1
|
Harvey JA, Dong Y. Climate Change, Extreme Temperatures and Sex-Related Responses in Spiders. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12040615. [PMID: 37106814 PMCID: PMC10136024 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Climatic extremes, such as heat waves, are increasing in frequency, intensity and duration under anthropogenic climate change. These extreme events pose a great threat to many organisms, and especially ectotherms, which are susceptible to high temperatures. In nature, many ectotherms, such as insects, may seek cooler microclimates and 'ride out´ extreme temperatures, especially when these are transient and unpredictable. However, some ectotherms, such as web-building spiders, may be more prone to heat-related mortality than more motile organisms. Adult females in many spider families are sedentary and build webs in micro-habitats where they spend their entire lives. Under extreme heat, they may be limited in their ability to move vertically or horizontally to find cooler microhabitats. Males, on the other hand, are often nomadic, have broader spatial distributions, and thus might be better able to escape exposure to heat. However, life-history traits in spiders such as the relative body size of males and females and spatial ecology also vary across different taxonomic groups based on their phylogeny. This may make different species or families more or less susceptible to heat waves and exposure to very high temperatures. Selection to extreme temperatures may drive adaptive responses in female physiology, morphology or web site selection in species that build small or exposed webs. Male spiders may be better able to avoid heat-related stress than females by seeking refuge under objects such as bark or rocks with cooler microclimates. Here, we discuss these aspects in detail and propose research focusing on male and female spider behavior and reproduction across different taxa exposed to temperature extremes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuting Dong
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are important components of insect food chains and have played a central role in biological control programs for over a century. Although the vast majority of parasitoids exploit insect herbivores as hosts, others parasitize predatory insects and arthropods, such as ladybird beetles, hoverflies, lacewings, ground beetles, and spiders, or are hyperparasitoids. Much of the research on the biology and ecology of parasitoids of predators has focused on ladybird beetles, whose parasitoids may interfere with the control of insect pests like aphids by reducing ladybird abundance. Alternatively, parasitoids of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis may reduce its harmful impact on native ladybird populations. Different life stages of predatory insects and spiders are susceptible to parasitism to different degrees. Many parasitoids of predators exhibit intricate physiological interrelationships with their hosts, adaptively manipulating host behavior, biology, and ecology in ways that increase parasitoid survival and fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China;
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li K, Veen GFC, Ten Hooven FC, Harvey JA, van der Putten WH. Soil legacy effects of plants and drought on aboveground insects in native and range-expanding plant communities. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:37-52. [PMID: 36414536 PMCID: PMC10098829 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soils contain biotic and abiotic legacies of previous conditions that may influence plant community biomass and associated aboveground biodiversity. However, little is known about the relative strengths and interactions of the various belowground legacies on aboveground plant-insect interactions. We used an outdoor mesocosm experiment to investigate the belowground legacy effects of range-expanding versus native plants, extreme drought and their interactions on plants, aphids and pollinators. We show that plant biomass was influenced more strongly by the previous plant community than by the previous summer drought. Plant communities consisted of four congeneric pairs of natives and range expanders, and their responses were not unanimous. Legacy effects affected the abundance of aphids more strongly than pollinators. We conclude that legacies can be contained as soil 'memories' that influence aboveground plant community interactions in the next growing season. These soil-borne 'memories' can be altered by climate warming-induced plant range shifts and extreme drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keli Li
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - G F Ciska Veen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Freddy C Ten Hooven
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Visser B, Le Lann C, Hahn DA, Lammers M, Nieberding CM, Alborn HT, Enriquez T, Scheifler M, Harvey JA, Ellers J. Many parasitoids lack adult fat accumulation, despite fatty acid synthesis: A discussion of concepts and considerations for future research. Curr Res Insect Sci 2023; 3:100055. [PMID: 37124650 PMCID: PMC10139962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2023.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fat reserves, specifically the accumulation of triacylglycerols, are a major energy source and play a key role for life histories. Fat accumulation is a conserved metabolic pattern across most insects, yet in most parasitoid species adults do not gain fat mass, even when nutrients are readily available and provided ad libitum. This extraordinary physiological phenotype has evolved repeatedly in phylogenetically dispersed parasitoid species. This poses a conundrum because it could lead to significant constraints on energy allocation toward key adult functions such as survival and reproduction. Recent work on the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms has spurred a debate on fat accumulation versus fat production, because of incongruent interpretation of results obtained using different methodologies. This debate is in part due to semantics, highlighting the need for a synthetic perspective on fat accumulation that reconciles previous debates and provides new insights and terminology. In this paper, we propose updated, unambiguous terminology for future research in the field, including "fatty acid synthesis" and "lack of adult fat accumulation", and describe the distinct metabolic pathways involved in the complex process of lipogenesis. We then discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the main methods available to measure fatty acid synthesis and adult fat accumulation. Most importantly, gravimetric/colorimetric and isotope tracking methods give complementary information, provided that they are applied with appropriate controls and interpreted correctly. We also compiled a comprehensive list of fat accumulation studies performed during the last 25 years. We present avenues for future research that combine chemistry, ecology, and evolution into an integrative approach, which we think is needed to understand the dynamics of fat accumulation in parasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
- Corresponding author.
