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Cargnin Faccin F, Perez DR. Pandemic preparedness through vaccine development for avian influenza viruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2347019. [PMID: 38807261 PMCID: PMC11141480 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2347019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses pose a significant threat to global health, impacting both humans and animals. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from swine and avian species, is the primary source of human influenza outbreaks. Notably, avian influenza viruses of the H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes are of pandemic concern through their global spread and sporadic human infections. Preventing and controlling these viruses is critical due to their high threat level. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for influenza prevention and control in humans, despite varying vaccine efficacy across strains. This review focuses specifically on pandemic preparedness for avian influenza viruses. We delve into vaccines tested in animal models and summarize clinical trials conducted on H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 vaccines in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Tare DS, Pawar SD, Shil P, Atre NM. Structural and functional characterization of avian influenza H9N2 virus neuraminidase with a combination of five novel mutations. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110041. [PMID: 38750923 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) protein is responsible for actively cleaving the sialic acid (SA) bound to the viral hemagglutinin. In the present study, we identified a combination of five novel amino acid substitutions in the NA, conferring increased substrate binding and altered surface characteristics to a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus strain. The H9N2 strain reported from India, A/Environmental/India/1726265/2017 (H9N2-1726265) showed the combination of amino acid substitutions T149I, R249W, G346A, W403R and G435R, which were in the vicinity of the enzyme active site cavity. The strain A/chicken/India/99321/2009 (H9N2-99321) did not show these substitutions and was used for comparison. Virus elution was studied using turkey red blood cells (tRBCs). NA enzyme kinetics assays were carried out using the MUNANA substrate, which is an SA analogue. Homology modelling and molecular docking were performed to determine alterations in the surface characteristics and substrate binding. H9N2-1726265 showed enhanced elution from tRBCs. Enzyme kinetics revealed a lower KM of H9N2-1726265 (111.5 μM) as compared to H9N2-99321 (135.2 μM), indicating higher substrate binding affinity of H9N2-1726265, due to which the NA enzyme cleaved the SA more efficiently, leading to faster elution. Molecular docking revealed a greater number of binding interactions of H9N2-1726265 to SA as compared to H9N2-99321 corroborating the greater substrate binding affinity. Changes in the surface charge, hydrophobicity, and contour, were observed in H9N2-1726265 NA due to the five substitutions. Thus, the novel combination of five amino acids near the sialic acid binding site of NA, resulted in altered surface characteristics, higher substrate binding affinity, and virus elution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Pratip Shil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Nitin M Atre
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
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3
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Larbi I, Arbi M, Souiai O, Tougorti H, Butcher GD, Nsiri J, Badr C, Behi IE, Lachhab J, Ghram A. Phylogeographic Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Tunisia. Virus Res 2024; 344:199348. [PMID: 38467378 PMCID: PMC10995884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L that is most influential in avian-to-human viral transmission. For a better understanding of how ecological aspects of the H9N2 virus and its circulation in poultry, migratory birds and environment shapes the spread of the dissemination of H9N2 in Tunisia, herein, we investigate the epidemiological, evolutionary and zoonotic potential of seven H9N2 poultry isolates and sequence their whole genome. Phylogeographic and phylodymanic analysis were used to examine viral spread within and among wild birds, poultry and environment at geographical scales. Genetic evolution results showed that the eight gene sequences of Tunisian H9N2 AIV were characterized by molecular markers involved with virulence and mammalian infections. The geographical distribution of avian influenza virus appears as a network interconnecting countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa. The spatiotemporal dynamics analysis showed that the H9N2 virus was transmitted from Tunisia to neighboring countries notably Libya and Algeria. Interestingly, this study also revealed, for the first time, that there was a virus transmission between Tunisia and Morocco. Bayesian analysis showed exchanges between H9N2 strains of Tunisia and those of the Middle Eastern countries, analysis of host traits showed that duck, wild birds and environment were ancestry related to chicken. The subtypes phylodynamic showed that PB1 segment was under multiple inter-subtype reassortment events with H10N7, H12N5, H5N2 and H6N1 and that PB2 was also a subject of inter-subtype reassortment with H10N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
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An SH, Kim NY, Heo GB, Kang YM, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Development and evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of H5, H7, and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114942. [PMID: 38670532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
H5, H7 and H9 are the major subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) that cause economic losses in the poultry industry and sporadic zoonotic infection. Early detection of AIV is essential for preventing disease spread. Therefore, molecular diagnosis and subtyping of AIV via real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) is preferred over other classical diagnostic methods, such as egg inoculation, RT-PCR and HI test, due to its high sensitivity, specificity and convenience. The singleplex rRT-PCRs for the Matrix, H5 and H7 gene used for the national surveillance program in Korea have been developed in 2017; however, these methods were not designed for multiplexing, and does not reflect the sequences of currently circulating strains completely. In this study, the multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR assay was developed with sets of primers and probe updated or newly designed to simultaneously detect the H5, H7 and H9 genes. Multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR showed 100% specificity without cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIVs and avian disease-causing viruses or bacteria, and the limit of detection was 1-10 EID50/0.1 ml (50% egg infectious dose). Artificial mixed infections with the three different subtypes could be detected accurately with high analytical sensitivity even under highly biased relative molecular ratios by balancing the reactivities of each subtype by modifying the concentration of the primers and probes. The multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR assay developed in this study could be a useful tool for large-scale surveillance programs for viral detection as well as subtyping due to its high specificity, sensitivity and robustness in discriminating viruses in mixed infections, and this approach would greatly decrease the time, cost, effort and chance of cross-contamination compared to the conventional method of testing three subtypes by different singleplex rRT-PCR methods in parallel or in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Na-Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea.
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Ingrao F, Ngabirano E, Rauw F, Dauphin G, Lambrecht B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multivalent herpesvirus vectored vaccine against H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in chicken. Vaccine 2024; 42:3410-3419. [PMID: 38641498 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The application of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey, expressing the H9 hemagglutinin gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and the avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) (commonly known as Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)) fusion protein (F) as an rHVT-H9-F vaccine, is an alternative to currently used classical vaccines. This study investigated H9- and ND-specific humoral and mucosal responses, H9-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protection conferred by the rHVT-H9-F vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Vaccination elicited systemic NDV F- and AIV H9-specific antibody response but also local antibodies in eye wash fluid and oropharyngeal swabs. The ex vivo H9-specific stimulation of splenic and pulmonary T cells in the vaccinated group demonstrated the ability of vaccination to induce systemic and local cellular responses. The clinical protection against a challenge using a LPAIV H9N2 strain of the G1 lineage isolated in Morocco in 2016 was associated with a shorter duration of shedding along with reduced viral genome load in the upper respiratory tract and reduced cloacal shedding compared to unvaccinated controls.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Virus Shedding/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Newcastle disease virus/immunology
- Newcastle disease virus/genetics
- Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid/genetics
- Vaccination/methods
- Immunity, Humoral
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ingrao
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Ngabirano
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Rauw
- Service of Avian Virology and Immunology, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
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Zhang JF, Shang K, Kim SW, Park JY, Wei B, Jang HK, Kang M, Cha SY. Simultaneous construction strategy using two types of fluorescent markers for HVT vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease and H9N2 avian influenza virus by NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1385958. [PMID: 38812565 PMCID: PMC11135205 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1385958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), which was initially employed as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for producing recombinant vaccines that can simultaneously express the protective antigens of multiple poultry diseases. Prior to the development of commercial HVT-vectored dual-insert vaccines, the majority of HVT-vectored vaccines in use only contained a single foreign gene and were often generated using time-consuming and inefficient traditional recombination methods. The development of multivalent HVT-vectored vaccines that induce simultaneous protection against several avian diseases is of great value. In particular, efficacy interference between individual recombinant HVT vaccines can be avoided. Herein, we demonstrated the use of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology for the insertion of an IBDV (G2d) VP2 expression cassette into the UL45/46 region of the recombinant rHVT-HA viral genome to generate the dual insert rHVT-VP2-HA recombinant vaccine. The efficacy of this recombinant virus was also evaluated in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. PCR and sequencing results showed that the recombinant virus rHVT-VP2-HA was successfully constructed. Vaccination with rHVT-VP2-HA produced high levels of specific antibodies against IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280. rHVT-VP2-HA can provide 100% protection against challenges with IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280. These results demonstrate that rHVT-VP2-HA is a safe and highly efficacious vaccine for the simultaneous control of IBDV (G2d) and H9N2/Y280.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Zhang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ke Shang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Yeol Park
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Wei
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeoun Cha
- Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Cai Y, Yin G, Huang X, Hu J, Gao Z, Guo X, Qiu Y, Sun H, Feng X. Identification of B-cell epitopes located on the surface in the PB2 protein of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38563198 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2338816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI), caused by H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), poses a serious threat to poultry farming and public health due to its transmissibility and pathogenicity. The PB2 protein is a major component of the viral RNA polymerase complex. It is of great importance to identify the antigenic determinants of the PB2 protein to explore the function of the PB2 protein. In this study, the PB2 sequence of H9N2 subtype AIV, from 1090 to 1689 bp, was cloned and expressed. The recombinant PB2 protein with cutting gel was used to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion, the hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the PB2 protein were screened by indirect ELISA and western blotting, and the antigenic epitopes of mAbs were identified by constructing truncated overlapping fragments in the PB2 protein of H9N2 subtype AIV. The results showed that three hybridoma cell lines (4B7, 4D10, and 5H1) that stably secreted mAbs specific to the PB2 protein were screened; the heavy chain of 4B7 was IgG2α, those of 4D10 and 5H1 were IgG1, and all three mAbs had kappa light chain. Also, the minimum B-cell epitope recognized was 475LRGVRVSK482 and 528TITYSSPMMW537. Homology analysis showed that these two epitopes were conserved among the different subtypes of AIV strains and located on the surface of the PB2 protein. The above findings provide an experimental foundation for further investigation of the function of the PB2 protein and developing monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Pinotti F, Kohnle L, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Hoque MA, Mahmud R, Biswas P, Pfeiffer D, Fournié G. Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3494. [PMID: 38693163 PMCID: PMC11063141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47703-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a major concern for the poultry sector and human health in countries where this subtype is endemic. By fitting a model simulating H9N2 AIV transmission to data from a field experiment, we characterise the epidemiology of the virus in a live bird market in Bangladesh. Many supplied birds arrive already exposed to H9N2 AIVs, resulting in many broiler chickens entering the market as infected, and many indigenous backyard chickens entering with pre-existing immunity. Most susceptible chickens become infected within one day spent at the market, owing to high levels of viral transmission within market and short latent periods, as brief as 5.3 hours. Although H9N2 AIV transmission can be substantially reduced under moderate levels of cleaning and disinfection, effective risk mitigation also requires a range of additional interventions targeting markets and other nodes along the poultry production and distribution network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Kohnle
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - José Lourenço
- CBR (Biomedical Research Centre), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Md Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rashed Mahmud
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Biswas
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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9
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Wang M, Liu Z, Liu C, He W, Qin D, You M. DNAzyme-based ultrasensitive immunoassay: Recent advances and emerging trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116122. [PMID: 38382271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Immunoassay, as the most commonly used method for protein detection, is simple to operate and highly specific. Sensitivity improvement is always the thrust of immunoassays, especially for the detection of trace quantities. The emergence of artificial enzyme, i.e., DNAzyme, provides a novel approach to improve the detection sensitivity of immunoassay. Simultaneously, its advantages of simple synthesis and high stability enable low cost, broad applicability and long shelf life for immunoassay. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in DNAzyme-based immunoassay. First, we summarized the existing different DNAzymes based on their catalytic activities. Next, the common signal amplification strategies used for DNAzyme-based immunoassays were reviewed to cater to diverse detection requirements. Following, the wide applications in disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety were discussed. Finally, the current challenges and perspectives on the future development of DNAzyme-based immunoassays were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Wanghong He
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Dui Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China.
