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Yoon KN, Lee SJ, Keum GB, Song KY, Park JH, Song BS, Yu SY, Cho JH, Kim ES, Doo H, Kwak J, Kim S, Eun JB, Lee JH, Kim HB, Lee JH, Kim JK. Characteristics of Lactococcus petauri GB97 lysate isolated from porcine feces and its in vitro and in vivo effects on inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and gut microbiota composition in mice. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0133423. [PMID: 38019021 PMCID: PMC10782967 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01334-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Weaning is a crucial step in piglet management to improve pork production. During the weaning phase, disruption of epithelial barrier function and intestinal inflammation can lead to decreased absorption of nutrients and diarrhea. Therefore, maintaining a healthy intestine, epithelial barrier function, and gut microbiota composition in this crucial phase is strategic for optimal weaning in pigs. We isolated a lysate of Lactococcus petauri GB97 (LPL97) from healthy porcine feces and evaluated its anti-inflammatory activities, barrier integrity, and gut microbial changes in LPS-induced murine macrophages and DSS-induced colitis mice. We found that LPL97 regulated the immune response by downregulating the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LPL97 alleviated the disruption of intestinal epithelial integrity and gut microbiota dysbiosis in colitis mice. This study indicates that LPL97 has the potential to be developed as an alternative feed additive to antibiotics for the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Nam Yoon
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jeong Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gi Beom Keum
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Song
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Jong-Heum Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Beom-Seok Song
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Seung Yeob Yu
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyoung Cho
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Eun Sol Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hyunok Doo
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jinok Kwak
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Sheena Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ju Huck Lee
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, South Korea
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Romualdo GR, Valente LC, de Souza JLH, Rodrigues J, Barbisan LF. Modifying effects of 2,4-D and Glyphosate exposures on gut-liver-adipose tissue axis of diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115688. [PMID: 37992649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is linked to western diet (WD) intake, affects 30% of the world's population and involves the crosstalk of liver steatosis, hypertrophy/inflammation of adipose tissue and deregulation of gut microbiome. Glyphosate and 2,4-D are some of the most applied herbicides worldwide, and their roles in NAFLD have not been investigated. Thus, the present study evaluated whether glyphosate and 2,4-D, in single or mixed exposure, alter WD-induced NAFLD in a mouse model. Male C57Bl/6 mice (n = 10/group) received a fat (30% lard, 0.02% cholesterol), and sucrose-rich diet (20%) and high sugar solution (23.1 and 18.9 g/L of fructose and glucose) for 6 months. Simultaneously, animals received glyphosate (0.05 or 5 mg/kg/day), 2,4-D (0.02 or 2 mg/kg/day), or their combination (0.05 +0.02 or 5 +2 mg/kg/day) by intragastrical administration (5 ×/week). Doses were based on the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADIs) or No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) levels. Herbicide exposures featured differential responses. WD-induced obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperglycemia remained unaltered. Compared to the group receiving only WD, only the concomitant exposure to WD and 2,4-D (2 mg) enhanced the percentage of mice with moderate/severe hepatic inflammation, CD68 macrophage infiltration, and malondialdehyde levels in the liver. In line, this herbicide modulated immune response- (including Cd4, C8b, Cd28, Cxcr3, Cxcr6) and oxidative stress-related (such as Gsta1, Gsta2, Gsta4, Gstm1, Gstm2, Gstm3, Gstm4, Nqo1, Gpx2) genes in the hepatic transcriptome analysis. This exposure also enriched pro-inflammatory Deferribacteres phylum in fecal microbiome. In general, the herbicide mixtures did not feature the same effects attributed to 2,4-D isolated exposure. Our findings indicate that 2,4-D, at a dose within the toxicological limits, was able to induce disturbances in mainly at the liver and gut axes involved in NAFLD development in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Romualdo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Cardoso Valente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Faculty of Health Sciences, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Luri Hisano de Souza
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Josias Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform, Laboratory of Chemically Induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), Botucatu, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Ju S, Shin Y, Han S, Kwon J, Choi TG, Kang I, Kim SS. The Gut-Brain Axis in Schizophrenia: The Implications of the Gut Microbiome and SCFA Production. Nutrients 2023; 15:4391. [PMID: 37892465 PMCID: PMC10610543 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia, a severe mental illness affecting about 1% of the population, manifests during young adulthood, leading to abnormal mental function and behavior. Its multifactorial etiology involves genetic factors, experiences of adversity, infection, and gene-environment interactions. Emerging research indicates that maternal infection or stress during pregnancy may also increase schizophrenia risk in offspring. Recent research on the gut-brain axis highlights the gut microbiome's potential influence on central nervous system (CNS) function and mental health, including schizophrenia. The gut microbiota, located in the digestive system, has a significant role to play in human physiology, affecting immune system development, vitamin synthesis, and protection against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the gut microbiota, caused by diet, medication use, environmental pollutants, and stress, may lead to imbalances with far-reaching effects on CNS function and mental health. Of interest are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), metabolic byproducts produced by gut microbes during fermentation. SCFAs can cross the blood-brain barrier, influencing CNS activity, including microglia and cytokine modulation. The dysregulation of neurotransmitters produced by gut microbes may contribute to CNS disorders, including schizophrenia. This review explores the potential relationship between SCFAs, the gut microbiome, and schizophrenia. Our aim is to deepen the understanding of the gut-brain axis in schizophrenia and to elucidate its implications for future research and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhyun Ju
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhui Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.J.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Hazime H, Ducasa GM, Santander AM, Brito N, González EE, Ban Y, Kaunitz J, Akiba Y, Fernández I, Burgueño JF, Abreu MT. Intestinal Epithelial Inactivity of Dual Oxidase 2 Results in Microbiome-Mediated Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:557-572. [PMID: 37369278 PMCID: PMC10468370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis. Alterations in the gut microbiome play important roles in the development of MetS. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is an antimicrobial reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase expressed in the gut epithelium. Here, we posit that epithelial DUOX2 activity provides a mechanistic link between the gut microbiome and the development of MetS. METHODS Mice carrying an intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of dual oxidase maturation factor 1/2 (DA IEC-KO), and wild-type littermates were fed a standard diet and killed at 24 weeks. Metabolic alterations were determined by glucose tolerance, lipid tests, and body and organ weight measurements. DUOX2 activity was determined by Amplex Red. Intestinal permeability was determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, microbial translocation assessments, and portal vein lipopolysaccharide measurements. Metagenomic analysis of the stool microbiome was performed. The role of the microbiome was assessed in antibiotic-treated mice. RESULTS DA IEC-KO males showed increased body and organ weights accompanied by glucose intolerance and increased plasma lipid and liver enzyme levels, and increased adiposity in the liver and adipose tissue. Expression of F4/80, CD68, uncoupling protein 1, carbohydrate response element binding protein, leptin, and adiponectin was altered in the liver and adipose tissue of DA IEC-KO males. DA IEC-KO males produced less epithelial H2O2, had altered relative abundance of Akkermansiaceae and Lachnospiraceae in stool, and showed increased portal vein lipopolysaccharides and intestinal permeability. Females were protected from barrier defects and MetS, despite producing less H2O2. Antibiotic depletion abrogated all MetS phenotypes observed. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal epithelial inactivity of DUOX2 promotes MetS in a microbiome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Hazime
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - G Michelle Ducasa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana M Santander
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Nivis Brito
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Eddy E González
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan Kaunitz
- Medical Service and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Medical Service, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Medical Service and Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Medical Service, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Irina Fernández
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan F Burgueño
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
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Zhang J, Wei J, Liu T, Tang J, Zhang X, Feng F, Cai H, Zhao M. Food additive glycerol monocaprylate modulated systemic inflammation and gut microbiota without stimulating metabolic dysfunction in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112734. [PMID: 37087285 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings imply that great consideration should be given to the potential health risks of food additives on gut microbiota. Glycerol monocaprylate (GMC) is a widely consumed food preservative and emulsifier. Our results indicated that GMC significantly ameliorated visceral fat accumulation and systemic inflammation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Furthermore, GMC induced improvements on the composition and function of gut microbiota, resulting in increased beneficial gut bacteria (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus) and promoted production of short chain fatty acids. Notably, GMC-induced metabolic amelioration is closely related to the regulation in gut microbiota. Overall, our findings supported that unlike the emulsifiers previously reported to damage intestinal health, GMC performed the potential on attenuating HFD-induced metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis, which also refined on the safety evaluation of GMC on gut microbiota. Our findings suggest that when evaluating the safety of food additives with regards to gut microbiota, it is important to take into account the specific characteristics of the additive in question, rather than simply relying on its classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China; ZhongYuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ji'an Wei
- Mizuda Group Co., Ltd/Hangzhou Xinchao Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China; ZhongYuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fengqin Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China; ZhongYuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haiying Cai
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Key Lab for Chem & Bio Processing Technology of Farm Product, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; Mizuda Group Co., Ltd/Hangzhou Xinchao Enterprise Management Consulting Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Minjie Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, China; ZhongYuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Wang R, Wang L, Wu H, Zhang L, Hu X, Li C, Liu S. Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit phenolic extract supplementation ameliorates NAFLD by modulating insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver metabolism and gut microbiota. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Lukić I, Ivković S, Mitić M, Adžić M. Tryptophan metabolites in depression: Modulation by gut microbiota. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:987697. [PMID: 36172468 PMCID: PMC9510596 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.987697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical depression is a multifactorial disorder and one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. The alterations in tryptophan metabolism such as changes in the levels of serotonin, kynurenine, and kynurenine acid have been implicated in the etiology of depression for more than 50 years. In recent years, accumulated evidence has revealed that gut microbial communities, besides being essential players in various aspects of host physiology and brain functioning are also implicated in the etiology of depression, particularly through modulation of tryptophan metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the evidence of the role of gut bacteria in disturbed tryptophan metabolism in depression. We summed up the effects of microbiota on serotonin, kynurenine, and indole pathway of tryptophan conversion relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of depressive behavior. Moreover, we reviewed data regarding the therapeutic effects of probiotics, particularly through the regulation of tryptophan metabolites. Taken together, these findings can open new possibilities for further improvement of treatments for depression based on the microbiota-mediated modulation of the tryptophan pathway.
