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Everingham SE, Offord CA, Sabot MEB, Moles AT. Leaf morphological traits show greater responses to changes in climate than leaf physiological traits and gas exchange variables. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10941. [PMID: 38510539 PMCID: PMC10951557 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to changing conditions is one of the strategies plants may use to survive in the face of climate change. We aimed to determine whether plants' leaf morphological and physiological traits/gas exchange variables have changed in response to recent, anthropogenic climate change. We grew seedlings from resurrected historic seeds from ex-situ seed banks and paired modern seeds in a common-garden experiment. Species pairs were collected from regions that had undergone differing levels of climate change using an emerging framework-Climate Contrast Resurrection Ecology, allowing us to hypothesise that regions with greater changes in climate (including temperature, precipitation, climate variability and climatic extremes) would be greater trait responses in leaf morphology and physiology over time. Our study found that in regions where there were greater changes in climate, there were greater changes in average leaf area, leaf margin complexity, leaf thickness and leaf intrinsic water use efficiency. Changes in leaf roundness, photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and the leaf economic strategy of our species were not correlated with changes in climate. Our results show that leaves do have the ability to respond to changes in climate, however, there are greater inherited responses in morphological leaf traits than in physiological traits/variables and greater responses to extreme measures of climate than gradual changes in climatic means. It is vital for accurate predictions of species' responses to impending climate change to ensure that future climate change ecology studies utilise knowledge about the difference in both leaf trait and gas exchange responses and the climate variables that they respond to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Everingham
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Catherine A. Offord
- The Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden Mount AnnanMount AnnanNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Manon E. B. Sabot
- Climate Change Research CentreUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate ExtremesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Angela T. Moles
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUNSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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2
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Christie K, Pierson NR, Holeski LM, Lowry DB. Resurrected seeds from herbarium specimens reveal rapid evolution of drought resistance in a selfing annual. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16265. [PMID: 38102863 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Increased aridity and drought associated with climate change are exerting unprecedented selection pressures on plant populations. Whether populations can rapidly adapt, and which life history traits might confer increased fitness under drought, remain outstanding questions. METHODS We utilized a resurrection ecology approach, leveraging dormant seeds from herbarium collections to assess whether populations of Plantago patagonica from the semi-arid Colorado Plateau have rapidly evolved in response to approximately ten years of intense drought in the region. We quantified multiple traits associated with drought escape and drought resistance and assessed the survival of ancestors and descendants under simulated drought. RESULTS Descendant populations displayed a significant shift in resource allocation, in which they invested less in reproductive tissues and relatively more in both above- and below-ground vegetative tissues. Plants with greater leaf biomass survived longer under terminal drought; moreover, even after accounting for the effect of increased leaf biomass, descendant seedlings survived drought longer than their ancestors. CONCLUSIONS Our results document rapid adaptive evolution in response to climate change in a selfing annual and suggest that shifts in tissue allocation strategies may underlie adaptive responses to drought in arid or semi-arid environments. This work also illustrates a novel approach, documenting that under specific circumstances, seeds from herbarium specimens may provide an untapped source of dormant propagules for future resurrection experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Christie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Natalie R Pierson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Liza M Holeski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
- Center for Adaptive Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - David B Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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3
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Spear MM, Levi SJ, Etterson JR, Gross BL. Resurrecting urban sunflowers: Phenotypic and molecular changes between antecedent and modern populations separated by 36 years. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5241-5259. [PMID: 37667619 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Resurrection experiments provide a unique opportunity to evaluate phenotypic and molecular evolution in response to environmental challenges. To understand the evolution of urban populations of Helianthus annuus, we compared plants from 36-year-old antecedent seed collections to modern seed collections from the same area using molecular and quantitative genetic approaches. We found 200 differentially expressed transcripts between antecedent and modern groups, and transcript expression was generally higher in modern samples as compared to antecedent samples. Admixture analysis indicated gene flow from domesticated to modern populations over time. After a greenhouse refresher generation, one antecedent-modern population pair was grown under two water availability (well-watered and drought) and temperature (ambient and elevated by 2.8°C) conditions reflecting historical and contemporary climates. Overall, 78% (7 out of 9) of traits differed between the antecedent and modern populations, with modern individuals displaying some trait changes that are coherent with climate changes expectations and some trait changes in the direction of crop varieties. Phenotypic selection analysis showed that modern trait values were often favoured by selection, especially in environmental treatments resembling modern conditions. Trait heritability in the antecedent population was five times as high as in the modern population, on average. In addition, phenotypic plasticity for some traits, such as flowering phenology, was present in the antecedent population but absent in the modern population. The combination of phenotypic and molecular information suggests that evolution has been influenced by crop-wild introgression, adaptive processes and drift. We discuss these results in the context of continued evolution in response to anthropogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M Spear
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sophie J Levi
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Briana L Gross
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Rauschkolb R, Durka W, Godefroid S, Dixon L, Bossdorf O, Ensslin A, Scheepens JF. Recent evolution of flowering time across multiple European plant species correlates with changes in aridity. Oecologia 2023:10.1007/s00442-023-05414-w. [PMID: 37462737 PMCID: PMC10386928 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global warming and increasing drought frequencies impact plant populations and potentially drive rapid evolutionary adaptations. Historical comparisons, where plants grown from seeds collected in the past are compared to plants grown from freshly collected seeds from populations of the same sites, are a powerful method to investigate recent evolutionary changes across many taxa. We used 21-38 years old seeds of 13 European plant species, stored in seed banks and originating from Mediterranean and temperate regions, together with recently collected seeds from the same sites for a greenhouse experiment to investigate shifts in flowering phenology as a potential result of adaptive evolution to changes in drought intensities over the last decades. We further used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to quantify relatedness and levels of genetic variation. We found that, across species, current populations grew faster and advanced their flowering. These shifts were correlated with changes in aridity at the population origins, suggesting that increased drought induced evolution of earlier flowering, whereas decreased drought lead to weak or inverse shifts in flowering phenology. In five out of the 13 species, however, the SNP markers detected strong differences in genetic variation and relatedness between the past and current populations collected, indicating that other evolutionary processes may have contributed to changes in phenotypes. Our results suggest that changes in aridity may have influenced the evolutionary trajectories of many plant species in different regions of Europe, and that flowering phenology may be one of the key traits that is rapidly evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rauschkolb