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- CNRS, ECOBIO (écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) – UMR, Université de Rennes, 6553, France
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, The University of Florida, USA
| | - Mark Lammers
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Hans T. Alborn
- United States Department of Agriculture, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, USA
| | - Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Scheifler
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Harvey JA, Tougeron K, Gols R, Heinen R, Abarca M, Abram PK, Basset Y, Berg M, Boggs C, Brodeur J, Cardoso P, de Boer JG, De Snoo GR, Deacon C, Dell JE, Desneux N, Dillon ME, Duffy GA, Dyer LA, Ellers J, Espíndola A, Fordyce J, Forister ML, Fukushima C, Gage MJG, García‐Robledo C, Gely C, Gobbi M, Hallmann C, Hance T, Harte J, Hochkirch A, Hof C, Hoffmann AA, Kingsolver JG, Lamarre GPA, Laurance WF, Lavandero B, Leather SR, Lehmann P, Le Lann C, López‐Uribe MM, Ma C, Ma G, Moiroux J, Monticelli L, Nice C, Ode PJ, Pincebourde S, Ripple WJ, Rowe M, Samways MJ, Sentis A, Shah AA, Stork N, Terblanche JS, Thakur MP, Thomas MB, Tylianakis JM, Van Baaren J, Van de Pol M, Van der Putten WH, Van Dyck H, Verberk WCEP, Wagner DL, Weisser WW, Wetzel WC, Woods HA, Wyckhuys KAG, Chown SL. Scientists' warning on climate change and insects. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- EDYSAN, UMR 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS Amiens France
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Mariana Abarca
- Department of Biological Sciences Smith College Northampton Massachusetts USA
| | - Paul K. Abram
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre Agassiz British Columbia Canada
| | - Yves Basset
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Matty Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Carol Boggs
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Gothic Colorado USA
| | - Jacques Brodeur
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Jetske G. de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. De Snoo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Charl Deacon
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Jane E. Dell
- Geosciences and Natural Resources Department Western Carolina University Cullowhee North Carolina USA
| | | | - Michael E. Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Grant A. Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Marine Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Entomology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - James Fordyce
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee, Knoxville Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Matthew L. Forister
- University of Nevada Reno – Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology Reno Nevada USA
| | - Caroline Fukushima
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | | | - Claire Gely
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Mauro Gobbi
- MUSE‐Science Museum, Research and Museum Collections Office Climate and Ecology Unit Trento Italy
| | - Caspar Hallmann
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier Germany
- IUCN SSC Invertebrate Conservation Committee
| | - Christian Hof
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Greg P. A. Lamarre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama
- Department of Ecology Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - William F. Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico Universidad de Talca Talca Chile
| | - Simon R. Leather
- Center for Integrated Pest Management Harper Adams University Newport UK
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | | | - Chun‐Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | | | | | - Chris Nice
- Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS Université de Tours Tours France
| | - William J. Ripple
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Oregon USA
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAE, Aix‐Marseille University, UMR RECOVER Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Alisha A. Shah
- W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Nigel Stork
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Matthew B. Thomas
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Bioprotection Aotearoa, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- University of Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO [(Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution)] ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Martijn Van de Pol
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Department of Animal Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW) Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology & Biodiversity Université catholique de Louvain Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | | | - David L. Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Department of Life Science Systems, School of Life Sciences Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Freising Germany
| | - William C. Wetzel
- Department of Entomology, Department of Integrative Biology, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - H. Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Kris A. G. Wyckhuys
- Chrysalis Consulting Hanoi Vietnam
- China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bogert JM, Ellers J, Lewandowsky S, Balgopal MM, Harvey JA. Reviewing the relationship between neoliberal societies and nature: implications of the industrialized dominant social paradigm for a sustainable future. Ecol Soc 2022; 27:7. [PMID: 36381294 PMCID: PMC7613825 DOI: 10.5751/es-13134-270207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How a society relates to nature is shaped by the dominant social paradigm (DSP): a society's collective view on social, economic, political, and environmental issues. The characteristics of the DSP have important consequences for natural systems and their conservation. Based on a synthesis of academic literature, we provide a new gradient of 12 types of human-nature relationships synthesized from scientific literature, and an analysis of where the DSP of industrialized, and more specifically, neoliberal societies fit on that gradient. We aim to answer how the industrialized DSP relates to nature, i.e., what types of human-nature relationships this DSP incorporates, and what the consequences of these relationships are for nature conservation and a sustainable future. The gradient of human-nature relationships is based on three defining characteristics: (1) a nature-culture divide, (2) core values, and (3) being anthropocentric or ecocentric. We argue that the industrialized DSP includes elements of the anthropocentric relationships of mastery, utilization, detachment, and stewardship. It therefore regards nature and culture as separate, is mainly driven by instrumental values, and drives detachment from and commodification of nature. Consequently, most green initiatives and policies driven by an industrialized and neoliberal DSP are based on economic incentives and economic growth, without recognition of the needs and limits of natural systems. This leads to environmental degradation and social inequality, obstructing the path to a truly sustainable society. To reach a more ecocentric DSP, systemic changes, in addition to individual changes, in the political and economic structures of the industrialized DSP are needed, along with a change in values and approach toward nature, long-term sustainability, and conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Bogert
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam
| | | | - Meena M Balgopal
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saha H, Kaloterakis N, Harvey JA, Van der Putten WH, Biere A. Effects of Light Quality on Colonization of Tomato Roots by AMF and Implications for Growth and Defense. Plants 2022; 11:plants11070861. [PMID: 35406841 PMCID: PMC9002964 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial soil microbes can enhance plant growth and defense, but the extent to which this occurs depends on the availability of resources, such as water and nutrients. However, relatively little is known about the role of light quality, which is altered during shading, resulting a low red: far-red ratio (R:FR) of light. We examined how low R:FR light influences arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF)-mediated changes in plant growth and defense using Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and the insect herbivore Chrysodeixis chalcites. We also examined effects on third trophic level interactions with the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. Under low R:FR light, non-mycorrhizal plants activated the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), resulting in enhanced biomass production. However, mycorrhizal inoculation decreased stem elongation in shaded plants, thus counteracting the plant’s SAS response to shading. Unexpectedly, activation of SAS under low R:FR light did not increase plant susceptibility to the herbivore in either non-mycorrhizal or mycorrhizal plants. AMF did not significantly affect survival or growth of caterpillars and parasitoids but suppressed herbivore-induced expression of jasmonic acid-signaled defenses genes under low R:FR light. These results highlight the context-dependency of AMF effects on plant growth and defense and the potentially adverse effects of AMF under shading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haymanti Saha