| | - Minli You
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
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10
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Bedair NM, Sakr MA, Mourad A, Eissa N, Mostafa A, Khamiss O. Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms. Arch Virol 2024; 169:99. [PMID: 38625394 PMCID: PMC11021324 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) affect both poultry and humans on a global level, and they are especially prevalent in Egypt. In this study, we sequenced the entire genome of AIV H9N2 isolated from chickens in Egypt in 2021, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting sequences showed that the studied strain was generally monophyletic and grouped within the G1 sublineage of the Eurasian lineage. Four segments (polymerase basic 2 [PB2], polymerase basic 1 [PB1], polymerase acidic [PA], and non-structural [NS]) were related to Egyptian genotype II, while the nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and haemagglutinin (HA) segments were related to Egyptian genotype I. Molecular analysis revealed that HA protein contained amino acid residues (191H and 234L) that suggested a predilection for attaching to human-like receptors. The antigenic sites of HA had two nonsynonymous mutations: V194I at antigenic site A and M40K at antigenic site B. Furthermore, the R403W and S372A mutations, which have been observed in H3N2 and H2N2 strains that caused human pandemics, were found in the NA protein of the detected strain. The internal proteins contained virulence markers: 504V in the PB2 protein, 622G, 436Y, 207K, and 677T in the PB1 protein, 127V, 550L, and 672L in PA protein, and 64F and 69P in the M protein. These results show that the detected strain had undergone intrasubtype reassortment. Furthermore, it contains changes in the viral proteins that make it more likely to be virulent, raising a question about the tendency of AIV H9N2 to become highly pathogenic in the future for both poultry and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed M Bedair
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Sakr
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Mourad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Eissa
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omaima Khamiss
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City (USC), Sadat, Egypt
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11
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Wen F, Yan Z, Chen G, Chen Y, Wang N, Li Z, Guo J, Yu H, Liu Q, Huang S. Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin. J Virol 2024; 98:e0024824. [PMID: 38466094 PMCID: PMC11019909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00248-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) represents a significant risk to both the poultry industry and public health. Our surveillance efforts in China have revealed a growing trend of recent H9N2 AIV strains exhibiting a loss of hemagglutination activity at 37°C, posing challenges to detection and monitoring protocols. This study identified a single K141N substitution in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein as the culprit behind this diminished hemagglutination activity. The study evaluated the evolutionary dynamics of residue HA141 and studied the impact of the N141K substitution on aspects such as virus growth, thermostability, receptor-binding properties, and antigenic properties. Our findings indicate a polymorphism at residue 141, with the N variant becoming increasingly prevalent in recent Chinese H9N2 isolates. Although both wild-type and N141K mutant strains exclusively target α,2-6 sialic acid receptors, the N141K mutation notably impedes the virus's ability to bind to these receptors. Despite the mutation exerting minimal influence on viral titers, antigenicity, and pathogenicity in chicken embryos, it significantly enhances viral thermostability and reduces plaque size on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Additionally, the N141K mutation leads to decreased expression levels of HA protein in both MDCK cells and eggs. These findings highlight the critical role of the K141N substitution in altering the hemagglutination characteristics of recent H9N2 AIV strains under elevated temperatures. This emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and genetic analysis of circulating H9N2 AIV strains to develop effective control and prevention measures.IMPORTANCEThe H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is currently the most prevalent low-pathogenicity AIV circulating in domestic poultry globally. Recently, there has been an emerging trend of H9N2 AIV strains acquiring increased affinity for human-type receptors and even losing their ability to bind to avian-type receptors, which raises concerns about their pandemic potential. In China, there has been a growing number of H9N2 AIV strains that have lost their ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells, leading to false-negative results during surveillance efforts. In this study, we identified a K141N mutation in the HA protein of H9N2 AIV to be responsible for the loss of hemagglutination activity. This finding provides insight into the development of effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies to mitigate the threat posed by H9N2 AIV to both animal and human health.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chick Embryo
- Dogs
- Humans
- Chickens/virology
- Hemagglutination
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Poultry
- Female
- Mice
- Cell Line
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Evolution, Molecular
- Mutation
- Temperature
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Nina Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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12
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Al-Natour MQ, Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Abdelsabour MA, Afify AF, Madbouly YM, Munir M. Respiratory disease complex due to mixed viral infections in chicken in Jordan. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103565. [PMID: 38417340 PMCID: PMC10907842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of avian respiratory viruses highlights the need for effective surveillance programs and international collaboration to monitor viral circulation and implement timely control measures. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of avian respiratory viral infections in the poultry flocks in Jordan, focusing on the major viruses involved, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and evolution based on viroinformatics that will be helpful to improve the diagnostic methods, and control strategies including vaccines in the region. In this research, various poultry broiler groups in Jordan experiencing respiratory symptoms were tested for respiratory viral pathogens from January 2021 to February 2022. The mortality rates observed in the examined groups varied between 6% and 40%. The identified strains were authenticated using the RT-qPCR assay. Furthermore, they underwent in-depth characterisation through the sequencing of the complete spike (S1) gene for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and the haemagglutinin (HA) gene for avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2. Co-infection of IBV and AIV H9N2 viruses was detected through molecular analysis. The IBV strains showed affiliation with the variant groups GI-16 (3 strains) and GI-23 (9 strains) and exhibited numerous mutations. Meanwhile, H9N2 avian influenza viruses displayed various changes in amino acids within the HA gene, suggesting the influence of antibody-driven selection pressure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H9N2 viruses identified in this investigation shared close genetic ties with EG3 (3 strains) and the Middle East group (ME1; 8 strains). These strains have been recently found in Jordan and nearby countries in the Middle East. Moreover, their HA genes exhibited similarities to viruses belonging to the G1-like lineage. In conclusion, avian respiratory viral infections remain a significant concern for the poultry industry, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to minimise their impact. Continued surveillance, robust diagnostic methods, effective vaccines, and international cooperation are essential components of a comprehensive approach to combat avian respiratory viral infections (AI, IBV, ND and ILT 'viruses) and safeguard avian health and global poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Q Al-Natour
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdelsabour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Yahia M Madbouly
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
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13
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Tan M, Zhang Y, Bo H, Li X, Zou S, Yang L, Liu J, Chen Q, Xu X, Zhu W, Wang D. Rapid adaptive substitution of L226Q in HA protein increases the pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in mice. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100090. [PMID: 38444745 PMCID: PMC10914417 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Since the first human infection with H9N2 virus was reported in 1998, the number of cases of H9N2 infection has exceeded one hundred by 2021. However, there is no systematic description of the biological characteristics of H9N2 viruses isolated from humans. Methods Therefore, this study analyzed the pathogenicity in mice of all available H9N2 viruses isolated from human cases in China from 2013 to 2021. Results Although most of the H9N2 viruses analyzed showed low or no pathogenicity in mice, the leucine to glutamine substitution at residue 226 (L226Q) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein rapidly emerged during the adaptation of H9N2 viruses, and was responsible for severe infections and even fatalities. HA amino acid 226Q conferred a remarkable competitive advantage on H9N2 viruses in mice relative to viruses containing 226L, increasing their virulence, infectivity, and replication. Conclusion Thus, our study demonstrates that the adaptive substitution HA L226Q rapidly acquired by H9N2 viruses during the course of infection in mice contributed to their high pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qi Chen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing 102206, China
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Amin F, Mukhtar N, Ali M, Shehzad R, Ayub S, Aslam A, Sheikh AA, Sultan B, Mahmood MD, Shahid MF, Yaqub S, Aslam HB, Aziz MW, Yaqub T. Mapping Genetic Markers Associated with Antigenicity and Host Range in H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Infecting Poultry in Pakistan. Avian Dis 2024; 68:43-51. [PMID: 38687107 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to map the genetic diversity in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9N2 subtype. Twenty-five H9N2 IAVs were isolated from broiler chickens from March to July 2019. The HA gene was amplified, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the evolutionary relationship. Important antigenic amino acid residues of HA attributed to immune escape and zoonotic potential were compared among H9N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sublineage B2 under the G1 lineage in Pakistan was found to be diversified, and newly sequenced H9N2 isolates were nested into two clades (A and B). Mutations linked to the antigenic variation and potential immune escape were observed as G72E (1/25, 4%), A180T (3/25, 12%), and A180V (1/25, 4%). A twofold significant reduction (P < 0.01) in log2 hemagglutination inhibition titers was observed with H9N2 IAV naturally harboring amino acid V180 instead of A180 in HA protein. Moreover, in the last 20 years, complete substitution at residues (T127D, D135N, and L150N) and partial substitution at residues (72, 74, 131, 148, 180, 183, 188, 216, 217, and 249, mature H9 HA numbering) associated with changes in antigenicity were observed. The presence of L216 in all H9N2 IAV isolates and T/V180 in four isolates in the receptor-binding site reveals the potential of these viruses to cross the species barrier to infect human or mammals. The current study observed the circulation of antigenically diverse H9N2 IAV variants that possess potential mutations that can escape the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Shehzad
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ayub
- Institute of Public Health, Lahore 54610, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmed Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
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15
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Sanogo IN, Guinat C, Dellicour S, Diakité MA, Niang M, Koita OA, Camus C, Ducatez M. Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae011. [PMID: 38435712 PMCID: PMC10908551 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the H9N2 subtype have become widespread in Western Africa since their first detection in 2017 in Burkina Faso. However, the genetic characteristics and diffusion patterns of the H9N2 virus remain poorly understood in Western Africa, mainly due to limited surveillance activities. In addition, Mali, a country considered to play an important role in the epidemiology of AIVs in the region, lacks more comprehensive data on the genetic characteristics of these viruses, especially the H9N2 subtype. To better understand the genetic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of H9N2 virus within this region, we carried out a comprehensive genetic characterization of H9N2 viruses collected through active surveillance in live bird markets in Mali between 2021 and 2022. We also performed a continuous phylogeographic analysis to unravel the dispersal history of H9N2 lineages between Northern and Western Africa. The identified Malian H9N2 virus belonged to the G1 lineage, similar to viruses circulating in both Western and Northern Africa, and possessed multiple molecular markers associated with an increased potential for zoonotic transmission and virulence. Notably, some Malian strains carried the R-S-N-R motif at their cleavage site, mainly observed in H9N2 strains in Asia. Our continuous phylogeographic analysis revealed a single and significant long-distance lineage dispersal event of the H9N2 virus to Western Africa, likely to have originated from Morocco in 2015, shaping the westward diffusion of the H9N2 virus. Our study highlights the need for long-term surveillance of H9N2 viruses in poultry populations in Western Africa, which is crucial for a better understanding of virus evolution and effective management against potential zoonotic AIV strain emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Nonmon Sanogo
