brain endothelial interactions in vivo, and their relationship with clearance of stalled RBC, microglial responses, and CMH development, has not been reported. METHODS RBC were oxidatively stressed using tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP), fluorescently labeled and injected into adult Tie2-GFP mice. In vivo two-photon imaging and ex vivo confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the temporal profile of RBC-brain endothelial interactions associated with oxidatively stressed RBC. Their relationship with microglial activation and CMH was examined with post-mortem histology. RESULTS Oxidatively stressed RBC stall significantly and rapidly in cerebral vessels in mice, accompanied by decreased blood flow velocity which recovers at 5 days. Post-mortem histology confirms significantly greater RBC-cerebral endothelial interactions and microglial activation at 24 h after t-BHP-treated RBC injection, which persist at 7 days. Furthermore, significant CMH develop in the absence of blood-brain barrier leakage after t-BHP-RBC injection. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo and ex vivo findings show the stalling and clearance of oxidatively stressed RBC in cerebral capillaries, highlighting the significance of microglial responses and altered RBC-brain endothelial interactions in CMH development. Our study provides novel mechanistic insight into CMH associated with pathological conditions with increased RBC-brain endothelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, 92618, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mark J Fisher
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Rayner CL, Bottle SE, Martyn AP, Barnett NL. Preserving Retinal Structure and Function with the Novel Nitroxide Antioxidant, DCTEIO. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3402-3419. [PMID: 37450210 PMCID: PMC10514139 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major contributor to progressive neurodegenerative disease and may be a key target for the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies. Nitroxides have been successfully utilised to study changes in redox status (biological probes) and modulate radical-induced oxidative stress. This study investigates the efficacy of DCTEIO (5,6-dicarboxy-1,1,3,3-tetraethyllisoindolin-2-yloxyl), a stable, kinetically-persistent, nitroxide-based antioxidant, as a retinal neuroprotectant. The preservation of retinal function following an acute ischaemic/reperfusion (I/R) insult in the presence of DCTEIO was quantified by electroretinography (ERG). Inflammatory responses in retinal glia were analysed by GFAP and IBA-1 immunohistochemistry, and retinal integrity assessed by histology. A nitroxide probe combined with flow cytometry provided a rapid technique to assess oxidative stress and the mitigation offered by antioxidant compounds in cultured 661W photoreceptor cells. DCTEIO protected the retina from I/R-induced damage, maintaining retinal function. Histological analysis showed preservation of retinal integrity with reduced disruption and disorganisation of the inner and outer nuclear layers. I/R injury upregulated GFAP expression, indicative of retinal stress, which was significantly blunted by DCTEIO. The number of 'activated' microglia, particularly in the outer retina, in response to cellular stress was also significantly reduced by DCTEIO, potentially suggesting reduced inflammasome activation and cell death. DCTEIO mitigated oxidative stress in 661W retinal cell cultures, in a dose-dependent fashion. Together these findings demonstrate the potential of DCTEIO as a neuroprotective therapeutic for degenerative diseases of the CNS that involve an ROS-mediated component, including those of the retina e.g. age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie L Rayner
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program (CARP), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Nigel L Barnett
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Robina, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
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Falangola MF, Dhiman S, Voltin J, Jensen JH. Quantitative microglia morphological features correlate with diffusion MRI in 2-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 103:8-17. [PMID: 37392805 PMCID: PMC10528126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia (MØ) morphologies are closely related to their functional state and have a central role in the maintenance of brain homeostasis. It is well known that inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration at later stages of Alzheimer's Disease, but it is not clear which role MØ-mediated inflammation may play earlier in the disease pathogenesis. We have previously reported that diffusion MRI (dMRI) is able to detect early myelin abnormalities present in 2-month-old 3xTg-AD (TG) mice; since MØ actively participate in regulating myelination, the goal of this study was to assess quantitatively MØ morphological characteristics and its association with dMRI metrics patterns in 2-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Our results show that, even at this young age (2-month-old), TG mice have statistically significantly more MØ cells, which are overall smaller and more complex, compared with age-matched normal control mice (NC). Our results also confirm that myelin basic protein is reduced in TG mice, particularly in fimbria (Fi) and cortex. Additionally, MØ morphological characteristics, in both groups, correlate with several dMRI metrics, depending on the brain region examined. For example, the increase in MØ number correlated with higher radial diffusivity (r = 0.59, p = 0.008), lower fractional anisotropy (FA) (r = -0.47, p = 0.03), and lower kurtosis fractional anisotropy (KFA) (r = -0.55, p = 0.01) in the CC. Furthermore, smaller MØ cells correlate with higher axial diffusivity) in the HV (r = 0.49, p = 0.03) and Sub (r = 0.57, p = 0.01). Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that MØ proliferation/activation are a common and widespread feature in 2-month-old 3xTg-AD mice and suggest that dMRI measures are sensitive to these MØ alterations, which are associated in this model with myelin dysfunction and microstructural integrity abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fatima Falangola
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Dhiman
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Joshua Voltin