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-645036538
| | - Nikolaos Kaloterakis
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 2, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. Van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 2, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (J.A.H.); (W.H.V.d.P.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host-parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;
| | - Dhaval K Vyas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harvey JA. Prey availability affects developmental trade-offs and sexual-size dimorphism in the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa. J Insect Physiol 2022; 136:104267. [PMID: 34153345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In many spiders, females are significantly larger than males. Several theories have been postulated to explain sexual size dimorphism (SSD), including differential predation risks experienced by each sex early in life (including female cannibalism of males), male-male competition, and the more costly production of eggs than sperm. However, there is considerable intraspecific variation in the relative size of males and females that is reflected in trade-offs on traits such as growth rate and body size. When SSD favors female size, the body mass ratios between the smallest and largest males is expected to be much greater than in females. Here, growth trajectories and body masses of the false widow spider, Steatoda grossa, were compared in male and female spiders fed continually or intermittently. Males provided with unlimited prey (fruit flies and house crickets) took about 15 weeks to attain full size and sexual maturity and grew to a mean of 25 mg. By contrast, males fed only once every three weeks took approximately 6 weeks longer to reach maturity but were only about half as large (mean 13 mg) as males fed constantly. Females fed intermittently took almost twice as long (45 weeks versus 24 weeks) as constantly-fed females to reach maturity, but were almost 90% as large when fully grown. These results reveal that, although both sexes trade-off development time and body size to achieve the optimal phenotype, rapid development is more important than larger body size in males whereas the opposite is true in females. This finding supports life-history theory underpinning sexual-size dimorphism in some spider lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gols R, Ojeda-Prieto LM, Li K, van der Putten WH, Harvey JA. Within-patch and edge microclimates vary over a growing season and are amplified during a heatwave: Consequences for ectothermic insects. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103006. [PMID: 34420636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Embedded in longer term warming are extreme climatic events such as heatwaves and droughts that are increasing in frequency, duration and intensity. Changes in climate attributes such as temperature are often measured over larger spatial scales, whereas environmental conditions to which many small ectothermic arthropods are exposed are largely determined by small-scale local conditions. Exposed edges of plant patches often exhibit significant short-term (daily) variation to abiotic factors due to wind exposure and sun radiation. By contrast, within plant patches, abiotic conditions are generally much more stable and thus less variable. Over an eight-week period in the summer of 2020, including an actual heatwave, we measured small-scale (1 m2) temperature variation in patches of forbs in experimental mesocosms. We found that soil surface temperatures at the edge of the mesocosms were more variable than those within mesocosms. Drought treatment two years earlier, amplified this effect but only at the edges of the mesocosms. Within a plant patch both at the soil surface and within the canopy, the temperature was always lower than the ambient air temperature. The temperature of the soil surface at the edge of a patch may exceed the ambient air temperature when ambient air temperatures rise above 23 °C. This effect progressively increased with ambient temperature. We discuss how microscale-variation in temperature may affect small ectotherms such as insects that have limited ability to thermoregulate, in particular under conditions of extreme heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L M Ojeda-Prieto
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - K Li
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Ecology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harvey JA, Thakur MP, Ellers J. The Tarnished Silver Lining of Extreme Climatic Events. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:384-385. [PMID: 33707001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences - Animal Ecology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Madhav P Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse, 63012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences - Animal Ecology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harvey JA, Heinen R, Gols R, Thakur MP. Climate change-mediated temperature extremes and insects: From outbreaks to breakdowns. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6685-6701. [PMID: 33006246 PMCID: PMC7756417 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Insects are among the most diverse and widespread animals across the biosphere and are well-known for their contributions to ecosystem functioning and services. Recent increases in the frequency and magnitude of climatic extremes (CE), in particular temperature extremes (TE) owing to anthropogenic climate change, are exposing insect populations and communities to unprecedented stresses. However, a major problem in understanding insect responses to TE is that they are still highly unpredictable both spatially and temporally, which reduces frequency- or direction-dependent selective responses by insects. Moreover, how species interactions and community structure may change in response to stresses imposed by TE is still poorly understood. Here we provide an overview of how terrestrial insects respond to TE by integrating their organismal physiology, multitrophic, and community-level interactions, and building that up to explore scenarios for population explosions and crashes that have ecosystem-level consequences. We argue that TE can push insect herbivores and their natural enemies to and even beyond their adaptive limits, which may differ among species intimately involved in trophic interactions, leading to phenological disruptions and the structural reorganization of food webs. TE may ultimately lead to outbreak-breakdown cycles in insect communities with detrimental consequences for ecosystem functioning and resilience. Lastly, we suggest new research lines that will help achieve a better understanding of insect and community responses to a wide range of CE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences – Animal EcologyVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Madhav P. Thakur
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Vassão DG. Detoxification of plant defensive glucosinolates by an herbivorous caterpillar is beneficial to its endoparasitic wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4014-4031. [PMID: 32853463 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemical defences impact not only herbivores, but also organisms in higher trophic levels that prey on or parasitize herbivores. While herbivorous insects can often detoxify plant chemicals ingested from suitable host plants, how such detoxification affects endoparasitoids that use these herbivores as hosts is largely unknown. Here, we used transformed plants to experimentally manipulate the major detoxification reaction used by Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) to deactivate the glucosinolate defences of its Brassicaceae host plants. We then assessed the developmental, metabolic, immune, and reproductive consequences of this genetic manipulation on the herbivore as well as its hymenopteran endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Inhibition of P. xylostella glucosinolate metabolism by plant-mediated RNA interference increased the accumulation of the principal glucosinolate activation products, the toxic isothiocyanates, in the herbivore, with negative effects on its growth. Although the endoparasitoid manipulated the excretion of toxins by its insect host to its own advantage, the inhibition of herbivore glucosinolate detoxification slowed endoparasitoid development, impaired its reproduction, and suppressed the expression of genes of a parasitoid-symbiotic polydnavirus that aids parasitism. Therefore, the detoxification of plant glucosinolates by an herbivore lowers its toxicity as a host and benefits the parasitoid D. semiclausum at multiple levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sagar S Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harvey JA, Ode PJ, Gols R. Population- and Species-Based Variation of Webworm-Parasitoid Interactions in Hogweeds (Heracelum spp.) in the Netherlands. Environ Entomol 2020; 49:924-930. [PMID: 32457993 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In three Dutch populations of the native small hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L. [Apiales: Apiaceae]), and one of the invasive giant hogweed (H. mantegazzianum Sommeier & Levier [Apiales: Apiaceae]), interactions