Zinc and Oxidative Stress: Current Mechanisms

Imbalanced and Unchecked: The Role of Metal Dyshomeostasis in Driving COPD Progression

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress, which ultimately leads to progressive restriction of airflow. Extensive research findings have cogently suggested that the dysregulation of essential transition metal ions, notably iron, copper, and zinc, stands as a critical nexus in the perpetuation of inflammatory processes and oxidative damage within the lungs of COPD patients. Unraveling the intricate interplay between metal homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signaling is of paramount importance in unraveling the intricacies of COPD pathogenesis. This comprehensive review aims to examine the current literature on the sources, regulation, and mechanisms by which metal dyshomeostasis contributes to COPD progression. We specifically focus on iron, copper, and zinc, given their well-characterized roles in orchestrating cytokine production, immune cell function, antioxidant depletion, and matrix remodeling. Despite the limited number of clinical trials investigating metal modulation in COPD, the advent of emerging methodologies tailored to monitor metal fluxes and gauge responses to chelation and supplementation hold great promise in unlocking the potential of metal-based interventions. We conclude that targeted restoration of metal homeostasis represents a promising frontier for ameliorating pathological processes driving COPD progression.

ZIF-8-based Nanoparticles for Inflammation Treatment and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Periodontitis

Periodontitis, an inflammatory bone resorption disease associated with dental plaque, poses significant challenges for effective treatment. In this study, we developed Mino@ZIF-8 nanoparticles inspired by the periodontal microenvironment and the unique properties of zeolitic imidazolate framework 8, aiming to address the complex pathogenesis of periodontitis. Transcriptome analysis revealed the active engagement of Mino@ZIF-8 nanoparticles in innate and adaptive inflammatory host defense and cellular metabolic remodeling. Through sustained release of the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent minocycline hydrochloride (Mino) and the generation of Zn2+ with pro-antioxidant effects during degradation, Mino@ZIF-8 nanoparticles synergistically alleviate inflammation and oxidative damage. Notably, our study focuses on the pivotal role of zinc ions in mitochondrial oxidation protection. Under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, periodontal ligament cells undergo a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis, leading to reduced ATP production and increased reactive oxygen species levels. However, Zn2+ effectively rebalances the glycolysis-OXPHOS imbalance, restoring cellular bioenergetics, mitigating oxidative damage, rescuing impaired mitochondria, and suppressing inflammatory cytokine production through modulation of the AKT/GSK3β/NRF2 pathway. This research not only presents a promising approach for periodontitis treatment but also offers novel therapeutic opportunities for zinc-containing materials, providing valuable insights into the design of biomaterials targeting cellular energy metabolism regulation.

Zinc as a Possible Critical Element to Prevent Harmful Effects of COVID-19 on Testicular Function: a Narrative Review

Research into innovative non-pharmacological therapeutic routes via the utilization of natural elements like zinc (Zn) has been motivated by the discovery of new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2) variants and the ineffectiveness of certain vaccination treatments during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, research on SARS-COV-2's viral cellular entry and infection mechanism has shown that it may seriously harm reproductive system cells and impair testicular function in young men and adolescents, which may lead to male infertility over time. In this context, we conducted a narrative review to give an overview of the data pertaining to Zn's critical role in testicular tissue, the therapeutic use of such micronutrients to enhance male fertility, as well as in the potential mitigation of COVID-19, with the ultimate goal of elucidating the hypothesis of the potential use of Zn supplements to prevent the possible harmful effects of SARS-COV2 infection on testis physiological function, and subsequently, on male fertility.

Associations between follicular fluid trace elements and ovarian response during in vitro fertilization

INTRODUCTION

Exposure to trace elements has been associated with ovarian response in experimental studies. We conducted a hypothesis-generating study of associations between ovarian follicular fluid (FF) trace elements and measures of ovarian response among women using in vitro fertilization (IVF).

METHODS

We collected ovarian FF specimens from 56 women. We determined concentrations (μg/L) of 11 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. We estimated associations between women's FF trace elements per interquartile range difference, and measures of ovarian response using linear (peak estradiol (E2), baseline anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)) and negative binomial (baseline antral follicle count (AFC) and oocyte count) regression, adjusting for confounding factors. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to estimate the associations of the FF trace elements mixture. We also explored FF oxidative stress enzymes as causal mediators of the associations.

RESULTS

Higher FF cobalt was associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 351.48 pg/mL; 95%CI: 21.76, 724.71) and AFC (rate ratio = 1.14; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.28), and higher FF copper was associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 335.66 pg/mL; 95%CI: 81.77, 753.08) and oocyte count (rate ratio = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.43). Higher FF mercury was also associated with greater peak E2 (mean difference = 410.70 pg/mL; 95%CI: 61.90, 883.39). Higher FF lead was associated with lesser AFC (rate ratio = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.73, 0.98). Using PCA, the mixture of Sr, Hg, and As was associated with higher peak estradiol, AFC, and oocyte count. FF glutathione peroxidase, paraoxonase, and arylesterase activities were inconsistent mediators of the associations, but the effect estimates were imprecise.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that essential and non-essential trace elements in FF were associated with ovarian response during IVF.

The Role of Zinc in Developed Countries in Pediatric Patients: A 360-Degree View

Zinc is an important trace element for growth and health at pediatric ages. Zinc is fundamental in inflammatory pathways, oxidative balance, and immune function. Zinc exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating Nuclear Factor-kappa (NF-κB) activity and reducing histamine release from basophils, leukocytes, and mast cells. Furthermore, its antioxidant activity protects against oxidative damage and chronic diseases. Finally, zinc improves the ability to trigger effective immune responses against pathogens by contributing to the maturation of lymphocytes, the production of cytokines, and the regulation of apoptosis. Given these properties, zinc can be considered an adjunctive therapy in treating and preventing respiratory, nephrological, and gastrointestinal diseases, both acute and chronic. This review aims to deepen the role and metabolism of zinc, focusing on the role of supplementation in developed countries in pediatric diseases.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles prevent the onset of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting multiple pathways associated with oxidative stress

BACKGROUND

Zinc deficiency is strongly correlated with prolonged diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy (DN). Previously, glucose-lowering, insulinomimetic, and β-cell proliferative activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) have been reported. Considering these pleiotropic effects, we hypothesized that ZON modulates multiple cellular pathways associated with necroptosis, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which are involved in progressive loss of renal function.

AIM

This study evaluated the effect of ZON on renal function, leading to the alleviation of DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic Wistar rats and proposed a probable mechanism for its activity.

METHODS

Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were used as healthy controls, diabetic controls, diabetic rats treated with ZON (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg), and insulin controls. Urine and serum biochemical parameters, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal histology were also evaluated. Cultured E11 podocytes were evaluated in vitro for markers of oxidative stress, proteins associated with the loss of renal function, and genes associated with renal damage.

KEY FINDINGS

STZ-treated rats receiving oral doses of ZON showed enhanced renal function, with no histological alterations in the kidney tissue. ZON inhibited the TGF-β/Samd3 pathway in renal fibrosis; blocked Ripk1/Ripk3/Mlkl mediated necroptosis and protected against hyperglycemia-induced pyroptosis. In E11 podocytes, ZON reduced oxidative stress under high glucose conditions and retained podocyte-specific proteins.

SIGNIFICANCE

A probable mechanism by which ZON prevents DN has been proposed, suggesting its use as a complementary therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the in vitro effects of ZON in cultured podocytes.

Effects of Perioperative Zinc Supplementation on Copper Circulating Levels and Expression of Metallothionein and Copper Antioxidant Chaperone-1 in Leukocytes in Patients Undergoing CABG Surgery

The use of zinc supplement may have a negative effect on copper status. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc and vitamin E supplementation on copper and zinc biomarkers in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The study was an add-on project to a previously published randomized controlled trial (NCT05402826) on patients undergoing CABG surgery. Patients in the zinc-vitamin E group (n = 40) received oral zinc (120 mg) and vitamin E (1200 international units) 1 day before surgery, followed by 30 mg of zinc and 200 units of vitamin E per day until 21 days after surgery, while those in the control group (n = 38) received placebo. Plasma levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as leukocyte gene expression of metallothionein 2A (MT2A) and antioxidant protein 1 (ATOX1), were determined 3 and 21 days after surgery. The plasma copper level in the zinc-vitamin E group was significantly lower than the placebo group on the 3rd postoperative day, but no significant between-group differences were observed on day 21. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentration and SOD activity were not different. Relative mRNA expression of leukocyte MT2A was increased at both times (days 3 and 21 in the zinc-vitamin E group compared to placebo, but ATOX1 expression was not affected. Although the plasma copper level was transiently decreased early after surgery in the zinc-vitamin E group, considering the lack of change in other copper biomarkers, it seems that the use of zinc supplements at the dose used in the present study does not have a significant negative effect on the role of intracellular copper.