- Department of Plant Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 16, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor Lieser Straße 4, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Lara Dixon
- Conservatoire Botanique National Méditerranéen de Porquerolles, 34 Avenue Gambetta, 83400, Hyères, France
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ensslin
- Conservatory and Botanic Garden of the City of Geneva, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1296, Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J F Scheepens
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-Von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Benning JW, Faulkner A, Moeller DA. Rapid evolution during climate change: demographic and genetic constraints on adaptation to severe drought. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230336. [PMID: 37161337 PMCID: PMC10170215 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations often vary in their evolutionary responses to a shared environmental perturbation. A key hurdle in building more predictive models of rapid evolution is understanding this variation-why do some populations and traits evolve while others do not? We combined long-term demographic and environmental data, estimates of quantitative genetic variance components, a resurrection experiment and individual-based evolutionary simulations to gain mechanistic insights into contrasting evolutionary responses to a severe multi-year drought. We examined five traits in two populations of a native California plant, Clarkia xantiana, at three time points over 7 years. Earlier flowering phenology evolved in only one of the two populations, though both populations experienced similar drought severity and demographic declines and were estimated to have considerable additive genetic variance for flowering phenology. Pairing demographic and experimental data with evolutionary simulations suggested that while seed banks in both populations probably constrained evolutionary responses, a stronger seed bank in the non-evolving population resulted in evolutionary stasis. Gene flow through time via germ banks may be an important, underappreciated control on rapid evolution in response to extreme environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Benning
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexai Faulkner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - David A. Moeller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55455, USA
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6
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Changing patterns of genetic differentiation in the slender wild oat, Avena barbata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121248119. [PMID: 36161958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121248119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The slender wild oat (Avena barbata) was widely studied in California using allozymes in the 1970s and interpreted as a case of ecotypic adaptation to contrasting moisture environments. However, common garden studies suggested that the moist-associated ("mesic") ecotype had high fitness in both moist and dry habitats, thus predicting an adaptive spread into areas occupied by the dry associated ("xeric") ecotype. To test this prediction, we revisited 100 populations of A. barbata that were screened genetically 40 y ago. As expected, mesic allozyme and morphological markers are much more common than in the 1970s. The less-fit xeric ecotype, while still widespread, has declined markedly in range and frequency. Genotyping by sequencing of modern populations reveals striking genetic uniformity within each of the two ecotypes. In recombinants between the two ecotypes, the mesic allele at a major fitness quantitative trait locus (QTL) shows a high frequency but so do many other genomic regions not identified as fitness QTL. Additional introduced genotypes are diverse and more widespread than in the past, and our results show that these have spread into the former range of the xeric ecotype to an even greater extent than the mesic ecotype has. While these results confirm the prediction of contemporary evolution from common gardens, they also suggest that much of the change has been driven by additional waves of introduced genotypes.
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7
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Evidence for continent-wide convergent evolution and stasis throughout 150 y of a biological invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107584119. [PMID: 35476511 PMCID: PMC9170017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107584119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can help species to persist and spread in new environments, but it is unclear how the rate and duration of adaptive evolution vary throughout species ranges and on the decadal timescales most relevant to managing biodiversity for the 21st century. Using herbarium records, we reconstruct 150 y of evolution in an invasive plant as it spread across North America. Flowering phenology evolves to adapt to local growing seasons throughout the range but stalls after about a century. This punctuated, convergent evolution recapitulates long-term dynamics in the fossil record, implicating limits to evolutionary rates that are not evident for the first century of spread. The extent to which evolution can rescue a species from extinction, or facilitate range expansion, depends critically on the rate, duration, and geographical extent of the evolutionary response to natural selection. Adaptive evolution can occur quickly, but the duration and geographical extent of contemporary evolution in natural systems remain poorly studied. This is particularly true for species with large geographical ranges and for timescales that lie between “long-term” field experiments and the fossil record. Here, we introduce the Virtual Common Garden (VCG) to investigate phenotypic evolution in natural history collections while controlling for phenotypic plasticity in response to local growing conditions. Reconstructing 150 y of evolution in Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) as it invaded North America, we analyze phenology measurements of 3,429 herbarium records, reconstruct growing conditions from more than 12 million local temperature records, and validate predictions across three common gardens spanning 10° of latitude. We find that phenological clines have evolved repeatedly throughout the range, during the first century of evolution. Thereafter, the rate of microevolution stalls, recapitulating macroevolutionary stasis observed in the fossil record. Our study demonstrates that preserved specimens are a critical resource for investigating limits to evolution in natural populations. Our results show how natural selection and trade-offs measured in field studies predict adaptive divergence observable in herbarium specimens over 15 decades at a continental scale.
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8
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Love NLR, Mazer SJ. Geographic variation in offspring size: Long- and short-term climate affect mean seed mass of Streptanthus populations. Ecology 2022; 103:e3698. [PMID: 35352825 PMCID: PMC9287029 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Offspring size is a key functional trait that can affect subsequent life history stages; in many species, it exhibits both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. Variation among populations in offspring size may be explained by various factors, including local climatic conditions. However, geographic variation in climate may be partitioned into long‐term and interannual sources of variation, which may differ in their effects on population mean offspring size. To assess environmental correlates of offspring size, we evaluated geographic variation in seed mass among 88 populations representing 6 species of Streptanthus (Brassicaceae) distributed across a broad climatic gradient in California. We examined the effects of temperature‐mediated growing season length and precipitation on population mean seed mass to determine whether it is best explained by (1) long‐term mean climatic conditions; (2) interannual climate anomalies (i.e., deviations in climate from long‐term means) during the year of seed development, or (3) interactions between climate variables. Both long‐term mean climate and climate anomalies in the year of collection were associated with population mean seed mass, but their effects differed in direction and magnitude. Relatively large seeds were produced at chronically wet sites but also during drier‐than‐average years. This contrast indicates that these associations may be generated by different mechanisms (i.e., adaptive evolution vs. phenotypic plasticity) and may be evidence of countergradient plasticity in seed mass. In addition, populations occurring in locations characterized by relatively long growing seasons produced comparatively large seeds, particularly among chronically dry sites. This study highlights the need to consider that the responses of seed mass to long‐term versus recent climatic conditions may differ and that climate variables may interact to predict seed mass. Such considerations are especially important when using these patterns to forecast the long‐ and short‐term responses of seed mass to climate change. The results presented here also contribute to our broader understanding of how climate drives long‐term (e.g., local adaptation) and short‐term (e.g., phenotypic plasticity) variation in functional traits, such as offspring size across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L R Love