between a specialist herbivore, the parsnip webworm (Depressaria radiella), and its associated parasitoids were compared during a single growing season. We found host plant species-related differences in the abundance of moth pupae, the specialist polyembryonic endoparasitoid, Copidosoma sosares, the specialist pupal parasitoid, Barichneumon heracliana, and a potential hyperparasitoid of C. sosares, Tyndaricus scaurus Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Adult D. radiella body mass was similar across the three small hogweed populations, but moths and their pupal parasitoid B. heracliana were smaller when developing on giant than on small hogweeds where the two plants grew in the same locality (Heteren). Mixed-sex and all-male broods of C. sosares were generally bigger than all-female broods. Furthermore, adult female C. sosares were larger than males and adult female mass differed among the three small hogweed populations. The frequency of pupal parasitism and hyperparasitism also varied in the different H. sphondylium populations. These results show that short-term (intra-seasonal) effects of plant population on multitrophic insects are variable among different species in a tightly linked food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mirza SA, Wentworth AB, Harvey JA, Bridges AG, Camilleri MJ, El-Azhary RA, McEvoy MT, Sartori Valinotti JC, Wetter DA, Davis MDP. Serum triamcinolone levels during intensive, inpatient wet-dressing therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2020; 45:549-554. [PMID: 32410250 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wet dressings combined with topical corticosteroids are beneficial for patients with generalized and refractory dermatosis; however, to our knowledge, serum levels after topical corticosteroid absorption during intensive therapy have not been reported previously. AIM To examine serum levels of triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) after topical corticosteroid application during intensive wet-dressing therapy. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of adult patients admitted for inpatient wet-dressing therapy from 7 November 2015 to 24 June 2016. Data were collected on sex, age, body surface area, TAC serum levels, number of wet-dressing changes after 24 and 48 h, and type of wet dressing. RESULTS In total, 29 patients (14 men, 15 women) were assessed. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] age was 57 years (51.5-67.0 years) and involved body surface area was 1.98 m2 (1.88-2.15) m2 . Before the 24-hour blood draw, patients had received 1-3 dressing changes. Median (IQR) TAC level at 24 h was 0.33 µg/dL (0.20-0.58 µg/dL), with no significant difference noted between the number of dressing changes and TAC serum level. At 48 h, results of a serum TAC test were available for 22 patients with 2-6 dressing changes. Mean (IQR) serum level was 0.30 µg/dL (0.30-0.87 µg/dL). For each additional dressing change, there was an estimated 0.21 µg/dL increase in TAC serum level (95% CI 0.11-0.31; P < 0.001). TAC serum level was not significantly associated with sex, age, body surface area or dressing type. CONCLUSIONS Intensive, inpatient wet-dressing therapy is associated with detectable TAC serum levels. However, we suspect that topical TAC has a primarily local therapeutic effect on the skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Mirza
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A B Wentworth
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J A Harvey
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A G Bridges
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of, Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M J Camilleri
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of, Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R A El-Azhary
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M T McEvoy
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - D A Wetter
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M D P Davis
- Departments of, Departments of, Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang C, Fei M, Meng L, Harvey JA, Li B. Effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on survival and wing dimorphism of two species of rice planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) under interaction. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:2087-2094. [PMID: 31944534 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic climate change (ACC) may have significant impacts on insect herbivore communities including pests. Two of the most important climate-change related factors are increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and increasing mean global temperature. Although increasing attention is being paid to the biological and ecological effects of ACC, important processes such as interspecific interaction between insect herbivores have been little explored. Here, in a field experiment using the FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) system, we investigated the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on survival and wing dimorphism of two species of rice planthoppers, Laodelphax striatellus and Nilaparvata lugens under interaction. RESULTS The two species were grouped into five treatments of relative density (0/50, 13/37, 25/25, and 37/13, 50/0), each of which was allocated to one of a factorial combination of two CO2 concentrations and two temperature treatments (elevated and ambient levels). Our results revealed that climatic treatment has no effects on survivorship of interspecific competing planthoppers. However, climatic treatment affected wing-form of planthoppers under interspecific interaction. For females of N. lugens, in the 37/13 ratio, proportion macropterours form was lower under elevated CO2 + temperature than under the ambient environment or than under elevated temperature. For females of L. striatellus, proportion macropterous form did not differ among climatic treatments at each ratio treatment. CONCLUSION These findings illustrate that climate change-related factors, by affecting the macropetry of interspecific competing planthoppers, may influence planthopper fitness. We provide new information that could assist with forecasting outbreaks of these migratory pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Fei
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ling Meng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baoping Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
de Boer JG, Harvey JA. Range-Expansion in Processionary Moths and Biological Control. Insects 2020; 11:E267. [PMID: 32353938 PMCID: PMC7290706 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is resulting in a wide range of biotic responses, including changes in diel activity and seasonal phenology patterns, range shifts polewards in each hemisphere and/or to higher elevations, and altered intensity and frequency of interactions between species in ecosystems. Oak (Thaumetopoea processionea) and pine (T. pityocampa) processionary moths (hereafter OPM and PPM, respectively) are thermophilic species that are native to central and southern Europe. The larvae of both species are gregarious and produce large silken 'nests' that they use to congregate when not feeding. During outbreaks, processionary caterpillars are capable of stripping foliage from their food plants (oak and pine trees), generating considerable economic damage. Moreover, the third to last instar caterpillars of both species produce copious hairs as a means of defence against natural enemies, including both vertebrate and invertebrate predators, and parasitoids. These hairs contain the toxin thaumetopoein that causes strong allergic reactions when it comes into contact with human skin or other membranes. In response to a warming climate, PPM is expanding its range northwards, while OPM outbreaks are increasing in frequency and intensity, particularly in northern Germany, the Netherlands, and southern U.K., where it was either absent or rare previously. Here, we discuss how warming and escape from co-evolved natural enemies has benefitted both species, and suggest possible strategies for biological control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Harvey JA, Heinen R, Armbrecht I, Basset Y, Baxter-Gilbert JH, Bezemer TM, Böhm M, Bommarco R, Borges PAV, Cardoso P, Clausnitzer V, Cornelisse T, Crone EE, Dicke M, Dijkstra KDB, Dyer L, Ellers J, Fartmann T, Forister ML, Furlong MJ, Garcia-Aguayo A, Gerlach J, Gols R, Goulson D, Habel JC, Haddad NM, Hallmann CA, Henriques S, Herberstein ME, Hochkirch A, Hughes AC, Jepsen S, Jones TH, Kaydan BM, Kleijn D, Klein AM, Latty T, Leather SR, Lewis SM, Lister BC, Losey JE, Lowe EC, Macadam CR, Montoya-Lerma J, Nagano CD, Ogan S, Orr MC, Painting CJ, Pham TH, Potts SG, Rauf A, Roslin TL, Samways MJ, Sanchez-Bayo F, Sar SA, Schultz CB, Soares AO, Thancharoen A, Tscharntke T, Tylianakis JM, Umbers KDL, Vet LEM, Visser ME, Vujic A, Wagner DL, WallisDeVries MF, Westphal C, White TE, Wilkins VL, Williams PH, Wyckhuys KAG, Zhu ZR, de Kroon H. International scientists formulate a roadmap for insect conservation and recovery. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:174-176. [PMID: 31907382 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin Heinen
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Armbrecht
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - T Martijn Bezemer
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Böhm