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
- Faculté d’Agronomie et de Médecine Animale (FAMA), Université de Ségou, Ségou BP 24, Mali
| | - Claire Guinat
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven BE-3000, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Adama Diakité
- Service diagnostic et recherche Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, Bamako BP 2295, Mali
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra BP 1628, Ghana
| | - Ousmane A Koita
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Mali Université de Bamako, Bamako E 3206, Mali
| | - Christelle Camus
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), UMR 1225, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse 31076, France
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16
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Khalil AM, Martinez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1232772. [PMID: 38249300 PMCID: PMC10796657 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung infections in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) are triggered by a variety of respiratory viruses. All human pandemics have been caused by the members of two major virus families, namely Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A viruses (IAVs); subtypes H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). These viruses acquired some adaptive changes in a known intermediate host including domestic birds (IAVs) or unknown intermediate host (SARS-CoV-2) following transmission from their natural reservoirs (e.g. migratory birds or bats, respectively). Verily, these acquired adaptive substitutions facilitated crossing species barriers by these viruses to infect humans in a phenomenon that is known as zoonosis. Besides, these adaptive substitutions aided the variant strain to transmit horizontally to other contact non-human animal species including pets and wild animals (zooanthroponosis). Herein we discuss the main zoonotic and reverse-zoonosis events that occurred during the last two pandemics of influenza A/H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight the impact of interspecies transmission of these pandemic viruses on virus evolution and possible prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Based on information available and presented in this review article, it is important to close monitoring viral zoonosis and viral reverse zoonosis of pandemic strains within a One-Health and One-World approach to mitigate their unforeseen risks, such as virus evolution and resistance to limited prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Water Pollution Research Department, Environment and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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17
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Naiqing X, Tang X, Wang X, Cai M, Liu X, Lu X, Hu S, Gu M, Hu J, Gao R, Liu K, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang X. Hemagglutinin affects replication, stability and airborne transmission of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Virology 2024; 589:109926. [PMID: 37952465 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) can transmit by direct as well as airborne contacts. It has been widespread in poultry and continued to contribute to zoonotic spillover events by providing its six internal genes for the reassortment of novel influenza viruses (eg, H7N9) that infect poultry and humans. Compared to H7N9, H9N2 virus displays an efficient airborne transmissibility in poultry, but the mechanisms of transmission difference have been insufficiently studied. The Hemagglutinin (HA) and viral polymerase acidic protein (PA) have been implicated in the airborne transmission of influenza A viruses. Accordingly, we generated the reassortant viruses of circulating airborne transmissible H9N2 and non-airborne transmissible H7N9 viruses carrying HA and/or PA gene. The introduction of the PA gene from H7N9 into the genome of H9N2 virus resulted in a reduction in airborne transmission among chickens, while the isolated introduction of the HA gene segment completely eliminated airborne transmission among chickens. We further showed that introduction of HA gene of non-transmissible H7N9 did not influence the HA/NA balance of H9N2 virus, but increased the threshold for membrane fusion and decreased the acid stability. Thus, our results indicate that HA protein plays a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission of the H9N2 subtype AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Naiqing
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinen Tang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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18
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Waheed SF, Aslam A, Khan MR, Ashraf K, Anjum A. A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e261849. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Waheed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Aslam
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. R. Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - K. Ashraf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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Sandhu S, Ferrante C, MacCosham A, Atchessi N, Bancej C. Epidemiological characteristics of human infections with avian influenza A(H5N6) virus, China and Laos: A multiple case descriptive analysis, February 2014-June 2023. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2024; 50:77-85. [PMID: 38655247 PMCID: PMC11037882 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v50i12a09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The first human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) virus was reported in 2014. From then until June 30, 2023, 85 human cases with confirmed A(H5N6) infection have been reported worldwide. Objective To address the present gap in knowledge of the overall epidemiology of human A(H5N6) infections, the epidemiological characteristics of human infection with A(H5N6) in China from February 2014 to June 2023 are described. Methods Considering the severity of human infections with A(H5N6) virus (case fatality rate: 39%), the increased frequency of case reports from 2021 to present day, and lack of comprehensive epidemiologic analysis of all cases, we conducted a multiple-case descriptive analysis and a literature review to create an epidemiologic profile of reported human cases. Case data was obtained via a literature search and using official intelligence sources captured by the Public Health Agency of Canada's International Monitoring and Assessment Tool (IMAT), including Event Information Site posts from the World Health Organization. Results Most human A(H5N6) cases have been reported from China (China: 84; Laos: 1), with severe health outcomes, including hospitalization and death, reported among at-risk populations. The majority (84%) of cases reported contact with birds prior to illness onset. Cases were detected throughout the course of the year, with a slight decrease in illness incidence in the warmer months. Conclusion As A(H5N6) continues to circulate and cause severe illness, surveillance and prompt information sharing is important for creating and implementing effective public health measures to reduce the likelihood of additional human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Sandhu
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Christina Ferrante
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Aaron MacCosham
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Nicole Atchessi
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
| | - Christina Bancej
- Centre for Emerging and Respiratory Infections and Pandemic Preparedness, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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20
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Tan M, Zeng X, Xie Y, Li X, Liu J, Yang J, Yang L, Wang D. Reported human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China in 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1255969. [PMID: 38155898 PMCID: PMC10753182 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1255969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The continued emergence of human infections of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a serious threat to public health. The prevalent Y280/G9 lineage of H9N2 AIV in Chinese poultry can directly bind to human receptors, increasing the risk of spillover infections to humans. Since 2013, the number of human cases of H9N2 avian influenza has been increasing continuously, and in 2021, China reported the highest number of human cases, at 25. Methods In this study, we analyzed the age, geographic, temporal, and sex distributions of humans with H9N2 avian influenza in 2021 using data from the National Influenza Center (Beijing, China). We also conducted evolutionary, gene homology, and molecular characterization analyses of the H9N2 AIVs infecting humans. Results Our findings show that children under the age of 12 accounted for 80% of human cases in 2021, and females were more frequently affected than males. More cases occurred in winter than in summer, and most cases were concentrated in southern China. Human-infecting H9N2 viruses showed a high level of genetic homology and belonged to the prevalent G57 genotype. Several additional α2,6-SA-binding sites and sites of mammalian adaptation were also identified in the genomes of human-infecting H9N2 viruses. Discussion Therefore, continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV and the implementation of further measures to control the H9N2 virus in poultry are essential to reduce the interspecies transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zeng
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Beijing, China
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21
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Xu N, Wang X, Cai M, Tang X, Yang W, Lu X, Liu X, Hu S, Gu M, Hu J, Gao R, Liu K, Chen Y, Liu X, Wang X. Mutations in HA and PA affect the transmissibility of H7N9 avian influenza virus in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109910. [PMID: 38016409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Low pathogenic (LP) H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged in 2013 and had spread widely over several months in China, experienced a noteworthy reduction in isolation rate in poultry and human since 2017. Here, we examined the transmission of H7N9 viruses to better understand viral spread and dissemination mechanisms. Three out of four viruses (2013-2016) could transmit in chickens through direct contact, and airborne transmission was confirmed in the JT157 (2016) virus. However, we did not detect the transmission of the two 2017 viruses, WF69 and AH395, through either direct or airborne exposure. Molecular analysis of genome sequence of two viruses identified eleven mutations located in viral proteins (except for matrix protein), such as PA (K362R and S364N) and HA (D167N, H7 numbering), etc. We explored the genetic determinants that contributed to the difference in transmissibility of the viruses in chickens by generating a series of reassortants in the JT157 background. We found that the replacement of HA gene in JT157 by that of WF69 abrogated the airborne transmission in recipient chickens, whereas the combination of HA and PA replacement led to the loss of airborne and direct contact transmission. Failure with contact transmission of the viruses has been associated with the emergence of the mutations D167N in HA and K362R and S364N in PA. Furthermore, the HA D167N mutation significantly reduced viral attachment to chicken lung and trachea tissues, while mutations K362R and S364N in PA reduced the nuclear transport efficiency and the PA protein expression levels in both cytoplasm and nucleus of CEF cells. The D167N substitution in HA reduced the H7N9 viral acid stability and avian-like receptor binding, while enhanced human-like receptor binding. Further analysis revealed these mutants grew poorly in vitro and in vivo. To conclude, H7N9 AIVs that contain mutations in the HA and PA protein reduced the viral transmissibility in chicken, and may pose a reduced threat for poultry but remain a heightened public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Xu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinen Tang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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22