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Glotfelty EJ, Hsueh SC, Claybourne Q, Bedolla A, Kopp KO, Wallace T, Zheng B, Luo Y, Karlsson TE, McDevitt RA, Olson L, Greig NH. Microglial Nogo delays recovery following traumatic brain injury in mice. Glia 2023; 71:2473-2494. [PMID: 37401784 PMCID: PMC10528455 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A, B, and C are well described members of the reticulon family of proteins, most well known for their negative regulatory effects on central nervous system (CNS) neurite outgrowth and repair following injury. Recent research indicates a relationship between Nogo-proteins and inflammation. Microglia, the brain's immune cells and inflammation-competent compartment, express Nogo protein, although specific roles of the Nogo in these cells is understudied. To examine inflammation-related effects of Nogo, we generated a microglial-specific inducible Nogo KO (MinoKO) mouse and challenged the mouse with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) traumatic brain injury (TBI). Histological analysis shows no difference in brain lesion sizes between MinoKO-CCI and Control-CCI mice, although MinoKO-CCI mice do not exhibit the levels of ipsilateral lateral ventricle enlargement as injury matched controls. Microglial Nogo-KO results in decreased lateral ventricle enlargement, microglial and astrocyte immunoreactivity, and increased microglial morphological complexity compared to injury matched controls, suggesting decreased tissue inflammation. Behaviorally, healthy MinoKO mice do not differ from control mice, but automated tracking of movement around the home cage and stereotypic behavior, such as grooming and eating (termed cage "activation"), following CCI is significantly elevated. Asymmetrical motor function, a deficit typical of unilaterally brain lesioned rodents, was not detected in CCI injured MinoKO mice, while the phenomenon was present in CCI injured controls 1-week post-injury. Overall, our studies show microglial Nogo as a negative regulator of recovery following brain injury. To date, this is the first evaluation of the roles microglial specific Nogo in a rodent injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Quia Claybourne
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katherine O. Kopp
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tonya Wallace
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ross A. McDevitt
- Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Cui BC, Aksenova M, Sikirzhytskaya A, Odhiambo D, Korunova E, Sikirzhytski V, Ji H, Altomare D, Broude E, Frizzell N, Booze R, Wyatt MD, Shtutman M. Suppression of HIV and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation by cell penetrable itaconate esters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.25.559154. [PMID: 37808776 PMCID: PMC10557618 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.559154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) is a serious complication of HIV infection, marked by neurotoxicity induced by viral proteins like Tat. Substance abuse exacerbates neurocognitive impairment in people living with HIV. There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic strategies to combat HAND comorbid with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD). Our analysis of the HIV and cocaine-induced transcriptomes in primary cortical cultures revealed a significant overexpression of the macrophage-specific gene, aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), caused by the combined insults of HIV and cocaine. ACOD1 protein converts the tricarboxylic acid intermediate cis-aconitate into itaconate during the activation of inflammation. The itaconate produced facilitates cytokine production and subsequently activates anti-inflammatory transcription factors, shielding macrophages from infection-induced cell death. While the role of itaconate' in limiting inflammation has been studied in peripheral macrophages, its immunometabolic function remains unexplored in HIV and cocaine-exposed microglia. We assessed in this model system the potential of 4-octyl-itaconate (4OI), a cell-penetrable esterified form of itaconate known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties and potential therapeutic applications. We administered 4OI to primary cortical cultures exposed to Tat and cocaine. 4OI treatment increased the number of microglial cells in both untreated and Tat±Cocaine-treated cultures and also reversed the morphological altercations induced by Tat and cocaine. In the presence of 4OI, microglial cells also appeared more ramified, resembling the quiescent microglia. Consistent with these results, 4OI treatment inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MIP1-α induced by Tat and cocaine. Transcriptome profiling further determined that Nrf2 target genes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), Glutathione S-transferase Pi (Gstp1), and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (Gclc), were most significantly activated in Tat-4OI treated cultures, relative to Tat alone. Further, genes associated with cytoskeleton dynamics in inflammatory microglia were downregulated by 4OI treatment. Together, the results strongly suggest 4-octyl-itaconate holds promise as a potential candidate for therapeutic development aimed at addressing HAND coupled with CUD comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Celia Cui
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Aliaksandra Sikirzhytskaya
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Elizaveta Korunova
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diego Altomare
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Eugenia Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Norma Frizzell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rosemarie Booze
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Teil M, Dovero S, Bourdenx M, Arotcarena ML, Darricau M, Porras G, Thiolat ML, Trigo-Damas I, Perier C, Estrada C, Garcia-Carrillo N, Herrero MT, Vila M, Obeso JA, Bezard E, Dehay B. Cortical Lewy body injections induce long-distance pathogenic alterations in the non-human primate brain. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:135. [PMID: 37726343 PMCID: PMC10509171 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00579-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is the cornerstone of neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies, which include Parkinson's Disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). These synucleinopathies are characterized by the deposit of aggregated α-syn in intracellular inclusions observable in neurons and glial cells. In PD and DLB, these aggregates, predominantly located in neurons, are called Lewy Bodies (LBs). These LBs are one of the pathological hallmarks of PD and DLB, alongside dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of PD patient-derived LB fractions to induce nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and α-syn pathology when injected into the striatum or the enteric nervous system of non-human primates. Here, we report the pathological consequences of injecting these LB fractions into the cortex of non-human primates. To this end, we inoculated mesencephalic PD patient-derived LB fractions into the prefrontal cortex of baboon monkeys terminated one year later. Extensive analyses were performed to evaluate pathological markers known to be affected in LB pathologies. We first assessed the hypothesized presence of phosphorylated α-syn at S129 (pSyn) in the prefrontal cortices. Second, we quantified the neuronal, microglial, and astrocytic cell survival in the same cortices. Third, we characterized these cortical LB injections' putative impact on the integrity of the nigrostriatal system. Overall, we observed pSyn accumulation around the injection site in the dorsal prefrontal cortex, in connected cortical regions, and further towards the striatum, suggesting α-syn pathological propagation. The pathology was also accompanied by neuronal loss in these prefrontal cortical regions and the caudate nucleus, without, however, loss of nigral dopamine neurons. In conclusion, this pilot study provides novel data demonstrating the toxicity of patient-derived extracts, their potential to propagate from the cortex to the striatum in non-human primates, and a possible primate model of DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | - Gregory Porras