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas-Douwe B Dijkstra
- IUCN SSC Freshwater Conservation Committee, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Fartmann
- Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Justin Gerlach
- IUCN SSC Terrestrial Invertebrate Red List Authority, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Jan-Christian Habel
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nick M Haddad
- Kellogg Biological Station and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI, USA
| | - Caspar A Hallmann
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie E Herberstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Hochkirch
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Alice C Hughes
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China
| | - Sarina Jepsen
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T Hefin Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bora M Kaydan
- Biotechnology Application and Research Centre, Çukurova University, Balcalı, Adana, Turkey
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon R Leather
- Crop & Environment Science, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Sara M Lewis
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bradford C Lister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - John E Losey
- Entomology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Lowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig R Macadam
- Buglife - The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Peterborough, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie Ogan
- Department of Biogeography, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Michael C Orr
- Key Laboratory for Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Thai-Hong Pham
- Vietnam National Museum of Nature & Graduate School of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Reading University, Reading, UK
| | - Aunu Rauf
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tomas L Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Samways
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | | | - Sim A Sar
- National Agricultural Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea
| | - Cheryl B Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, British Columbia, USA
| | - António O Soares
- cE3c-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group, University of Azores, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anchana Thancharoen
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- Bio-protection Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate D L Umbers
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise E M Vet
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ante Vujic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - David L Wagner
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Michiel F WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting (Dutch Butterfly Conservation) & Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E White
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vicky L Wilkins
- IUCN SSC Mid Atlantic Island Invertebrate Specialist Group, IUCN, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Zeng-Rong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Insect Pests and Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cusumano A, Harvey JA, Bourne ME, Poelman EH, G de Boer J. Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:432-443. [PMID: 31713945 PMCID: PMC7004005 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top-carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco-friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top-carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical-based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push-pull strategy could be a promising approach to 'push' hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and 'pull' them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology-based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mitchel E Bourne
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Harvey JA. Ramanujan's influence on string theory, black holes and moonshine. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20180440. [PMID: 31813369 PMCID: PMC6939228 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ramanujan influenced many areas of mathematics, but his work on q-series, on the growth of coefficients of modular forms and on mock modular forms stands out for its depth and breadth of applications. I will give a brief overview of how this part of Ramanujan's work has influenced physics with an emphasis on applications to string theory, counting of black hole states and moonshine. This paper contains the material from my presentation at the meeting celebrating the centenary of Ramanujan's election as FRS and adds some additional material on black hole entropy and the AdS/CFT correspondence. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Srinivasa Ramanujan: in celebration of the centenary of his election as FRS'.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tyc O, Putra R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Garbeva P. The ecological role of bacterial seed endophytes associated with wild cabbage in the United Kingdom. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e00954. [PMID: 31721471 PMCID: PMC6957406 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria are known for their ability in promoting plant growth and defense against biotic and abiotic stress. However, very little is known about the microbial endophytes living in the spermosphere. Here, we isolated bacteria from the seeds of five different populations of wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea L) that grow within 15 km of each other along the Dorset coast in the UK. The seeds of each plant population contained a unique microbiome. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes revealed that these bacteria belong to three different phyla (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria). Isolated endophytic bacteria were grown in monocultures or mixtures and the effects of bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the growth and development on B. oleracea and on resistance against a insect herbivore was evaluated. Our results reveal that the VOCs emitted by the endophytic bacteria had a profound effect on plant development but only a minor effect on resistance against an herbivore of B. oleracea. Plants exposed to bacterial VOCs showed faster seed germination and seedling development. Furthermore, seed endophytic bacteria exhibited activity via volatiles against the plant pathogen F. culmorum. Hence, our results illustrate the ecological importance of the bacterial seed microbiome for host plant health and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Tyc
- Department of Microbial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine IGoethe UniversityUniversity Hospital FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany
| | - Rocky Putra
- Department of Microbial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithAustralia
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological SciencesSection Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)WageningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen C, Harvey JA, Biere A, Gols R. Rain downpours affect survival and development of insect herbivores: the specter of climate change? Ecology 2019; 100:e02819. [PMID: 31310666 PMCID: PMC6899732 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the frequency, duration, and intensity of rainfall events are among the abiotic effects predicted under anthropogenic global warming. Heavy downpours may profoundly affect the development and survival of small organisms such as insects. Here, we examined direct (physically on the insects) and indirect (plant-mediated) effects of simulated downpours on the performance of caterpillars of two lepidopteran herbivores (Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae) feeding on black mustard (Brassica nigra) plants. Host plants were exposed to different rainfall regimes both before and while caterpillars were feeding on the plants in an attempt to separate direct and indirect (plant-mediated) effects of rainfall on insect survival and development. In two independent experiments, downpours were simulated as a single long (20 min) or as three short (5 min) daily events. Downpours had a strong negative direct effect on the survival of P. xylostella, but not on that of P. brassicae. Direct effects of downpours consistently increased development time of both herbivore species, whereas effects on body mass depended on herbivore species and downpour frequency. Caterpillar disturbance by rain and recorded microclimatic cooling by 5°C may explain extended immature development. Indirect, plant-mediated effects of downpours on the herbivores were generally small, despite the fact that sugar concentrations were reduced and herbivore induction of secondary metabolites (glucosinolates) was enhanced in plants exposed to rain. Changes in the frequency of precipitation events due to climate change may impact the survival and development of insect herbivores differentially. Broader effects of downpours on insects and other arthropods up the food chain could seriously impair and disrupt trophic interactions, ultimately destabilizing communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological ScienceSection Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVThe Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