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Li H, Wang P, Zhou Y, Zhao F, Gao X, Wu C, Wu T, Jiang L, Zhang D. Correlation between intestinal microbiotal imbalance and 5-HT metabolism, immune inflammation in chronic unpredictable mild stress male rats. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 21:e12806. [PMID: 35535862 PMCID: PMC9744555 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To explore the role of intestinal microbiota on the occurrence of depression-like behavior. Twenty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Depression-like behavior of the rats was validated using sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST) after chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 3 weeks. Fecal microbiota was analyzed through 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The levels of 5-HT and inflammatory factors in the colon, brain and sera were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting analyses. The percentage of different types of immune cells in the peripheral blood was determined through flow cytometry. CUMS caused depression-like symptoms, including anhedonia and desperate behavior. Significant differences were found in the structure and abundance of intestinal microbiota. CUMS intervention significantly increased the levels of 5-HT and Tph1 in the colon and decreased the level of Scl6a4. The concentrations of 5-HT and Tph2 in the prefrontal and hippocampal tissues were lower, while IDO1 was higher. Certain cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-ɑ, were significantly elevated in peripheral blood, while the percentage of CD3+ CD4+ double-positive cells and CD4+ /CD8+ ratio were downregulated in the CUMS group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that intestinal microbiota was significantly associated with not only the metabolism of 5-HT in intestinal and brain tissues, but also with the proportion of immune cells and certain cytokines. Stress can lead to disturbances in the intestinal microbial structure, which may contribute to depression by interfering with 5-HT metabolism and immune inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Li
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of UrologyQingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Yunping Zhou
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Fei Zhao
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Xue Gao
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Tianxia Wu
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Liping Jiang
- School of NursingQingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Dianliang Zhang
- Center of Colon and RectumQingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
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You X, Dadwal UC, Lenburg ME, Kacena MA, Charles JF. Murine Gut Microbiome Meta-analysis Reveals Alterations in Carbohydrate Metabolism in Response to Aging. mSystems 2022; 7:e0124821. [PMID: 35400171 PMCID: PMC9040766 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01248-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compositional and functional alterations to the gut microbiota during aging are hypothesized to potentially impact our health. Thus, determining aging-specific gut microbiome alterations is critical for developing microbiome-based strategies to improve health and promote longevity in the elderly. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of publicly available 16S rRNA gene sequencing data from studies investigating the effect of aging on the gut microbiome in mice. Aging reproducibly increased gut microbial alpha diversity and shifted the microbial community structure in mice. We applied the bioinformatic tool PICRUSt2 to predict microbial metagenome function and established a random forest classifier to differentiate between microbial communities from young and old hosts and to identify aging-specific metabolic features. In independent validation data sets, this classifier achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.75 to 0.97 in differentiating microbiomes from young and old hosts. We found that 50% of the most important predicted aging-specific metabolic features were involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were significantly decreased in old mice, and the expression of the SCFA receptor Gpr41 in the colon was significantly correlated with the relative abundances of gut microbes and microbial carbohydrate metabolic pathways. In conclusion, this study identified aging-specific alterations in the composition and function of the gut microbiome and revealed a potential relationship between aging, microbial carbohydrate metabolism, fecal SCFA, and colonic Gpr41 expression. IMPORTANCE Aging-associated microbial alteration is hypothesized to play an important role in host health and longevity. However, investigations regarding specific gut microbes or microbial functional alterations associated with aging have had inconsistent results. We performed a meta-analysis across 5 independent studies to investigate the effect of aging on the gut microbiome in mice. Our analysis revealed that aging increased gut microbial alpha diversity and shifted the microbial community structure. To determine if we could reliably differentiate the gut microbiomes from young and old hosts, we established a random forest classifier based on predicted metagenome function and validated its performance against independent data sets. Alterations in microbial carbohydrate metabolism and decreased fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were key features of aging and correlated with host colonic expression of the SCFA receptor Gpr41. This study advances our understanding of the impact of aging on the gut microbiome and proposes a hypothesis that alterations in gut microbiota-derived SCFA-host GPR41 signaling are a feature of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng You
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ushashi C. Dadwal
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marc E. Lenburg
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rui Z, Zhang L, Li X, Han J, Yuan Y, Ding H, Liu Y, Ding X. Pterostilbene exert an anti‐arthritic effect by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration of gut microbiota. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14011. [PMID: 35060152 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Rui
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical Examination The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
| | - Xuefei Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
| | - Jinxue Han
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Critical Medicine Tai'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Tai'an City China
| | - Hui Ding
- Shandong Liming Vocational and Technical College Tai'an City China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
| | - Xiaolin Ding
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University Tai'an City China
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11
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Kidess E, Kleerebezem M, Brugman S. Colonizing Microbes, IL-10 and IL-22: Keeping the Peace at the Mucosal Surface. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729053. [PMID: 34603258 PMCID: PMC8484919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our world is filled with microbes. Each multicellular organism has developed ways to interact with this microbial environment. Microbes do not always pose a threat; they can contribute to many processes that benefit the host. Upon colonization both host and microbes adapt resulting in dynamic ecosystems in different host niches. Regulatory processes develop within the host to prevent overt inflammation to beneficial microbes, yet keeping the possibility to respond when pathogens attempt to adhere and invade tissues. This review will focus on microbial colonization and the early (innate) host immune response, with special emphasis on the microbiota-modifying roles of IL-10 and IL-22 in the intestine. IL-10 knock out mice show an altered microbial composition, and spontaneously develop enterocolitis over time. IL-22 knock out mice, although not developing enterocolitis spontaneously, also have an altered microbial composition and increase of epithelial-adherent bacteria, mainly caused by a decrease in mucin and anti-microbial peptide production. Recently interesting links have been found between the IL-10 and IL-22 pathways. While IL-22 can function as a regulatory cytokine at the mucosal surface, it also has inflammatory roles depending on the context. For example, lack of IL-22 in the IL-10–/– mice model prevents spontaneous colitis development. Additionally, the reduced microbial diversity observed in IL-10–/– mice was also reversed in IL-10/IL-22 double mutant mice (Gunasekera et al., 2020). Since in early life, host immunity develops in parallel and in interaction with colonizing microbes, there is a need for future studies that focus on the effect of the timing of colonization in relation to the developmental phase of the host. To illustrate this, examples from zebrafish research will be compared with studies performed in mammals. Since zebrafish develop from eggs and are directly exposed to the outside microbial world, timing of the development of host immunity and subsequent control of microbial composition, is different from mammals that develop in utero and only get exposed after birth. Likewise, colonization studies using adult germfree mice might yield different results from those using neonatal germfree mice. Lastly, special emphasis will be given to the need for host genotype and environmental (co-housing) control of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Kidess
- Animal Sciences Group, Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Animal Sciences Group, Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Animal Sciences Group, Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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12
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:4-23. [PMID: 32336581 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder involving the convergence of a complex and dynamic bidirectional interaction of genetic expression and the accumulation of prenatal and postnatal environmental risk factors. The development of the neural circuitry underlying social, cognitive and emotional domains requires precise regulation from molecular signalling pathways, especially during critical periods or "windows", when the brain is particularly sensitive to the influence of environmental input signalling. Many of the brain regions involved, and the molecular substrates sub-serving these domains are responsive to life-long microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis signalling. This intricate microbial signalling system communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve, immune system, enteric nervous system, enteroendocrine signalling and production of microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Preclinical data has demonstrated that MGB axis signalling influences neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, dendrite formation and blood brain barrier development, and modulates cognitive function and behaviour patterns, such as, social interaction, stress management and locomotor activity. Furthermore, preliminary clinical studies suggest altered gut microbiota profiles in schizophrenia. Unravelling MGB axis signalling in the context of an evolving dimensional framework in schizophrenia may provide a more complete understanding of the neurobiological architecture of this complex condition and offers the possibility of translational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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13
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Herp S, Durai Raj AC, Salvado Silva M, Woelfel S, Stecher B. The human symbiont Mucispirillum schaedleri: causality in health and disease. Med Microbiol Immunol 2021; 210:173-179. [PMID: 34021796 PMCID: PMC7615636 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-021-00702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trillions of bacteria inhabit the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. In the majority of hosts, these symbionts contribute largely to beneficial functions promoting microbe-host homeostasis. However, an increasing number of human diseases is associated with altered microbiota composition and enrichment of certain bacterial species. A well-known example of this is Mucispirillum schaedleri, which has been associated with inflammatory conditions in the intestine. Mucispirillum spp. belong to the phylum Deferribacteres and are prevalent but low abundant members of the rodent, pig and human microbiota. Recently, M. schaedleri was causally linked to the development of Crohn's disease-like colitis in immunodeficient mice. While this study certifies a considerable pathogenic potential, the same organism can also promote health in the immunocompetent host: M. schaedleri protects from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm)-induced colitis by interfering with the expression of the pathogen´s invasion machinery. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mammalian gut symbiont M. schaedleri and its role in intestinal homeostasis and discuss open questions and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Herp
