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Justice AE, Winkler TW, Feitosa MF, Graff M, Fisher VA, Young K, Barata L, Deng X, Czajkowski J, Hadley D, Ngwa JS, Ahluwalia TS, Chu AY, Heard-Costa NL, Lim E, Perez J, Eicher JD, Kutalik Z, Xue L, Mahajan A, Renström F, Wu J, Qi Q, Ahmad S, Alfred T, Amin N, Bielak LF, Bonnefond A, Bragg J, Cadby G, Chittani M, Coggeshall S, Corre T, Direk N, Eriksson J, Fischer K, Gorski M, Neergaard Harder M, Horikoshi M, Huang T, Huffman JE, Jackson AU, Justesen JM, Kanoni S, Kinnunen L, Kleber ME, Komulainen P, Kumari M, Lim U, Luan J, Lyytikäinen LP, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Middelberg RPS, Müller-Nurasyid M, Navarro P, Pérusse L, Pervjakova N, Sarti C, Smith AV, Smith JA, Stančáková A, Strawbridge RJ, Stringham HM, Sung YJ, Tanaka T, Teumer A, Trompet S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, Van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Vedantam SL, Verweij N, Vink JM, Vitart V, Wu Y, Yengo L, Zhang W, Hua Zhao J, Zimmermann ME, Zubair N, Abecasis GR, Adair LS, Afaq S, Afzal U, Bakker SJL, Bartz TM, Beilby J, Bergman RN, Bergmann S, Biffar R, Blangero J, Boerwinkle E, Bonnycastle LL, Bottinger E, Braga D, Buckley BM, Buyske S, Campbell H, Chambers JC, Collins FS, Curran JE, de Borst GJ, de Craen AJM, de Geus EJC, Dedoussis G, Delgado GE, den Ruijter HM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson AL, Esko T, Faul JD, Ford I, Forrester T, Gertow K, Gigante B, Glorioso N, Gong J, Grallert H, Grammer TB, Grarup N, Haitjema S, Hallmans G, Hamsten A, Hansen T, Harris TB, Hartman CA, Hassinen M, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez D, Hindorff L, Hocking LJ, Hollensted M, Holmen OL, Homuth G, Jan Hottenga J, Huang J, Hung J, Hutri-Kähönen N, Ingelsson E, James AL, Jansson JO, Jarvelin MR, Jhun MA, Jørgensen ME, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Karlsson M, Koistinen HA, Kolcic I, Kolovou G, Kooperberg C, Krämer BK, Kuusisto J, Kvaløy K, Lakka TA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Leander K, Lee NR, Lind L, Lindgren CM, Linneberg A, Lobbens S, Loh M, Lorentzon M, Luben R, Lubke G, Ludolph-Donislawski A, Lupoli S, Madden PAF, Männikkö R, Marques-Vidal P, Martin NG, McKenzie CA, McKnight B, Mellström D, Menni C, Montgomery GW, Musk AW(B, Narisu N, Nauck M, Nolte IM, Oldehinkel AJ, Olden M, Ong KK, Padmanabhan S, Peyser PA, Pisinger C, Porteous DJ, Raitakari OT, Rankinen T, Rao DC, Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Rawal R, Rice T, Ridker PM, Rose LM, Bien SA, Rudan I, Sanna S, Sarzynski MA, Sattar N, Savonen K, Schlessinger D, Scholtens S, Schurmann C, Scott RA, Sennblad B, Siemelink MA, Silbernagel G, Slagboom PE, Snieder H, Staessen JA, Stott DJ, Swertz MA, Swift AJ, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Thorand B, Thuillier D, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vandenput L, Vohl MC, Völzke H, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Westendorp RGJ, Wild S, Willemsen G, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wong A, Wright AF, Zhao W, Zillikens MC, Baldassarre D, Balkau B, Bandinelli S, Böger CA, Boomsma DI, Bouchard C, Bruinenberg M, Chasman DI, Chen YD, Chines PS, Cooper RS, Cucca F, Cusi D, Faire UD, Ferrucci L, Franks PW, Froguel P, Gordon-Larsen P, Grabe HJ, Gudnason V, Haiman CA, Hayward C, Hveem K, Johnson AD, Wouter Jukema J, Kardia SLR, Kivimaki M, Kooner JS, Kuh D, Laakso M, Lehtimäki T, Marchand LL, März W, McCarthy MI, Metspalu A, Morris AP, Ohlsson C, Palmer LJ, Pasterkamp G, Pedersen O, Peters A, Peters U, Polasek O, Psaty BM, Qi L, Rauramaa R, Smith BH, Sørensen TIA, Strauch K, Tiemeier H, Tremoli E, van der Harst P, Vestergaard H, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Weir DR, Whitfield JB, Wilson JF, Tyrrell J, Frayling TM, Barroso I, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Fox CS, Hirschhorn JN, Hunter DJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, van Duijn CM, Heid IM, Mohlke KL, Marchini J, Loos RJF, Kilpeläinen TO, Liu CT, Borecki IB, North KE, Cupples LA. Genome-wide meta-analysis of 241,258 adults accounting for smoking behaviour identifies novel loci for obesity traits. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14977. [PMID: 28443625 PMCID: PMC5414044 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for environmental exposures, like smoking, potentially impacting the overall trait variance when investigating the genetic contribution to obesity-related traits. Here, we use GWAS data from 51,080 current smokers and 190,178 nonsmokers (87% European descent) to identify loci influencing BMI and central adiposity, measured as waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio both adjusted for BMI. We identify 23 novel genetic loci, and 9 loci with convincing evidence of gene-smoking interaction (GxSMK) on obesity-related traits. We show consistent direction of effect for all identified loci and significance for 18 novel and for 5 interaction loci in an independent study sample. These loci highlight novel biological functions, including response to oxidative stress, addictive behaviour, and regulatory functions emphasizing the importance of accounting for environment in genetic analyses. Our results suggest that tobacco smoking may alter the genetic susceptibility to overall adiposity and body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E. Justice
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Thomas W. Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mary F. Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Virginia A. Fisher
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Kristin Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Llilda Barata
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jacek Czajkowski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - David Hadley
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- TransMed Systems, Inc., Cupertino, California 95014, USA
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Audrey Y. Chu
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Nancy L. Heard-Costa
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Jeremiah Perez
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán Kutalik
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Luting Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Frida Renström
- Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Joseph Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Shafqat Ahmad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tamuno Alfred
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Bragg
- Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gemma Cadby
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Martina Chittani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott Coggeshall
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Nese Direk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Joel Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krista Fischer
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marie Neergaard Harder
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Momoko Horikoshi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
| | - Marcus E. Kleber
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Meena Kumari
- ISER, University of Essex, Colchester CO43SQ, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Unhee Lim
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Biostatistics Section, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Jonathan Marten
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Rita P. S. Middelberg
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalia Pervjakova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Sarti
- Department of Social and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Albert Vernon Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rona J. Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sailaja L. Vedantam
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M. Vink
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Loic Yengo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martina E. Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niha Zubair
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Linda S. Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Saima Afaq
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
| | - Stephan J. L. Bakker
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Traci M. Bartz
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - John Beilby
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of WA, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboraty Medicine, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss instititute of Bioinformatics