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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9
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Historical comparisons show evolutionary changes in drought responses in European plant species after two decades of climate change. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Vahsen ML, Gentile RM, Summers JL, Kleiner HS, Foster B, McCormack RM, James EW, Koch RA, Metts DL, Saunders C, Megonigal JP, Blum MJ, McLachlan JS. Accounting for variability when resurrecting dormant propagules substantiates their use in eco-evolutionary studies. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2831-2847. [PMID: 34950232 PMCID: PMC8674891 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a steady rise in the use of dormant propagules to study biotic responses to environmental change over time. This is particularly important for organisms that strongly mediate ecosystem processes, as changes in their traits over time can provide a unique snapshot into the structure and function of ecosystems from decades to millennia in the past. Understanding sources of bias and variation is a challenge in the field of resurrection ecology, including those that arise because often-used measurements like seed germination success are imperfect indicators of propagule viability. Using a Bayesian statistical framework, we evaluated sources of variability and tested for zero-inflation and overdispersion in data from 13 germination trials of soil-stored seeds of Schoenoplectus americanus, an ecosystem engineer in coastal salt marshes in the Chesapeake Bay. We hypothesized that these two model structures align with an ecological understanding of dormancy and revival: zero-inflation could arise due to failed germinations resulting from inviability or failed attempts to break dormancy, and overdispersion could arise by failing to measure important seed traits. A model that accounted for overdispersion, but not zero-inflation, was the best fit to our data. Tetrazolium viability tests corroborated this result: most seeds that failed to germinate did so because they were inviable, not because experimental methods failed to break their dormancy. Seed viability declined exponentially with seed age and was mediated by seed provenance and experimental conditions. Our results provide a framework for accounting for and explaining variability when estimating propagule viability from soil-stored natural archives which is a key aspect of using dormant propagules in eco-evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Vahsen
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Rachel M. Gentile
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Summers
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Helena S. Kleiner
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Benjamin Foster
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Regina M. McCormack
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Evan W. James
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Rachel A. Koch
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
| | - Dailee L. Metts
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Colin Saunders
- Southeast Environmental Research CenterFlorida International UniversityMiamiFloridaUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Blum
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jason S. McLachlan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndianaUSA
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11
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Gomaa NH, Picó FX. Depicting the phenotypic space of the annual plant Diplotaxis acris in hyperarid deserts. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15708-15719. [PMID: 34824784 PMCID: PMC8601918 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic space encompasses the assemblage of trait combinations yielding well-suited integrated phenotypes. At the population level, understanding the phenotypic space structure requires the quantification of among- and within-population variations in traits and the correlation pattern among them. Here, we studied the phenotypic space of the annual plant Diplotaxis acris occurring in hyperarid deserts. Given the advance of warming and aridity in vast regions occupied by drylands, D. acris can indicate the successful evolutionary trajectory that many other annual plant species may follow in expanding drylands. To this end, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with 176 D. acris individuals from five Saudi populations to quantify the genetic component of variation in architectural and life history traits. We found low among-population divergence but high among-individual variation in all traits. In addition, all traits showed a high degree of genetic determination in our study experimental conditions. We did not find significant effects of recruitment and fecundity on fitness. Finally, all architectural traits exhibited a strong correlation pattern among them, whereas for life history traits, only higher seed germination implied earlier flowering. Seed weight appeared to be an important trait in D. acris as individuals with heavier seeds tended to advance flowering and have a more vigorous branching pattern, which led to higher fecundity. Population divergence in D. acris might be constrained by the severity of the hyperarid environment, but populations maintain high among-individual genetic variation in all traits. Furthermore, D. acris showed phenotypic integration for architectural traits and, to a lesser extent, for life history traits. Overall, we hypothesize that D. acris may be fine-tuned to its demanding extreme environments. Evolutionary speaking, annual plants facing increasing warming, aridity, and environmental seasonality might modify their phenotypic spaces toward new phenotypic configurations strongly dominated by correlated architectural traits enhancing fecundity and seed-related traits advancing flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr H. Gomaa
- Department of Botany and MicrobiologyFaculty of ScienceBeni‐Suef UniversityBeni‐SuefEgypt
- Biology DepartmentCollege of ScienceJouf UniversitySakakaSaudi Arabia
| | - F. Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)SevillaSpain
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Shay JE, Pennington LK, Mandussi Montiel-Molina JA, Toews DJ, Hendrickson BT, Sexton JP. Rules of Plant Species Ranges: Applications for Conservation Strategies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.700962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Earth is changing rapidly and so are many plant species’ ranges. Here, we synthesize eco-evolutionary patterns found in plant range studies and how knowledge of species ranges can inform our understanding of species conservation in the face of global change. We discuss whether general biogeographic “rules” are reliable and how they can be used to develop adaptive conservation strategies of native plant species across their ranges. Rules considered include (1) factors that set species range limits and promote range shifts; (2) the impact of biotic interactions on species range limits; (3) patterns of abundance and adaptive properties across species ranges; (4) patterns of gene flow and their implications for genetic rescue, and (5) the relationship between range size and conservation risk. We conclude by summarizing and evaluating potential species range rules to inform future conservation and management decisions. We also outline areas of research to better understand the adaptive capacity of plants under environmental change and the properties that govern species ranges. We advise conservationists to extend their work to specifically consider peripheral and novel populations, with a particular emphasis on small ranges. Finally, we call for a global effort to identify, synthesize, and analyze prevailing patterns or rules in ecology to help speed conservation efforts.