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Marta Salvado Silva
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Woelfel
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-Von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, Munich, Germany
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14
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Zandani G, Anavi-Cohen S, Tsybina-Shimshilashvili N, Sela N, Nyska A, Madar Z. Broccoli Florets Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Alters Gut Microbiome Population-A Steatosis Mice Model Induced by High-Fat Diet. Front Nutr 2021; 8:680241. [PMID: 34395490 PMCID: PMC8355420 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.680241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gut dysbiosis. Gut microbiota profoundly affects the host energy homeostasis, which, in turn, is affected by a high-fat diet (HFD) through the liver-gut axis, among others. Broccoli contains beneficial bioactive compounds and may protect against several diseases. This study aimed to determine the effects of broccoli supplementation to an HFD on metabolic parameters and gut microbiome in mice. Male (7–8 weeks old) C57BL/J6 mice were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+10% broccoli florets (HFD + F), and high-fat diet + 10% broccoli stalks (HFD + S). Liver histology and serum biochemical factors were evaluated. Alterations in protein and gene expression of the key players in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as in gut microbiota alterations were also investigated. Broccoli florets addition to the HFD significantly reduced serum insulin levels, HOMA-IR index, and upregulated adiponectin receptor expression. Conversely, no significant difference was found in the group supplemented with broccoli stalks. Both broccoli stalks and florets did not affect fat accumulation, carbohydrate, or lipid metabolism-related parameters. Modifications in diversity and in microbial structure of proteobacteria strains, Akermansia muciniphila and Mucispirillum schaedleri were observed in the broccoli-supplemented HFD-fed mice. The present study suggests that dietary broccoli alters parameters related to insulin sensitivity and modulates the intestinal environment. More studies are needed to confirm the results of this study and to investigate the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Zandani
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zecharia Madar
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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15
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Abstract
Summary
The human microbiota has a tremendous effect on our health. In the last decades, our knowledge about interactions between bacteria and humans have grown greatly. Not only is it necessary for humans to synthesize vitamins, to have tight intestinal barriers or protect from pathogens, it also has an impact on our immune system and thus plays an important role in autoimmune diseases and prevention of excessive inflammatory response. The idea of probiotics is to restore the balance in humans digestive microbiota. There is a growing number of scientific papers that proves a positive impact of using probiotics in various diseases. However, there are still questions that need to be answered before probiotics play a bigger role in the treatment. This paper presents the information about the use of probiotics in most common diseases of gastrointestinal tract.
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Jia PP, Junaid M, Wen PP, Yang YF, Li WG, Yang XG, Pei DS. Role of germ-free animal models in understanding interactions of gut microbiota to host and environmental health: A special reference to zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 279:116925. [PMID: 33744636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pieces of evidence documented the importance of gut microbiota in regulating human health and evaluating the toxicity of environmental pollutants, which are closely related to the host health in various aspects, including nutrition, energy translation, metabolism, pathogen resistance, and immune function. A variety of environmental factors can disrupt gut microbiota and their functions, and inevitably cause immune diseases, obesity and diabetes. However, deciphering the inner mechanisms involved in the functional interaction of gut microbes with host health is still needed extensive investigations. This review focused on the essential roles of intestinal microbes in host-related diseases and highlighted the development and applications of germ-free (GF) animal models, mainly zebrafish. Moreover, the generation, immunity characters, advantages and challenges of GF zebrafish models were also summarized. Importantly, the composition and isolation of zebrafish gut bacteria for further application and toxicity evaluation of aquatic environmental pollutants were also discussed. In conclusion, GF zebrafish play irreplaceable roles in understanding the potential functions and responses of customized microbiota towards human and environmental health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Jia
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Ping-Ping Wen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yi-Fan Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xian-Guang Yang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
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17
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Salomón R, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Firmino JP, Sarasquete C, Ortiz-Delgado JB, Quintela JC, Pinilla-Rosas JM, Vallejos-Vidal E, Gisbert E. Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract From Sage and Lemon Verbena Promotes Intestinal Immunity and Barrier Function in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Front Immunol 2021; 12:670279. [PMID: 34054843 PMCID: PMC8160519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of a medicinal plant leaf extract (MPLE) from sage (Salvia officinalis) and lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora), rich in verbascoside and triterpenic compounds like ursolic acid, was evaluated in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a low fishmeal-based diet (48% crude protein, 17% crude fat, 21.7 MJ kg-1, 7% fishmeal, 15% fish oil) for 92 days. In particular, the study focused on the effect of these phytogenic compounds on the gut condition by analyzing the transcriptomic profiling (microarray analysis) and histological structure of the intestinal mucosa, as well as the histochemical properties of mucins stored in goblet cells. A total number of 506 differentially expressed genes (285 up- and 221 down-regulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the intestine from fish fed the control and MPLE diets. The gut transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that favored biological mechanisms associated to the 1) immune system, particularly involving T cell activation and differentiation, 2) gut integrity (i.e., adherens and tight junctions) and cellular proliferation, and 3) cellular proteolytic pathways. The histological analysis showed that the MPLE dietary supplementation promoted an increase in the number of intestinal goblet cells and modified the composition of mucins' glycoproteins stored in goblet cells, with an increase in the staining intensity of neutral mucins, as well as in mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulfated glycoconjugates, particularly those rich in sialic acid residues. The integration of transcriptomic and histological results showed that the evaluated MPLE from sage and lemon verbena is responsible for the maintenance of intestinal health, supporting gut homeostasis and increasing the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, which suggests that this phytogenic may be considered as a promising sustainable functional additive for aquafeeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Salomón
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
- PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
- Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joana P. Firmino
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
- PhD Program in Aquaculture, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan B. Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | | | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enric Gisbert
- Aquaculture Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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18
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Lin DP, Jin YL, Hu DY, Ying SJ, Jiang Y. Influence of TRAIL Deficiency on Th17 Cells and Colonic Microbiota in Experimental Colitis Mouse Model. Am J Med Sci 2021; 362:188-197. [PMID: 33932348 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abnormalities of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) are implicated in various autoimmune disorders and tumors. This study investigated the influence of TRAIL deficiency on Th17 cells and colonic microbiota in experimental colitis mouse model. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: wild-type, TRAIL gene knock-out (TRAIL-/-), wild-type colitis and TRAIL-/- colitis groups. Colitis was induced by oral administration of 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. Mice were given scores for disease severity both clinically and histopathologically. Th17 cells in peripheral blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were assessed using flow cytometry. The expression levels of Th17 cell markers IL-17A and ROR-γt were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The colonic samples were also analyzed for microbiota profile by 16s-rDNA gene sequencing on variable V4 region. RESULTS Compared with wild-type counterparts, TRAIL-/- mice developed more severe colitis after DSS treatment. Colitis TRAIL-/- mice had increased proportion of Th17 cells and elevated mRNA expression levels of IL-17A and ROR-γt in peripheral blood and MLNs compared with colitis wild-type mice. In contrast to colitis wild-type mice, the composition of colonic microbiota was shifted in colitis TRAIL-/- mice, and was characterized by increased alpha diversity, increased TM7, deferribacteres and tenericutes, and decreased proteobacteria at the phylum level. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that TRAIL deficiency not only aggravated DSS-induced colitis, but also led to enhanced Th17 cell response and altered colonic microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Po Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ying-Li Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ding-Yuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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19
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Zandani G, Kaftori-Sandler N, Sela N, Nyska A, Madar Z. Dietary broccoli improves markers associated with glucose and lipid metabolism through modulation of gut microbiota in mice. Nutrition 2021; 90:111240. [PMID: 33931271 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Broccoli is a "functional food" that contains bioactive compounds and phytochemicals that have beneficial health-promoting effects. This study aimed at investigating the effects of broccoli consumption on lipid and glucose metabolism and gut microbiota. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice (7-8 wk old) were fed ad libitum with a normal diet supplemented with or without 10% (w/w) broccoli florets or broccoli stalks. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at week 15. After 17 wk, blood and tissues were collected. Serum parameters, histology, gene and protein expression, and intestinal microbiota composition were evaluated. RESULTS Stalk supplementation led to reductions in fasting glucose levels, serum insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Liver enzymes improved in both experimental groups, and broccoli florets decreased total triacylglycerols. The stalks group had elevated fatty acid oxidation-related genes and proteins (AMPK, PPARα, and CPT1). Diverse microbiota populations were observed in both broccoli groups. Broccoli stalks were found to be richer in Akkermansia muciniphila, while broccoli florets reduced Mucispirillum schaedleri abundance and increased bacterial richness. CONCLUSIONS Long-term whole broccoli supplementation decreased inflammation, improved lipid parameters and insulin sensitivity, and altered the gut microbiome in mice. Our data provide new information regarding the potential benefits of broccoli stalks in metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Zandani