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Yang J, Yan J, Zhang C, Li S, Yuan M, Zhang C, Shen C, Yang Y, Fu L, Xu G, Shi W, Ma Z, Luo TR, Bi Y. Genetic, biological and epidemiological study on a cluster of H9N2 avian influenza virus infections among chickens, a pet cat, and humans at a backyard farm in Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2143282. [PMID: 36328956 PMCID: PMC9769140 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2143282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During an investigation in October 2018, two people with diarrhoea, mild abdominal pain, and mild arthralgia symptoms in Guangxi, China, were identified as infected by H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV). Four H9N2 AIVs were isolated from one of two patients, a pet cat, and a dead chicken (two respective isolates from its lung and kidney tissues) bred by the patients at a backyard farm. Epidemiological investigation indicated that the newly bought chicken died first, and clinical syndromes appeared subsequently in the two owners and one cat. Furthermore, the two individuals possessed high H9N2-specific hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibodies. Shared nucleotide sequence identity (99.9% - 100%) for all genes was detected in the four H9N2 isolates, and hemagglutinin (HA) T138A located on the receptor binding domain (RBD), resulted from nucleotide polymorphisms that were exclusively found in the isolate from the female patient. Moreover, HA K137N on the RBD was found in isolates from these three host species. Importantly, these four H9N2 isolates presented an exclusive binding preference for the human-type receptor (α2-6-SA), and could replicate and cause pathological changes in mice. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these four isolates clustered together and belonged to clade C1.2, lineage Y280. In addition, H9N2 viruses of human origin are genetically divergent and interspersed with the widespread poultry-origin H9N2 AIVs. All these results indicate a high risk of H9N2 AIVs in public health, and effective prevention and control measures against H9N2 AIVs should be considered and performed for both animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanqin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manhua Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunge Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Shen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Emerging Infectious Diseases, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghai Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumchi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China, Yuhai Bi CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; Ting Rong Luo Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Yuhai Bi CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China; Ting Rong Luo Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Medical College & College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Islam A, Amin E, Munro S, Hossain ME, Islam S, Hassan MM, Al Mamun A, Samad MA, Shirin T, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Potential risk zones and climatic factors influencing the occurrence and persistence of avian influenza viruses in the environment of live bird markets in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100644. [PMID: 38024265 PMCID: PMC10665157 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) are critical for poultry trade in many developing countries that are regarded as hotspots for the prevalence and contamination of avian influenza viruses (AIV). Therefore, we conducted weekly longitudinal environmental surveillance in LBMs to determine annual cyclic patterns of AIV subtypes, environmental risk zones, and the role of climatic factors on the AIV presence and persistence in the environment of LBM in Bangladesh. From January 2018 to March 2020, we collected weekly fecal and offal swab samples from each LBM and tested using rRT-PCR for the M gene and subtyped for H5, H7, and H9. We used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) approaches to account for repeated observations over time to correlate the AIV prevalence and potential risk factors and the negative binomial and Poisson model to investigate the role of climatic factors on environmental contamination of AIV at the LBM. Over the study period, 37.8% of samples tested AIV positive, 18.8% for A/H5, and A/H9 was, for 15.4%. We found the circulation of H5, H9, and co-circulation of H5 and H9 in the environmental surfaces year-round. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model reveals a distinct seasonal pattern in transmitting AIV and H5. Specifically, certain summer months exhibited a substantial reduction of risk up to 70-90% and 93-94% for AIV and H5 contamination, respectively. The slaughtering zone showed a significantly higher risk of contamination with H5, with a three-fold increase in risk compared to bird-holding zones. From the negative binomial model, we found that climatic factors like temperature and relative humidity were also significantly associated with weekly AIV circulation. An increase in temperature and relative humidity decreases the risk of AIV circulation. Our study underscores the significance of longitudinal environmental surveillance for identifying potential risk zones to detect H5 and H9 virus co-circulation and seasonal transmission, as well as the imperative for immediate interventions to reduce AIV at LBMs in Bangladesh. We recommend adopting a One Health approach to integrated AIV surveillance across animal, human, and environmental interfaces in order to prevent the epidemic and pandemic of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emama Amin
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR), Bangladesh
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Wang X, Liu K, Guo Y, Pei Y, Chen X, Lu X, Gao R, Chen Y, Gu M, Hu J, Liu X, Hu S, Jiao XA, Liu X, Wang X. Emergence of a new designated clade 16 with significant antigenic drift in hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in eastern China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249558. [PMID: 37585307 PMCID: PMC10467529 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) pose an increasing threat to the poultry industry worldwide and have pandemic potential. Vaccination has been principal prevention strategy to control H9N2 in China since 1998, but vaccine effectiveness is persistently challenged by the emergence of the genetic and/or antigenic variants. Here, we analysed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of H9N2 viruses in China, including 70 HA sequences of H9N2 isolates from poultry, 7358 from online databases during 2010-2020, and 15 from the early reference strains. Bayesian analyses based on hemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed that a new designated clade16 emerged in April 2012, and was prevalent and co-circulated with clade 15 since 2013 in China. Clade 16 viruses exhibited decreased cross-reactivity with those from clade 15. Antigenic Cartography analyses showed represent strains were classified into three antigenic groups named as Group1, Group2 and Group3, and most of the strains in Group 3 (15/17, 88.2%) were from Clade 16 while most of the strains in Group2 (26/29, 89.7%) were from Clade 15. The mean distance between Group 3 and Group 2 was 4.079 (95%CI 3.605-4.554), revealing that major switches to antigenic properties were observed over the emergence of clade 16. Genetic analysis indicated that 11 coevolving amino acid substitutions primarily at antigenic sites were associated with the antigenic differences between clade 15 and clade 16. These data highlight complexities of the genetic evolution and provide a framework for the genetic basis and antigenic characterization of emerging clade 16 of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuru Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-an Jiao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Yan Z, Li Y, Huang S, Wen F. Global distribution, receptor binding, and cross-species transmission of H6 influenza viruses: risks and implications for humans. J Virol 2023; 97:e0137023. [PMID: 37877722 PMCID: PMC10688349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01370-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The H6 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pervasive subtype that is ubiquitously found in both wild bird and poultry populations across the globe. Recent investigations have unveiled its capacity to infect mammals, thereby expanding its host range beyond that of other subtypes and potentially facilitating its global transmission. This heightened breadth also endows H6 AIVs with the potential to serve as a genetic reservoir for the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains through genetic reassortment and adaptive mutations. Furthermore, alterations in key amino acid loci within the H6 AIV genome foster the evolution of viral infection mechanisms, which may enable the virus to surmount interspecies barriers and infect mammals, including humans, thus posing a potential threat to human well-being. In this review, we summarize the origins, dissemination patterns, geographical distribution, cross-species transmission dynamics, and genetic attributes of H6 influenza viruses. This study holds implications for the timely detection and surveillance of H6 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfei Yan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - You Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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26
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Zhang J, Wang X, Chen Y, Ye H, Ding S, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li H, Huang L, Qi W, Liao M. Mutational antigenic landscape of prevailing H9N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin spectrum. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113409. [PMID: 37948179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses are globally endemic in birds, and a sharp increase in human infections with H9N2 occurred during 2021 to 2022. In this study, we assess the antigenic and pathogenic impact of 23 hemagglutinin (HA) amino acid mutations. Our study reveals that three specific mutations, labeled R164Q, N166D, and I220T, are responsible for the binding of antibodies with escape mutations. Variants containing R164Q and I220T mutations increase viral replication in avian and mammalian cells. Furthermore, T150A and I220T mutations are found to enhance viral replication in mice, indicating that these mutations may have the potential to adapt mammals. Structure analysis reveals that residues 164 and 220 bearing R164Q and I220T mutations increase interactions with the surrounding residues. Our findings enrich current knowledge about the risk assessment regarding which predominant HA immune-escape mutations of H9N2 viruses may pose the greatest threat to the emergence of pandemics in birds and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Alizadeh M, Raj S, Shojadoost B, Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Abdelaziz K, Sharif S. In ovo administration of retinoic acid enhances cell-mediated immune responses against an inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:7281-7289. [PMID: 37923694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV that infects avian species and lead to huge economical losses in the poultry industry. The unique immunomodulatory properties of Retinoic acid (RA), an active component of vitamin A, highlights its potential to enhance chicken's resistance to infectious diseases and perhaps vaccine-induced immunity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of in ovo supplementation of RA on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine. On embryonic day 18, eggs were inoculated with either 90 μmol RA/200 μL/egg or diluent into the amniotic sac. On days 7 and 21 post-hatch, birds were vaccinated with 15 μg of β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated H9N2 virus via the intramuscular route. One group received BPL in combination with an adjuvant, while the other group received saline solution and served as a non-vaccinated control group. Serum samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-primary vaccination (ppv) for antibody analysis. On day 24 ppv, spleens were collected, and splenocytes were isolated to analyze cytokine expression, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cell population. On day 28 ppv, birds in all groups were infected with H9N2 virus and oral and cloacal swabs were collected for TCID50 (50 % Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) assay up to day 7 post-infection. The results demonstrated that in ovo administration of RA did not significantly enhance the AIV vaccine-induced antibody response against H9N2 virus compared to the group that received the vaccine alone. However, RA supplementation enhanced the frequency of macrophages (KUL01+), expression of inflammatory cytokines and production of IFN-γ by splenocytes. In addition, RA administration reduced oral shedding of AIV on day 5 post-infection. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RA can be supplemented in ovo to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy against LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Khaled Abdelaziz
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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28