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Hamann E, Denney D, Day S, Lombardi E, Jameel MI, MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Review: Plant eco-evolutionary responses to climate change: Emerging directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110737. [PMID: 33568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is exposing plant populations to novel combinations of temperatures, drought stress, [CO2] and other abiotic and biotic conditions. These changes are rapidly disrupting the evolutionary dynamics of plants. Despite the multifactorial nature of climate change, most studies typically manipulate only one climatic factor. In this opinion piece, we explore how climate change factors interact with each other and with biotic pressures to alter evolutionary processes. We evaluate the ramifications of climate change across life history stages,and examine how mating system variation influences population persistence under rapid environmental change. Furthermore, we discuss how spatial and temporal mismatches between plants and their mutualists and antagonists could affect adaptive responses to climate change. For example, plant-virus interactions vary from highly pathogenic to mildly facilitative, and are partly mediated by temperature, moisture availability and [CO2]. Will host plants exposed to novel, stressful abiotic conditions be more susceptible to viral pathogens? Finally, we propose novel experimental approaches that could illuminate how plants will cope with unprecedented global change, such as resurrection studies combined with experimental evolution, genomics or epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Derek Denney
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha Day
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lombardi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Anstett DN, Branch HA, Angert AL. Regional differences in rapid evolution during severe drought. Evol Lett 2021; 5:130-142. [PMID: 33868709 PMCID: PMC8045920 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing drought intensity, threatening biodiversity. Rapid evolution of drought adaptations might be required for population persistence, particularly in rear-edge populations that may already be closer to physiological limits. Resurrection studies are a useful tool to assess adaptation to climate change, yet these studies rarely encompass the geographic range of a species. Here, we sampled 11 populations of scarlet monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis), collecting seeds across the plants' northern, central, and southern range to track trait evolution from the lowest to the greatest moisture anomaly over a 7-year period. We grew families generated from these populations across well-watered and terminal drought treatments in a greenhouse and quantified five traits associated with dehydration escape and avoidance. When considering pre-drought to peak-drought phenotypes, we find that later date of flowering evolved across the range of M. cardinalis, suggesting a shift away from dehydration escape. Instead, traits consistent with dehydration avoidance evolved, with smaller and/or thicker leaves evolving in central and southern regions. The southern region also saw a loss of plasticity in these leaf traits by the peak of the drought, whereas flowering time remained plastic across all regions. This observed shift in traits from escape to avoidance occurred only in certain regions, revealing the importance of geographic context when examining adaptations to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Anstett
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Haley A Branch
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Amy L Angert
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada.,Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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15
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Des Roches S, Brans KI, Lambert MR, Rivkin LR, Savage AM, Schell CJ, Correa C, De Meester L, Diamond SE, Grimm NB, Harris NC, Govaert L, Hendry AP, Johnson MTJ, Munshi‐South J, Palkovacs EP, Szulkin M, Urban MC, Verrelli BC, Alberti M. Socio-eco-evolutionary dynamics in cities. Evol Appl 2021; 14:248-267. [PMID: 33519968 PMCID: PMC7819562 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cities are uniquely complex systems regulated by interactions and feedbacks between nature and human society. Characteristics of human society-including culture, economics, technology and politics-underlie social patterns and activity, creating a heterogeneous environment that can influence and be influenced by both ecological and evolutionary processes. Increasing research on urban ecology and evolutionary biology has coincided with growing interest in eco-evolutionary dynamics, which encompasses the interactions and reciprocal feedbacks between evolution and ecology. Research on both urban evolutionary biology and eco-evolutionary dynamics frequently focuses on contemporary evolution of species that have potentially substantial ecological-and even social-significance. Still, little work fully integrates urban evolutionary biology and eco-evolutionary dynamics, and rarely do researchers in either of these fields fully consider the role of human social patterns and processes. Because cities are fundamentally regulated by human activities, are inherently interconnected and are frequently undergoing social and economic transformation, they represent an opportunity for ecologists and evolutionary biologists to study urban "socio-eco-evolutionary dynamics." Through this new framework, we encourage researchers of urban ecology and evolution to fully integrate human social drivers and feedbacks to increase understanding and conservation of ecosystems, their functions and their contributions to people within and outside cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kristien I. Brans
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Max R. Lambert
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - L. Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
- Centre for Urban EnvironmentsUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
| | - Amy Marie Savage
- Department of BiologyCenter for Computational and Integrative BiologyRutgers UniversityCamdenNJUSA
| | - Christopher J. Schell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and SciencesUniversity of Washington TacomaTacomaWAUSA
| | - Cristian Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos NaturalesInstituto de Conservación Biodiversidad y TerritorioUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
- Centro de Humedales Río CrucesUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Luc De Meester
- Department of BiologyLaboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and ConservationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Institute of BiologyFreie UniversitätBerlinGermany
- Leibniz Institut für Gewasserökologie und BinnenfischereiBerlinGermany
| | - Sarah E. Diamond
- Department of BiologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Nancy B. Grimm
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Nyeema C. Harris
- Applied Wildlife Ecology Lab, Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Aquatic EcologySwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologyDuebendorfSwitzerland
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Department of BiologyRedpath MuseumMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
- Centre for Urban EnvironmentsUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaONCanada
| | - Jason Munshi‐South
- Department of Biological Sciences and Louis Calder CenterFordham UniversityArmonkNYUSA
| | - Eric P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
| | - Marta Szulkin
- Centre of New TechnologiesUniversity of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Mark C. Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsCTUSA
| | - Brian C. Verrelli
- Center for Life Sciences EducationVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
| | - Marina Alberti
- Department of Urban Design and PlanningUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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16
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Everingham SE, Offord CA, Sabot MEB, Moles AT. Time-traveling seeds reveal that plant regeneration and growth traits are responding to climate change. Ecology 2020; 102:e03272. [PMID: 33336401 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing the biological impacts of climate change typically rely on long-term, historic data to measure trait responses to climate through time. Here, we overcame the problem of absent historical data by using resurrected seeds to capture historic plant-trait data for a number of plant regeneration and growth traits. We collected seed and seedling trait measurements from resurrected historic seeds and compared these with modern seed and seedling traits collected from the same species in the same geographic location. We found a total of 43 species from southeastern Australia for which modern/historic seed pairs could be located. These species were located in a range of regions that have undergone different amounts of climate change across a range of temperature, precipitation, and extreme measures of climate. There was a correlation between the amount of change in climate metrics, and the amount of change in plant traits. Using stepwise model selection, we found that for all regeneration and growth trait changes (except change in stem density), the most accurate model selected at least two measures of climate change. Changes in extreme measures of climate, such as heat-wave duration and changes in climate variability, were more strongly related to changes in regeneration and growth traits than changes in mean climate metrics. Across our species, for every 5% increase in temperature variability, there was a threefold increase in the probability of seed viability and seed germination success. An increase of 1 d in the maximum duration of dry spells through time led to a 1.5-fold decrease in seed viability and seeds became 30% flatter/thinner. Regions where the maximum heat-wave duration had increased by 10 d saw a 1.35-cm decrease in seedling height and a 1.04-g decrease in seedling biomass. Rapid responses in plant traits to changes in climate may be possible; however, it is not clear whether these changes will be fast enough for plants to keep pace with future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Everingham
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - Catherine A Offord
- The Australian PlantBank, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan, New South Wales, 2567, Australia
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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17
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Capblancq T, Fitzpatrick MC, Bay RA, Exposito-Alonso M, Keller SR. Genomic Prediction of (Mal)Adaptation Across Current and Future Climatic Landscapes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-020720-042553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signals of local adaptation have been found in many plants and animals, highlighting the heterogeneity in the distribution of adaptive genetic variation throughout species ranges. In the coming decades, global climate change is expected to induce shifts in the selective pressures that shape this adaptive variation. These changes in selective pressures will likely result in varying degrees of local climate maladaptation and spatial reshuffling of the underlying distributions of adaptive alleles. There is a growing interest in using population genomic data to help predict future disruptions to locally adaptive gene-environment associations. One motivation behind such work is to better understand how the effects of changing climate on populations’ short-term fitness could vary spatially across species ranges. Here we review the current use of genomic data to predict the disruption of local adaptation across current and future climates. After assessing goals and motivationsunderlying the approach, we review the main steps and associated statistical methods currently in use and explore our current understanding of the limits and future potential of using genomics to predict climate change (mal)adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Capblancq