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science, and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
| | - Zecharia Madar
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science, and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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20
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Lee Y, Kim YK. Understanding the Connection Between the Gut-Brain Axis and Stress/Anxiety Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:22. [PMID: 33712947 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the association of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and anxiety disorder or stress. RECENT FINDING The microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the brain and gastrointestinal organs. Dysregulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis has been actively revealed in the context of various psychiatric diseases such as neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and depression. We suggest that onset of anxiety disorders may be correlated with activation of a microbiota-gut-brain mechanism involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, and the hormonal system. By applying a microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism, the possibility of using gastrointestinal system drugs such as probiotics and antibiotics as treatments for anxiety disorders is a possibility. Although modification of the microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanism has yet to be adopted clinically, it is expected that novel strategies employing this mechanism will be developed and deployed as new treatments not only for anxiety disorders, but also other psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younjung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, 15355, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Park HJ, Kim SA, Kang WS, Kim JW. Early-Life Stress Modulates Gut Microbiota and Peripheral and Central Inflammation in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1899. [PMID: 33672958 PMCID: PMC7918891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that changes in gut microbiota composition could induce neuropsychiatric problems. In this study, we investigated alterations in gut microbiota induced by early-life stress (ELS) in rats subjected to maternal separation (MS; 6 h a day, postnatal days (PNDs) 1-21), along with changes in inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan-kynurenine (TRP-KYN) metabolism, and assessed the differences between sexes. High-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that the relative abundance of the Bacteroides genus was increased and that of the Lachnospiraceae family was decreased in the feces of MS rats of both sexes (PND 56). By comparison, MS increased the relative abundance of the Streptococcus genus and decreased that of the Staphylococcus genus only in males, whereas the abundance of the Sporobacter genus was enhanced and that of the Mucispirillum genus was reduced by MS only in females. In addition, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were increased in the colons (IFN-γ and IL-6) and sera (IL-1β) of the male MS rats, together with the elevation of the KYN/TRP ratio in the sera, but not in females. In the hippocampus, MS elevated the level of IL-1β and the KYN/TRP ratio in both male and female rats. These results indicate that MS induces peripheral and central inflammation and TRP-KYN metabolism in a sex-dependent manner, together with sex-specific changes in gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Jeong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.J.P.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Sang A. Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (H.J.P.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Won Sub Kang
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Jong Woo Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
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Jiang Y, Fan L. The effect of Poria cocos ethanol extract on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice with breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113456. [PMID: 33039631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Poria cocos Wolf has been used in traditional East-Asian medicine for centuries to effectively treat various gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea for its tonic, anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities. Previous studies have revealed that the tumor development would induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal barrier dysfunction to the patients with breast cancer. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the effect and the mechanism of ethanol extract of Poria cocos (PC) on intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in the mice with breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups (the normal control, model, PC and positive control group). Intestinal histopathological was evaluated by H&E staining. The difference of the intestinal microbiota in each group was studied by 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The level of plasma endotoxin, D -lactic acid (D-LA) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were measured by ELISA. The putrescine content in serum and urine were detected by HPLC. Expression of the tight junction (TJ) proteins, phosphorylated p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 were determined by western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that tumor development prominently induced the intestinal damage and microbiome dysbiosis in mice. PC prominently remit such histologic damage through enhancing the expression of TJ proteins and decreasing the levels of DAO, D-LA and endotoxin via upregulating the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, PC increased the diversity of the intestinal microbiota and strikingly changed the structure and composition of the gut microbiota in the mice by increasing the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and decreasing the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio and inflammatory associated bacteria Mucispirillum, S24-7 and Staphylococcus. Moreover, PICRUSt analysis and the putrescine detection might indicate that PC might be involved in the putrescine metabolism in the mice. Correlation analysis indicated that Prevotella, Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidetes were significantly correlated with Claudin-8 and p38-MAPK expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PC could improve the dysbacteriosis and repair the intestinal barrier function in the mice with breast cancer. This study provide more data to support the application of PC in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liuping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Lee M, Chang EB. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) and the Microbiome-Searching the Crime Scene for Clues. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:524-537. [PMID: 33253681 PMCID: PMC8098834 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) develop via convergence of environmental, microbial, immunological, and genetic factors. Alterations in the gut microbiota have been associated with development and progression of IBD, but it is not clear which populations of microbes are involved or how they might contribute to IBD. We review the genetic and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiota, the roles of gut microbes and their bioproducts in the development and clinical course of IBD, and strategies by which microbiome-based therapies can be used to prevent, manage, and eventually cure IBD. We discuss research findings that help bridge the gap between the basic sciences and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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24
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Kim S, Lee JY, Shin SG, Kim JK, Silwal P, Kim YJ, Shin NR, Kim PS, Won M, Lee SH, Kim SY, Sasai M, Yamamoto M, Kim JM, Bae JW, Jo EK. ESRRA (estrogen related receptor alpha) is a critical regulator of intestinal homeostasis through activation of autophagic flux via gut microbiota. Autophagy 2020; 17:2856-2875. [PMID: 33172329 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1847460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor ESRRA (estrogen related receptor alpha) is critical in mitochondrial biogenesis and macroautophagy/autophagy function; however, the roles of ESRRA in intestinal function remain uncharacterized. Herein we identified that ESRRA acts as a key regulator of intestinal homeostasis by amelioration of colonic inflammation through activation of autophagic flux and control of host gut microbiota. Esrra-deficient mice presented with increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis with upregulation of intestinal inflammation. In addition, esrra-null mice had depressed AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (AMPK), lower levels of TFEB (transcription factor EB), and accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) with defective mitochondria in intestinal tissues. Esrra-deficient mice showed distinct gut microbiota composition and significantly higher microbial diversity than wild-type (WT) mice. Cohousing or fecal microbiota transplantation from WT mice to Esrra-deficient mice ameliorated DSS-induced colitis severity. Importantly, patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) had significantly decreased ESRRA expression in intestinal mucosal tissues that correlated with disease activity, suggesting clinical relevance of ESRRA in UC. Taken together, our results show that ESRRA contributes to intestinal homeostasis through autophagy activation and gut microbiota control to protect the host from detrimental inflammation and dysfunctional mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sup Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - June-Young Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Gi Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea
| | - Na-Ri Shin
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Pil Soo Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Biotechnology Process Engineering Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungcheongbuk-do Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon Korea
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea.,Pathology and.,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine Daejeon, Korea
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25
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The High-Fat Diet Based on Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Causes Dysbiosis Linked to Colorectal Cancer Prevention. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061705. [PMID: 32517306 PMCID: PMC7352482 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the effects of three different high-fat diet (HFD) on mice gut microbiota in order to analyse whether they create the microenvironmental conditions that either promote or prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated colonic mucosa-associated microbiota in CD1 mice fed with HFD, based on 60% kcal from fat-containing coconut, sunflower or extra-virgin olive oil as the only source of fat. The main findings were as follows: (a) All HFD produced a decrease in the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota that was independent of mouse weight, (b) HFD switched Lactobacillus to Lactococcus. In general, the results showed that both sunflower- and coconut-HFD generated a pro-inflammatory intestinal microenvironment. In brief, coconut-HFD decreased Akkermansia and increased Staphylococcus, Prevotella and Bacteroides spp. abundance. Sunflower-HFD reduced Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, while enhancing Sphingomonas and Neisseria spp. abundance. In contrast, EVOO-HFD produced an anti-inflammatory microenvironment characterised by a decreased Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria and Pseudomonas spp. abundance. At the same time, it increased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and maintained the Akkermansia population. To conclude, EVOO-HFD produced changes in the gut microbiota that are associated with the prevention of CRC, while coconut and sunflower-HFD caused changes associated with an increased risk of CRC.