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Inés Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Fundación HM Hospitales and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938, Mostoles, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celine Perier
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Garcia-Carrillo
- Centro Experimental en Investigaciones Biomédica (CEIB), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - José A Obeso
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Fundación HM Hospitales and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938, Mostoles, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
- CEU, San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain 2 HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-, 28938, Mostoles, Spain
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Zhou Y, Bhatt H, Mojica CA, Xin H, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Moore TL, Medalla M. Mesenchymal-derived extracellular vesicles enhance microglia-mediated synapse remodeling after cortical injury in aging Rhesus monkeys. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:201. [PMID: 37660145 PMCID: PMC10475204 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the microglial neuro-immune interactions in the primate brain is vital to developing therapeutics for cortical injury, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury. Our previous work showed that mesenchymal-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) enhanced motor recovery in aged rhesus monkeys following injury of primary motor cortex (M1), by promoting homeostatic ramified microglia, reducing injury-related neuronal hyperexcitability, and enhancing synaptic plasticity in perilesional cortices. A focal lesion was induced via surgical ablation of pial blood vessels over lying the cortical hand representation of M1 of aged female rhesus monkeys, that received intravenous infusions of either vehicle (veh) or EVs 24 h and again 14 days post-injury. The current study used this same cohort to address how these injury- and recovery-associated changes relate to structural and molecular interactions between microglia and neuronal synapses. Using multi-labeling immunohistochemistry, high-resolution microscopy, and gene expression analysis, we quantified co-expression of synaptic markers (VGLUTs, GLURs, VGAT, GABARs), microglia markers (Iba1, P2RY12), and C1q, a complement pathway protein for microglia-mediated synapse phagocytosis, in perilesional M1 and premotor cortices (PMC). We compared this lesion cohort to age-matched non-lesion controls (ctr). Our findings revealed a lesion-related loss of excitatory synapses in perilesional areas, which was ameliorated by EV treatment. Further, we found region-dependent effects of EVs on microglia and C1q expression. In perilesional M1, EV treatment and enhanced functional recovery were associated with increased expression of C1q + hypertrophic microglia, which are thought to have a role in debris-clearance and anti-inflammatory functions. In PMC, EV treatment was associated with decreased C1q + synaptic tagging and microglia-spine contacts. Our results suggest that EV treatment may enhance synaptic plasticity via clearance of acute damage in perilesional M1, and thereby preventing chronic inflammation and excessive synaptic loss in PMC. These mechanisms may act to preserve synaptic cortical motor networks and a balanced normative M1/PMC synaptic function to support functional recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hrishti Bhatt
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Chromewell A Mojica
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Chakrabarti S, Gorai S, Pahan K. A simple protocol for isolating microglia from adult mouse brain. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:293-300. [PMID: 37885917 PMCID: PMC10474378 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Although microglia are activated in adult and aged brains resulting in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders, most of the cell culture studies on microglia deal with neonatal microglia because of ease of isolation. Microglia could be isolated from adult brains, but it requires separation by density gradient centrifugation, magnetic beads, etc. Here, we describe a simple protocol of isolating highly purified microglia from adult mouse brains. Methods Our protocol involves dilution with sterile PBS or media, regular centrifugation, and plating on poly-D-lysine-coated flasks. Results These adult microglia expressed the inducible nitric oxide synthase in response to preformed α-syn fibril, an etiological reagent of Parkinson's disease, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides, one of the prototype proinflammatory stimuli. Moreover, these adult microglia exhibited phagocytosis, which was stimulated by LPS treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that adult microglia isolated by our procedure are functional and that these adult microglia could be used for studies related to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Chakrabarti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, USA
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, USA
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Reddaway J, Richardson PE, Bevan RJ, Stoneman J, Palombo M. Microglial morphometric analysis: so many options, so little consistency. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1211188. [PMID: 37637472 PMCID: PMC10448193 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1211188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of microglial activation through morphometric analysis has long been a staple of the neuroimmunologist's toolkit. Microglial morphological phenomics can be conducted through either manual classification or constructing a digital skeleton and extracting morphometric data from it. Multiple open-access and paid software packages are available to generate these skeletons via semi-automated and/or fully automated methods with varying degrees of accuracy. Despite advancements in methods to generate morphometrics (quantitative measures of cellular morphology), there has been limited development of tools to analyze the datasets they generate, in particular those containing parameters from tens of thousands of cells analyzed by fully automated pipelines. In this review, we compare and critique the approaches using cluster analysis and machine learning driven predictive algorithms that have been developed to tackle these large datasets, and propose improvements for these methods. In particular, we highlight the need for a commitment to open science from groups developing these classifiers. Furthermore, we call attention to a need for communication between those with a strong software engineering/computer science background and neuroimmunologists to produce effective analytical tools with simplified operability if we are to see their wide-spread adoption by the glia biology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute (NMHII), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan J. Bevan
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Stoneman
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Palombo
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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35