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - Matthew C. Fitzpatrick
- Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA
| | - Rachael A. Bay
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R. Keller
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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18
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Lopez L, Turner KG, Bellis ES, Lasky JR. Genomics of natural history collections for understanding evolution in the wild. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20:1153-1160. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lua Lopez
- Department of Biology California State University San Bernardino San Bernardino CaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn G. Turner
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Biological Sciences Idaho State University Pocatello IdahoUSA
| | - Emily S. Bellis
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PennsylvaniaUSA
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute & Department of Computer Science Arkansas State University Jonesboro ArkansasUSA
| | - Jesse R. Lasky
- Department of Biology Pennsylvania State University University Park PennsylvaniaUSA
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19
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Abdelkrim Arar, Nouidjem Y, Bounar R, Tabet S, Kouba Y. Potential Future Changes of the Geographic Range Size of Juniperus phoenicea in Algeria based on Present and Future Climate Change Projections. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Lambrecht SC, Gujral AK, Renshaw LJ, Rosengreen LT. Evolutionary and plastic changes in a native annual plant after a historic drought. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4570-4582. [PMID: 32551044 PMCID: PMC7297769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe droughts are forecast to increase with global change. Approaches that enable the study of contemporary evolution, such as resurrection studies, are valuable for providing insights into the responses of populations to global change. In this study, we used a resurrection approach to study the evolution of the California native Leptosiphon bicolor (true babystars, Polemoniaceae) across populations differing in precipitation in response to the state's recent prolonged drought (2011-2017). In the Mediterranean climate region in which L. bicolor grows, this historic drought effectively shortened its growing season. We used seeds collected both before and after this drought from three populations found along a moisture availability gradient to assess contemporary evolution in a common garden greenhouse study. We coupled this with a drought experiment to examine plasticity. We found evolution toward earlier flowering after the historic drought in the wettest of the three populations, while plasticity to experimental drought was observed across all three. We also observed trade-offs associated with earlier flowering. In the driest population, plants that flowered earlier had lower intrinsic water-use efficiency than those flowering later, which was an expected pattern. Unexpectedly, earlier flowering plants had larger flowers. Two populations exhibited evolution and plasticity toward smaller flowers with drought. The third exhibited evolution toward larger flowers, but displayed no plasticity. Our results provide valuable insights into differences among native plant populations in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C. Lambrecht
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Anjum K. Gujral
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Lani J. Renshaw
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
| | - Lars T. Rosengreen
- Department of Biological SciencesSan Jose State UniversitySan JoseCalifornia
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21
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Kelly M. Adaptation to climate change through genetic accommodation and assimilation of plastic phenotypes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180176. [PMID: 30966963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory suggests that evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity could either hinder or facilitate evolutionary rescue in a changing climate. Nevertheless, the actual role of evolving plasticity in the responses of natural populations to climate change remains unresolved. Direct observations of evolutionary change in nature are rare, making it difficult to assess the relative contributions of changes in trait means versus changes in plasticity to climate change responses. To address this gap, this review explores several proxies that can be used to understand evolving plasticity in the context of climate change, including space for time substitutions, experimental evolution and tests for genomic divergence at environmentally responsive loci. Comparisons among populations indicate a prominent role for divergence in environmentally responsive traits in local adaptation to climatic gradients. Moreover, genomic comparisons among such populations have identified pervasive divergence in the regulatory regions of environmentally responsive loci. Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that divergence in plasticity plays a prominent role in adaptation to climatic gradients over space, indicating that evolving plasticity is also likely to play a key role in adaptive responses to climate change through time. This suggests that genetic variation in plastic responses to the environment (G × E) might be an important predictor of species' vulnerabilities to climate-driven decline or extinction. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of plasticity in phenotypic adaptation to rapid environmental change'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Kelly
- Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70808 , USA
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22
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Berg CS, Brown JL, Weber JJ. An examination of climate-driven flowering-time shifts at large spatial scales over 153 years in a common weedy annual. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1435-1443. [PMID: 31675107 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Understanding species' responses to climate change is a critical challenge facing biologists today. Though many species are widespread, few studies of climate-driven shifts in flowering time have examined large continuous spatial scales for individual species. And even fewer studies have examined these shifts at time scales greater than a few decades. METHODS We used digitized herbarium specimens and PRISM climate data to produce the spatially and temporally broadest-scale study of flowering time in a single species to date, spanning the contiguous United States and 153 years (1863-2016) for a widespread weedy annual, Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae). We examined factors driving phenological shifts as well as the roles of geographic and temporal scale in understanding these trends. RESULTS Year was a significant factor in both geospatial and climatic analyses, revealing that flowering time has advanced by ~9 days over the past ~150 years. We found that temperature as well as vapor pressure deficit, an understudied climatic parameter associated with evapotranspiration and water stress, were strongly associated with peak flowering. We also examined how sampling at different spatiotemporal scales influences the power to detect flowering-time shifts, finding that relatively large spatial and temporal scales are ideal for detecting flowering-time shifts in this widespread species. CONCLUSIONS Our results emphasize the importance of understanding the interplay of geospatial factors at different scales to examine how species respond to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette S Berg
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 63701, USA
| | - Jason L Brown
- Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, 63701, USA
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23
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Franks SJ, Sekor MR, Davey S, Weis AE. Artificial seed aging reveals the invisible fraction: Implications for evolution experiments using the resurrection approach. Evol Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Elevated mutation and selection in wild emmer wheat in response to 28 years of global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20002-20008. [PMID: 31527251 PMCID: PMC6778259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909564116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The realized threats of global warming to biodiversity have catalyzed the search for a solution to protect and conserve extant plant genetic resources. Part of the solution, however, is dependent on the knowledge of how plant populations respond genetically to these threats, which is largely lacking. We conducted a unique genomic characterization of genetic responses in 10 wild emmer wheat populations in Israel that were sampled twice in 1980 and 2008. After the 28 y of global warming, these populations displayed elevated selection, reduced diversity and temporal divergence, and carried increased mutational burdens forward. However, some populations still showed the ability to acquire beneficial alleles for future adaptation. The patterns of genetic response to rainfall and temperature were complex. Global warming has been documented to threaten wild plants with strong selection pressures, but how plant populations respond genetically to the threats remains poorly understood. We characterized the genetic responses of 10 wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides Koern.; WEW) populations in Israel, sampling them in 1980 and again in 2008, through an exome capture analysis. It was found that these WEW populations were under elevated selection, displayed reduced diversity and temporal divergence, and carried increased mutational burdens forward. However, some populations still showed the ability to acquire beneficial alleles via selection or de novo mutation for future adaptation. Grouping populations with mean annual rainfall and temperature revealed significant differences in most of the 14 genetic estimates in either sampling year or over the 28 y. The patterns of genetic response to rainfall and temperature varied and were complex. In general, temperature groups displayed more temporal differences in genetic response than rainfall groups. The highest temperature group had more deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (dSNPs), higher nucleotide diversity, fewer selective sweeps, lower differentiation, and lower mutational burden. The least rainfall group had more dSNPs, higher nucleotide diversity, lower differentiation and higher mutational burden. These characterized genetic responses are significant, allowing not only for better understanding of evolutionary changes in the threatened populations, but also for realistic modeling of plant population adaptability and vulnerability to global warming.