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26
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Rogala AR, Oka A, Sartor RB. Strategies to Dissect Host-Microbial Immune Interactions That Determine Mucosal Homeostasis vs. Intestinal Inflammation in Gnotobiotic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32133003 PMCID: PMC7040030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When identifying the key immunologic-microbial interactions leading to either mucosal homeostasis in normal hosts or intestinal inflammatory responses in genetically susceptible individuals, it is important to not only identify microbial community correlations but to also define the functional pathways involved. Gnotobiotic rodents are a very effective tool for this purpose as they provide a highly controlled environment in which to identify the function of complex intestinal microbiota, their individual components, and metabolic products. Herein we review specific strategies using gnotobiotic mice to functionally evaluate the role of various intestinal microbiota in host responses. These studies include basic comparisons between host responses in germ-free (GF), specific-pathogen-free or conventionally raised wild-type mice or those with underlying genetic susceptibilities to intestinal inflammation. We also discuss what can be learned from studies in which GF mice are colonized with single wild-type or genetically-modified microbial isolates to examine the functions of individual bacteria and their targeted bacterial genes, or colonized by multiple defined isolates to determine interactions between members of defined consortia. Additionally, we discuss studies to identify functions of complex microbial communities from healthy or diseased human or murine hosts via fecal transplant into GF mice. Finally, we conclude by suggesting ways to improve studies of immune-microbial interactions using gnotobiotic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Rogala
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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27
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Zhou L, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Zheng J, Li M, Wang X, Deng M, Zhai X, Liu J. Gut microbiota might be a crucial factor in deciphering the metabolic benefits of perinatal genistein consumption in dams and adult female offspring. Food Funct 2019; 10:4505-4521. [PMID: 31348478 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Adverse early-life exposures program an increased risk of chronic metabolic diseases in adulthood. However, the effects of genistein consumption in early life on metabolic health are unclear. Our objective was to investigate whether perinatal genistein intake could mitigate the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet (HF) on metabolism in dams and female offspring and to explore the role of the gut microbiota in mediating the transgenerational effects. C57BL/6 female mice were fed a HF, HF with genistein (0.6 g kg-1 diet) or normal control diet for 3 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. The offspring had free access to normal diet from weaning to 24 weeks of age. A glucose tolerance test was performed and the levels of serum insulin and lipid were measured. The cecal contents were collected for 16s rDNA sequencing. The results showed that perinatal genistein intake could not only significantly reduce blood glucose levels, insulin and free fatty acids (FFA) in dams, but also improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profiles in adult female offspring. Significant enrichment of short-chain fatty acid (mainly butyrate)-producing bacteria might play crucial roles in deciphering the metabolic benefits of perinatal genistein intake in dams. The obvious decrease in harmful microorganisms and increase in Erysipelotrichaceae_incertae_sedis were associated with the protective effects of maternal genistein intake on female offspring. In addition, Bifidobacterium might be an important factor for deciphering the metabolic improvement in both dams and female offspring by dietary genistein. Overall, perinatal genistein intake attenuated the harmful effects of HF on metabolism in both dams and female offspring, and the protective effects were associated with the alterations in the gut microbiota, which provides new evidence and targets for mitigating the poor effects of adverse early-life exposures on metabolic health in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Translational Medicine Center, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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28
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Wang Y, Li A, Liu J, Mehmood K, Wangdui B, Shi H, Luo X, Zhang H, Li J. L. pseudomesenteroides and L. johnsonii isolated from yaks in Tibet modulate gut microbiota in mice to ameliorate enteroinvasive Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:1-9. [PMID: 30999021 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are well-known food-borne pathogens that cause animal intestinal diseases. Lactobacillus is believed to inhibit intestinal pathogens and maintain a healthy gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pre-supplementation of Lactobacillus from yaks (4500m) to prevent the clinical symptoms and the improvement of the disordered flora caused by E. coli infection. Forty healthy mice were randomized to four study groups (n = 10); Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (LP1), Lactobacillus johnsonii (LJ1), blank control, and control groups. Mice in the LP1, LJ1, and control groups were intraperitoneally challenged with EIEC O124 (1 × 109 CFU) on day 23. After two days, the mice in control group were recorded for high mortality. The diarrhea in LP1 and LJ1 groups was much lower than that in the control group, and no death was recorded. In histopathology, pre-supplementation of LJ1 and LP1 relieved the damage to the liver, spleen and duodenum caused by E. coli. In addition, the normal intestinal microecology was also affected by infection of EIEC, including an increase in relative abundance of Proteobacteria. At the same time, the beneficial bacteria were increased and harmful bacteria were decreased in different intestinal segments of the LJ1 and LP1 groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, pre-supplementation of LP1 and LJ1 can mitigate EIEC-induced intestinal flora dysbiosis and can also reduce EIEC-associated diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, 860000, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; (c)University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Basang Wangdui
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tibet Autonomous Region, PR China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Gannan Prefecture, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science, Chengdu, Sichuan, 624400, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet, 860000, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
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29
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O'Connor KM, Lucking EF, Golubeva AV, Strain CR, Fouhy F, Cenit MC, Dhaliwal P, Bastiaanssen TFS, Burns DP, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF, O'Halloran KD. Manipulation of gut microbiota blunts the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in adult rats. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:618-638. [PMID: 30898652 PMCID: PMC6606895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is increasingly evident that perturbations to the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota have significant consequences for the regulation of integrative physiological systems. There is growing interest in the potential contribution of microbiota-gut-brain signalling to cardiorespiratory control in health and disease. METHODS In adult male rats, we sought to determine the cardiorespiratory effects of manipulation of the gut microbiota following a 4-week administration of a cocktail of antibiotics. We subsequently explored the effects of administration of faecal microbiota from pooled control (vehicle) rat faeces, given by gavage to vehicle- and antibiotic-treated rats. FINDINGS Antibiotic intervention depressed the ventilatory response to hypercapnic stress in conscious animals, owing to a reduction in the respiratory frequency response to carbon dioxide. Baseline frequency, respiratory timing variability, and the expression of apnoeas and sighs were normal. Microbiota-depleted rats had decreased systolic blood pressure. Faecal microbiota transfer to vehicle- and antibiotic-treated animals also disrupted the gut microbiota composition, associated with depressed ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia. Chronic antibiotic intervention or faecal microbiota transfer both caused significant disruptions to brainstem monoamine neurochemistry, with increased homovanillic acid:dopamine ratio indicative of increased dopamine turnover, which correlated with the abundance of several bacteria of six different phyla. INTERPRETATION Chronic antibiotic administration and faecal microbiota transfer disrupt gut microbiota, brainstem monoamine concentrations and the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. We suggest that aberrant microbiota-gut-brain axis signalling has a modulatory influence on respiratory behaviour during hypercapnic stress. FUND: Department of Physiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Connor
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric F Lucking
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conall R Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Fouhy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - María C Cenit
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), National Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pardeep Dhaliwal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David P Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine & Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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30
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Xiao L, Chen B, Feng D, Yang T, Li T, Chen J. TLR4 May Be Involved in the Regulation of Colonic Mucosal Microbiota by Vitamin A. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 30873131 PMCID: PMC6401601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the specific role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the regulation of the intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota by vitamin A (VA). Methods: Both TLR4-/- (knockout, KO) and wild-type (WT) female mice were randomly fed a VA normal (VAN) or VA deficient (VAD) diet for 4 weeks to establish the following four mouse model groups: TLR4-/- mice fed a VAN diet (KO VAN), TLR4-/- mice fed a VAD diet (KO VAD), WT mice fed a VAN diet (WT VAN), and WT mice fed a VAD diet (WT VAD). Then, the mice from each experimental group were mated with male mice with the same genetic background. The pups in the KO VAD and WT VAD groups were subsequently fed the VAD diet after weaning, while the pups in the KO VAN and WT VAN groups were fed the VAN diet continuously after weaning. The serum retinol levels of 7-week-old offspring were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and colons were collected from mice in each group and analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq platform to characterize the overall microbiota of the samples. Results: The abundance and evenness of the colon mucosa-associated microbiota were unaffected by dietary VA and TLR4 KO. VAD decreased the abundance of Anaerotruncus (Firmicutes), Oscillibacter (Firmicutes), Lachnospiraceae _NK4A136 _group (Firmicutes) and Mucispirillum (Deferribacteres) and increased the abundance of Parasutterella (Proteobacteria). TLR4 KO decreased the abundance of Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes) and Alloprevotella (Bacteroidetes). However, the abundance of Allobaculum (Firmicutes), Ruminiclostridium_9 (Firmicutes), Alistipes (Bacteroidetes), and Rikenellaceae_RC9 (Bacteroidetes) impacted the interaction between VA and TLR4. Conclusion: TLR4 may play a pivotal role in regulation of the intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota by VA to maintain the intestinal microecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Baolin Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Feng
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyu Li
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
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31
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Ohtsu A, Takeuchi Y, Katagiri S, Suda W, Maekawa S, Shiba T, Komazaki R, Udagawa S, Sasaki N, Hattori M, Izumi Y. Influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gut microbiota of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Oral Dis 2019; 25:868-880. [PMID: 30667148 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing evidence suggests that periodontitis can exacerbate diabetes, and gut bacterial dysbiosis appears to be linked with the diabetic condition. The present study examined the effects of oral administration of the periodontopathic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, on the gut microbiota and systemic conditions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J male mice (STZ). STZ and wild-type (WT) mice were orally administered P. gingivalis (STZPg, WTPg) or saline (STZco, WTco). Feces were collected, and the gut microbiome was examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The expression of genes related to inflammation, epithelial tight junctions, and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in the ileum or liver were examined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The relative abundance of several genera, including Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, and Facklamia, was significantly increased in STZco mice compared to WTco mice. The relative abundances of Staphylococcus and Turicibacter in the gut microbiome were altered by oral administration of P. gingivalis in STZ mice. STZPg mice showed higher concentrations of fasting blood glucose and inflammatory genes levels in the ileum, compared to STZco mice. CONCLUSIONS Oral administration of P. gingivalis altered the gut microbiota and aggravated glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri Ohtsu
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suda
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Maekawa
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shiba
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Komazaki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Udagawa
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sasaki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang XQ, Zhang AH, Miao JH, Sun H, Yan GL, Wu FF, Wang XJ. Gut microbiota as important modulator of metabolism in health and disease. RSC Adv 2018; 8:42380-42389. [PMID: 35558413 PMCID: PMC9092240 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract colonizes a large number of microbial microflora, forms a host-microbiota co-metabolism structure with the host to participate in various metabolic processes in the human body, and plays a major role in the host immune response. In addition, the dysbiosis of intestinal microbial homeostasis is closely related to many diseases. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the relationship between them is of importance for disease pathogenesis, prevention and treatment. The combined use of metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics techniques for the analysis of gut microbiota can reveal the relationship between microbiota and the host in many ways, which has become a hot topic of analysis in recent years. This review describes the mechanism of co-metabolites in host health, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bile acid metabolism. The metabolic role of gut microbiota in obesity, liver diseases, gastrointestinal diseases and other diseases is also summarized, and the research methods for multi-omics combined application on gut microbiota are summarized. According to the studies of the interaction mechanism between gut microbiota and the host, we have a better understanding of the use of intestinal microflora in the treatment of related diseases. It is hoped that the gut microbiota can be utilized to maintain human health, providing a reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qian Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant Nanning Guangxi China +86-451-82110818 +86-451-82110818
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China
| | - Jian-Hua Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant Nanning Guangxi China +86-451-82110818 +86-451-82110818
| | - Hui Sun
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China
| | - Guang-Li Yan
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China
| | - Fang-Fang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant Nanning Guangxi China +86-451-82110818 +86-451-82110818
| | - Xi-Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for the Development of Southwestern Endangered Medicinal Materials, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant Nanning Guangxi China +86-451-82110818 +86-451-82110818
- National Chinmedomics Research Center, Sino-America Chinmedomics Technology Collaboration Center, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Chinmedomics Research Center of State Administration of TCM, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine Heping Road 24 Harbin China
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Xiao M, Fu X, Ni Y, Chen J, Jian S, Wang L, Li L, Du G. Protective effects of Paederia scandens extract on rheumatoid arthritis mouse model by modulating gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 226:97-104. [PMID: 30114516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. (P. scandens) has been traditionally used to treat the pain of rheumatism. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible influences of P. scandens on the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory responses and gut bacterial communities in RA mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were orally administered with P. scandens extract (PSE) for 24 days. Then, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum were measured, and gut microbiota was examined with Illumina HiSeq. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle group, PSE significantly inhibited paw swelling and reduced arthritis score. Histological examination of ankle soft tissue of demonstrated PSE effectively inhibited the tissue fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-23 in RA mice were significantly suppressed by PSE. Moreover, PSE treatment help restore gut microbial ecosystem altered in RA mice including decreasing relative abundance of inflammatory related microorganisms, Desulfovibrio, Mucispirillum, Helicobacter, and Lachnospiraceae. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PSE has therapeutic effects in RA mice with CIA, showing the potential as anti-arthritis reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Fu
- Clinical College of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China; The Second People's Hospital of Ledong Li Autonomous County, Ledong 572536, China.