Oxidative Imbalance in Endometriosis-Related Infertility-The Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants

Endometriosis in half of affected women is closely related to problems with fertility. Endometriosis-associated infertility is caused by a wide range of abnormalities affecting the female reproductive tract, from oocyte quality impairment to disturbances in the eutopic endometrium or mechanical abnormalities resulting from disease progression. Since supportive antioxidant therapies, in addition to surgical treatment or assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), have overall been proven to be effective tools in endometriosis management, the objective of our review was to analyze the role of antioxidant substances, including vitamins, micronutrients, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), curcumin, melatonin, and resveratrol, in endometriosis-related infertility. Most of these substances have been proven to alleviate the systemic oxidant predominance, which has been expressed through decreased oxidative stress (OS) markers and enhanced antioxidative defense. In addition, we demonstrated that the predominant effect of the aforementioned substances is the inhibition of the development of endometriotic lesions as well as the suppression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Although we can undoubtedly conclude that antioxidants are beneficial in fertility support, further studies explaining the detailed pathways of their action are needed.

Molecular mechanisms underlying methotrexate-induced intestinal injury and protective strategies

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid reductase inhibitor that manages various malignancies as well as immune-mediated inflammatory chronic diseases. Despite being frequently prescribed, MTX's severe multiple toxicities can occasionally limit its therapeutic potential. Intestinal toxicity is a severe adverse effect associated with the administration of MTX, and patients are significantly burdened by MTX-provoked intestinal mucositis. However, the mechanism of such intestinal toxicity is not entirely understood, mechanistic studies demonstrated oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions as key factors that lead to the development of MTX-induced intestinal injury. Besides, MTX causes intestinal cells to express pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This is followed by the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of the transcription3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway. Moreover, because of its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) has been considered a critical signaling pathway that counteracts oxidative stress in MTX-induced intestinal injury. Several agents have potential protective effects in counteracting MTX-provoked intestinal injury such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, taurine, umbelliferone, vinpocetine, perindopril, rutin, hesperidin, lycopene, quercetin, apocynin, lactobacillus, berberine, zinc, and nifuroxazide. This review aims to summarize the potential redox molecular mechanisms of MTX-induced intestinal injury and how they can be alleviated. In conclusion, studying these molecular pathways might open the way for early alleviation of the intestinal damage and the development of various agent plans to attenuate MTX-mediated intestinal injury.

Dietary zinc intake in relation to migraine among adults: a cross sectional study of NHANES 1999-2004

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have revealed that an antioxidant diet is a protective factor against migraine. However, the association between zinc, an important antioxidant obtained from the diet, and migraine has received little attention. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between zinc intake with migraine.

METHODS

The present study used cross-sectional data from individuals who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2004. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline models were performed to explore the association between zinc intake and migraine.

RESULTS

A total of 9849 adults aged 20 years or older were included in this study. Zinc intake was negatively associated with migraine. Compared to participants in the lowest group of dietary zinc intake Q1 (≤5.93 mg/day), the adjusted ORs for migraine in Q2 (5.94-8.38 mg/day), Q3 (8.39-11.26 mg/day), Q4 (11.27-15.75 mg/day), and Q5 (≥15.76 mg/day) were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.60-0.89, p = 0.004), 0.72 (95% CI: 0.55-0.95, p = 0.02), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.58-0.99, p = 0.04) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.50-1.05, p = 0.08), respectively. Our findings also suggested an interaction between zinc intake and age (P for interaction = 0.007). Additionally, the relationship between zinc intake and migraine in adults with 20-50 years was non-linear.

CONCLUSIONS

A higher zinc intake is significantly associated with a decreased prevalence of migraine, and age can modify the association between them.

Zinc and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Clinical Study to Animal Experiment

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) with a high incidence rate globally, and IBD patients are often accompanied by zinc deficiency. This review aims to summarize the potential therapeutic value of zinc supplementation in IBD clinical patients and animal models. Zinc supplementation can relieve the severity of IBD especially in patients with zinc deficiency. The clinical severity of IBD were mainly evaluated through some scoring methods involving clinical performance, endoscopic observation, blood biochemistry, and pathologic biopsy. Through conducting animal experiments, it has been found that zinc plays an important role in alleviating clinical symptoms and improving pathological lesions. In both clinical observation and animal experiment of IBD, the therapeutic mechanisms of zinc interventions have been found to be related to immunomodulation, intestinal epithelial repair, and gut microbiota's balance. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of zinc was clarified in animal experiment. Appropriate zinc supplementation is beneficial for IBD therapy, and the present evidence highlights that alleviating zinc-deficient status can effectively improve the severity of clinical symptoms in IBD patients and animal models.

Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease

BACKGROUND

Sickle cell disease (SCD) refers to a group of genetic disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal haemoglobin molecule called haemoglobin S (HbS). When subjected to oxidative stress from low oxygen concentrations, HbS molecules form rigid polymers, giving the red cell the typical sickle shape. Antioxidants have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve outcomes in other diseases associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, it is important to review and synthesize the available evidence on the effect of antioxidants on the clinical outcomes of people with SCD.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness and safety of antioxidant supplementation for improving health outcomes in people with SCD.

SEARCH METHODS

We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 15 August 2023.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing antioxidant supplementation to placebo, other antioxidants, or different doses of antioxidants, in people with SCD.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and certainty of the evidence, and reported according to Cochrane methodological procedures.

MAIN RESULTS

The review included 1609 participants in 26 studies, with 17 comparisons. We rated 13 studies as having a high risk of bias overall, and 13 studies as having an unclear risk of bias overall due to study limitations. We used GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence. Only eight studies reported on our important outcomes at six months. Vitamin C (1400 mg) plus vitamin E (800 mg) versus placebo Based on evidence from one study in 83 participants, vitamin C (1400 mg) plus vitamin E (800 mg) may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 2.18), the severity of pain (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.37), or adverse effects (AE), of which the most common were headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhoea, and epigastric pain (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.00). Vitamin C plus vitamin E may increase the risk of SCD-related complications (acute chest syndrome: RR 2.66, 95% CI 0.77 to 9.13; 1 study, 83 participants), and increase haemoglobin level (median (interquartile range) 90 (81 to 96) g/L versus 93.5 (84 to 105) g/L) (1 study, 83 participants) compared to placebo. However, the evidence for all the above effects is very uncertain. The study did not report on quality of life (QoL) of participants and their caregivers, nor on frequency of hospitalization. Zinc versus placebo Zinc may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis at six months (rate ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.29; 1 study, 36 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether zinc is better than placebo at improving sickle cell-related complications (complete healing of leg ulcers at six months: RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.60 to 6.72; 1 study, 34 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Zinc may be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (g/dL) (MD 1.26, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.26; 1 study, 36 participants; low-certainty evidence). The study did not report on severity of pain, QoL, AE, and frequency of hospitalization. N-acetylcysteine versus placebo N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 1200 mg may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis in SCD, reported as pain days (rate ratio 0.99 days, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.84; 1 study, 96 participants; low-certainty evidence). Low-certainty evidence from one study (96 participants) suggests NAC (1200 mg) may not be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.87). Compared to placebo, NAC (1200 mg) may not be better at improving physical QoL (MD -1.80, 95% CI -5.01 to 1.41) and mental QoL (MD 2.00, 95% CI -1.45 to 5.45; very low-certainty evidence), reducing the risk of adverse effects (gastrointestinal complaints, pruritus, or rash) (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.14; low-certainty evidence), reducing the frequency of hospitalizations (rate ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.38; low-certainty evidence), and sickle cell-related complications (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 101.48; very low-certainty evidence), or increasing haemoglobin level (MD -0.18 g/dL, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.04; low-certainty evidence). L-arginine versus placebo L-arginine may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis (monthly pain) (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.95; 1 study, 50 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, L-arginine may be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain (MD -1.41, 95% CI -1.65 to -1.18; 2 studies, 125 participants; low-certainty evidence). One participant allocated to L-arginine developed hives during infusion of L-arginine, another experienced acute clinical deterioration, and a participant in the placebo group had clinically relevant increases in liver function enzymes. The evidence is very uncertain whether L-arginine is better at reducing the mean number of days in hospital compared to placebo (MD -0.85 days, 95% CI -1.87 to 0.17; 2 studies, 125 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Also, L-arginine may not be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (MD 0.4 g/dL, 95% CI -0.50 to 1.3; 2 studies, 106 participants; low-certainty evidence). No study in this comparison reported on QoL and sickle cell-related complications. Omega-3 versus placebo Very low-certainty evidence shows no evidence of a difference in the risk of adverse effects of omega-3 compared to placebo (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.48; 1 study, 67 participants). Very low-certainty evidence suggests that omega-3 may not be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (MD 0.36 g/L, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.93; 1 study, 67 participants). The study did not report on frequency of crisis, severity of pain, QoL, frequency of hospitalization, and sickle cell-related complications.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There was inconsistent evidence on all outcomes to draw conclusions on the beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidants. However, L-arginine may be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain at six months, and zinc may be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level. We are uncertain whether other antioxidants are beneficial for SCD. Larger studies conducted on each comparison would reduce the current uncertainties.

Glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine prevents copper- and zinc-induced protein aggregation and central nervous system cell death in vitro

Common features of neurodegenerative diseases are oxidative and inflammatory imbalances as well as the misfolding of proteins. An excess of free metal ions can be pathological and contribute to cell death, but only copper and zinc strongly promote protein aggregation. Herein we demonstrate that the endogenous copper-binding tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK) has the ability to bind to and reduce copper redox activity and to prevent copper- and zinc-induced cell death in vitro. In addition, GHK prevents copper- and zinc-induced bovine serum albumin aggregation and reverses aggregation through resolubilizing the protein. We further demonstrate the enhanced toxicity of copper during inflammation and the ability of GHK to attenuate this toxicity. Finally, we investigated the effects of copper on enhancing paraquat toxicity and report a protective effect of GHK. We therefore conclude that GHK has potential as a cytoprotective compound with regard to copper and zinc toxicity, with positive effects on protein solubility and aggregation that warrant further investigation in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Zinc deficiency affects insulin secretion and alters insulin-regulated metabolic signaling in rats

BACKGROUND

The essential trace element zinc is important in stabilizing pancreatic insulin secretion. Zinc not only influences the synthesis of insulin but also affects its activity. Insulin not only exerts a hypoglycemic effect but also regulates glucose and lipid metabolisms in insulin target organs. In this study, we aimed to determine changes to pancreatic β cells and insulin secretion induced by different zinc concentrations and to evaluate the effect of zinc deficiency on glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and insulin target organs via changing insulin levels.

METHODS

We set up two experimental trials. In the first trial, male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups. Group one (ZnC) received a standard diet, group two (ZnF) was given a zinc-free diet, and group three (ZnFC) was initially fed a zinc-free diet followed by a reversion to the standard diet. After sacrifice, we observed changes in blood parameters, including insulin, and examined alterations in pancreatic tissue using immunostaining, with focus on the localization of pancreatic β-cells. In the second trial, male SD rats were split into two groups, with one receiving a standard diet and the other a zinc-free diet. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were then performed. After sacrifice, we evaluated changes in lipid and glucose metabolism within insulin target organs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

In the first trial, blood insulin levels and the area of insulin-positive staining in pancreatic β-cells decreased in the ZnF compared to the ZnC group. The ZnFC group did not show recovery in either blood insulin levels or the area of insulin-positive staining in pancreatic β-cells. In the second trial, no differences were observed in glucose tolerance or insulin resistance between the ZnC and ZnF groups. However, changes in the expression of insulin target genes were noted in the liver and adipose tissue in the ZnF group.

CONCLUSION

We reveal that dietary zinc concentrations not only affect the concentration of insulin in the blood but also impact the localization of pancreatic β-cells involved in insulin production. Furthermore, our results suggest that changes in blood insulin levels, induced by different zinc concentrations, could cause metabolic alterations in insulin target organs such as the liver and adipose tissue. This study sheds more light on the role of zinc in insulin-regulated metabolic diseases.

Association of the oxidative balance score with obesity and body composition among young and middle-aged adults

Objective

The oxidative balance score (OBS) is important for determining the cause of obesity and its complications. We aimed to evaluate the association between OBS and obesity and other segmental body composition parameters among young and middle-aged U.S. adults.

Methods

9,998 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 were included. Lean mass percentage (LM%) and FM% were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Obesity was defined as body FM% ≥25% in men and ≥ 35% in women. The OBS was scored by 5 pro-oxidant and 21 antioxidant factors. Associations of quartiles of OBS with obesity risk were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to estimate the association between OBS and segmental body composition measures including the arm LM%, leg LM%, torso LM%, whole LM%, arm FM%, leg FM%, torso FM% and total FM%.

Results

Compared to participants in the lowest quartile of OBS, those in the highest quartile of OBS were associated with a lower risk of BMI-defined obesity BMI-defined obesity [0.43 (0.36, 0.50)] and FM%-related obesity [0.43 (0.35, 0.52)]. Additionally, OBS was negatively associated with FM% of the limb and torso but positively associated with the percentage of lean mass (LM%) of the limb and trunk.

Conclusion

OBS was negatively associated with the risk of obesity and segmental FM%, but was positively associated with segmental LM% among US adults, indicating that adhering to an anti-oxidative diet and lifestyle management may be beneficial for preventing segmental obesity.

Copper Deficiency Associated with Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adequate copper (Cu) status has been associated with improved glycemic control, partly because of its role in reducing oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Thus, the aim was to investigate the relationship between plasma Cu concentration and markers associated with glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in individuals with T2DM of both sexes, aged between 19 and 59 years. Plasma Cu levels were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, C-peptide levels, SOD activity, and glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c) were measured. Homeostatic model assessments (HOMA%B, HOMA%S, and HOMA-IR) were also performed. Additionally, %body fat and waist circumference were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Participants were categorized based on their plasma Cu concentrations (< 70 µg/dL and ≥ 70 µg/dL). The associations between variables were analyzed using chi-squared or Fisher's test and binary logistic regression models. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Of the 97 participants (74.2% women), 85.5% had Cu deficiency. Cu-deficient individuals showed elevated C-peptide concentrations and HOMA%B values compared to those with adequate Cu levels (2.8 ng/mL vs. 1.8 ng/mL, P = 0.011; and 71.4 vs. 31.0, P = 0.003), respectively. Cu deficiency was associated with insulin resistance (P = 0.044) and decreased likelihood of exceeding the target serum glucose level (OR = 0.147, P = 0.013). However, no significant association was found between SOD activity and plasma Cu concentration. Consequently, Cu deficiency was linked to improved glycemic control, although it was not associated with the other markers.

Vitamin D3 and zinc supplements augment the antimanic efficacy of lithium and olanzapine treatments in an animal model of mania

Objective: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a challenging psychiatric disorder and a complex disease. The associated reduction in serum vitamin D3 (VitD3) levels in BD patients and the contribution of zinc (Zn) to the treatment, along with the severe side effects of lithium (Li) treatment, were encouraging to assess the efficacy of different correlated combinations of therapeutic/nutraceutical treatments such as olanzapine (Oln), VitD3, and Zn against Li. Methods: Mania was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administering methylphenidate (MPH) for 14 consecutive days. On the 8th day of MPH injection, different treatment regimens were administered, Li, Oln, VitD3/Zn, VitD3/Zn/Oln, VitD3 + Zn + Oln + Li50mg/kg (C50), and VitD3 + Zn + Oln + Li100mg/kg (C100). Both VitD3 (850 IU/kg) and Zn (180 mg/kg) were supplied with food for 2 weeks before starting the induction of mania, which continued until the end of MPH administration. Behavioral, brain oxidative stress, thyroid hormones, VitD3, Zn, GsK-3β, and Bcl2 levels, as well as brain histopathological alterations, were assessed. Results: Manic mice exhibited alterations in all tested parameters, and the histopathological examination of the cortex and hippocampus confirmed these results. The VitD3/Zn/Oln, C50, and C100 treatment regimens reversed most of the behavioral and pathophysiological alterations; however, the C50 treatment regimen was the most efficient. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of combining different antimanic medications like Li and Oln with nutraceutical supplements to increase their antimanic efficacy, reduce their adverse effects, and, ideally, improve the BD patient's quality of life.