- Department of Ecological ScienceSection Animal EcologyVU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1085Amsterdam1081 HVThe Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of EcologyDroevendaalsesteeg 10Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchDroevendaalsesteeg 1Wageningen6708 PBThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen C, Donner SH, Biere A, Gols R, Harvey JA. Simulated heatwave conditions associated with global warming affect development and competition between hyperparasitoids. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - S. Helena Donner
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen Univ. and Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Dept of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Inst. of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 NL‐6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
- Dept of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Loxdale HD, Balog A, Harvey JA. Generalism in Nature…The Great Misnomer: Aphids and Wasp Parasitoids as Examples. Insects 2019; 10:insects10100314. [PMID: 31554276 PMCID: PMC6835564 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present article we discuss why, in our view, the term ‘generalism’ to define the dietary breadth of a species is a misnomer and should be revised by entomologists/ecologists with the more exact title relating to the animal in question’s level of phagy—mono-, oligo, or polyphagy. We discard generalism as a concept because of the indisputable fact that all living organisms fill a unique ecological niche, and that entry and exit from such niches are the acknowledged routes and mechanisms driving ecological divergence and ultimately speciation. The term specialist is probably still useful and we support its continuing usage simply because all species and lower levels of evolutionary diverge are indeed specialists to a large degree. Using aphids and parasitoid wasps as examples, we provide evidence from the literature that even some apparently highly polyphagous agricultural aphid pest species and their wasp parasitoids are probably not as polyphagous as formerly assumed. We suggest that the shifting of plant hosts by herbivorous insects like aphids, whilst having positive benefits in reducing competition, and reducing antagonists by moving the target organism into ‘enemy free space’, produces trade-offs in survival, involving relaxed selection in the case of the manicured agro-ecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Sighisoara Str. 1C., 540485 Tirgu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gols R, Desurmont GA, Harvey JA. Variation in Performance and Resistance to Parasitism of Plutella xylostella Populations. Insects 2019; 10:insects10090293. [PMID: 31514415 PMCID: PMC6780392 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two major ecological factors determine the fitness of an insect herbivore: the ability to overcome plant resistance strategies (bottom-up effects) and the ability to avoid or resist attack by natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids (top-down effects). In response to differences in selection pressure, variation may exist in host-plant adaptation and immunity against parasitism among populations of an insect herbivore. We investigated the variation in larval performance of six different Plutella xylostella populations originating from four continents when feeding on a native Dutch plant species, Brassica rapa. One of the used populations has successfully switched its host plant, and is now adapted to pea. In addition, we determined the resistance to attack by the endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum originating from the Netherlands (where it is also native) and measured parasitoid performance as a proxy for host resistance against parasitism. Pupal mortality, immature development times, and adult biomass of P. xylostella differed significantly across populations when feeding on the same host plant species. In addition, parasitism success differed in terms of parasitoid adult emergence and their biomass, but not their development times. Variation among natural populations of insects should be considered more when studying interactions between plants and insects up the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- EBCL USDA ARS, 810 Avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Brittany Smith
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Paul J. Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management/Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cusumano A, Harvey JA, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Hyperparasitoids exploit herbivore-induced plant volatiles during host location to assess host quality and non-host identity. Oecologia 2019; 189:699-709. [PMID: 30725370 PMCID: PMC6418317 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although consumers often rely on chemical information to optimize their foraging strategies, it is poorly understood how top carnivores above the third trophic level find resources in heterogeneous environments. Hyperparasitoids are a common group of organisms in the fourth trophic level that lay their eggs in or on the body of other parasitoid hosts. Such top carnivores use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to find caterpillars containing parasitoid host larvae. Hyperparasitoids forage in complex environments where hosts of different quality may be present alongside non-host parasitoid species, each of which can develop in multiple herbivore species. Because both the identity of the herbivore species and its parasitization status can affect the composition of HIPV emission, hyperparasitoids encounter considerable variation in HIPVs during host location. Here, we combined laboratory and field experiments to investigate the role of HIPVs in host selection of hyperparasitoids that search for hosts in a multi-parasitoid multi-herbivore context. In a wild Brassica oleracea-based food web, the hyperparasitoid Lysibia nana preferred HIPVs emitted in response to caterpillars parasitized by the gregarious host Cotesia glomerata over the non-host Hyposoter ebeninus. However, no plant-mediated discrimination occurred between the solitary host C. rubecula and the non-host H. ebeninus. Under both laboratory and field conditions, hyperparasitoid responses were not affected by the herbivore species (Pieris brassicae or P. rapae) in which the three primary parasitoid species developed. Our study shows that HIPVs are an important source of information within multitrophic interaction networks allowing hyperparasitoids to find their preferred hosts in heterogeneous environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen C, Gols R, Biere A, Harvey JA. Differential effects of climate warming on reproduction and functional responses on insects in the fourth trophic level. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Harvey JA, Visser B, Lammers M, Marien J, Gershenzon J, Ode PJ, Heinen R, Gols R, Ellers J. Ant-like Traits in Wingless Parasitoids Repel Attack from Wolf Spiders. J Chem Ecol 2018; 44:894-904. [PMID: 30066038 PMCID: PMC6153775 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-0989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A recent study showed that a wingless parasitoid, Gelis agilis, exhibits a suite of ant-like traits that repels attack from wolf spiders. When agitated, G. agilis secreted 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (sulcatone), which a small number of ant species produce as an alarm/panic pheromone. Here, we tested four Gelis parasitoid species, occurring in the same food chain and microhabitats, for the presence of sulcatone and conducted two-species choice bioassays with wolf spiders to determine their degree of susceptibility to attack. All four Gelis species, including both winged and wingless species, produced sulcatone, whereas a closely related species, Acrolyta nens, and the more distantly related Cotesia glomerata, did not. In two-choice bioassays, spiders overwhelmingly rejected the wingless Gelis species, preferring A. nens and C. glomerata. However, spiders exhibited no preference for either A. nens or G. areator, both of which are winged. Wingless gelines exhibited several ant-like traits, perhaps accounting for the reluctance of spiders to attack them. On the other hand, despite producing sulcatone, the winged G. areator more closely resembles other winged cryptines like A. nens, making it harder for spiders to distinguish between these two species. C. glomerata was also preferred by spiders over A. nens, suggesting that other non-sulcatone producing cryptines nevertheless possess traits that make them less attractive as prey. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Cryptinae reveals that G. hortensis and G. proximus are ‘sister’species, with G. agilis, and G.areator in particular evolving along more distant trajectories. We discuss the possibility that wingless Gelis species have evolved a suite of ant-like traits as a form, of mimicry to repel predators on the ground.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700, AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marl Lammers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Marien
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans Knoel Str 8, DE-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1177, USA