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Fu M, Chen Y. Characterizing the Spatio-Temporal Variations of Urban Growth with Multifractal Spectra. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1126. [PMID: 37628156 PMCID: PMC10453168 DOI: 10.3390/e25081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Urban morphology exhibits fractal characteristics, which can be described by multifractal scaling. Multifractal parameters under positive moment orders primarily capture information about central areas characterized by relatively stable growth, while those under negative moment orders mainly reflect information about marginal areas that experience more active growth. However, effectively utilizing multifractal spectra to uncover the spatio-temporal variations of urban growth remains a challenge. To addresses this issue, this paper proposes a multifractal measurement by combining theoretical principles and empirical analysis. To capture the difference between growth stability in central areas and growth activity in marginal areas, an index based on generalized correlation dimension Dq is defined. This index takes the growth rate of Dq at extreme negative moment order as the numerator and that at extreme positive moment order as the denominator. During the stable stage of urban growth, the index demonstrates a consistent pattern over time, while during the active stage, the index may exhibit abnormal fluctuations or even jumps. This indicates that the index can reveal spatio-temporal information about urban evolution that cannot be directly observed through multifractal spectra alone. By integrating this index with multifractal spectra, we can more comprehensively characterize the evolutionary characteristics of urban spatial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanguang Chen
- Department of Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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36
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Jullienne A, Szu JI, Quan R, Trinh MV, Norouzi T, Noarbe BP, Bedwell AA, Eldridge K, Persohn SC, Territo PR, Obenaus A. Cortical cerebrovascular and metabolic perturbations in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1220036. [PMID: 37533765 PMCID: PMC10392850 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1220036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The 5xFAD mouse is a popular model of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is characterized by early beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and cognitive decrements. Despite numerous studies, the 5xFAD mouse has not been comprehensively phenotyped for vascular and metabolic perturbations over its lifespan. Methods Male and female 5xFAD and wild type (WT) littermates underwent in vivo 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging at 4, 6, and 12 months of age to assess regional glucose metabolism. A separate cohort of mice (4, 8, 12 months) underwent "vessel painting" which labels all cerebral vessels and were analyzed for vascular characteristics such as vessel density, junction density, vessel length, network complexity, number of collaterals, and vessel diameter. Results With increasing age, vessels on the cortical surface in both 5xFAD and WT mice showed increased vessel length, vessel and junction densities. The number of collateral vessels between the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries decreased with age but collateral diameters were significantly increased only in 5xFAD mice. MCA total vessel length and junction density were decreased in 5xFAD mice compared to WT at 4 months. Analysis of 18F-FDG cortical uptake revealed significant differences between WT and 5xFAD mice spanning 4-12 months. Broadly, 5xFAD males had significantly increased 18F-FDG uptake at 12 months compared to WT mice. In most cortical regions, female 5xFAD mice had reduced 18F-FDG uptake compared to WT across their lifespan. Discussion While the 5xFAD mouse exhibits AD-like cognitive deficits as early as 4 months of age that are associated with increasing Aβ deposition, we only found significant differences in cortical vascular features in males, not in females. Interestingly, 5xFAD male and female mice exhibited opposite effects in 18F-FDG uptake. The MCA supplies blood to large portions of the somatosensory cortex and portions of motor and visual cortex and increased vessel length alongside decreased collaterals which coincided with higher metabolic rates in 5xFAD mice. Thus, a potential mismatch between metabolic demand and vascular delivery of nutrients in the face of increasing Aβ deposition could contribute to the progressive cognitive deficits seen in the 5xFAD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jenny I. Szu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Quan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michelle V. Trinh
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Tannoz Norouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brenda P. Noarbe
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amanda A. Bedwell
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kierra Eldridge
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Scott C. Persohn
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul R. Territo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Szabo M, Lajkó N, Dulka K, Barczánfalvi G, Lőrinczi B, Szatmári I, Mihály A, Vécsei L, Gulya K. The kynurenic acid analog SZR104 induces cytomorphological changes associated with the anti-inflammatory phenotype in cultured microglia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11328. [PMID: 37443330 PMCID: PMC10344911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed the anti-inflammatory effects of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its brain-penetrable analog N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-3-(morpholinomethyl)-4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxamide (SZR104) both in vivo and in vitro. Here, we identified the cytomorphological effects of KYNA and SZR104 in secondary microglial cultures established from newborn rat forebrains. We quantitatively analyzed selected morphological aspects of microglia in control (unchallenged), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated (challenged), KYNA- or SZR104-treated, and LPS + KYNA or LPS + SZR104-treated cultures. Multicolor immunofluorescence labeling followed by morphometric analysis (area, perimeter, transformation index, lacunarity, density, span ratio, maximum span across the convex hull, hull circularity, hull area, hull perimeter, max/min radii, mean radius, diameter of bounding circle, fractal dimension, roughness, circularity) on binary (digital) silhouettes of the microglia revealed their morphological plasticity under experimental conditions. SZR104 and, to a lesser degree, KYNA inhibited proinflammatory phenotypic changes. For example, SZR104 treatment resulted in hypertrophied microglia characterized by a swollen cell body, enlarged perimeter, increased transformation index/decreased circularity, increased convex hull values (area, perimeter, mean radius, maximum span, diameter of the bounding circle and hull circularity), altered box-counting parameters (such as fractal dimension), and increased roughness/decreased density. Taken together, analysis of cytomorphological features could contribute to the characterization of the anti-inflammatory activity of SZR104 on cultured microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Szabo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Lajkó
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karolina Dulka