| | - Yali Ni
- College of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jifeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wenchang People's Hospital, Wenchang 571300, China.
| | - Shaoqing Jian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Liankai Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Tissue Engineering of Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Guankui Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571101, China.
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Commensal microbiota induces colonic barrier structure and functions that contribute to homeostasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14184. [PMID: 30242285 PMCID: PMC6155058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier encompasses structural, permeability and immune aspects of the gut mucosa that, when disrupted, may contribute to chronic inflammation. Although gnotobiotic studies have demonstrated the effects of microbiota on mucosal and systemic immunity, as well as intestinal barrier architecture and innate immune characteristics, its impact on barrier function remains unclear. We compared germ-free and conventional mice, as well as mice colonized with human fecal microbiota that were followed for 21 days post-colonization. Colonic barrier structure was investigated by immunohistochemistry, molecular and electron microscopy techniques. Permeability was assessed in colon tissue by Ussing chambers, and by serum LPS and MDP detection using TLR4- and NOD2-NFκB reporter assays. Microbiota profile was determined by Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Low dose dextran sodium sulfate was administered to assess microbiota-induced barrier changes on resistance to colonic injury. Permeability to paracellular probes and mucus layer structure resembled that of conventional mice by day 7 post-colonization, coinciding with reduced claudin-1 expression and transient IL-18 production by intestinal epithelial cells. These post-colonization adaptations were associated with decreased systemic bacterial antigen exposure and reduced susceptibility to intestinal injury. In conclusion, commensal colonization promotes physiological barrier structural and functional adaptations that contribute to intestinal homeostasis.
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Waclawiková B, El Aidy S. Role of Microbiota and Tryptophan Metabolites in the Remote Effect of Intestinal Inflammation on Brain and Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030063. [PMID: 29941795 PMCID: PMC6160932 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction between the microbiota, and its host has grown dramatically over the past years. A balanced microbial community is a key regulator of the immune response, and metabolism of dietary components, which in turn, modulates several brain processes impacting mood and behavior. Consequently, it is likely that disruptions within the composition of the microbiota would remotely affect the mental state of the host. Here, we discuss how intestinal bacteria and their metabolites can orchestrate gut-associated neuroimmune mechanisms that influence mood and behavior leading to depression. In particular, we focus on microbiota-triggered gut inflammation and its implications in shifting the tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine biosynthesis while disrupting the serotonergic signaling. We further investigate the gaps to be bridged in this exciting field of research in order to clarify our understanding of the multifaceted crosstalk in the microbiota–gut–brain interphase, bringing about novel, microbiota-targeted therapeutics for mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Waclawiková
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Wang W, Zhao J, Gui W, Sun D, Dai H, Xiao L, Chu H, Du F, Zhu Q, Schnabl B, Huang K, Yang L, Hou X. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inhibits intestinal inflammation and barrier disruption in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:469-484. [PMID: 29139555 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The gut-liver axis is associated with the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Targeting the gut-liver axis and bile acid-based pharmaceuticals are potential therapies for NAFLD. The effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a candidate drug for NAFLD, on intestinal barrier function, intestinal inflammation, gut lipid transport and microbiota composition was analysed in a murine model of NAFLD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The NAFLD mouse model was established by feeding mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. TUDCA was administered p.o. during the last 4 weeks. The expression levels of intestinal tight junction genes, lipid metabolic and inflammatory genes were determined by quantitative PCR. Tissue inflammation was evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The gut microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. KEY RESULTS TUDCA administration attenuated HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammatory responses, obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Moreover, TUDCA attenuated gut inflammatory responses as manifested by decreased intestinal histopathology scores and inflammatory cytokine levels. In addition, TUDCA improved intestinal barrier function by increasing levels of tight junction molecules and the solid chemical barrier. The components involved in ileum lipid transport were also reduced by TUDCA administration in HFD-fed mice. Finally, the TUDCA-treated mice showed a different gut microbiota composition compared with that in HFD-fed mice but similar to that in normal chow diet-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TUDCA attenuates the progression of HFD-induced NAFLD in mice by ameliorating gut inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, decreasing intestinal fat transport and modulating intestinal microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfang Gui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haijiang Dai
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Du
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Facility 2 (BRF2), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Marlicz W, Yung DE, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Loniewski I, van Hemert S, Loniewska B, Koulaouzidis A. From clinical uncertainties to precision medicine: the emerging role of the gut barrier and microbiome in small bowel functional diseases. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:961-978. [PMID: 28618973 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1343664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of disease pathophysiology. Many new theories expound on the importance of emerging factors such as microbiome influences, genomics/omics, stem cells, innate intestinal immunity or mucosal barrier complexities. This has introduced a further dimension of uncertainty into clinical decision-making, but equally, may shed some light on less well-understood and difficult to manage conditions. Areas covered: Comprehensive review of the literature on gut barrier and microbiome relevant to small bowel pathology. A PubMed/Medline search from 1990 to April 2017 was undertaken and papers from this range were included. Expert commentary: The scenario of clinical uncertainty is well-illustrated by functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The movement towards achieving a better understanding of FGIDs is expressed in the Rome IV guidelines. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic protocols focused on the GB and SB microbiome can facilitate diagnosis, management and improve our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms in FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Marlicz
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Diana E Yung
- b Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders , Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
| | | | - Igor Loniewski
- c Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland.,d Sanprobi Sp. z o.o. Sp. K , Szczecin , Poland
| | | | - Beata Loniewska
- f Department of Neonatal Diseases , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Anastasios Koulaouzidis
- g Centre for Liver and Digestive Disorders , Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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Functional Changes in the Gut Microbiome Contribute to Transforming Growth Factor β-Deficient Colon Cancer. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00065-17. [PMID: 28951889 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00065-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most treatable cancers, with a 5-year survival rate of ~64%, yet over 50,000 deaths occur yearly in the United States. In 15% of cases, deficiency in mismatch repair leads to null mutations in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) type II receptor, yet genotype alone is not responsible for tumorigenesis. Previous work in mice shows that disruptions in TGF-β signaling combined with Helicobacter hepaticus cause tumorigenesis, indicating a synergistic effect between genotype and microbial environment. Here, we examine functional shifts in the gut microbiome in CRC using integrated -omics approaches to untangle the role of host genotype, inflammation, and microbial ecology. We profile the gut microbiome of 40 mice with/without deficiency in TGF-β signaling from a Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3) knockout and with/without inoculation with H. hepaticus. Clear functional differences in the microbiome tied to specific bacterial species emerge from four pathways related to human colon cancer: lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, polyamine synthesis, butyrate metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Specifically, an increase in Mucispirillum schaedleri drives LPS production, which is associated with an inflammatory response. We observe a commensurate decrease in butyrate production from Lachnospiraceae bacterium A4, which could promote tumor formation. H. hepaticus causes an increase in OXPHOS that may increase DNA-damaging free radicals. Finally, multiple bacterial species increase polyamines that are associated with colon cancer, implicating not just diet but also the microbiome in polyamine levels. These insights into cross talk between the microbiome, host genotype, and inflammation could promote the development of diagnostics and therapies for CRC. IMPORTANCE Most research on the gut microbiome in colon cancer focuses on taxonomic changes at the genus level using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Here, we develop a new methodology to integrate DNA and RNA data sets to examine functional shifts at the species level that are important to tumor development. We uncover several metabolic pathways in the microbiome that, when perturbed by host genetics and H. hepaticus inoculation, contribute to colon cancer. The work presented here lays a foundation for improved bioinformatics methodologies to closely examine the cross talk between specific organisms and the host, important for the development of diagnostics and pre/probiotic treatment.