Chemoproteomic Profiling Maps Zinc-Dependent Cysteine Reactivity

As a vital micronutrient, zinc is integral to the structure, function, and signaling networks of diverse proteins. Dysregulated zinc levels, due to either excess intake or deficiency, are associated with a spectrum of health disorders. In this context, understanding zinc-regulated biological processes at the molecular level holds significant relevance to public health and clinical practice. Identifying and characterizing zinc-regulated proteins in their diverse proteoforms, however, remain a difficult task in advancing zinc biology. Herein, we address this challenge by developing a quantitative chemical proteomics platform that globally profiles the reactivities of proteinaceous cysteines upon cellular zinc depletion. Exploiting a protein-conjugated resin for the selective removal of Zn2+ from culture media, we identify an array of zinc-sensitive cysteines on proteins with diverse functions based on their increased reactivity upon zinc depletion. Notably, we find that zinc regulates the enzymatic activities, post-translational modifications, and subcellular distributions of selected target proteins such as peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha1 (PAFAH1B3), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK1).

Association between dietary selenium and zinc intake and risk of dilated cardiomyopathy in children: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) is characterized by the enlargement and weakening of the heart and is a major cause of heart failure in children. Infection and nutritional deficiencies are culprits for DCMP. Zinc is an important nutrient for human health due to its anti-oxidant effect that protects cell against oxidative damage. This case-control study aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary intake of zinc and selenium and the risk of DCMP in pediatric patients.

METHODS

A total of 36 DCMP patients and 72 matched controls were recruited, and their dietary intakes were assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire. We used chi-square and sample T-test for qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the relationship between selenium and zinc intake with the risk of DCMP.

RESULTS

After fully adjusting for confounding factors, analyses showed that selenium (OR = 0.19, CI = 0.057-0.069, P trend < 0.011) and zinc (OR = 0.12, CI = 0.035-0.046, P trend < 0.002) intake were strongly associated with 81% and 88% lower risk of pediatric DCMP, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the protective role of adequate dietary intake of selenium and zinc in decreasing the risk of DCMP in children. Malnutrition may exacerbate the condition and addressing these micronutrient deficiencies may improve the cardiac function. Further studies are recommended to detect the underlying mechanisms and dietary recommendations for DCMP prevention.

Metallothionein-3 is a multifunctional driver that modulates the development of sorafenib-resistant phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Metallothionein-3 (hMT3) is a structurally unique member of the metallothioneins family of low-mass cysteine-rich proteins. hMT3 has poorly characterized functions, and its importance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanisms driven by hMT3 with a special emphasis on susceptibility to sorafenib.

METHODS

Intrinsically sorafenib-resistant (BCLC-3) and sensitive (Huh7) cells with or without up-regulated hMT3 were examined using cDNA microarray and methods aimed at mitochondrial flux, oxidative status, cell death, and cell cycle. In addition, in ovo/ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays were conducted to determine a role of hMT3 in resistance to sorafenib and associated cancer hallmarks, such as angiogenesis and metastastic spread. Molecular aspects of hMT3-mediated induction of sorafenib-resistant phenotype were delineated using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics.

RESULTS

The phenotype of sensitive HCC cells can be remodeled into sorafenib-resistant one via up-regulation of hMT3. hMT3 has a profound effect on mitochondrial respiration, glycolysis, and redox homeostasis. Proteomic analyses revealed a number of hMT3-affected biological pathways, including exocytosis, glycolysis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cellular stress, which drive resistance to sorafenib.

CONCLUSIONS

hMT3 acts as a multifunctional driver capable of inducing sorafenib-resistant phenotype of HCC cells. Our data suggest that hMT3 and related pathways could serve as possible druggable targets to improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with sorafenib-resistant HCC.

Tannic acid and zinc ion coordination of nanase for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease by promoting mucosal repair and removing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

Colon mucosal overexpression of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) accelerates the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and destroys the mucosa and its barrier. IBD can be alleviated by removing RONS from the inflamed colon. The preparation of strong and efficient nanoantioxidants remains a challenge despite the development of numerous nanoantioxidants. In this paper, Zn-TA nanoparticles with fine hollow microstructure (HZn-TA) were successfully prepared and could be effectively used to treat IBD. In the first step, ZIF-8 nanoparticles were synthesized by a one-pot method. On this basis, HZn-TA nanoparticles were etched by TA, and a multifunctional nanase was developed for the treatment of IBD. RONS, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), can be eliminated to increase cell survival following Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In a model for preventing and delaying acute colitis, clearance of RONS has been shown to reduce intestinal inflammation in mice by reducing colon damage, proinflammatory cytokine levels, the spleen index, and body weight. Intestinal mucosal healing can be promoted by HZn-TA nanoparticles, which can upregulate zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 expression. Based on the results of this study, HZn-TA nanoparticles were able to effectively treat IBD with minimal adverse effects by being biocompatible, multienzyme active, and capable of scavenging RONS. Therefore, we pioneered the application of HZn-TA nanoparticles for the treatment of IBD, which are capable of clearing RONS without significant adverse effects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: ➢ HZn-TA nanoparticles were successfully prepared and could be effectively used to treat IBD. ➢ Intestinal mucosal healing can be promoted by HZn-TA nanoparticles, which can upregulate ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression. ➢ HZn-TA nanoparticles were able to effectively treat IBD with minimal adverse effects by being biocompatible, multienzyme active, and capable of scavenging RONS.

Integrative Co-Registration of Elemental Imaging and Histopathology for Enhanced Spatial Multimodal Analysis of Tissue Sections through TRACE

Summary

Elemental imaging provides detailed profiling of metal bioaccumulation, offering more precision than bulk analysis by targeting specific tissue areas. However, accurately identifying comparable tissue regions from elemental maps is challenging, requiring the integration of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides for effective comparison. Facilitating the streamlined co-registration of Whole Slide Images (WSI) and elemental maps, TRACE enhances the analysis of tissue regions and elemental abundance in various pathological conditions. Through an interactive containerized web application, TRACE features real-time annotation editing, advanced statistical tools, and data export, supporting comprehensive spatial analysis. Notably, it allows for comparison of elemental abundances across annotated tissue structures and enables integration with other spatial data types through WSI co-registration.

Availability and Implementation

Available on the following platforms- GitHub: jlevy44/trace_app , PyPI: trace_app , Docker: joshualevy44/trace_app , Singularity: joshualevy44/trace_app .

Contact

joshua.levy@cshs.org.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available.

Exploring the role of antioxidants in sepsis-associated oxidative stress: a comprehensive review

Sepsis is a potentially fatal condition characterized by organ dysfunction caused by an imbalanced immune response to infection. Although an increased inflammatory response significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of sepsis, several molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of sepsis are associated with increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and exhausted antioxidant pathways. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the involvement of ROS in the pathophysiology of sepsis and the potential application of antioxidants with antimicrobial properties as an adjunct to primary therapies (fluid and antibiotic therapies) against sepsis. This article delves into the advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilization of antioxidants in the therapeutic approach to sepsis, which has been explored in a variety of animal models and clinical trials. While the application of antioxidants has been suggested as a potential therapy to suppress the immune response in cases where an intensified inflammatory reaction occurs, the use of multiple antioxidant agents can be beneficial as they can act additively or synergistically on different pathways, thereby enhancing the antioxidant defense. Furthermore, the utilization of immunoadjuvant therapy, specifically in septic patients displaying immunosuppressive tendencies, represents a promising advancement in sepsis therapy.