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Barczánfalvi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Lőrinczi
- ELKH-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- ELKH-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Mihály
- Department of Anatomy, University of Szeged, 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
- ELKH-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, 6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Karoly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi utca 4., 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Muñoz Herrera OM, Hong BV, Ruiz Mendiola U, Maezawa I, Jin LW, Lebrilla CB, Harvey DJ, Zivkovic AM. Cholesterol, Amyloid Beta, Fructose, and LPS Influence ROS and ATP Concentrations and the Phagocytic Capacity of HMC3 Human Microglia Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10396. [PMID: 37373543 PMCID: PMC10299308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has found that genes specific to microglia are among the strongest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that microglia are critically involved in the etiology of AD. Thus, microglia are an important therapeutic target for novel approaches to the treatment of AD. High-throughput in vitro models to screen molecules for their effectiveness in reversing the pathogenic, pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype are needed. In this study, we used a multi-stimulant approach to test the usefulness of the human microglia cell 3 (HMC3) cell line, immortalized from a human fetal brain-derived primary microglia culture, in duplicating critical aspects of the dysfunctional microglia phenotype. HMC3 microglia were treated with cholesterol (Chol), amyloid beta oligomers (AβO), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and fructose individually and in combination. HMC3 microglia demonstrated changes in morphology consistent with activation when treated with the combination of Chol + AβO + fructose + LPS. Multiple treatments increased the cellular content of Chol and cholesteryl esters (CE), but only the combination treatment of Chol + AβO + fructose + LPS increased mitochondrial Chol content. Microglia treated with combinations containing Chol + AβO had lower apolipoprotein E (ApoE) secretion, with the combination of Chol + AβO + fructose + LPS having the strongest effect. Combination treatment with Chol + AβO + fructose + LPS also induced APOE and TNF-α expression, reduced ATP production, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and reduced phagocytosis events. These findings suggest that HMC3 microglia treated with the combination of Chol + AβO + fructose + LPS may be a useful high-throughput screening model amenable to testing on 96-well plates to test potential therapeutics to improve microglial function in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M. Muñoz Herrera
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (O.M.M.H.); (B.V.H.)
| | - Brian V. Hong
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (O.M.M.H.); (B.V.H.)
| | - Ulises Ruiz Mendiola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (U.R.M.); (I.M.); (L.-W.J.)
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (U.R.M.); (I.M.); (L.-W.J.)
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (U.R.M.); (I.M.); (L.-W.J.)
| | | | - Danielle J. Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (O.M.M.H.); (B.V.H.)
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Kataras TJ, Jang TJ, Koury J, Singh H, Fok D, Kaul M. ACCT is a fast and accessible automatic cell counting tool using machine learning for 2D image segmentation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8213. [PMID: 37217558 PMCID: PMC10202925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Counting cells is a cornerstone of tracking disease progression in neuroscience. A common approach for this process is having trained researchers individually select and count cells within an image, which is not only difficult to standardize but also very time-consuming. While tools exist to automatically count cells in images, the accuracy and accessibility of such tools can be improved. Thus, we introduce a novel tool ACCT: Automatic Cell Counting with Trainable Weka Segmentation which allows for flexible automatic cell counting via object segmentation after user-driven training. ACCT is demonstrated with a comparative analysis of publicly available images of neurons and an in-house dataset of immunofluorescence-stained microglia cells. For comparison, both datasets were manually counted to demonstrate the applicability of ACCT as an accessible means to automatically quantify cells in a precise manner without the need for computing clusters or advanced data preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Kataras
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tyler J Jang
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koury
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hina Singh
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Dominic Fok
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Graduate Program of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
- School of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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40
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Zhou Y, Bhatt H, Mojica CA, Xin H, Pessina M, Rosene DL, Moore TL, Medalla M. Mesenchymal-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Microglia-mediated Synapse Remodeling after Cortical Injury in Rhesus Monkeys. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2917340. [PMID: 37292805 PMCID: PMC10246272 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2917340/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microglial neuro-immune interactions in the primate brain is vital to developing therapeutics for cortical injury, such as stroke. Our previous work showed that mesenchymal-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) enhanced motor recovery in aged rhesus monkeys post-injury of primary motor cortex (M1), by promoting homeostatic ramified microglia, reducing injury-related neuronal hyperexcitability, and enhancing synaptic plasticity in perilesional cortices. The current study addresses how these injury- and recovery-associated changes relate to structural and molecular interactions between microglia and neuronal synapses. Using multi-labeling immunohistochemistry, high resolution microscopy, and gene expression analysis, we quantified co-expression of synaptic markers (VGLUTs, GLURs, VGAT, GABARs), microglia markers (Iba-1, P2RY12), and C1q, a complement pathway protein for microglia-mediated synapse phagocytosis, in perilesional M1 and premotor cortices (PMC) of monkeys with intravenous infusions of either vehicle (veh) or EVs post-injury. We compared this lesion cohort to aged-matched non-lesion controls. Our findings revealed a lesion-related loss of excitatory synapses in perilesional areas, which was ameliorated by EV treatment. Further, we found region-dependent effects of EV on microglia and C1q expression. In perilesional M1, EV treatment and enhanced functional recovery were associated with increased expression of C1q + hypertrophic microglia, which are thought to have a role in debris-clearance and anti-inflammatory functions. In PMC, EV treatment was associated with decreased C1q + synaptic tagging and microglial-spine contacts. Our results provided evidence that EV treatment facilitated synaptic plasticity by enhancing clearance of acute damage in perilesional M1, and thereby preventing chronic inflammation and excessive synaptic loss in PMC. These mechanisms may act to preserve synaptic cortical motor networks and a balanced normative M1/PMC synaptic connectivity to support functional recovery after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Hrishti Bhatt