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Idoko-Akoh A, Goldhill DH, Sheppard CM, Bialy D, Quantrill JL, Sukhova K, Brown JC, Richardson S, Campbell C, Taylor L, Sherman A, Nazki S, Long JS, Skinner MA, Shelton H, Sang HM, Barclay WS, McGrew MJ. Creating resistance to avian influenza infection through genome editing of the ANP32 gene family. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6136. [PMID: 37816720 PMCID: PMC10564915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens genetically resistant to avian influenza could prevent future outbreaks. In chickens, influenza A virus (IAV) relies on host protein ANP32A. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 to generate homozygous gene edited (GE) chickens containing two ANP32A amino acid substitutions that prevent viral polymerase interaction. After IAV challenge, 9/10 edited chickens remain uninfected. Challenge with a higher dose, however, led to breakthrough infections. Breakthrough IAV virus contained IAV polymerase gene mutations that conferred adaptation to the edited chicken ANP32A. Unexpectedly, this virus also replicated in chicken embryos edited to remove the entire ANP32A gene and instead co-opted alternative ANP32 protein family members, chicken ANP32B and ANP32E. Additional genome editing for removal of ANP32B and ANP32E eliminated all viral growth in chicken cells. Our data illustrate a first proof of concept step to generate IAV-resistant chickens and show that multiple genetic modifications will be required to curtail viral escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Daniel H Goldhill
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Carol M Sheppard
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ksenia Sukhova
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brown
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Ciara Campbell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jason S Long
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Helen M Sang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
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29
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Jia F, Sun C, Ge C, Wang Z, Zhang T, Zhang M, Wang W, Tian Y, He Y, Yang G, Yang W, Shi C, Wang J, Huang H, Jiang Y, Wang C. Chicken dendritic cell-targeting nanobodies mediated improved protective effects against H9N2 influenza virus challenge in a homologous sequential immunization study. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109875. [PMID: 37729705 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Global poultry production is still severely affected by H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), and the development of a novel universal AIV vaccine is still urgently needed. Neuraminidase (NA) has recently been shown to be an efficient conserved protective antigen. In this study, we fused the extracellular region of the NA gene with a ferritin cassette (pYL281), which resulted in self-assembled 24-mer nanoparticles with the NA protein displayed outside the nanoparticles. In addition, a chicken dendritic cell-targeting nanobody-phage74 was also inserted ahead of the NA protein to yield pYL294. Incubation with chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (chBMDCs) showed that the DC-targeting nanoparticles purified from the pYL294 strain significantly increased the maturation of chBMDCs, as shown by increased levels of CCL5, CCR7, CD83 and CD86 compared with nontargeting proteins. Then, a chicken study was performed using Salmonella oral administration together with intranasal boost with purified proteins. Compared with the other groups, oral immunization with Salmonella harboring pYL294 followed by intranasal boost with purified DC-targeting nanoparticles dramatically increased the humoral IgY and mucosal IgA antibody response, as well as increased the cellular immune response, as shown by elevated splenic lymphocyte proliferation and intracellular mRNA levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Finally, sequential immunization with DC-targeting nanoparticles showed increased protection against G57 subtype H9N2 virus challenge compared with other groups, as shown by significantly decreased virus RNA copy numbers in oropharyngeal washes (Days 3, 5 and 7 post challenge) and cloacal washes (Day 7), significantly decreased lung virus titers on Day 5 post challenge and increased body weight gains during the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futing Jia
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chongbo Ge
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhannan Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tongyu Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Menglei Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yawen Tian
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yingkai He
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Haibin Huang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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30
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Sagong M, Kang YM, Kim NY, Noh EB, Heo GB, An SH, Lee YJ, Choi YK, Lee KN. Development of a Novel Korean H9-Specific rRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for Avian Influenza Virus Surveillance in Korea. J Microbiol 2023; 61:929-936. [PMID: 38010587 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the 2000s, the Y439 lineage of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been the predominant strain circulating in poultry in Korea; however, in 2020, the Y280 lineage emerged and spread rapidly nationwide, causing large economic losses. To prevent further spread and circulation of such viruses, rapid detection and diagnosis through active surveillance programs are crucial. Here, we developed a novel H9 rRT-PCR assay that can detect a broad range of H9Nx viruses in situations in which multiple lineages of H9 AIVs are co-circulating. We then evaluated its efficacy using a large number of clinical samples. The assay, named the Uni Kor-H9 assay, showed high sensitivity for Y280 lineage viruses, as well as for the Y439 lineage originating in Korean poultry and wild birds. In addition, the assay showed no cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIV or other avian pathogens. Furthermore, the Uni Kor-H9 assay was more sensitive, and had higher detection rates, than reference H9 rRT-PCR methods when tested against a panel of domestically isolated H9 AIVs. In conclusion, the novel Uni Kor-H9 assay enables more rapid and efficient diagnosis than the "traditional" method of virus isolation followed by subtyping RT-PCR. Application of the new H9 rRT-PCR assay to AI active surveillance programs will help to control and manage Korean H9 AIVs more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bi Noh
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Yan J, Cheng Q, Liu H, Wang L, Yu K. Sensitive and rapid detection of influenza A virus for disease surveillance using dual-probe electrochemical biosensor. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108497. [PMID: 37393678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause influenza, a highly infectious zoonotic respiratory disease, and early detection is essential to prevent and control its rapid spread in the population. Given the limitations of traditional detection methods in clinical laboratories, we report a large surface TPB-DVA COFs (TPB: 1,3,5-Tris(4-aminophenyl) benzene, DVA: 1,4-Benzenedicarboxaldehyd, COFs: Covalent organic frameworks) nanomaterial modified electrochemical DNA biosensor, which has dual-probe specific recognition and signal amplification. The biosensor enables quantitative detection of influenza A viruses' complementary DNA (cDNA) from 10 fM to 1 × 103 nM (LOD = 5.42 fM) with good specificity and high selectivity. The reliability of the biosensor and portable device was verified by comparing the virus concentrations in animal tissues with those measured by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) (P > 0.05). Moreover, the potential for influenza surveillance in this work was demonstrated by detecting the tissue samples from mice at different stages of infection. In summary, the good performance of this electrochemical DNA biosensor we proposed suggested it has the potential to be a rapid detection device for the influenza A virus, which could assist doctors or other professionals in obtaining rapid and accurate results for outbreak investigation and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Yan
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Guangxi Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Guangxi Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongjie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
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Hasan SMM, Sturm-Ramirez K, Kamal AHM, Islam MA, Rahman M, Kile JC, Kennedy ED, Gurley ES, Islam MS. Quail Rearing Practices and Potential for Avian Influenza Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:167-177. [PMID: 37455270 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, human influenza surveillance identified a human infection with A/H9N2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh with evidence of exposure to a sick quail. We conducted in-depth interviews with household quail caregivers, pet bird retail shop owners, and mobile vendors, key informant interviews with pet bird wholesale shop owners, one group discussion with pet bird retail shop workers and unstructured observations in households, pet bird wholesale and retail markets, and mobile bird vendor's travelling areas to explore quail rearing and selling practices among households, mobile vendors, and retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets in Dhaka. Every day, quail were supplied from 23 districts to two wholesale markets, and then sold to households and restaurants directly, or through bird shops and mobile vendors. All respondents (67) reported keeping quail with other birds in cages, feeding quail, cleaning feeding pots, removing quail faeces, slaughtering sick quail, and discarding dead quail. Children played with quail and assisted in slaughtering of quail. Most respondents (94%) reported rinsing hands with water only after slaughtering and disposing of wastes and dead quail. No personal protective equipment was used during any activities. Frequent unprotected contact with quail and their by-products potentially increased the risk of cross-species avian influenza virus transmission. Avian influenza surveillance in retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets, mobile vendors, and households may identify cases promptly and reduce the risk of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Murshid Hasan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Department of Society and Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Humanities, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James C Kile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin D Kennedy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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33
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Agha ASK, Benlashehr I, Naffati KM, Bshina SA, Khashkhosha AA. Correlation of avian influenza-H9N2 with high mortality in broiler flocks in the southwest of Tripoli, Libya. Open Vet J 2023; 13:715-722. [PMID: 37545701 PMCID: PMC10399647 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i6.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza (LPAI H9N2) caused by the influenza A virus which belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae. It caused mild respiratory symptoms and a drop in egg production in poultry. Outbreaks of AI-H9N2 have occurred in poultry since the 1990s in many countries in USA, Europe, and Asia. Recently, outbreaks of H9N2 in commercial chicken were recorded in Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. Furthermore, numerous studies demonstrated that co-infection with AI H9N2 and other pathogens results in severe respiratory illness with high mortality in broiler chickens. Outbreaks of respiratory disease with variations in mortality rate were recorded in broiler flocks growing in the southwest of Tripoli in Libya. Aim The present study was conducted to explain the variation of mortality rate on broiler flocks growing in the southwest area of Tripoli by detection of AI H9N2 antibodies and antigens. Methods A total of 453 sera samples, 60 tracheal swabs, and 60 cloacal swabs were collected from unvaccinated broiler flocks against avian influenza. Specific avian influenza type A antibodies were detected by using the Elisa test, and specific AI-H9N2 antibodies were detected by using the HI test, whereas specific AI-H9N2 antigens were detected in tracheal and cloacal swabs by using One-Step RT-PCR (M gene) technique. Results Respiratory diseases with high variations in mortality rate were recorded in broiler flocks growing in the southwest of Tripoli in Libya; the broiler mortality rate in Twisha farms was higher than other farms (62.2% and 11%, respectively). Whereas avian influenza type A antibodies were detected at a high level in Twisha and other farms (95.2%, and 76.7%, respectively). The positive samples for AI type A were tested for AI H9N2 using the HI test. Interestingly the percentage of AI-H9N2 antibodies was quite similar in high and low mortality regions (53.4% and 46.8%, respectively). Additionally, AI-H9N2 antigens were detected only in tracheal swabs in Twisha farm 3, Al-Maamoura, and Ber Al-Tota districts. Conclusion This study confirmed the endemic of AI- H9N2 in broiler flocks in the southwest of Tripoli-Libya. Also, it clarified that AI-H9N2 was not responsible for the high mortality rate by itself in broiler flocks. Moreover, this study supported the presence of other subtypes of avian influenza in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imad Benlashehr
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Salah Abdulhadi Bshina
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azzaytuna University, Tarhuna, Libya