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700, AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6700, EH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soufbaf M, Fathipour Y, Harvey JA, Hui C. Finish line plant-insect interactions mediated by insect feeding mode and plant interference: a case study of Brassica interactions with diamondback moth and turnip aphid. Insect Sci 2018; 25:690-702. [PMID: 28092131 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There are gaps in our understanding of plant responses under different insect phytophagy modes and their subsequent effects on the insect herbivores' performance at late season. Here we compared different types of insect feeding by an aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, and a lepidopteran, Plutella xylostella, and how this affected defensive metabolites in leaves of 2 Brassica species when plants gain maturity. Thiocyanate concentrations after P. xylostella and L. erysimi feeding activities were the same. Total phenolics was higher after the phloem feeder feeding than the folivore activity. The plants compensatory responses (i.e., tolerance) to L. erysimi feeding was significantly higher than the responses to P. xylostella. This study showed that L. erysimi had higher carbon than P. xylostella whereas nitrogen in P. xylostella was 1.42 times that in L. erysimi. Population size of the phloem feeder was not affected by plant species or insect coexistence. However, there was no correlation between plant defensive metabolites and both insects' population size and biomass. This suggests that plant root biomass and tolerance index after different insect herbivory modes are not necessarily unidirectional. Importantly, the interaction between the folivore and the phloem feeder insects is asymmetric and the phloem feeder might be a trickier problem for plants than the folivore. Moreover, as both plants' common and special defenses decreased under interspecific interference, we suggest that specialist insect herbivores can be more challenged in ecosystems in which plants are not involved in interspecific interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Soufbaf
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathipour
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cang Hui
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
- Mathematical and Physical Biosciences, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Heinen R, Biere A, Harvey JA, Bezemer TM. Effects of Soil Organisms on Aboveground Plant-Insect Interactions in the Field: Patterns, Mechanisms and the Role of Methodology. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
32
|
Zhu F, Cusumano A, Bloem J, Weldegergis BT, Villela A, Fatouros NE, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Harvey JA, Vogel H, Poelman EH. Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5205-5210. [PMID: 29712841 PMCID: PMC5960289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid's progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid's progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen C, Biere A, Gols R, Halfwerk W, van Oers K, Harvey JA. Responses of insect herbivores and their food plants to wind exposure and the importance of predation risk. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1046-1057. [PMID: 29672852 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wind is an important abiotic factor that influences an array of biological processes, but it is rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here, we tested whether wind exposure could directly or indirectly affect the performance of two insect herbivores, Plutella xylostella and Pieris brassicae, feeding on Brassica nigra plants. In a greenhouse study using a factorial design, B. nigra plants were exposed to different wind regimes generated by fans before and after caterpillars were introduced on plants in an attempt to separate the effects of direct and indirect wind exposure on herbivores. Wind exposure delayed flowering, decreased plant height and increased leaf concentrations of amino acids and glucosinolates. Plant-mediated effects of wind on herbivores, that is effects of exposure of plants to wind prior to herbivore feeding, were generally small. However, development time of both herbivores was extended and adult body mass of P. xylostella was reduced when they were directly exposed to wind. By contrast, wind-exposed adult P. brassicae butterflies were significantly larger, revealing a trade-off between development time and adult size. Based on these results, we conducted a behavioural experiment to study preference by an avian predator, the great tit (Parus major) for last instar P. brassicae caterpillars on plants that were exposed to either control (no wind) or wind (fan-exposed) treatments. Tits captured significantly more caterpillars on still than on wind-exposed plants. Our results suggest that P. brassicae caterpillars are able to perceive the abiotic environment and to trade off the costs of extended development time against the benefits of increased size depending on the perceived risk of predation mediated by wind exposure. Such adaptive phenotypic plasticity in insects has not yet been described in response to wind exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Halfwerk
- Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Science, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gols R, van Dam NM, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Raaijmakers CE, Bullock JM, Harvey JA. Seasonal and herbivore-induced dynamics of foliar glucosinolates in wild cabbage ( Brassica oleracea). CHEMOECOLOGY 2018; 28:77-89. [PMID: 29904237 PMCID: PMC5988764 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Levels of plant secondary metabolites are not static and often change in relation to plant ontogeny. They also respond to abiotic and biotic changes in the environment, e.g., they often increase in response to biotic stress, such as herbivory. In contrast with short-lived annual plant species, especially those with growing periods of less than 2-3 months, investment in defensive compounds of vegetative tissues in biennial and perennial species may also vary over the course of an entire growing season. In garden experiments, we investigated the dynamics of secondary metabolites, i.e. glucosinolates (GSLs) in the perennial wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea), which was grown from seeds originating from three populations that differ in GSL chemistry. We compared temporal long-term dynamics of GSLs over the course of two growing seasons and short-term dynamics in response to herbivory by Pieris rapae caterpillars in a more controlled greenhouse experiment. Long-term dynamics differed for aliphatic GSLs (gradual increase from May to December) and indole GSLs (rapid increase until mid-summer after which concentrations decreased or stabilized). In spring, GSL levels in new shoots were similar to those found in the previous year. Short-term dynamics in response to herbivory primarily affected indole GSLs, which increased during the 2-week feeding period by P. rapae. Herbivore-induced changes in the concentrations of aliphatic GSLs were population-specific and their concentrations were found to increase in primarily one population only. We discuss our results considering the biology and ecology of wild cabbage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Harvey JA, Gols R. Effects of plant-mediated differences in host quality on the development of two related endoparasitoids with different host-utilization strategies. J Insect Physiol 2018; 107:110-115. [PMID: 29555347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among parasitoids that develop inside the bodies of feeding, growing hosts (so-called 'koinobiont' endoparasitoids), two strategies have evolved to dispose of host resources. The larvae of one group consumes most host tissues before pupation, whereas in the other the parasitoid larvae consume only host hemolymph and fat body and at maturity emerge through the host cuticle to pupate externally. Here we compared development and survival (to adult emergence) of two related larval endoparasitoids (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Larvae of Dolichogenidea sicaria are tissue feeders whereas larvae of Cotesia vestalis are hemolymph feeders. Here, development of P. xylostella and the two parasitoids was compared on three populations (one cultivar [Cyrus], two wild, [Winspit and Kimmeridge]) of cabbage that have been shown to vary in direct defense and hence quality. Survival of P. xylostella and C. vestalis (to adult eclosion) did not vary with cabbage population, but did so in D. sicaria, where survival was lower when reared on the wild populations than on the cultivar. Furthermore, adult herbivore mass was significantly higher and development was significantly shorter in moths reared on the cultivar. The tissue-feeing D. sicaria was larger but took longer to develop than the hemolymph-feeder C. vestalis. The performance of both parasitoids was better on the cabbage cultivar than on the wild populations, although the effects were less apparent than in the host. Our results show that (1) differences in plant quality are diffused up the food chain, and (2) the effects of host quality are reflected on the development of both parasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Ecological Sciences - Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Harvey JA, van den Berg D, Ellers J, Kampen R, Crowther TW, Roessingh P, Verheggen B, Nuijten RJM, Post E, Lewandowsky S, Stirling I, Balgopal M, Amstrup SC, Mann ME. Corrigendum: Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy. Bioscience 2018; 68:237. [PMID: 29664475 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix133.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen.,Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van den Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen, and with the Institute of Integrative Biology, in Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Rascha J M Nuijten