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Molinaro A, Caesar R, Holm LM, Tremaroli V, Cani PD, Bäckhed F. Host-microbiota interaction induces bi-phasic inflammation and glucose intolerance in mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1371-1380. [PMID: 29107285 PMCID: PMC5681278 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota modulates adiposity and glucose metabolism in humans and mice. Here we investigated how colonization of germ-free (GF) mice affects kinetics of adiposity and glucose metabolism. Methods Adiposity and glucose metabolism were evaluated at different time points in ex-GF and antibiotic treated mice after colonization with gut microbiota from a conventionally raised (CONV-R) mouse. Mouse physiology, microbiome configuration, serum cytokine levels, and gene expression for inflammatory markers were performed in different tissues. Results Colonization resulted in a bi-phasic glucose impairment: the first phase occurring within 3 days of colonization (early phase) and the second 14–28 days after colonization (delayed phase). The early phase co-occurred with an inflammatory response and was independent of adiposity, while the delayed phase was mostly ascribed to adipose tissue expansion and inflammation. Importantly, re-colonization of antibiotic treated mice displays only the delayed phase of glucose impairment and adiposity, suggesting that the early phase may be unique to colonization of the immature GF mice gut. Conclusions Our results provide new insights on host–microbiota interaction during colonization of GF mice and the resulting effects on adiposity and glucose metabolism in a time resolved fashion. Inflammation affects glucose tolerance in early phase of colonization of GF mice. Adiposity affects glucose tolerance in delayed phase of colonization of GF mice. Colonization of antibiotics treated mice show only the delayed phase of glucose impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molinaro
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Caesar
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Mannerås Holm
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patrice D Cani
- WELBIO - Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. Cross Talk: The Microbiota and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:490. [PMID: 28966571 PMCID: PMC5605633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans evolved within a microbial ecosystem resulting in an interlinked physiology. The gut microbiota can signal to the brain via the immune system, the vagus nerve or other host-microbe interactions facilitated by gut hormones, regulation of tryptophan metabolism and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), to influence brain development, function and behavior. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in shaping cognitive networks encompassing emotional and social domains in neurodevelopmental disorders. Drawing upon pre-clinical and clinical evidence, we review the potential role of the gut microbiota in the origins and development of social and emotional domains related to Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Small preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated gut microbiota alterations in both ASD and schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. However, we await the further development of mechanistic insights, together with large scale longitudinal clinical trials, that encompass a systems level dimensional approach, to investigate whether promising pre-clinical and initial clinical findings lead to clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Institute, University College CorkCork, Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW According to the WHO reports, around 350 million people worldwide suffer from depression. Despite its high prevalence, the complex interaction of multiple mechanisms underlying depression still needs to be elucidated. RECENT FINDINGS Over the course of the last few years, several neurobiological alterations have been linked to the development and maintenance of depression. One basic process that seems to link many of these findings is inflammation. Chronic inflammation has been associated with both biological factors such as excessive neurotransmitter concentrations as well as psychological processes such as adult stress reactivity and a history of childhood trauma. As a balanced microbial community, modulated by diet, is a key regulator of the host physiology, it seems likely that gut microbiota plays a role in depression. SUMMARY The review summarizes the existent literature on this emerging research field and provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted links between the microbiota, diet, and depression. Several pathways linking early life trauma, pharmacological treatment effects, and nutrition to the microbiome in depression are described aiming to foster the psychotherapeutic treatment of depressed patients by interventions targeting the microbiota.
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El Aidy S, Ramsteijn AS, Dini-Andreote F, van Eijk R, Houwing DJ, Salles JF, Olivier JDA. Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates the Gut Microbiota Composition in Young Rats, an Effect Augmented by Early Life Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:222. [PMID: 28824378 PMCID: PMC5540888 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays a vital regulatory role in both the brain and gut. 5-HT is crucial for regulating mood in the brain as well as gastrointestinal motility and secretion peripherally. Alterations in 5-HT transmission have been linked to pathological symptoms in both intestinal and psychiatric disorders and selective 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) inhibitors, affecting the 5-HT system by blocking the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) have been successfully used to treat CNS- and intestinal disorders. Humans that carry the short allele of the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) are more vulnerable to adverse environmental stressors, in particular early life stress. Although, early life stress has been shown to alter the composition of the gut microbiota, it is not known whether a lower 5-HTT expression is also associated with an altered microbiome composition. To investigate this, male and female wild type (5-HTT+/+), heterozygous (5-HTT+/-), and knockout (5-HTT-/-) 5-HT transporter rats were maternally separated for 6 h a day from postnatal day 2 till 15. On postnatal day 21, fecal samples were collected and the impact of 5-HTT genotype and maternal separation (MS) on the microbiome was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. MS showed a shift in the ratio between the two main bacterial phyla characterized by a decrease in Bacteroidetes and an increase in Firmicutes. Interestingly, the 5-HTT genotype caused a greater microbal dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) compared with MS. A significant difference in microbiota composition was found segregating 5-HTT-/- apart from 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT+/+ rats. Moreover, exposure of rats with 5-HTT diminished expression to MS swayed the balance of their microbiota away from homeostasis to 'inflammatory' type microbiota characterized by higher abundance of members of the gut microbiome including Desulfovibrio, Mucispirillum, and Fusobacterium, all of which are previously reported to be associated with a state of intestinal inflammation, including inflammation associated with MS and brain disorders like multiple depressive disorders. Overall, our data show for the first time that altered expression of 5-HTT induces disruptions in male and female rat gut microbes and these 5-HTT genotype-related disruptions are augmented when combined with early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Anouschka S Ramsteijn
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Microbial Ecology Cluster, Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Roel van Eijk
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Houwing
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Joana F Salles
- Microbial Ecology Cluster, Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelien D A Olivier
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Vinke PC, El Aidy S, van Dijk G. The Role of Supplemental Complex Dietary Carbohydrates and Gut Microbiota in Promoting Cardiometabolic and Immunological Health in Obesity: Lessons from Healthy Non-Obese Individuals. Front Nutr 2017; 4:34. [PMID: 28791292 PMCID: PMC5523113 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with complex carbohydrates is known to alter the composition of gut microbiota, and optimal implementation of the use of these so called "prebiotics" could be of great potential in prevention and possibly treatment of obesity and associated cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases via changes in the gut microbiota. An alternative to this "microbiocentric view" is the idea that health-promoting effects of certain complex carbohydrates reside in the host, and could secondarily affect the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota. To circumvent this potential interpretational problem, we aimed at providing an overview about whether and how dietary supplementation of different complex carbohydrates changes the gut microbiome in healthy non-obese individuals. We then reviewed whether the reported changes in gut bacterial members found to be established by complex carbohydrates would benefit or harm the cardiometabolic and immunological health of the host taking into account the alterations in the microbiome composition and abundance known to be associated with obesity and its associated disorders. By combining these research areas, we aimed to give a better insight into the potential of (foods containing) complex carbohydrates in the treatment and prevention of above-mentioned diseases. We conclude that supplemental complex carbohydrates that increase Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, without increasing the deleterious Bacteroides, are most likely promoting cardiometabolic and immunological health in obese subjects. Because certain complex carbohydrates also affect the host's immunity directly, it is likely that host-microbiome interactions in determination of health and disease characteristics are indeed bidirectional. Overall, this review article shows that whereas it is relatively clear in which direction supplemental fermentable carbohydrates can alter the gut microbiome, the relevance of these changes regarding health remains controversial. Future research should take into account the different causes of obesity and its adverse health conditions, which in turn have drastic effects on the microbiome balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Vinke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) – Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gertjan van Dijk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) – Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Chitrala KN, Guan H, Singh NP, Busbee B, Gandy A, Mehrpouya-Bahrami P, Ganewatta MS, Tang C, Chatterjee S, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. CD44 deletion leading to attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis results from alterations in gut microbiome in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1188-1199. [PMID: 28543188 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis in gut microbiome has been shown to be associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated the pivotal role played by CD44 in the regulation of EAE, a murine model of multiple sclerosis. In the current study, we determined whether these effects resulted from an alteration in gut microbiota and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in CD44 knockout (CD44KO) mice. Fecal transfer from naïve CD44KO but not C57BL/6 wild type (CD44WT) mice, into EAE-induced CD44WT mice, led to significant amelioration of EAE. High-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by clustering sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and biochemical analysis, revealed that EAE-induced CD44KO mice showed significant diversity, richness, and evenness when compared to EAE-induced CD44WT mice at the phylum level, with dominant Bacteroidetes (68.5%) and low Firmicutes (26.8%). Further, data showed a significant change in the abundance of SCFAs, propionic acid, and i-butyric acid in EAE-CD44KO compared to EAE-CD44WT mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the attenuation of EAE seen following CD44 gene deletion in mice may result from alterations in the gut microbiota and SCFAs. Furthermore, our studies also demonstrate that the phenotype of gene knock-out animals may be shaped by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongbing Guan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narendra P Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Brandon Busbee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexa Gandy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pegah Mehrpouya-Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitra S Ganewatta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chuanbing Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,WJB Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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45