Current trends in targeting the oxidative stress in glaucoma (Review)

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterised by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and visual field loss. Glaucoma is considered to be the leading cause of blindness in the industrialised countries. Oxidative damage is an important pathogenic factor in glaucoma, which triggers trabecular meshwork (TM) degeneration, which then leads to intraocular hypertension. Neurodegenerative insults during glaucomatous neurodegeneration initiate an immune response to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the oxidative stress (OS) that develops during the pathogenic processes of glaucoma, along with the agerelated OS, plays a critical role in shifting the physiological equilibrium. In the TM from glaucoma donors, proinflammatory markers were found, which were induced by the activation of a stress response. Chronic changes in the composition of antioxidants found in aqueous humour may induce alterations in TM as well as in the optic nerve head cells. Highlighting the pathogenic role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in glaucoma has implications in preventing this disease. Various clinical trials are available to test the efficacy of antioxidant drugs in glaucoma management. In this review, we discuss the OS as a therapeutic target, suggesting that the modulation of a pro-oxidant/antioxidant status might be a relevant target for glaucoma prevention and therapy.

Anthelmintic and therapeutic effects of the biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles against acute kidney injury induced by Parascaris equorum Infection in rats

Complications of parasite infections, especially kidney disease, have been linked to poorer outcomes. Acute kidney damage, glomerulonephritis, and tubular dysfunction are the most prevalent renal consequences of Parascaris equorum infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacological effects of green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on P. equorum infection in male Wistar rats. Thirty-six male rats were divided into two groups of 18 each: infected and non-infected. Both groups were separated into three subgroups, each of which received distilled water, 30 mg/kg ZnO NPs, and 60 mg/kg ZnO NPs. After 10 days of ZnO NPs administration, four larvae per gram of kidney tissue were present in the untreated infected group. While, no larvae were present in ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg) treated group, and one larva/g.tissue was present in ZnO NPs (60 mg/kg) treated group compared to untreated infected animals. P. equorum infected rats had increased kidney biomarkers (creatinine, urea, uric acid), malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, with a significant decrease in their antioxidant systems. On the other hand, infected treated rats with green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles had a substantial drop in creatinine, urea, uric acid, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide, as well as a significant rise in their antioxidant systems. P. equorum infection in rats caused severe degenerative and necrotic renal tissues. On the other hand, there were no detectable histopathological alterations in rats treated with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg) as compared to the infected untreated animals. When compared to infected untreated mice, immunohistochemical examination of nuclear factor-kappa B showed a significant decrease during treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg). Green-produced zinc oxide nanoparticles are a viable therapeutic strategy for Parascaris equorum infection due to their potent anthelmintic activity, including a significant decrease in larval burden in infected treated rats.

Cochlear zinc signaling dysregulation is associated with noise-induced hearing loss, and zinc chelation enhances cochlear recovery

Exposure to loud noise triggers sensory organ damage and degeneration that, in turn, leads to hearing loss. Despite the troublesome impact of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in individuals and societies, treatment strategies that protect and restore hearing are few and insufficient. As such, identification and mechanistic understanding of the signaling pathways involved in NIHL are required. Biological zinc is mostly bound to proteins, where it plays major structural or catalytic roles; however, there is also a pool of unbound, mobile (labile) zinc. Labile zinc is mostly found in vesicles in secretory tissues, where it is released and plays a critical signaling role. In the brain, labile zinc fine-tunes neurotransmission and sensory processing. However, injury-induced dysregulation of labile zinc signaling contributes to neurodegeneration. Here, we tested whether zinc dysregulation occurs and contributes to NIHL in mice. We found that ZnT3, the vesicular zinc transporter responsible for loading zinc into vesicles, is expressed in cochlear hair cells and the spiral limbus, with labile zinc also present in the same areas. Soon after noise trauma, ZnT3 and zinc levels are significantly increased, and their subcellular localization is vastly altered. Disruption of zinc signaling, either via ZnT3 deletion or pharmacological zinc chelation, mitigated NIHL, as evidenced by enhanced auditory brainstem responses, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and number of hair cell synapses. These data reveal that noise-induced zinc dysregulation is associated with cochlear dysfunction and recovery after NIHL, and point to zinc chelation as a potential treatment for mitigating NIHL.

Role of zinc in health and disease

This review provides a concise overview of the cellular and clinical aspects of the role of zinc, an essential micronutrient, in human physiology and discusses zinc-related pathological states. Zinc cannot be stored in significant amounts, so regular dietary intake is essential. ZIP4 and/or ZnT5B transport dietary zinc ions from the duodenum into the enterocyte, ZnT1 transports zinc ions from the enterocyte into the circulation, and ZnT5B (bidirectional zinc transporter) facilitates endogenous zinc secretion into the intestinal lumen. Putative promoters of zinc absorption that increase its bioavailability include amino acids released from protein digestion and citrate, whereas dietary phytates, casein and calcium can reduce zinc bioavailability. In circulation, 70% of zinc is bound to albumin, and the majority in the body is found in skeletal muscle and bone. Zinc excretion is via faeces (predominantly), urine, sweat, menstrual flow and semen. Excessive zinc intake can inhibit the absorption of copper and iron, leading to copper deficiency and anaemia, respectively. Zinc toxicity can adversely affect the lipid profile and immune system, and its treatment depends on the mode of zinc acquisition. Acquired zinc deficiency usually presents later in life alongside risk factors like malabsorption syndromes, but medications like diuretics and angiotensin-receptor blockers can also cause zinc deficiency. Inherited zinc deficiency condition acrodermatitis enteropathica, which occurs due to mutation in the SLC39A4 gene (encoding ZIP4), presents from birth. Treatment involves zinc supplementation via zinc gluconate, zinc sulphate or zinc chloride. Notably, oral zinc supplementation may decrease the absorption of drugs like ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and risedronate.

Development and Validation of a Fluorogenic Probe for Lysosomal Zinc Release

Zinc homeostasis, which allows optimal zinc utilization in diverse life processes, is responsible for the general well-being of human beings. This paper describes developing and validating an easily accessible indole-containing zinc-specific probe in the cellular milieu. The probe was synthesized from readily available starting materials and was subjected to steady-state fluorescence studies. It showed selective sensing behavior towards Zn2+ with reversible binding. The suppression of PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) and ESIPT (Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer) elicited selectivity, and the detection limit was 0.63 μM (LOQ 6.8 μM). The zinc sensing capability of the probe was also screened in the presence of low molecular weight ligands [LMWLs] and showed interference only with GSH and ATP. It is non-toxic and can detect zinc in different cell lines under various stress conditions such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, and apoptosis. The probe could stain the early and late stages of apoptosis in PAN-2 cells by monitoring the zinc release. Most experiments were conducted without external zinc supplementation, showing its innate ability to detect zinc.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) protects against allethrin-exposed pulmo damage in rats: mechanistic interleukins

Inhaling Allethrin (C19H26O3) may induce oxidative stress in lung cells by causing the formation of free radi-cals. Interleukins (IL) are a group of secreted cytokines or proteins and signaling molecules initially produced as an immune response by leukocytes. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. (haramonting) contains antioxidants that may prevent lung damage induced by allethrin-containing electric mosquito repellents. In this study, six groups of rats were exposed to allethrin via an electric mosquito repellent, including positive, negative, and comparison control groups and three groups were administered Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk at 100 mg/kg BW, 200 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW. After 30 days, the pulmonary tissue and the blood were taken for immunohisto-chemical and ELISA analysis. The accumulation of inflammatory cells causes the thickening of the alveolar wall structures. Injuries were more prevalent in the A+ group than in the other groups. The connection between the alveoli and blood capillaries, which can interfere with alveolar gas exchange, is not regulated, and the lu-minal morphology is aberrant, causing damage to the alveolar epithelial cells. Exposure to electric mosquito coils containing allethrin can increase the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-8, interleukin-9, and interleu-kin-18 in blood serum and tissues while decreasing the expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Like the Vitamin C group, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa can increase alveolar histological alterations by decreasing the ex-pression of IL-1β, IL-8, IL-9, and IL-18 while increasing IL-6 and IL-10. So that this plant can be developed in the future as a drug to prevent lung harm from exposure.