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Monica Pessina
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | | | - Tara L Moore
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
| | - Maria Medalla
- Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine
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41
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Almarghalani DA, Sha X, Mrak RE, Shah ZA. Spatiotemporal Cofilin Signaling, Microglial Activation, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairment Following Hemorrhagic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1153. [PMID: 37190062 PMCID: PMC10137307 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant health concern associated with high mortality. Cofilin plays a crucial role in stress conditions, but its signaling following ICH in a longitudinal study is yet to be ascertained. In the present study, we examined the cofilin expression in human ICH autopsy brains. Then, the spatiotemporal cofilin signaling, microglia activation, and neurobehavioral outcomes were investigated in a mouse model of ICH. Human autopsy brain sections from ICH patients showed increased intracellular cofilin localization within microglia in the perihematomal area, possibly associated with microglial activation and morphological changes. Various cohorts of mice were subjected to intrastriatal collagenase injection and sacrificed at time points of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Mice suffered from severe neurobehavioral deficits after ICH, lasting for 7 days, followed by a gradual improvement. Mice suffered post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) both acutely and in the chronic phase. Hematoma volume increased from day 1 to 3, whereas ventricle size increased from day 21 to 28. Cofilin protein expression increased in the ipsilateral striatum on days 1 and 3 and then decreased from days 7 to 28. An increase in activated microglia was observed around the hematoma on days 1 to 7, followed by a gradual reduction up to day 28. Around the hematoma, activated microglia showed morphological changes from ramified to amoeboid. mRNA levels of inflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory markers [interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β TGF-β, and arginase I (Arg1)] increased during the acute phase and decreased in the chronic phase. Blood cofilin levels increased on day 3 and matched the increase in chemokine levels. slingshot protein phosphatase 1 (SSH1) protein, which activates cofilin, was increased from day 1 to 7. These results suggest that microglial activation might be the sequel of cofilin overactivation following ICH, leading to widespread neuroinflammation and consequent PSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyah A. Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaojin Sha
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Robert E. Mrak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zahoor A. Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Costello A, Linning-Duffy K, Vandenbrook C, Lonstein JS, Yan L. Daytime Light Deficiency Leads to Sex- and Brain Region-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses in a Diurnal Rodent. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1369-1384. [PMID: 35864429 PMCID: PMC10635710 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in peripheral inflammation are well documented in both humans and animal models, but seasonal changes in neuroinflammation, especially the impact of seasonal lighting environment on neuroinflammation remain unclear. To address this question, the present study examined the effects of environmental lighting conditions on neuroinflammation in a diurnal rodent model, Nile grass rats (Arvicanthis niloticus). Male and female grass rats were housed in either bright (brLD) or dim (dimLD) light during the day to simulate a summer or winter light condition, respectively. After 4 weeks, microglia markers Iba-1 and CD11b, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, were examined in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basolateral amygdala (BLA), and dorsal hippocampus (dHipp). The results revealed that winter-like dim light during the day leads to indicators of increased neuroinflammation in a brain site- and sex-specific manner. Specifically, relatively few changes in the neuroinflammatory markers were observed in the ACC, while numerous changes were found in the BLA and dHipp. In the BLA, winter-like dimLD resulted in hyper-ramified microglia morphology and increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, but only in males. In the dHipp, dimLD led to a higher number and hyper-ramified morphology of microglia as well as increased expression of CD11b and TNF-α, but only in females. Neuroinflammatory state is thus influenced by environmental light, differently in males and females, and could play a role in sex differences in the prevalence and symptoms of psychiatric or neurological disorders that are influenced by season or other environmental light conditions. Diurnal Nile grass rats were housed under bright or dim light during the day for 4 weeks, simulating seasonal fluctuations in daytime lighting environment. Dim light housing resulted in hyper-ramified morphology of microglia (scale bar, 15 μm) and altered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in a sex- and brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Costello
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Katrina Linning-Duffy
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Carleigh Vandenbrook
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 766, Service Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Cruz-Mendoza F, Luquin S, García-Estrada J, Fernández-Quezada D, Jauregui-Huerta F. Acoustic Stress Induces Opposite Proliferative/Transformative Effects in Hippocampal Glia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065520. [PMID: 36982594 PMCID: PMC10058072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a brain region crucially involved in regulating stress responses and highly sensitive to environmental changes, with elevated proliferative and adaptive activity of neurons and glial cells. Despite the prevalence of environmental noise as a stressor, its effects on hippocampal cytoarchitecture remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of acoustic stress on hippocampal proliferation and glial cytoarchitecture in adult male rats, using environmental noise as a stress model. After 21 days of noise exposure, our results showed abnormal cellular proliferation in the hippocampus, with an inverse effect on the proliferation ratios of astrocytes and microglia. Both cell lineages also displayed atrophic morphologies with fewer processes and lower densities in the noise-stressed animals. Our findings suggest that, stress not only affects neurogenesis and neuronal death in the hippocampus, but also the proliferation ratio, cell density, and morphology of glial cells, potentially triggering an inflammatory-like response that compromises their homeostatic and repair functions.