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Wu C, Sartor RB, Huang K, Tonkonogy SL. Transient activation of mucosal effector immune responses by resident intestinal bacteria in normal hosts is regulated by interleukin-10 signalling. Immunology 2017; 148:304-14. [PMID: 27147411 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key regulator of mucosal homeostasis. In the current study we investigated the early events after monoassociating germ-free (GF) wild-type (WT) mice with an Escherichia coli strain that we isolated previously from the caecal contents of a normal mouse housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. Our results show that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells from both IL-10 deficient mice and WT mice, stimulated ex vivo with E. coli lysate, was dramatically higher at day 4 after monoassociation compared with IFN-γ secreted by cells from GF mice without E. coli colonization. Production of IFN-γ rapidly and progressively declined after colonization of WT but not IL-10-deficient mice. The E. coli lysate-stimulated WT MLN cells also produced IL-10 that peaked at day 4 and subsequently declined, but not as precipitously as IFN-γ. WT cells that express CD4, CD8 and NKp46 produced IFN-γ; WT CD4-positive cells and B cells produced IL-10. Recombinant IL-10 added to E. coli-stimulated MLN cell cultures inhibited IFN-γ secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. MLN cells from WT mice treated in vivo with neutralizing anti-IL-10 receptor antibody produced more IFN-γ compared with MLN cells from isotype control antibody-treated mice. These findings show that a resident E. coli that induces chronic colitis in monoassociated IL-10-deficient mice rapidly but transiently activates the effector immune system in normal hosts, in parallel with induction of protective IL-10 produced by B cells and CD4(+) cells that subsequently suppresses this response to mediate mucosal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Susan L Tonkonogy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Arias M, Cobo M, Jaime-Sánchez P, Pastor J, Marijuan P, Pardo J, Rezusta A, Del Campo R. Gut microbiota and systemic inflammation changes after bread consumption: The ingredients and the processing influence. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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47
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Lifestyle and Horizontal Gene Transfer-Mediated Evolution of Mucispirillum schaedleri, a Core Member of the Murine Gut Microbiota. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00171-16. [PMID: 28168224 PMCID: PMC5285517 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00171-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in gut microbiota composition have been associated with intestinal inflammation, but it remains unclear whether inflammation-associated bacteria are commensal or detrimental to their host. Here, we studied the lifestyle of the gut bacterium Mucispirillum schaedleri, which is associated with inflammation in widely used mouse models. We found that M. schaedleri has specialized systems to handle oxidative stress during inflammation. Additionally, it expresses secretion systems and effector proteins and can modify the mucosal gene expression of its host. This suggests that M. schaedleri undergoes intimate interactions with its host and may play a role in inflammation. The insights presented here aid our understanding of how commensal gut bacteria may be involved in altering susceptibility to disease. Mucispirillum schaedleri is an abundant inhabitant of the intestinal mucus layer of rodents and other animals and has been suggested to be a pathobiont, a commensal that plays a role in disease. In order to gain insights into its lifestyle, we analyzed the genome and transcriptome of M. schaedleri ASF 457 and performed physiological experiments to test traits predicted by its genome. Although described as a mucus inhabitant, M. schaedleri has limited capacity for degrading host-derived mucosal glycans and other complex polysaccharides. Additionally, M. schaedleri reduces nitrate and expresses systems for scavenging oxygen and reactive oxygen species in vivo, which may account for its localization close to the mucosal tissue and expansion during inflammation. Also of note, M. schaedleri harbors a type VI secretion system and putative effector proteins and can modify gene expression in mucosal tissue, suggesting intimate interactions with its host and a possible role in inflammation. The M. schaedleri genome has been shaped by extensive horizontal gene transfer, primarily from intestinal Epsilon- and Deltaproteobacteria, indicating that horizontal gene transfer has played a key role in defining its niche in the gut ecosystem. IMPORTANCE Shifts in gut microbiota composition have been associated with intestinal inflammation, but it remains unclear whether inflammation-associated bacteria are commensal or detrimental to their host. Here, we studied the lifestyle of the gut bacterium Mucispirillum schaedleri, which is associated with inflammation in widely used mouse models. We found that M. schaedleri has specialized systems to handle oxidative stress during inflammation. Additionally, it expresses secretion systems and effector proteins and can modify the mucosal gene expression of its host. This suggests that M. schaedleri undergoes intimate interactions with its host and may play a role in inflammation. The insights presented here aid our understanding of how commensal gut bacteria may be involved in altering susceptibility to disease.
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbes, Immunity, and Behavior: Psychoneuroimmunology Meets the Microbiome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:178-192. [PMID: 27319972 PMCID: PMC5143479 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is now a large volume of evidence to support the view that the immune system is a key communication pathway between the gut and brain, which plays an important role in stress-related psychopathologies and thus provides a potentially fruitful target for psychotropic intervention. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem with a diverse range of organisms and a sophisticated genomic structure. Bacteria within the gut are estimated to weigh in excess of 1 kg in the adult human and the microbes within not only produce antimicrobial peptides, short chain fatty acids, and vitamins, but also most of the common neurotransmitters found in the human brain. That the microbial content of the gut plays a key role in immune development is now beyond doubt. Early disruption of the host-microbe interplay can have lifelong consequences, not just in terms of intestinal function but in distal organs including the brain. It is clear that the immune system and nervous system are in continuous communication in order to maintain a state of homeostasis. Significant gaps in knowledge remain about the effect of the gut microbiota in coordinating the immune-nervous systems dialogue. However, studies using germ-free animals, infective models, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics have increased our understanding of the interplay. Early life stress can have a lifelong impact on the microbial content of the intestine and permanently alter immune functioning. That early life stress can also impact adult psychopathology has long been appreciated in psychiatry. The challenge now is to fully decipher the molecular mechanisms that link the gut microbiota, immune, and central nervous systems in a network of communication that impacts behavior patterns and psychopathology, to eventually translate these findings to the human situation both in health and disease. Even at this juncture, there is evidence to pinpoint key sites of communication where gut microbial interventions either with drugs or diet or perhaps fecal microbiota transplantation may positively impact mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioural Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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49
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Kelly JR, Borre Y, O' Brien C, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, Kennedy PJ, Beers S, Scott K, Moloney G, Hoban AE, Scott L, Fitzgerald P, Ross P, Stanton C, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 82:109-18. [PMID: 27491067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1004] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota interacts with the host via neuroimmune, neuroendocrine and neural pathways. These pathways are components of the brain-gut-microbiota axis and preclinical evidence suggests that the microbiota can recruit this bidirectional communication system to modulate brain development, function and behaviour. The pathophysiology of depression involves neuroimmune-neuroendocrine dysregulation. However, the extent to which changes in gut microbiota composition and function mediate the dysregulation of these pathways is unknown. Thirty four patients with major depression and 33 matched healthy controls were recruited. Cytokines, CRP, Salivary Cortisol and plasma Lipopolysaccharide binding protein were determined by ELISA. Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine were determined by HPLC. Fecal samples were collected for 16s rRNA sequencing. A Fecal Microbiota transplantation was prepared from a sub group of depressed patients and controls and transferred by oral gavage to a microbiota-deficient rat model. We demonstrate that depression is associated with decreased gut microbiota richness and diversity. Fecal microbiota transplantation from depressed patients to microbiota-depleted rats can induce behavioural and physiological features characteristic of depression in the recipient animals, including anhedonia and anxiety-like behaviours, as well as alterations in tryptophan metabolism. This suggests that the gut microbiota may play a causal role in the development of features of depression and may provide a tractable target in the treatment and prevention of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yuliya Borre
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciaran O' Brien
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elaine Patterson
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Deane
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul J Kennedy
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sasja Beers
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen Scott
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Moloney
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan E Hoban
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Lucinda Scott
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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50
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Amato KR. Incorporating the gut microbiota into models of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:S196-215. [PMID: 26808106 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gut is home to a diverse community of microbes. Advances in technology over the past two decades have allowed us to examine this community, the gut microbiota, in more detail, revealing a wide range of influences on host nutrition, health, and behavior. These host-gut microbe interactions appear to shape host plasticity and fitness in a variety of contexts, and therefore represent a key factor missing from existing models of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution. However, current studies of the gut microbiota tend to include limited contextual data or are clinical, making it difficult to directly test broad anthropological hypotheses. Here, I review what is known about the animal gut microbiota and provide examples of how gut microbiota research can be integrated into the study of human and non-human primate ecology and evolution with targeted data collection. Specifically, I examine how the gut microbiota may impact primate diet, energetics, disease resistance, and cognition. While gut microbiota research is proliferating rapidly, especially in the context of humans, there remain important gaps in our understanding of host-gut microbe interactions that will require an anthropological perspective to fill. Likewise, gut microbiota research will be an important tool for filling remaining gaps in anthropological research.
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