A nested case-control study of serum zinc and incident diabetes among Chinese adults: Effect modifications and mediation analysis

Although numerous evidences suggest that zinc may have a beneficial impact on preventing and treating diabetes, findings from the population studies are inconclusive. To address this gap, we conducted a nested case-control study, employing restricted cubic splines and a conditional logistic regression model to explore the association between serum zinc levels and the risk of diabetes. We also assessed potential effect modifications through stratified analyses and examined the mediating effects of metabolic indicators using a multiclass mediation effect model. We measured baseline serum zinc concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in a cohort of 2156 participants, including 1078 individuals with diabetes and 1078 matched controls. Our findings revealed a 51 % increased risk of diabetes when comparing the highest quartile (Q4) to the lowest quartile (Q1) of serum zinc levels (Odds Ratio [95 % Confidence Interval]: 1.51 [1.09, 2.09]). There was a positive linear dose-response relationship between serum zinc and diabetes risk (P overall ≤0.01, P nonlinear = 0.20). Effect modifications were evident between serum zinc and factors such as educational attainment, body mass index, alcohol index, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke, all of which influenced the risk of diabetes (all P-interaction <0.05). Moreover, our study identified significant indirect effects of triglycerides levels on diabetes risk for participants in the third (Q3) and fourth (Q4) quartiles of serum zinc, with mediation proportions of 19.23 % and 19.28 %, respectively. A significant indirect effect of alanine aminotransferase on diabetes risk was found for those in the Q4 of serum zinc, with a mediation proportion of 12.05 %. Considering these findings, it is advisable to conduct testing for serum zinc level and exercise caution when considering zinc supplementation. Furthermore, our results emphasized the necessity for additional validation through large-sample prospective population studies and experimental research.

Metallic trace elements in marine sponges living in a semi-enclosed tropical lagoon

The ability of marine filter feeders to accumulate metals could help monitor the health of the marine environment. This study examined the concentration of metallic trace elements (MTE) in two marine sponges, Rhabdastrella globostellata and Hyrtios erectus, from three sampling zones of the semi-enclosed Bouraké Lagoon (New Caledonia, South West Pacific). MTE in sponge tissues, seawater, and surrounding sediments was measured using inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectroscopy. The variability in sponge MTE concentrations between species and sampling zones was visually discriminated using a principal component analysis (PCA). Sponges showed Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, and Zn concentrations 2 to 10 times higher than in the surrounding sediments and seawater. Hyrtios erectus accumulated 3 to 20 times more MTE than R. globostellata, except for Zn. Average bioconcentration factors in sponge tissues were (in decreasing order) Zn > Ni > Mn > Fe > Cr relate to sediments and Fe > Ni > Mn > Cr > Zn relate to seawater. The PCA confirmed higher MTE concentrations in H. erectus compared to R. globostellata. Our results confirm that marine sponges can accumulate MTE to some extent and could be used as a tool for assessing metals contamination in lagoon ecosystems, particularly in New Caledonia, where 40% of the lagoon is classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Zinc Starvation Induces Cell Wall Remodeling and Activates the Antioxidant Defense System in Fonsecaea pedrosoi

The survival of pathogenic fungi in the host after invasion depends on their ability to obtain nutrients, which include the transition metal zinc. This essential micronutrient is required to maintain the structure and function of various proteins and, therefore, plays a critical role in various biological processes. The host's nutritional immunity limits the availability of zinc to pathogenic fungi mainly by the action of calprotectin, a component of neutrophil extracellular traps. Here we investigated the adaptive responses of Fonsecaea pedrosoi to zinc-limiting conditions. This black fungus is the main etiological agent of chromoblastomycosis, a chronic neglected tropical disease that affects subcutaneous tissues. Following exposure to a zinc-limited environment, F. pedrosoi induces a high-affinity zinc uptake machinery, composed of zinc transporters and the zincophore Pra1. A proteomic approach was used to define proteins regulated by zinc deprivation. Cell wall remodeling, changes in neutral lipids homeostasis, and activation of the antioxidant system were the main strategies for survival in the hostile environment. Furthermore, the downregulation of enzymes required for sulfate assimilation was evident. Together, the adaptive responses allow fungal growth and development and reveals molecules that may be related to fungal persistence in the host.

Effects of Elevating Zinc Supplementation on the Health and Production Parameters of High-Producing Dairy Cows

This study's objective was to determine the effects of increasing the dietary added zinc (Zn) on the milk production, milk somatic cell count (SCC), and immunoglobulin and antioxidant marker concentrations in the blood of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows (67 ± 2.5 days in milk) were assigned randomly to (1) a diet containing Zn-methionine at 76 mg/kg of DM (CTL) or (2) CTL top-dressed with about 21 mg/kg of DM extra Zn-methionine (+Zn) for 70 d. The concentrations of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and immunoglobulins in the blood were measured on d 0, 35, and 70. Compared to CTL, +Zn decreased the dry matter intake (DMI) throughout the trial and the milk yield (MY) during the first phase of feeding (0-35 d). It, however, increased the milk yield during the last phase (36-70 d). The +Zn tended to have lower and greater milk protein yields than CTL during the first and last feeding phases, respectively. The +Zn tended to decrease the SCC and was associated with lower plasma GSH: GSSG and lower serum SOD concentrations relative to CTL. The +Zn did not affect the immunoglobulins, MDA, or CAT. Despite the early DMI and MY reduction, the prolonged Zn-methionine supplementation at about 100 mg/kg of DM improved the milk yield, possibly as a result of the improved udder health of dairy cows.

Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets

Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of zinc transporters and storage mechanisms during cancer progression. Zinc transportation is under the control of two major transporter families: SLC30 (ZnT) for the excretion of zinc and SLC39 (ZIP) for the zinc intake. Additionally, the storage of this essential element is predominantly mediated by metallothioneins (MTs). This review consolidates knowledge on the critical functions of cellular zinc signaling and underscores potential molecular pathways linking zinc metabolism to disease progression, with a special focus on cancer. We also compile a summary of clinical trials involving zinc ions. Given the main localization of zinc transporters at the cell membrane, the potential for targeted therapies, including small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, offers promising avenues for future exploration.

L-shaped association between dietary zinc intake and cognitive decline in Chinese older people

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The prospective association between dietary zinc (Zn) intake and cognitive decline remains uncertain. We aimed to assess the relationship of dietary Zn intake with the risk of cognitive decline in the Chinese older people, and examine the possible effect modifiers on this association.

METHODS

A total of 3,106 older Chinese adults aged 55 years or older from China Health and Nutrition Survey were included. Dietary nutrients intake information was collected by combined 24-h dietary recalls with weighing food inventory. The cognitive decline was defined as the 5-year decline rate in global and composite cognitive scores, based on a subset of items from the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified.

RESULTS

The median follow-up duration was 5.9 years. There was an L-shaped association between dietary Zn intake and the 5-year decline rates in global and composite cognitive scores, with an inflection point at 8.8 mg/day of dietary Zn. For the composite cognitive scores, compared with the first quantile (<7.9 mg/day) of dietary Zn intake, quantiles 2-6 (≥7.9 mg/day) had a significantly slower cognitive decline rate (β: -0.24; 95% confidence interval: -0.40 to -0.07). Similar results were found for the global cognitive scores. Moreover, the inverse association between dietary Zn intake and cognitive decline in composite cognitive scores was significantly stronger in those with lower levels of physical activity (P-interactions = 0.041).

CONCLUSION

Dietary Zn intake was negatively associated with cognitive decline in the older people. Maintaining appropriate dietary Zn levels may prevent cognitive decline.

Formation of Supplementary Metal-Binding Centers in Proteins under Stress Conditions

In many proteins, supplementary metal-binding centers appear under stress conditions. They are known as aberrant or atypical sites. Physico-chemical properties of proteins are significantly changed after such metal binding, and very stable protein aggregates are formed, in which metals act as "cross-linking" agents. Supplementary metal-binding centers in proteins often arise as a result of posttranslational modifications caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and reactive carbonyl compounds. New chemical groups formed as a result of these modifications can act as ligands for binding metal ions. Special attention is paid to the role of cysteine SH-groups in the formation of supplementary metal-binding centers, since these groups are the main target for the action of reactive species. Supplementary metal binding centers may also appear due to unmasking of amino acid residues when protein conformation changing. Appearance of such centers is usually considered as a pathological process. Such unilateral approach does not allow to obtain an integral view of the phenomenon, ignoring cases when formation of metal complexes with altered proteins is a way to adjust protein properties, activity, and stability under the changed redox conditions. The role of metals in protein aggregation is being studied actively, since it leads to formation of non-membranous organelles, liquid condensates, and solid conglomerates. Some proteins found in such aggregates are typical for various diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and some types of cancer.