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44
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Ivan DC, Berve KC, Walthert S, Monaco G, Borst K, Bouillet E, Ferreira F, Lee H, Steudler J, Buch T, Prinz M, Engelhardt B, Locatelli G. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor controls the function of CNS-resident macrophages and their contribution to neuroinflammation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:35. [PMID: 36890580 PMCID: PMC9993619 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and regulates neuronal survival and myelination in the adult CNS. In neuroinflammatory conditions including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), IGF-1 can regulate cellular survival and activation in a context-dependent and cell-specific manner. Notwithstanding its importance, the functional outcome of IGF-1 signaling in microglia/macrophages, which maintain CNS homeostasis and regulate neuroinflammation, remains undefined. As a result, contradictory reports on the disease-ameliorating efficacy of IGF-1 are difficult to interpret, together precluding its potential use as a therapeutic agent. To fill this gap, we here investigated the role of IGF-1 signaling in CNS-resident microglia and border associated macrophages (BAMs) by conditional genetic deletion of the receptor Igf1r in these cell types. Using a series of techniques including histology, bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry and intravital imaging, we show that absence of IGF-1R significantly impacted the morphology of both BAMs and microglia. RNA analysis revealed minor changes in microglia. In BAMs however, we detected an upregulation of functional pathways associated with cellular activation and a decreased expression of adhesion molecules. Notably, genetic deletion of Igf1r from CNS-resident macrophages led to a significant weight gain in mice, suggesting that absence of IGF-1R from CNS-resident myeloid cells indirectly impacts the somatotropic axis. Lastly, we observed a more severe EAE disease course upon Igf1r genetic ablation, thus highlighting an important immunomodulatory role of this signaling pathway in BAMs/microglia. Taken together, our work shows that IGF-1R signaling in CNS-resident macrophages regulates the morphology and transcriptome of these cells while significantly decreasing the severity of autoimmune CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Ivan
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Carolin Berve
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Walthert
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gianni Monaco
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Borst
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Bouillet
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry Lee
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Steudler
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Locatelli
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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45
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Ramírez-Pardo I, Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Sierra-Filardi E, Alonso-Gil S, Mariño G, de la Villa P, Fitze PS, Fuentes JM, García-Escudero R, Ferrington DA, Gomez-Sintes R, Boya P. Ambra1 haploinsufficiency in CD1 mice results in metabolic alterations and exacerbates age-associated retinal degeneration. Autophagy 2023; 19:784-804. [PMID: 35875981 PMCID: PMC9980615 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The age-dependent decline in retinal autophagy has been associated with photoreceptor degeneration. Retinal dysfunction can also result from damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as the RPE-retina constitutes an important metabolic ecosystem that must be finely tuned to preserve visual function. While studies of mice lacking essential autophagy genes have revealed a predisposition to retinal degeneration, the consequences of a moderate reduction in autophagy, similar to that which occurs during physiological aging, remain unclear. Here, we described a retinal phenotype consistent with accelerated aging in mice carrying a haploinsufficiency for Ambra1, a pro-autophagic gene. These mice showed protein aggregation in the retina and RPE, metabolic underperformance, and premature vision loss. Moreover, Ambra1+/gt mice were more prone to retinal degeneration after RPE stress. These findings indicate that autophagy provides crucial support to RPE-retinal metabolism and protects the retina against stress and physiological aging.Abbreviations : 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1, AMD: age-related macular degeneration;; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GLUL: glutamine synthetase/glutamate-ammonia ligase; HCL: hierarchical clustering; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; LC/GC-MS: liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MA: middle-aged; MTDR: MitoTracker Deep Red; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; NL: NH4Cl and leupeptin; Nqo: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase; ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; OP: oscillatory potentials; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PRKC/PKCα: protein kinase C; POS: photoreceptor outer segment; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; SI: sodium iodate; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Vision neurophisiology group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick S Fitze
- Departament of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Nerodegenerative Diseases unit, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raquel Gomez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Fang C, Lau WL, Sun J, Chang R, Vallejo A, Lee D, Liu J, Liu H, Hung YH, Zhao Y, Paganini-Hill A, Sumbria RK, Cribbs DH, Fisher M. Chronic kidney disease promotes cerebral microhemorrhage formation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:51. [PMID: 36841828 PMCID: PMC9960195 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a stroke risk factor, but its exact relationship with cerebrovascular disease is not well-understood. We investigated the development of cerebral small vessel disease using in vivo and in vitro models of CKD. METHODS CKD was produced in aged C57BL/6J mice using an adenine-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis model. We analyzed brain histology using Prussian blue staining to examine formation of cerebral microhemorrhage (CMH), the hemorrhagic component of small vessel disease and the neuropathological substrate of MRI-demonstrable cerebral microbleeds. In cell culture studies, we examined effects of serum from healthy or CKD patients and gut-derived uremic toxins on brain microvascular endothelial barrier. RESULTS CKD was induced in aged C57BL/6J mice with significant increases in both serum creatinine and cystatin C levels (p < 0.0001) without elevation of systolic or diastolic blood pressure. CMH was significantly increased and positively correlated with serum creatinine level (Spearman r = 0.37, p < 0.01). Moreover, CKD significantly increased Iba-1-positive immunoreactivity by 51% (p < 0.001), induced a phenotypic switch from resting to activated microglia, and enhanced fibrinogen extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by 34% (p < 0.05). On analysis stratified by sex, the increase in CMH number was more pronounced in male mice and this correlated with greater creatinine elevation in male compared with female mice. Microglial depletion with PLX3397 diet significantly decreased CMH formation in CKD mice without affecting serum creatinine levels. Incubation of CKD serum significantly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) (p < 0.01) and increased sodium fluorescein permeability (p < 0.05) across the endothelial monolayer. Uremic toxins (i.e., indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate, and trimethylamine-N-oxide) in combination with urea and lipopolysaccharide induced a marked drop in TEER compared with the control group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CKD promotes the development of CMH in aged mice independent of blood pressure but directly proportional to the degree of renal impairment. These effects of CKD are likely mediated in part by microglia and are associated with BBB impairment. The latter is likely related to gut-derived bacteria-dependent toxins classically associated with CKD. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important role of CKD in the development of cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wei Ling Lau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rudy Chang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Vallejo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donghy Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yitong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mark Fisher
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Shanbrom Hall (Building 55), Room 121, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.