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Wang Z, Li H, Li Y, Wu Z, Ai H, Zhang M, Rong L, Blinov ML, Tong Q, Liu L, Sun H, Pu J, Feng W, Liu J, Sun Y. Mixed selling of different poultry species facilitates emergence of public-health-threating avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2214255. [PMID: 37191631 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are regarded as hubs for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission in poultry and are a major risk factor in human AIV infections. We performed an AIV surveillance study at a wholesale LPM, where different poultry species were sold in separate stalls, and nine retail LPMs, which received poultry from the wholesale LPM but where different poultry species were sold in one stall, in Guangdong province from 2017 to 2019. A higher AIV isolation rate was observed at the retail LPMs than the wholesale LPM. H9N2 was the dominant AIV subtype and was mainly present in chickens and quails. The genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses was greater at the retail LPMs, where a complex system of two-way transmission between different poultry species had formed. The isolated H9N2 viruses could be classed into four genotypes: G57 and the three novel genotypes, NG164, NG165, and NG166. The H9N2 AIVs isolated from chickens and quails at the wholesale LPM only belonged to the G57 and NG164 genotypes, respectively. However, the G57, NG164, and NG165 genotypes were identified in both chickens and quails at the retail LPMs. We found that the replication and transmission of the NG165 genotype were more adaptive to both poultry and mammalian models than those of its precursor genotype, NG164. Our findings revealed that mixed poultry selling at retail LPMs has increased the genetic diversity of AIVs, which might facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that threaten public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service Center, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanli Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Blinov
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhai Feng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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35
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James J, Billington E, Warren CJ, De Sliva D, Di Genova C, Airey M, Meyer SM, Lewis T, Peers-Dent J, Thomas SS, Lofts A, Furman N, Nunez A, Slomka MJ, Brown IH, Banyard AC. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from the 2021/22 epizootic is highly duck adapted and poorly adapted to chickens. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37167079 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2021/2022 epizootic of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAIV) remains one of the largest ever in the UK, being caused by a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV. This epizootic affected more than 145 poultry premises, most likely through independent incursion from infected wild birds, supported by more than 1700 individual detections of H5N1 from wild bird mortalities. Here an H5N1 HPAIV, representative of this epizootic (H5N1-21), was used to investigate its virulence, pathogenesis and transmission in layer chickens and Pekin ducks, two species of epidemiological importance. We inoculated both avian species with decreasing H5N1-21 doses. The virus was highly infectious in ducks, with high infection levels and accompanying shedding of viral RNA, even in ducks inoculated with the lowest dose, reflecting the strong waterfowl adaptation of the clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIVs. Duck-to-duck transmission was very efficient, coupled with high environmental contamination. H5N1-21 was frequently detected in water sources, serving as likely sources of infection for ducks, but inhalable dust and aerosols represented low transmission risks. In contrast, chickens inoculated with the highest dose exhibited lower rates of infection compared to ducks. There was no evidence for experimental H5N1-21 transmission to any naive chickens, in two stocking density scenarios, coupled with minimal and infrequent contamination being detected in the chicken environment. Systemic viral dissemination to multiple organs reflected the pathogenesis and high mortalities in both species. In summary, the H5N1-21 virus is highly infectious and transmissible in anseriformes, yet comparatively poorly adapted to galliformes, supporting strong host preferences for wild waterfowl. Key environmental matrices were also identified as being important in the epidemiological spread of this virus during the continuing epizootic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe James
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Billington
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Caroline J Warren
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dilhani De Sliva
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Cecilia Di Genova
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Maisie Airey
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephanie M Meyer
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Thomas Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jacob Peers-Dent
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Saumya S Thomas
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Abigail Lofts
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Natalia Furman
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Pathology and Animal Sciences Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Marek J Slomka
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ian H Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
- WOAH/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA-Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Guo Z, Jing Q, Xu Z, Zhang D, Zheng W, Ren F. Corosolic acid-modified lipid nanoparticles as delivery carriers for DNA vaccines against avian influenza. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122914. [PMID: 37028571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHOL) is essential for developing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for gene delivery because it enhances membrane fusion and improves the delivery efficiency of gene cargos. An attractive pDNA carrier, corosolic acid (CA)-modified lipid nanoparticles (CLNPs), was developed by replacing CHOL in LNPs to deliver pDNA at various ratios of nitrogen groups to phosphate groups (N/P). The resultant CLNPs with a higher CHOL/CA ratio exhibited similar mean particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency to those of LNPs. In comparison with LNPs, CLNPs (CHOL:CA ratio = 2:1) achieved increased cellular uptake and enhanced transfection efficacy while maintaining low cytotoxicity. In vivo results from chicken experiments demonstrated that CLNPs encapsulating DNA vaccines against avian influenza at a N/P ratio of 3 could elicit similar-level humoral and cellular immune responses compared with those of LNPs at a higher N/P ratio, thereby suggesting the induction of desirable immune effects using less ionizable lipids. Our study provides a reference for further research on the application of CA in LNPs for gene delivery, and the development of novel delivery systems for DNA vaccines against avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Guo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qiufang Jing
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhongyu Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | | | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Fuzheng Ren
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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37
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Badra R, Abubakar A, Tempia S, Alam N, ElNaja HA, Kayali G, Khan W. State and situation of avian influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13137. [PMID: 37102060 PMCID: PMC10123394 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses have had a significant burden of disease on animal and public health in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In this review, we aimed at describing the state of avian influenza in the region from 2011 to 2021. We gathered information available through the peer-reviewed scientific literature, public gene sequence depositories, OIE World Animal Health Information System platform, World Health Organization FluNet, Joint External Evaluation reports, and governmental, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and World Organization for Animal Health websites. We used an interdisciplinary perspective consistent with the One Health approach to perform a qualitative synthesis and making recommendations. Analysis showed that although avian influenza research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region has gained more attention during the last decade, it was limited to only few countries and to basic science research. Data highlighted the weakness in surveillance systems and reporting platforms causing underestimation of the actual burden of disease among humans and animals. Inter-sectoral communication and collaboration for avian influenza prevention, detection, and response remain weak. Influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface and the application of the One Health paradigm are lacking. Countries' animal health and public health sectors rarely publish their surveillance data and findings. This review suggested that surveillance at the human-animal interface, research, and reporting capacities should be enhanced to improve understanding and control of avian influenza in the region. Implementing a rapid and comprehensive One Health approach for zoonotic influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdinasir Abubakar
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, WHO health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Stefano Tempia
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, WHO health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Noore Alam
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, WHO health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | - Hala Abou ElNaja
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, WHO health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
| | | | - Wasiq Khan
- Infectious Hazard Prevention and Preparedness, WHO health Emergencies Programme, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern MediterraneanCairoEgypt
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38
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Wasberg A, Faria IR, Bergholm J, Petric PP, Mostafa A, Pleschka S, Schwemmle M, Lundkvist Å, Ellström P, Naguib MM. Assessing compatibility and viral fitness between poultry-adapted H9N2 and wild bird-derived neuraminidases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4476. [PMID: 36934147 PMCID: PMC10024770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exchange of viral segments between one or more influenza virus subtypes can contribute to a shift in virulence and adaptation to new hosts. Among several influenza subtypes, H9N2 is widely circulating in poultry populations worldwide and has the ability to infect humans. Here, we studied the reassortant compatibility between chicken H9N2 with N1-N9 gene segments of wild bird origin, either with an intact or truncated stalk. Naturally occurring amino acid deletions in the NA stalk of the influenza virus can lead to increased virulence in both mallard ducks and chickens. Our findings show extended genetic compatibility between chicken H9Nx gene segments and the wild-bird NA with and without 20 amino acid stalk deletion. Replication kinetics in avian, mammalian and human cell lines revealed that parental chH9N2 and rH9N6 viruses with intact NA-stalk replicated significantly better in avian DF1 cells compared to human A549 cells. After introducing a stalk deletion, an enhanced preference for replication in mammalian and human cell lines could be observed for rH9N2Δ(H6), rH9N6Δ and rH9N9Δ compared to the parental chH9N2 virus. This highlights the potential emergence of novel viruses with variable phenotypic traits, warranting the continuous monitoring of H9N2 and co-circulating subtypes in avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anishia Wasberg
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Inês R Faria
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Bergholm
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Zhang H, Xie R, Zhang H, Sun R, Li S, Xia C, Li Z, Zhang L, Guo Y, Huang J. Recombinant Hemagglutinin protein and DNA-RNA-combined nucleic acid vaccines harbored by Yeast elicit protective immunity against H9N2 Avian Influenza infection. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102662. [PMID: 37043959 PMCID: PMC10140169 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe, convenience, and effective vaccine for controlling avian influenza virus infection is crucial in scale poultry production. Yeasts are considered useful vaccine vehicles for the delivery of antigens, which has been used to protect human and animal health. We report here the development of H9N2 strain hemagglutinin (HA)-based recombinant protein vaccines (rH9HA) and DNA-RNA-combined vaccine (rH9-DNA-RNA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the first time. The immunogenicity assay indicated that both rH9HA and rH9-DNA-RNA could induce robust production of serum IgG, mucosal sIgA, and cellular immune responses. The reshape and diversification of gut microbiota and an enriched Lactobacillus, Debaryomyces were observed after oral immunization with rH9HA or rH9-DNA-RNA yeast vaccine, which might contribute to modulate the intestinal mucosal immunity and antiviral process. Oral immunized birds with either rH9HA or rH9-DNA-RNA were effectively protected from H9N2 virus challenge. Our findings suggested that yeast-derived H9N2 HA-based recombinant protein vaccines and DNA-RNA-combined nucleic acid vaccines are feasible and efficacious, opening up a new avenue for rapid and cost-effective production of avian influenza vaccines to achieve good protection effect.