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center, PO Box 20186, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Erwin Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Daniele Braga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Brendan M. Buckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Steve Buyske
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
- Department of Statistics and Biostatistics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - John C. Chambers
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J. M. de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute Vrije Universiteit & Vrije Universiteit Medical Center
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Graciela E. Delgado
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna L. Eriksson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Karl Gertow
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruna Gigante
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Glorioso
- Hypertension and Related Disease Centre, AOU-University of Sassari
| | - Jian Gong
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tanja B. Grammer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saskia Haitjema
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Göran Hallmans
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maija Hassinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas D. Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucia Hindorff
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lynne J. Hocking
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jouke Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Hung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 750 85, Sweden
| | - Alan L. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 25 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC–PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of OuluP.O.Box 5000, FI-90014, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220, 90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Min A. Jhun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520 Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere 33521, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Orthopedics and Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, FI-00271 Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, FI-00029 Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, FI-00290 Finland
| | - Ivana Kolcic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Bernhard K. Krämer
- Vth Department of Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsti Kvaløy
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin Leander
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nanette R. Lee
- USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Department of Anthropology, Sociology and History, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, The Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephane Lobbens
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Marie Loh
- Dept Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperical College London, UK
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine (TLGM), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Level 5, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Mattias Lorentzon
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gitta Lubke
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Anja Ludolph-Donislawski
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sara Lupoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan,Via A. Di Rudiní, 8 20142, Milano, Italy
| | - Pamela A. F. Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Reija Männikkö
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin A. McKenzie
- Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, JMAAW15 Jamaica
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Program in Biostatistics and Biomathematics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Dan Mellström
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - AW (Bill) Musk
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilja M. Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ken K. Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Patricia A. Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charlotta Pisinger
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David J. Porteous
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - D. C. Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Laura J. Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Treva Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynda M. Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Stephanie A. Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salome Scholtens
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Robert A. Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marten A. Siemelink
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science , University of Leuven, Campus Sint Rafael, Kapucijnenvoer 35, Leuven; Belgium
- R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Brains Unlimited Building, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Morris A. Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amy J. Swift
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kent D. Taylor
- Center for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor/UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Thuillier
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Research Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Vandenput
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - R. G. J. Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Wong
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - M Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Damiano Baldassarre
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Carsten A. Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcel Bruinenberg
- Lifelines Cohort Study, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yii-DerIda Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | - Peter S. Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 61053, USA
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Sanipedia srl, Bresso (Milano), Italy and Institute of Biomedical Technologies National Centre of Research Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ulf de Faire
- Unit of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philippe Froguel
- University of Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur of Lille, UMR 8199 - EGID, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill North Carolina, 27516, USA
| | - Hans- Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mika Kivimaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Middlesex, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Med, National Heart & Lung Institute, Cardiovascular Science, Hammersmith Campus, Hammersmith Hospital, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Diana Kuh
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, UK
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere 33520, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere 33014, Finland
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
| | - Winfried März
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services GmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
- Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lyle J. Palmer
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories & Pharmacy, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Croatia
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Blair H. Smith
- Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD2 4RB, Scotland
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology (formerly Institute of Preventive Medicine), Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital (2000 Frederiksberg), The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol University, Bristol, UK
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Psychiatry Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne university hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John B. Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, The Knowledge Spa, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Institute of Metabolic Science Box 289 Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 OQQ, UK
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Panagiotis Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Tim D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David P. Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015GE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA). Leiden, The Netherlands
- Center for Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, Missouri, 63108 USA
| | - Kari E. North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
- NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, 01702 USA
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