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25
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Dickman EE, Pennington LK, Franks SJ, Sexton JP. Evidence for adaptive responses to historic drought across a native plant species range. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1569-1582. [PMID: 31462915 PMCID: PMC6708426 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As climatic conditions change, species will be forced to move or adapt to avoid extinction. Exacerbated by ongoing climate change, California recently experienced a severe and exceptional drought from 2011 to 2017. To investigate whether an adaptive response occurred during this event, we conducted a "resurrection" study of the cutleaf monkeyflower (Mimulus laciniatus), an annual plant, by comparing trait means and variances of ancestral seed collections ("pre-drought") with contemporary descendant collections ("drought"). Plants were grown under common conditions to test whether this geographically restricted species has the capacity to respond evolutionarily to climate stress across its range. We examined if traits shifted in response to the recent, severe drought and included populations across an elevation gradient, including populations at the low- and high-elevation edges of the species range. We found that time to seedling emergence in the drought generation was significantly earlier than in the pre-drought generation, a response consistent with drought adaptation. Additionally, trait variation in days to emergence was reduced in the drought generation, which suggests selection or bottleneck events. Days to first flower increased significantly by elevation, consistent with climate adaptation across the species range. Drought generation plants were larger and had greater reproduction, which was likely a carryover effect of earlier germination. These results demonstrate that rapid shifts in trait means and variances consistent with climate adaptation are occurring within populations, including peripheral populations at warm and cold climate limits, of a plant species with a relatively restricted range that has so far not shifted its elevation distribution during contemporary climate change. Thus, rapid evolution may mitigate, at least temporarily, range shifts under global climate change. This study highlights the need for better understanding rapid adaptation as a means for plant communities to cope with extraordinary climate events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Dickman
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
- Yosemite National ParkEl PortalCalifornia
| | - Lillie K. Pennington
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
| | - Steven J. Franks
- Department of Biological SciencesFordham UniversityBronxNew York
| | - Jason P. Sexton
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCalifornia
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26
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Hancock AM. Rapid adaptation to climate change. Mol Ecol 2019; 25:3525-6. [PMID: 27463237 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, amid growing concerns that changing climate is affecting species distributions and ecosystems, predicting responses to rapid environmental change has become a major goal. In this issue, Franks and colleagues take a first step towards this objective (Franks et al. 2016). They examine genomewide signatures of selection in populations of Brassica rapa after a severe multiyear drought. Together with other authors, Franks had previously shown that flowering time was reduced after this particular drought and that the reduction was genetically encoded. Now, the authors have sequenced previously stored samples to compare allele frequencies before and after the drought and identify the loci with the most extreme shifts in frequencies. The loci they identify largely differ between populations, suggesting that different genetic variants may be responsible for reduction in flowering time in the two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Hancock
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Shaw RG. From the Past to the Future: Considering the Value and Limits of Evolutionary Prediction. Am Nat 2019; 193:1-10. [DOI: 10.1086/700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Abstract
In 2017, The American Naturalist celebrated its 150th anniversary. It was founded as a journal of natural history, yet it developed into an important vehicle of the evolutionary synthesis. During the early years of the journal and through much of the twentieth century, evolutionary theory was developed to explain the history of nature before humankind existed to alter it-when time was expansive and uncommon events, though rare, were frequent enough to effect evolutionary change. Today, with the influence of human activity, dispersal patterns are fundamentally altered, genetic variation is locally limiting in small and fragmented populations, and environments are changing so rapidly that time itself seems limited. How can we use this theory, which was built to explain the past and which depends on an excess of chances and time, to address the challenges of the present and the future when chances are fewer and time seems so short? And does the habit of naturalists to observe, describe, and cultivate a fascination with nature have a place in contemporary science?
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29
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Hamann E, Weis AE, Franks SJ. Two decades of evolutionary changes in Brassica rapa in response to fluctuations in precipitation and severe drought. Evolution 2018; 72:2682-2696. [PMID: 30478889 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As climate changes at unprecedented rates, understanding population responses is a major challenge. Resurrection studies can provide crucial insights into the contemporary evolution of species to climate change. We used a seed collection of two Californian populations of the annual plant Brassica rapa made over two decades of dramatic precipitation fluctuations, including increasingly severe droughts. We compared flowering phenology, other drought response traits, and seed production among four generations, grown under drought and control conditions, to test for evolutionary change and to characterize the strength and direction of selection. Postdrought generations flowered earlier, with a reduced stem diameter, and lower water-use efficiency (WUE), while intervening wet seasons reversed these adaptations. There was selection for earlier flowering, which was adaptive, but delayed flowering after wet years resulted in reduced total seed mass, indicating a maladaptive response caused by brief wet periods. Furthermore, evolutionary changes and plastic responses often differed in magnitude between populations and drought periods, suggesting independent adaptive pathways. While B. rapa rapidly evolved a drought escape strategy, plant fitness was reduced in contemporary generations, suggesting that rapid shifts in flowering time may no longer keep up with the increasing severity of drought periods, especially when drought adaptation is slowed by occasional wet seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, 10458
| | - Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York, 10458
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30
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Hendry AP, Schoen DJ, Wolak ME, Reid JM. The Contemporary Evolution of Fitness. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rate of evolution of population mean fitness informs how selection acting in contemporary populations can counteract environmental change and genetic degradation (mutation, gene flow, drift, recombination). This rate influences population increases (e.g., range expansion), population stability (e.g., cryptic eco-evolutionary dynamics), and population recovery (i.e., evolutionary rescue). We review approaches for estimating such rates, especially in wild populations. We then review empirical estimates derived from two approaches: mutation accumulation (MA) and additive genetic variance in fitness (IAw). MA studies inform how selection counters genetic degradation arising from deleterious mutations, typically generating estimates of <1% per generation. IAw studies provide an integrated prediction of proportional change per generation, nearly always generating estimates of <20% and, more typically, <10%. Overall, considerable, but not unlimited, evolutionary potential exists in populations facing detrimental environmental or genetic change. However, further studies with diverse methods and species are required for more robust and general insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C4, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Schoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Wolak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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Gómez R, Méndez-Vigo B, Marcer A, Alonso-Blanco C, Picó FX. Quantifying temporal change in plant population attributes: insights from a resurrection approach. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply063. [PMID: 30370042 PMCID: PMC6198925 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid evolution in annual plants can be quantified by comparing phenotypic and genetic changes between past and contemporary individuals from the same populations over several generations. Such knowledge will help understand the response of plants to rapid environmental shifts, such as the ones imposed by global climate change. To that end, we undertook a resurrection approach in Spanish populations of the annual plant Arabidopsis thaliana that were sampled twice over a decade. Annual weather records were compared to their historical records to extract patterns of climatic shifts over time. We evaluated the differences between samplings in flowering time, a key life-history trait with adaptive significance, with a field experiment. We also estimated genetic diversity and differentiation based on neutral nuclear markers and nucleotide diversity in candidate flowering time (FRI and FLC) and seed dormancy (DOG1) genes. The role of genetic drift was estimated by computing effective population sizes with the temporal method. Overall, two climatic scenarios were detected: intense warming with increased precipitation and moderate warming with decreased precipitation. The average flowering time varied little between samplings. Instead, within-population variation in flowering time exhibited a decreasing trend over time. Substantial temporal changes in genetic diversity and differentiation were observed with both nuclear microsatellites and candidate genes in all populations, which were interpreted as the result of natural demographic fluctuations. We conclude that drought stress caused by moderate warming with decreased precipitation may have the potential to reduce within-population variation in key life-cycle traits, perhaps as a result of stabilizing selection on them, and to constrain the genetic differentiation over time. Besides, the demographic behaviour of populations probably accounts for the substantial temporal patterns of genetic variation, while keeping rather constant those of phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Méndez-Vigo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnald Marcer
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Xavier Picó
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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Nogués-Bravo D, Rodríguez-Sánchez F, Orsini L, de Boer E, Jansson R, Morlon H, Fordham DA, Jackson ST. Cracking the Code of Biodiversity Responses to Past Climate Change. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:765-776. [PMID: 30173951 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
How individual species and entire ecosystems will respond to future climate change are among the most pressing questions facing ecologists. Past biodiversity dynamics recorded in the paleoecological archives show a broad array of responses, yet significant knowledge gaps remain. In particular, the relative roles of evolutionary adaptation, phenotypic plasticity, and dispersal in promoting survival during times of climate change have yet to be clarified. Investigating the paleo-archives offers great opportunities to understand biodiversity responses to future climate change. In this review we discuss the mechanisms by which biodiversity responds to environmental change, and identify gaps of knowledge on the role of range shifts and tolerance. We also outline approaches at the intersection of paleoecology, genomics, experiments, and predictive models that will elucidate the processes by which species have survived past climatic changes and enhance predictions of future changes in biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nogués-Bravo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luisa Orsini
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erik de Boer
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Lluís Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roland Jansson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helene Morlon
- Institut de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR 8197 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Damien A Fordham
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark; The Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen T Jackson
- Southwest Climate Science Center, US Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Geosciences and School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Ecoevolutionary Dynamics of Carbon Cycling in the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:213-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lenormand T, Nougué O, Jabbour-Zahab R, Arnaud F, Dezileau L, Chevin LM, Sánchez MI. Resurrection ecology in Artemia. Evol Appl 2017; 11:76-87. [PMID: 29302273 PMCID: PMC5748519 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurrection ecology (RE) is a very powerful approach to address a wide range of question in ecology and evolution. This approach rests on using appropriate model systems, and only few are known to be available. In this study, we show that Artemia has multiple attractive features (short generation time, cyst bank and collections, well‐documented phylogeography, and ecology) for a good RE model. We show in detail with a case study how cysts can be recovered from sediments to document the history and dynamics of a biological invasion. We finally discuss with precise examples the many RE possibilities with this model system: adaptation to climate change, to pollution, to parasites, to invaders and evolution of reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Odrade Nougué
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Fabien Arnaud
- Laboratoire EDYTEM UMR 5204 du CNRS, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne, Université de SavoieLe Bourget du Lac Cedex France
| | - Laurent Dezileau
- Géosciences Montpellier, UMR 5243 Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Weis AE. Detecting the "invisible fraction" bias in resurrection experiments. Evol Appl 2017; 11:88-95. [PMID: 29302274 PMCID: PMC5748523 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The resurrection approach is a powerful tool for estimating phenotypic evolution in response to global change. Ancestral generations, revived from dormant propagules, are grown side by side with descendent generations in the same environment. Phenotypic differences between the generations can be attributed to genetic change over time. Project Baseline was established to capitalize on this potential in flowering plants. Project participants collected, froze, and stored seed from 10 or more natural populations of 61 North American plant species. These will be made available in the future for resurrection experiments. One problem with this approach can arise if nonrandom mortality during storage biases the estimate of ancestral mean phenotype, which in turn would bias the estimate of evolutionary change. This bias—known as the “invisible fraction” problem—can arise if seed traits that affect survival during storage and revival are genetically correlated to postemergence traits of interest. The bias is trivial if seed survival is high. Here, I show that with low seed survival, bias can be either trivial or catastrophic. Serious bias arises when (i) most seeds deaths are selective with regard to the seed traits, and (ii) the genetic correlations between the seed and postemergence traits are strong. An invisible fraction bias can be diagnosed in seed collections that are family structured. A correlation between the family mean survival rate and the family mean of a focal postemergence trait indicates that seed mortality was not random with respect to genes affecting the focal trait, biasing the sample mean. Fortunately, family structure was incorporated into the sampling scheme for the Project Baseline collection, which will allow bias detection. New and developing statistical procedures that can incorporate genealogical information into the analysis of resurrection experiments may enable bias correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada.,Koffler Scientific Reserve at Jokers Hill University of Toronto King City ON Canada
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36
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Intermediate degrees of synergistic pleiotropy drive adaptive evolution in ecological time. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1551-1561. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Franks SJ, Hamann E, Weis AE. Using the resurrection approach to understand contemporary evolution in changing environments. Evol Appl 2017; 11:17-28. [PMID: 29302269 PMCID: PMC5748528 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurrection approach of reviving ancestors from stored propagules and comparing them with descendants under common conditions has emerged as a powerful method of detecting and characterizing contemporary evolution. As climatic and other environmental conditions continue to change at a rapid pace, this approach is becoming particularly useful for predicting and monitoring evolutionary responses. We evaluate this approach, explain the advantages and limitations, suggest best practices for implementation, review studies in which this approach has been used, and explore how it can be incorporated into conservation and management efforts. We find that although the approach has thus far been used in a limited number of cases, these studies have provided strong evidence for rapid contemporary adaptive evolution in a variety of systems, particularly in response to anthropogenic environmental change, although it is far from clear that evolution will be able to rescue many populations from extinction given current rates of global changes. We also highlight one effort, known as Project Baseline, to create a collection of stored seeds that can take advantage of the resurrection approach to examine evolutionary responses to environmental change over the coming decades. We conclude that the resurrection approach is a useful tool that could be more widely employed to examine basic questions about evolution in natural populations and to assist in the conservation and management of these populations as they face continued environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Hamann