Impact of resveratrol and zinc on biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by Trichinella spiralis infection

Trichinellosis is a re-emerging worldwide foodborne zoonosis. Oxidative stress is one of the most common detrimental effects caused by trichinellosis. In addition, Trichinella infection poses an infinite and major challenge to the host's immune system. Resistance and side effects limit the efficiency of the existing anti-trichinella medication. Given that concern, this work aimed to investigate the anti-helminthic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of resveratrol and zinc during both phases of Trichinella spiralis infection. Sixty-four Swiss albino mice were divided into four equal groups: non-infected control, infected control, infected and treated with resveratrol, and infected and treated with zinc. Animals were sacrificed on the 7th and 35th days post-infection for intestinal and muscular phase assessments. Drug efficacy was assessed by biochemical, parasitological, histopathological, immunological, and immunohistochemical assays. Resveratrol and zinc can be promising antiparasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents, as evidenced by the significant decrease in parasite burden, the significant improvement of liver and kidney function parameters, the increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor expression, and the improvement in histopathological findings. Moreover, both drugs enhanced the immune system and restored the disturbed immune balance by increasing the interleukin 12 (IL-12) level. In conclusion, resveratrol and zinc provide protection for the host against oxidative harm and the detrimental effects produced by the host's defense response during Trichinella spiralis infection, making them promising natural alternatives for the treatment of trichinellosis.

Association between dietary copper and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Several studies have investigated the relationship between trace element status, including copper status, and CVDs in population studies; however, there are controversies about the role of dietary copper and CVD. We aimed to review the association between dietary copper intake with CVD and this association's related factors by reviewing both animal models and human studies. Some animal model studies have reported a strong relationship between dietary copper intake and atherogenesis based on the possible molecular pathways, whilst other studies have not confirmed this relationship. Human studies have not revealed a relationship between CVDs and dietary copper intake, but there is uncertainty about the optimal amount of dietary copper intake in relation reducing the risk of CVDs. These associations may be influenced by ethnicity, gender, underlying co-morbidities and the methods used for its measurement.

Advancements of fish-derived peptides for mucormycosis: a novel strategy to treat diabetic compilation

Mucormycosis, an extremely fatal fungal infection, is a major hurdle in the treatment of diabetes consequences. The increasing prevalence and restricted treatment choices urge the investigation of novel therapeutic techniques. Because of their effective antimicrobial characteristics and varied modes of action, fish-derived peptides have lately emerged as viable options in the fight against mucormycosis. This review examines the potential further application of fish-derived peptides in diagnosing and managing mucormycosis in relation to diabetic complications. First, we examine the pathophysiology of mucormycosis and the difficulties in treating it in diabetics. We emphasize the critical need for alternative therapeutic methods for tackling the limitations of currently available antifungal medicines. The possibility of fish-derived peptides as an innovative approach to combat mucormycosis is then investigated. These peptides, derived from several fish species, provide wide antimicrobial properties against a variety of diseases. They also have distinct modes of action, such as rupture of cell membranes, suppression of development, and modification of the host immunological response. Furthermore, we investigate the problems and prospects connected with the clinical application of fish-derived peptides. Ultimately, future advances in fish-derived peptides, offer interesting avenues for the management of mucormycosis in the context of diabetic comorbidities. More research and clinical trials are needed to properly investigate these peptide's therapeutic potential and pave the way for their adoption into future antifungal therapies.

Nano cerium oxide and cerium/zinc nanocomposites characterization and therapeutic role in combating obesity via controlling oxidative stress and insulin resistance in rat model

BACKGROUND

CeO2NPs and ZnONPs can curb the increase of cholesterol and triglycerides observed in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was suggested that CeO2 NPs could potentially have an insulin-sensitizing effect, specifically on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It was reported that ZnONPs combat the increase of insulin resistance observed in obese rats and could be beneficial value in NAFLD. In our previous work, ZnO-NPs manifested valuable anti-obesity effects via lowering body weight gain, oxidative stress, BMI, lipids, and insulin resistance.

METHODS

In the present study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (A-1) and cerium/zinc nanocomposites (A-2 and A-3) were synthesized by solgel to investigate their role on oxidative stress, adipocyte hormones, and insulin resistance in an obese rat model. X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, SEM, and XPS were carried out to confirm the crystal structure, the particle size, the morphology of the nanoparticles and the oxidation states.

RESULTS

The Rietveld refinement has also been executed on A-1 (chi2 = 1.00; average Bragg = 2.92%; R-factor = 2.45%) and on A-2 (Rw = 9.87%, Rex= 9.68%, χ2 = 1.04, GoF = 1.02). The XPS spectra indicated the presence of Ce in + 4 and + 3 oxidation states and Zn as ZnO and ZnO.OH. Cerium oxide and ZnO crystal sizes lie in the range 40.53-45.01 and 40.53-45.01 nm, respectively. The results indicated that treating obese rats with any of the tested nano compounds (5 mg or 10 mg/Kg) lowered plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, insulin resistance, glucose, and BMI significantly relative to obese group values. On the other hand, HDL increased significantly in obese rats after treatment with either A-2 or A-3 compared to obese rats. The current investigation showed antioxidant activities for A-1, A-2, and A3 as evidenced by the significant increase in GSH level and a significant decrease in MDA.

CONCLUSION

It was found that A-1, A-2, and A-3 have an efficient therapeutic role in treating of obesity-related hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The results of A-2 and A-3 were more pronounced than those of A-1. The use of Zn/Ce nanocomposite (that have positive characteristics) in combating obesity and its complications could be become a new trend in therapeutic application for a management of obesity.

Salt tolerant Pseudomonas taiwanensis PWR-1 in combination with a reduced dose of mineral fertilizers improves the nutritional and antioxidant properties of wheatgrass grown in saline soil

Salt-tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (ST-PGPR) are known to ameliorate salt stress in plants by various mechanisms. The current study aims to investigate the role of an ST-PGPR strain Pseudomonas taiwanensis PWR-1 applied along with a reduced dose of mineral fertilizers (N, P, and K) in the improvement of the antioxidant and nutritional properties of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in saline soil. Application of P. taiwanensis PWR-1 along with 50% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers resulted in a significant improvement of growth parameters including shoot length (22.79%), root length (20.38%), fresh weight (13.15%), dry weight (92.34%), vigor index (13.36%), and relative water content (48.24%). The combined application of PWR-1 and mineral fertilizers increased the production of osmoprotectants (proline, total soluble sugars, glycine betaine), antioxidants (SOD, POD, APX, CAT, PPO, and reduced glutathione), and free radical scavengers (DPPH and H2O2) in wheatgrass. Furthermore, the concentration of micronutrients (Zn and Fe), macronutrients (N, and P), and vitamins (B1 and E) also increased in the above treatment. Oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage) and Na+ accumulation were significantly reduced whilst K+ content increased in the shoot, which helped in maintaining the K+/Na+ ratio in wheatgrass under saline conditions. The results indicated that the application of ST-PGPR could not only reduce the dosage of mineral fertilizers but might be useful for improving the nutritional and antioxidant properties of medicinal crops such as wheatgrass under salt-stress conditions. Implementing this approach could result in the reduction of chemical usage, while also facilitating enhanced uptake of micronutrients in crops, particularly in regions affected by salinity.

The Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Anti-Necroptotic Role of Zinc in COVID-19 and Sepsis

Zinc is a structural component of proteins, functions as a catalytic co-factor in DNA synthesis and transcription of hundreds of enzymes, and has a regulatory role in protein-DNA interactions of zinc-finger proteins. For many years, zinc has been acknowledged for its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory functions. Furthermore, zinc is a potent inhibitor of caspases-3, -7, and -8, modulating the caspase-controlled apoptosis and necroptosis. In recent years, the immunomodulatory role of zinc in sepsis and COVID-19 has been investigated. Both sepsis and COVID-19 are related to various regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and necroptosis. Lack of zinc may have a negative effect on many immune functions, such as oxidative burst, cytokine production, chemotaxis, degranulation, phagocytosis, and RCD. While plasma zinc concentrations decline swiftly during both sepsis and COVID-19, this reduction is primarily attributed to a redistribution process associated with the inflammatory response. In this response, hepatic metallothionein production increases in reaction to cytokine release, which is linked to inflammation, and this protein effectively captures and stores zinc in the liver. Multiple regulatory mechanisms come into play, influencing the uptake of zinc, the binding of zinc to blood albumin and red blood cells, as well as the buffering and modulation of cytosolic zinc levels. Decreased zinc levels are associated with increasing severity of organ dysfunction, prolonged hospital stay and increased mortality in septic and COVID-19 patients. Results of recent studies focusing on these topics are summarized and discussed in this narrative review. Existing evidence currently does not support pharmacological zinc supplementation in patients with sepsis or COVID-19. Complementation and repletion should follow current guidelines for micronutrients in critically ill patients. Further research investigating the pharmacological mechanism of zinc in programmed cell death caused by invasive infections and its therapeutic potential in sepsis and COVID-19 could be worthwhile.

Does the Protective Effect of Zinc on Telomere Length Depend on the Presence of Hypertension or Type 2 Diabetes? Results from the Iwaki Health Promotion Project, Japan

Telomeres, repeated TTAGGG sequences at chromosomal ends, shorten with age and indicate cellular lifespan. Zinc can protect against telomere damage through its anti-oxidative effect. Meanwhile, telomere shortening was correlated with metabolic diseases of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the association between zinc and telomere length differs by the presence or absence of hypertension/type 2 diabetes. This is a cross-sectional study with 1064 participants of the Iwaki area, Japan. Multiple linear regression models were performed to test the hypothesis. A higher serum zinc concentration was significantly associated with a longer G-tail length (β = 48.11, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 25.69, 70.54, p < 0.001). By multivariate linear regression analysis, there was a significant positive association between zinc and G-tail length in both hypertensive (β = 46.84, 95%CI: 9.69, 84.0, p = 0.014) and non-hypertensive groups (β = 49.47, 95%CI: 20.75, 78.18, p = 0.001), while the association was significant only in the non-diabetes group (β = 50.82, 95%CI: 27.54, 74.11, p < 0.001). In conclusion, higher zinc concentration was significantly associated with longer G-tail length. The protective effect of zinc on G-tail did not differ by hypertension status; however, it disappeared in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of green tea polyphenols against metal-induced genotoxic damage: underlying mechanistic pathways

This review is based upon evidence from the published effects of green tea polyphenols (GTP) on genotoxic damage induced by metals with carcinogenic potential. First, the relationship between GTP and antioxidant defense system is provided. Subsequently, the processes involved in the oxidative stress generated by metals and their relationship to oxidative DNA damage is examined. The review demonstrated that GTP generally decrease oxidative DNA damage induced by exposure to metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and lead (Pb). The pathways involved in these effects are related to: (1) direct scavenging of free radicals (FR); (2) activation of mechanisms to repair oxidative DNA damage; (3) regulation of the endogenous antioxidant system; and (4) elimination of cells with genetic damage via apoptosis. The results obtained in the studies reviewed demonstrate potential for possible use of GTP to prevent and treat oxidative damage in populations exposed to metals. Further, GTP may be considered as adjuvants to treatments for metal-associated diseases related to oxidative stress and DNA damage.

Hordeum vulgare ethanolic extract mitigates high salt-induced cerebellum damage via attenuation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurochemical alterations in hypertensive rats

High salt intake increases inflammatory and oxidative stress responses and causes an imbalance of neurotransmitters involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension that is related to the onset of cerebral injury. Using natural compounds that target oxidative stress and neuroinflammation pathways remains a promising approach for treating neurological diseases. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds are rich in protein, fiber, minerals, and phenolic compounds, that exhibit potent neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the efficacy of barley ethanolic extract against a high salt diet (HSD)-induced cerebellum injury in hypertensive rats. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Group (I) was the control. The second group, the HSD group, was fed a diet containing 8% NaCl. Groups II and III were fed an HSD and simultaneously treated with either amlodipine (1 mg /kg b.wt p.o) or barley extract (1000 mg /kg b.wt p.o) for five weeks. Groups IV and V were fed HSD for five weeks, then administered with either amlodipine or barley extract for another five weeks. The results revealed that barley treatment significantly reduced blood pressure and effectively reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat's cerebellum as indicated by higher GSH and nitric oxide levels and lower malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and IL-1ß levels. Additionally, barley restored the balance of neurotransmitters and improved cellular energy performance in the cerebellum of HSD-fed rats. These findings suggest that barley supplementation exerted protective effects against high salt-induced hypertension by an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilating effects and restoring neurochemical alterations.

Effect of zinc supplementation as an adjuvant to corticosteroid treatment in patients with oral lichen planus: A systematic review

Background

Oral lichen planus (OLP) and one of its main presentations, desquamative gingivitis, are common diseases with no definite treatment. Zinc deficiency has a critical role in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal diseases. The current study systematically reviewed the effect of zinc in addition to topical corticosteroids in the treatment of OLP.

Methods

English articles in PubMed, Web of Sciences, Embase, and Scopus were searched until August 2022. The differences in symptoms were analyzed, including pain, burning sensation, and lesion sizes in patients with lichen planus receiving zinc supplementation as an adjuvant to corticosteroid treatment.

Results

A total of 148 articles related to the searched keywords were found. Eventually, two clinical trials were selected. The total population of studied individuals included 60 patients. Due to the high heterogeneity between the studies, meta-analysis was not possible. Administering zinc, in addition to corticosteroids, did not improve the symptoms compared to corticosteroid monotherapy.

Conclusion

Considering the limited number of studies and lack of sufficient evidence, it is not currently possible to reach a definite conclusion regarding the effects of zinc on OLP.

Biochemical and Molecular Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Integrated View

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are defined by a myriad of complex aetiologies. Understanding the common biochemical molecular pathologies among NDDs gives an opportunity to decipher the overlapping and numerous cross-talk mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Numerous interrelated pathways lead to the progression of neurodegeneration. We present evidence from the past pieces of literature for the most usual global convergent hallmarks like ageing, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity-induced calcium butterfly effect, defective proteostasis including chaperones, autophagy, mitophagy, and proteosome networks, and neuroinflammation. Herein, we applied a holistic approach to identify and represent the shared mechanism across NDDs. Further, we believe that this approach could be helpful in identifying key modulators across NDDs, with a particular focus on AD, PD, and ALS. Moreover, these concepts could be applied to the development and diagnosis of novel strategies for diverse NDDs.

Evaluation of Antidepressive-like Behaviours and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Mice Receiving Imipramine-Zinc Complex Compound

The study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of an imipramine-zinc (IMI-Zn) complex compound on mice and assess the level of oxidative stress parameters. The research also investigated whether the IMI-Zn complex showed superior antidepressant activity compared to individual treatments of both compounds at effective doses and their joint administration at subtherapeutic doses. The study was conducted on mice. Forced swim (FST), tail suspension (TST), and locomotor activity tests were used for behavioral studies. The results demonstrated the IMI-Zn complex's dose-dependent antidepressant potential when orally administered to mice. Its efficacy was similar to the separate administration of therapeutic doses of imipramine (IMI) and zinc (Zn) and their joint administration at subtherapeutic doses. Moreover, subjecting mice to acute stress did not significantly affect the activity of on glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and total antioxidant status (TAS), possibly due to the short exposure time to the stress stimulus. By developing the IMI-Zn complex, it might be possible to simplify the treatment approach, potentially improving patient compliance by combining the therapeutic effects of both IMI and Zn within a single compound, thus addressing one of the contributing factors to non-compliance in depression therapy. The IMI-Zn complex could be a valuable strategy to optimize therapeutic outcomes and balance efficacy and tolerability.

Reactive Oxygen Species in Drought-Induced Stomatal Closure: The Potential Roles of NPR1

Stomatal closure is a vital, adaptive mechanism that plants utilize to minimize water loss and withstand drought conditions. We will briefly review the pathway triggered by drought that governs stomatal closure, with specific focuses on salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We propose that the non-expressor of PR Gene 1 (NPR1), a protein that protects plants during pathogen infections, also responds to SA during drought to sustain ROS levels and prevent ROS-induced cell death. We will examine the evidence underpinning this hypothesis and discuss potential strategies for its practical implementation.