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47
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Melo P, S Silveira M, Mendes-Pinto I, Relvas JB. MorphoMacro for in vivo and ex vivo quantitative morphometric analysis of microglia. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 174:75-92. [PMID: 36710053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia cells dynamically survey the central nervous system microenvironment and, in response to tissue damage inflicted by radiation therapy, disease or infection, undergo morphological and functional changes that culminate in microglia activation. Cell shape transformation can be assessed descriptively or, alternatively, it can be quantified as a continuous variable for parameters including total cell size as well as protrusion length, ramification and complexity. The purpose of the MorphoMacro method is to quantitatively profile multiple and single microglia cells using the available ImageJ platform. This method outlines the required steps and ImageJ plugins to convert fluorescence and bright-field photomicrographs into representative binary and skeletonized images and to analyze them using the MorphoMacro software plugin for multiparametric and multilevel description of microglia cell morphology in vivo and ex vivo. Overall, the protocol provides a quantitative and comprehensive tool that can be used to identify, stratify, and monitor diverse microglia morphologies in homeostatic, different disease conditions and subsequent therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana S Silveira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Inês Mendes-Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João B Relvas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Departmento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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48
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Meller SJ, Hernandez L, Martin-Lopez E, Kloos ZA, Liberia T, Greer CA. Microglia Maintain Homeostatic Conditions in the Developing Rostral Migratory Stream. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0197-22.2023. [PMID: 36697258 PMCID: PMC9910579 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0197-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia invade the neuroblast migratory corridor of the rostral migratory stream (RMS) early in development. The early postnatal RMS does not yet have the dense astrocyte and vascular scaffold that helps propel forward migrating neuroblasts, which led us to consider whether microglia help regulate conditions permissive to neuroblast migration in the RMS. GFP-labeled microglia in CX3CR-1GFP/+ mice assemble primarily along the outer borders of the RMS during the first postnatal week, where they exhibit predominantly an ameboid morphology and associate with migrating neuroblasts. Microglia ablation for 3 d postnatally does not impact the density of pulse labeled BrdU+ neuroblasts nor the distance migrated by tdTomato electroporated neuroblasts in the RMS. However, microglia wrap DsRed-labeled neuroblasts in the RMS of P7 CX3CR-1GFP/+;DCXDsRed/+ mice and express the markers CD68, CLEC7A, MERTK, and IGF-1, suggesting active regulation in the developing RMS. Microglia depletion for 14 d postnatally further induced an accumulation of CC3+ DCX+ apoptotic neuroblasts in the RMS, a wider RMS and extended patency of the lateral ventricle extension in the olfactory bulb. These findings illustrate the importance of microglia in maintaining a healthy neuroblast population and an environment permissive to neuroblast migration in the early postnatal RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Lexie Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Zachary A Kloos
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
- The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Graduate Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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49
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Martinovic J, Zaric Kontic M, Dragic M, Todorovic A, Gusevac Stojanovic I, Mitrovic N, Grkovic I, Drakulic D. Chronic oral d-galactose intake provokes age-related changes in the rat prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114072. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Three-dimensional visualization of human brain tumors using the CUBIC technique. Brain Tumor Pathol 2023; 40:4-14. [PMID: 36370248 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-022-00445-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Application of tissue clearing techniques on human brain tumors is still limited. This study was to investigate the application of CUBIC on 3D pathological studies of human brain tumors. Brain tumor specimens derived from 21 patients were cleared with CUBIC. Immunostaining was conducted on cleared specimens to label astrocytes, microglia and microvessels, respectively. All tumor specimens achieved transparency after clearing. Immunostaining and CUBIC are well compatible in a variety of human brain tumors. Spatial morphologies of microvessels, astrocytes and microglia of tumors were clearly visualized in 3D, and their 3D morphological parameters were easily quantified. By comparing the quantitative morphological parameters of microvessels among brain tumors of different malignancy, we found that mean vascular diameter was positively correlated with tumor malignancy. Our study demonstrates that CUBIC can be successfully applied to 3D pathological studies of various human brain tumors, and 3D studies of human brain tumors hold great promise in helping us better understand brain tumor pathology in the future.
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