- Department of Biology Fordham University Bronx NY USA
| | - Arthur E Weis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Koffler Scientific Reserve at Jokers Hill University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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Grant PR, Grant BR, Huey RB, Johnson MTJ, Knoll AH, Schmitt J. Evolution caused by extreme events. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160146. [PMID: 28483875 PMCID: PMC5434096 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme events can be a major driver of evolutionary change over geological and contemporary timescales. Outstanding examples are evolutionary diversification following mass extinctions caused by extreme volcanism or asteroid impact. The evolution of organisms in contemporary time is typically viewed as a gradual and incremental process that results from genetic change, environmental perturbation or both. However, contemporary environments occasionally experience strong perturbations such as heat waves, floods, hurricanes, droughts and pest outbreaks. These extreme events set up strong selection pressures on organisms, and are small-scale analogues of the dramatic changes documented in the fossil record. Because extreme events are rare, almost by definition, they are difficult to study. So far most attention has been given to their ecological rather than to their evolutionary consequences. We review several case studies of contemporary evolution in response to two types of extreme environmental perturbations, episodic (pulse) or prolonged (press). Evolution is most likely to occur when extreme events alter community composition. We encourage investigators to be prepared for evolutionary change in response to rare events during long-term field studies.This article is part of the themed issue 'Behavioural, ecological and evolutionary responses to extreme climatic events'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - B Rosemary Grant
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Raymond B Huey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Organismal Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Johanna Schmitt
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
| | - Susan J Mazer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Soper Gorden NL, Winkler KJ, Jahnke MR, Marshall E, Horky J, Huddelson C, Etterson JR. Geographic patterns of seed mass are associated with climate factors, but relationships vary between species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:60-72. [PMID: 26758888 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Seed size is a critical life history attribute with fitness effects that cascade throughout the lifespan of plants. Interspecific studies repeatedly report a negative correlation between seed mass and latitude. Yet, despite its importance, little is known about geographic variation in seed size within species' ranges. METHODS To improve our understanding of intraspecific geographic variation in seed size, we collected and weighed seeds by maternal line from 8 to 17 populations of seven herbaceous plant species spanning large geographic areas, and measured a dispersal trait, awn length, for two grass species. We examined the overall relationship between seed mass and latitude, then divided the data into species-specific subsets to compare the fit of three models to explain seed mass and awn length: (1) latitude and longitude, (2) long-term climate, and (3) collection-year weather. KEY RESULTS Like previous work, we found a negative relationship between interspecific seed mass and latitude. However, the best-fit models explaining seed size and awn length differed between individual species and often included significant interaction terms. For all species, the best model was either long-term or collection-year climate data instead of latitude and longitude. CONCLUSIONS Intraspecific geographic patterns for seed traits were remarkably inconsistent, covarying both negatively and positively with temperature and precipitation. The only apparent generalization is that annual species' seed mass corresponded more with collection-year weather while perennial species covaried more with long-term climate. Overall, this study suggests that the scale of climate variation that molds seed traits is highly species-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Soper Gorden
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Katharine J Winkler
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Matthew R Jahnke
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Elizabeth Marshall
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Joshua Horky
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Colton Huddelson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
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Etterson JR, Schneider HE, Gorden NLS, Weber JJ. Evolutionary insights from studies of geographic variation: Contemporary variation and looking to the future. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:5-9. [PMID: 26772310 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In an age of rapid global change, it is imperative that we continue to improve our understanding of factors that govern genetic differentiation in plants to inform biologically reasonable predictions for the future and enlighten conservation and restoration practices. In this special issue, we have assembled a set of original research and reviews that employ diverse approaches, both classic and contemporary, to illuminate patterns of phenotypic and genetic variation, probe the underlying evolutionary processes that have contributed to these patterns, build predictive models, and test evolutionary hypotheses. Our goal was to underscore the unique insights that can be obtained through the complementary and distinct studies of plant populations across species' geographic ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Etterson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Heather E Schneider
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106 USA
| | - Nicole L Soper Gorden
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 207A Swenson Science Building, Duluth, Minnesota 55812 USA
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458; current address: Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 USA
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Brown JL, Weber JJ, Alvarado-Serrano DF, Hickerson MJ, Franks SJ, Carnaval AC. Predicting the genetic consequences of future climate change: The power of coupling spatial demography, the coalescent, and historical landscape changes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:153-163. [PMID: 26747843 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate change is a widely accepted threat to biodiversity. Species distribution models (SDMs) are used to forecast whether and how species distributions may track these changes. Yet, SDMs generally fail to account for genetic and demographic processes, limiting population-level inferences. We still do not understand how predicted environmental shifts will impact the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within taxa. METHODS We propose a novel method that predicts spatially explicit genetic and demographic landscapes of populations under future climatic conditions. We use carefully parameterized SDMs as estimates of the spatial distribution of suitable habitats and landscape dispersal permeability under present-day, past, and future conditions. We use empirical genetic data and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate unknown demographic parameters. Finally, we employ these parameters to simulate realistic and complex models of responses to future environmental shifts. We contrast parameterized models under current and future landscapes to quantify the expected magnitude of change. KEY RESULTS We implement this framework on neutral genetic data available from Penstemon deustus. Our results predict that future climate change will result in geographically widespread declines in genetic diversity in this species. The extent of reduction will heavily depend on the continuity of population networks and deme sizes. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide spatially explicit predictions of within-species genetic diversity using climatic, demographic, and genetic data. Our approach accounts for climatic, geographic, and biological complexity. This framework is promising for understanding evolutionary consequences of climate change, and guiding conservation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031 USA
| | - Jennifer J Weber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458 USA
| | | | - Michael J Hickerson
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031 USA The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016 USA Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024 USA
| | - Steven J Franks
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458 USA
| | - Ana C Carnaval
- Biology Department, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031 USA The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016 USA
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