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Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, Said D, Samir M, Mawgod SA, Sorour HK, AbdelRahman MAA, Selim S, Saad AM, El-Saadony MT, El-Meihy RM, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Zanaty AM. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102553. [PMID: 36965253 PMCID: PMC10064437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in the poultry business. Respiratory infections are a serious problem facing the poultry sector, causing severe economic losses. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus are particularly serious viral respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli have been identified as the most serious bacterial respiratory pathogens in poultry. This review gives an updated summary, incorporating the latest data, about the evidence for the circulation of widespread, economically important poultry respiratory pathogens, with special reference to possible methods for the control and prevention of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dalia Said
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Mawgod
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mona A A AbdelRahman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El-Meihy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ali M Zanaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
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Liu K, Guo Y, Zheng H, Ji Z, Cai M, Gao R, Zhang P, Liu X, Xu X, Wang X, Liu X. Enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mammals by hemagglutinin mutations combined with PB2-627K. Virol Sin 2023; 38:47-55. [PMID: 36103978 PMCID: PMC10006187 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally in poultry and have become the dominant AIV subtype in China in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that the H9N2 virus (A/chicken/Eastern China/SDKD1/2015) naturally harbors a mammalian-adaptive molecular factor (627K) in the PB2 protein and is weakly pathogenic in mice. Here, we focused on new markers for virulence in mammals. A mouse-adapted H9N2 virus was serially passaged in mice by infecting their lungs. As expected, infected mice showed clinical symptoms and died at passage six. A comparison between the wild-type and mouse-adapted virus sequences identified amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. H9N2 viruses with the T187P + M227L double mutation exhibited an increased affinity to human-type (SAα2,6Gal) receptors and significantly enhanced viral attachment to mouse lung tissues, which contributed to enhancing viral replication and virulence in mice. Additionally, HA with the T187P + M227L mutation enabled H9N2 viral transmission in guinea pigs via direct contact. AIV pathogenicity in mice is a polygenic trait. Our results demonstrated that these HA mutations might be combined with PB2-627K to significantly increase H9N2 virulence in mice, and this enhanced virulence was achieved in other H9N2 AIVs by generating the same combination of mutations. In summary, our study identified novel key elements in the HA protein that are required for H9N2 pathogenicity in mice and provided valuable insights into pandemic preparedness against emerging H9N2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yaqian Guo
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huafen Zheng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhuxing Ji
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Geriatric Disease Prevention and Control of Jiangsu Province, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Borkenhagen LK, Aung PP, Htay T, Thein ZW, Tin OS, Mon TS, Myint W, Bailey ES, Wanninger TG, Kandeil AM, Webby RJ, Gray GC. A cross-sectional study of avian influenza A virus in Myanmar live bird markets: Detection of a newly introduced H9N2? Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2023; 17:e13111. [PMID: 36843223 PMCID: PMC9970615 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic influenza surveillance in Myanmar is sparse, despite the risks of introduction of such viruses from neighboring countries that could impact the poultry industry and lead to spillover to humans. METHODS In July and August 2019, our multi-institutional partnership conducted a One Health-oriented, cross-sectional surveillance (weekly for 3 weeks) for influenza A and influenza D viruses at the three largest live bird markets in Yangon, Myanmar. RESULTS The 27 bioaerosols, 90 bird cage swabs, 90 bird oropharyngeals, and 90 human nasopharyngeal samples yielded molecular influenza A detections in 8 bioaerosols (30.0%), 16 bird cages (17.8%), 15 bird oropharyngeals (16.7%), and 1 human nasopharyngeal (1.1%) samples. No influenza D was detected. Seven of the influenza A virus detections were found to be subtype A/H9N2, and one human nasopharyngeal sample was found to be subtype A/H1pdm. Among all IAV-positive samples, three of the A/H9N2-positive samples yielded live viruses from egg culture and their whole genome sequences revealing they belonged to the G9/Y280 lineage of A/H9N2 viruses. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these A/H9N2 sequences clustered separately from A/H9N2 viruses that were previously detected in Myanmar, supporting the notion that A/H9N2 viruses similar to those seen in wider Southeast Asia may have been introduced to Myanmar on multiple occasions. CONCLUSIONS These findings call for increased surveillance efforts in Myanmar to monitor for the introduction of novel influenza viruses in poultry, as well as possible reassortment and zoonotic virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Borkenhagen
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Poe Poe Aung
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Thura Htay
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Zaw Win Thein
- Duke Global Health Institute Myanmar ProgramYangonMyanmar
| | - Ommar Swe Tin
- National Health Laboratory, Department of Medical ServicesMinistry of HealthYangonMyanmar
| | - Thet Su Mon
- Special Disease Control UnitDepartment of Public Health, Ministry of HealthNaypyitawMyanmar
| | - Win Myint
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary DepartmentMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock and IrrigationYangonMyanmar
| | - Emily S. Bailey
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Timothy G. Wanninger
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Ahmed M. Kandeil
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases)University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTexasUSA
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Sagong M, Lee KN, Lee EK, Kang H, Choi YK, Lee YJ. Current situation and control strategies of H9N2 avian influenza in South Korea. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e5. [PMID: 36560837 PMCID: PMC9899936 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza (AI) has become endemic in poultry in many countries since the 1990s, which has caused considerable economic losses in the poultry industry. Considering the long history of the low pathogenicity H9N2 AI in many countries, once H9N2 AI is introduced, it is more difficult to eradicate than high pathogenicity AI. Various preventive measures and strategies, including vaccination and active national surveillance, have been used to control the Y439 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea, but it took a long time for the H9N2 virus to disappear from the fields. By contrast, the novel Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI was introduced in June 2020 and has spread nationwide. This study reviews the history, genetic and pathogenic characteristics, and control strategies for Korean H9N2 AI. This review may provide some clues for establishing control strategies for endemic AIV and a newly introduced Y280 lineage of H9N2 AI in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingeun Sagong
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Hyunmi Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea.
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Larbi I, Ghedira K, Arbi M, Butcher GD, Rego N, Naya H, Tougorti H, Lachhab J, Behi IE, Nsiri J, Ghram A. Phylogenetic analysis and assessment of the pathogenic potential of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and Lagoon water in Tunisia. Virus Res 2022; 322:198929. [PMID: 36126884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has been isolated from various species of wild birds and domestic poultry worldwide. It has been reported since the late 1990s, that H9N2 AIV has infected humans as reported in some Asian and North African countries. This subtype has already been circulating and constituting a serious threat to the poultry industry in Tunisia back in 2009. To investigate zoonotic potential and pathogenicity of H9N2 AIV in chickens and mice in Tunisia, five strains have been isolated during the period from 2014 to 2018. Samples were withdrawn from several wild bird species and environment (Lagoon water) of Maamoura and Korba Lagoons as well as Kuriat Island. Phylogenetic analyzes demonstrated that the isolated H9N2 strains belonged to the G1-like sublineage and were close to AIV H9N2 poultry viruses from North Africa, West Africa and the Middle East. All strains carried in their hemagglutinin the residue 226 L, which is an important marker for avian-to-human viral transmission. The hemagglutinin cleavage site has several motifs: PSKSSR/G, PARSSR/G and HARSSR/G. The neuraminidase showed S372A and R403W substitutions that have been previously detected in H3N2 and H2N2 viruses that were reported in human pandemics. Many mutations associated with mammalian infections have been detected in internal proteins. Pathogenicity evaluation in chickens showed that GF/14 replicates effectively in the lungs, tracheas, spleens, kidneys and brains and that it was transmitted among contact chickens. However, GHG/18 replicates poorly in chickens and has not an efficient transmission in contact chickens. GF/14 and GHG/18 could not kill mice though they replicated in their respiratory tract and caused a significant body weight loss (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of H9N2 AIV monitoring in both migratory birds and the environment to prevent virus transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalia Rego
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Hugo Naya
- Bioinformatics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departmento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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The Origin of Internal Genes Contributes to the Replication and Transmission Fitness of H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0129022. [PMID: 36342296 PMCID: PMC9683025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01290-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have donated internal gene segments during the emergence of zoonotic AIVs, including H7N9. We used reverse genetics to generate A/Anhui/1/13 (H7N9) and three reassortant viruses (2:6 H7N9) which contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from Anhui/13 (H7N9) and the six internal gene segments from H9N2 AIVs belonging to (i) G1 subgroup 2, (ii) G1 subgroup 3, or (iii) BJ94 lineages, enzootic in different regions throughout Asia. Infection of chickens with the 2:6 H7N9 containing G1-like H9N2 internal genes conferred attenuation in vivo, with reduced shedding and transmission to contact chickens. However, possession of BJ94-like H9N2 internal genes resulted in more rapid transmission and significantly elevated cloacal shedding compared to the parental Anhui/13 H7N9. In vitro analysis showed that the 2:6 H7N9 with BJ94-like internal genes had significantly increased replication compared to the Anhui/13 H7N9 in chicken cells. In vivo coinfection experiments followed, where chickens were coinfected with pairs of Anhui/13 H7N9 and a 2:6 H7N9 reassortant. During ensuing transmission events, the Anhui/13 H7N9 virus outcompeted 2:6 H7N9 AIVs with internal gene segments of BJ94-like or G1-like H9N2 viruses. Coinfection did lead to the emergence of novel reassortant genotypes that were transmitted to contact chickens. Some of the reassortant viruses had a greater replication in chicken and human cells compared to the progenitors. We demonstrated that the internal gene cassette determines the transmission fitness of H7N9 viruses in chickens, and the reassortment events can generate novel H7N9 genotypes with increased virulence in chickens and enhanced zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are enzootic in poultry in different geographical regions. The internal genes of these viruses can be exchanged with other zoonotic AIVs, most notably the A/Anhui/1/2013-lineage H7N9, which can give rise to new virus genotypes with increased veterinary, economic and public health threats to both poultry and humans. We investigated the propensity of the internal genes of H9N2 viruses (G1 or BJ94) in the generation of novel reassortant H7N9 AIVs. We observed that the internal genes of H7N9 which were derivative of BJ94-like H9N2 virus have a fitness advantage compared to those from the G1-like H9N2 viruses for efficient transmission among chickens. We also observed the generation of novel reassortant viruses during chicken transmission which infected and replicated efficiently in human cells. Therefore, such emergent reassortant genotypes may pose an elevated zoonotic threat.
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47
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Eladl AH, Farag VM, El-Shafei RA, Aziza AE, Awadin WF, Arafat N. Immunological, biochemical and pathological effects of vitamin C and Arabic gum co-administration on H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccinated and challenged laying Japanese quails. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:408. [PMID: 36401270 PMCID: PMC9673443 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study evaluated the effect of co-administration of vitamin C and Arabic gum (AG) supplements on the response of vaccinated (VAC) and challenged laying Japanese quails with avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2. Materials and methods One hundred and fifty 49-day-old laying Japanese quails were divided into 5 groups (G1-G5): the G1 group was a negative control, G2 group was unvaccinated + H9N2 challenged (Ch), G3 group was unvaccinated + supplements + Ch, G4 group was VAC + Ch, and the G5 group was VAC + supplements + Ch. The supplements (vitamin C, 1 g/liter of drinking water and AG, 1% ration) were given for 5 weeks post-vaccination (PV). The birds were injected subcutaneously with an inactivated H9N2 vaccine at 49 days of age. The quails were then challenged intranasally with AIV H9N2 at the 3rd week PV. Blood, tracheal swab and tissue samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks PV, and at different time points post-challenge (PC). Results Growth performance, egg production (%), egg and eggshell weights, HI antibody titers, clinical signs, lesions, mortality, virus shedding rates, leukogram, biochemical and immunological parameters and histopathological lesions PC showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the vaccinated-unsupplemented (G4) group and the vaccinated-supplemented (G5) group. G5 showed the highest (P < 0.05) growth performance, egg production, HI antibody titers, and heterophil phagocytic activity and the lowest heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, mortality, virus shedding rates, creatinine level and histopathological lesion scores in the lungs. Conclusion The co-administration of vitamin C and AG for 5 weeks can improve growth performance, egg production and the immune response in vaccinated laying quails challenged with AIV H9N2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03495-y.
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Zhang JL, Chen ZY, Lin SL, King CC, Chen CC, Chen PS. Airborne Avian Influenza Virus in Ambient Air in the Winter Habitats of Migratory Birds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15365-15376. [PMID: 36288568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza virus (AIV) have raised public concerns recently. Airborne AIV has been evaluated in live poultry markets and case farms; however, no study has discussed airborne AIV in ambient air in the winter habitats of migratory birds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate airborne AIV, specifically H5, H7, and H9, in a critical winter habitat of migratory birds and assess the factors influencing airborne AIV transmission in ambient air to provide novel insights into the epidemiology of avian influenza. A total of 357 ambient air samples were collected in the Aogu Wetland, Taiwan, Republic of China, between October 2017 and December 2019 and analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The effects of environmental factors including air pollutants, meteorological factors, and the species of the observed migratory birds on the concentration of airborne AIV were also analyzed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between airborne AIV in ambient air and the influence factors in the winter habitats of migratory birds, demonstrating the benefits of environmental sampling for infectious disease epidemiology. The positive rate of airborne H7 (12%) was higher than that of H5 (8%) and H9 (10%). The daily mean temperature and daily maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with influenza A, H7, and H9. Cold air masses and bird migration were significantly associated with airborne H9 and H7, respectively. In addition, we observed a significant correlation between AIV and the number of pintails, common teals, Indian spot-billed ducks, northern shovelers, Eurasian wigeons, tufted ducks, pied avocets, black-faced spoonbills, and great cormorants. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential for alternative surveillance approaches (monitoring bird species) as an indicator for influenza-related risks and identified cold air masses and the presence of specific bird species as potential drivers of the presence and/or the airborne concentration of AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin Zhang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Si-Ling Lin
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Animal Biologics Pilot Production Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung City912, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang Y, Li X, Xu Q, Niu X, Zhang S, Qu X, Chu H, Chen J, Shi Q, Zhang E, Zhang G. Characterization of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies and Identification of a Novel Conserved C-Terminal Linear Epitope on the Hemagglutinin Protein of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112530. [PMID: 36423139 PMCID: PMC9698441 DOI: 10.3390/v14112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a serious threat to the global poultry industry and public health. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is an essential protective antigen of AIVs and a major target of neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. Therefore, in this study, we used rice-derived HA protein as an immunogen to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and screened them using an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eight mAbs reacted well with the recombinant H9N2 AIV and HA protein, four of which exhibited potent inhibitory activity against hemagglutination, while three showed remarkable neutralization capacities. Western blotting confirmed that two mAbs bound to the HA protein. Linear epitopes were identified using the mAbs; a novel linear epitope, 480HKCDDQCM487, was identified. Structural analysis revealed that the novel linear epitope is located at the C-terminus of HA2 near the disulfide bond-linked HA1 and HA2. Alignment of the amino acid sequences showed that the epitope was highly conserved among multiple H9N2 AIV strains. The results of this study provide novel insights for refining vaccine and diagnostic strategies and expand our understanding of the immune response against AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianru Xu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangxiang Niu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shenli Zhang
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaotian Qu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hongyan Chu
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jinxuan Chen
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qianqian Shi
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Erqin Zhang
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- International Associated Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Modern Immunity Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: (E.Z.); (G.Z.)
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Liu T, Peng Y, Wu J, Lu S, He Y, Li X, Sun L, Song S, Zhang S, Li Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Liu M, Kou Z. Surveillance of avian influenza viruses in live bird markets of Shandong province from 2013 to 2019. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030545. [PMID: 36406436 PMCID: PMC9670132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) seriously affect the poultry industry and pose a great threat to humans. Timely surveillance of AIVs is the basis for preparedness of the virus. This study reported the long-term surveillance of AIVs in the live bird market (LBM) of 16 cities in Shandong province from 2013 to 2019. A total of 29,895 samples were obtained and the overall positive rate of AIVs was 9.7%. The H9 was found to be the most predominant subtype in most of the time and contributed most to the monthly positve rate of AIVs as supported by the univariate and multivariate analysis, while H5 and H7 only circulated in some short periods. Then, the whole-genome sequences of 62 representative H9N2 viruses including one human isolate from a 7-year-old boy in were determined and they were genetically similar to each other with the median pairwise sequence identities ranging from 0.96 to 0.98 for all segments. The newly sequenced viruses were most similar to viruses isolated in chickens in mainland China, especially the provinces in Eastern China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these newly sequenced H9N2 viruses belonged to the same clade for all segments except PB1. Nearly all of these viruses belonged to the G57 genotype which has dominated in China since 2010. Finally, several molecular markers associated with human adaptation, mammalian virulence, and drug resistance were identified in the newly sequenced H9N2 viruses. Overall, the study deepens our understanding of the epidemic and evolution of AIVs and provides a basis for effective control of AIVs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Julong Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shangwen Lu
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujie He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shaoxia Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Mi Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Mi Liu,
| | - Zengqiang Kou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Zengqiang Kou,
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