- Department of Animal Ecology at Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology at the University of California, Davis
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Experimental Psychology and Cabot Institute at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom, and with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian Stirling
- Wildlife Research Division of Environment and Climate Change Canada, and with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meena Balgopal
- Department of Biology at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Steven C Amstrup
- Polar Bears International, in Bozeman, Montana, and with the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming, in Laramie
| | - Michael E Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Pennsylvania State University, in University Park
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Harvey JA, van den Berg D, Ellers J, Kampen R, Crowther TW, Roessingh P, Verheggen B, Nuijten RJM, Post E, Lewandowsky S, Stirling I, Balgopal M, Amstrup SC, Mann ME. Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy. Bioscience 2018; 68:281-287. [PMID: 29662248 PMCID: PMC5894087 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing surface temperatures, Arctic sea-ice loss, and other evidence of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) are acknowledged by every major scientific organization in the world. However, there is a wide gap between this broad scientific consensus and public opinion. Internet blogs have strongly contributed to this consensus gap by fomenting misunderstandings of AGW causes and consequences. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have become a "poster species" for AGW, making them a target of those denying AGW evidence. Here, focusing on Arctic sea ice and polar bears, we show that blogs that deny or downplay AGW disregard the overwhelming scientific evidence of Arctic sea-ice loss and polar bear vulnerability. By denying the impacts of AGW on polar bears, bloggers aim to cast doubt on other established ecological consequences of AGW, aggravating the consensus gap. To counter misinformation and reduce this gap, scientists should directly engage the public in the media and blogosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen. JAH
| | - Daphne van den Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences–Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences–Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen, and with the Institute of Integrative Biology, in Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Rascha J M Nuijten
- Department of Animal Ecology at Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology at the University of California, Davis
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Experimental Psychology and Cabot Institute at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom, and with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian Stirling
- Wildlife Research Division of Environment and Climate Change Canada, and with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meena Balgopal
- Department of Biology at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Steven C Amstrup
- Polar Bears International, in Bozeman, Montana, and with the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming, in Laramie
| | - Michael E Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Pennsylvania State University, in University Park
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Harvey JA, van den Berg D, Ellers J, Kampen R, Crowther TW, Roessingh P, Verheggen B, Nuijten RJM, Post E, Lewandowsky S, Stirling I, Balgopal M, Amstrup SC, Mann ME. Corrigendum: Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy. Neurosurgery 2018; 68:4955839. [PMID: 29608770 DOI: 10.1093/bioscience/biy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen
- Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | - Daphne van den Berg
- Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- Department of Ecological Sciences-Animal Ecology at the VU University Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen, and with the Institute of Integrative Biology, in Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Roessingh
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands
| | | | - Rascha J M Nuijten
- Department of Animal Ecology at Netherlands Institute of Ecology, in Wageningen
| | - Eric Post
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology at the University of California, Davis
| | - Stephan Lewandowsky
- School of Experimental Psychology and Cabot Institute at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom, and with CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ian Stirling
- Wildlife Research Division of Environment and Climate Change Canada, and with the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meena Balgopal
- Department of Biology at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Steven C Amstrup
- Polar Bears International, in Bozeman, Montana, and with the Department of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming, in Laramie
| | - Michael E Mann
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Pennsylvania State University, in University Park
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hiroyoshi S, Harvey JA, Nakamatsu Y, Nemoto H, Mitsuhashi J, Mitsunaga T, Tanaka T. Potential Host Range of the Larval Endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis ( =plutellae) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Int J Insect Sci 2017; 9:1179543317715623. [PMID: 35241962 PMCID: PMC8848047 DOI: 10.1177/1179543317715623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many parasitoid wasps are highly specialized in nature, attacking only one or a few species of hosts. Host range is often determined by a range of biological and ecological characteristics of the host including diet, growth potential, immunity, and phylogeny. The solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia vestalis, mainly parasitizes diamondback moth (DBM) larvae in the field, although it has been reported that to possess a relatively wide lepidopteran host range. To better understand the biology of C vestalis as a potential biological control of hosts other than the DBM, it is necessary to determine suitability for potential hosts. In this study, the potential host range of the wasp and its developmental capacity in each host larva were examined under laboratory conditions using 27 lepidopteran species from 10 families. The wasp was able to parasitize 15 of the 27 species successfully. Some host species were not able to exclude C vestalis via their internal physiological defenses. When parasitization was unsuccessful, most hosts killed the parasitoid at the egg stage or early first-instar stage using encapsulation, but some host species disturbed the development of the parasitoid at various stages. No phylogenetic relationships were found among suitable and unsuitable hosts, revealing that host range in some endoparasitoids is not constrained by relatedness among hosts based on immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hisashi Nemoto
- Saitama Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Mitsunaga
- Central Region of Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Nagoya University in Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia Satellite Campus, Cambodia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fei M, Harvey JA, Yin Y, Gols R. Oviposition Preference for Young Plants by the Large Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris brassicae ) Does not Strongly Correlate with Caterpillar Performance. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:617-629. [PMID: 28620771 PMCID: PMC5501907 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of temporal variation in the quality of short-lived annual plants on oviposition preference and larval performance of insect herbivores has thus far received little attention. This study examines the effects of plant age on female oviposition preference and offspring performance in the large cabbage white butterfly Pieris brassicae. Adult female butterflies lay variable clusters of eggs on the underside of short-lived annual species in the family Brassicaceae, including the short-lived annuals Brassica nigra and Sinapis arvensis, which are important food plants for P. brassicae in The Netherlands. Here, we compared oviposition preference and larval performance of P. brassicae on three age classes (young, mature, and pre-senescing) of B. nigra and S. arvensis plants. Oviposition preference of P. brassicae declined with plant age in both plant species. Whereas larvae performed similarly on all three age classes in B. nigra, preference and performance were weakly correlated in S. arvensis. Analysis of primary (sugars and amino acids) and secondary (glucosinolates) chemistry in the plant shoots revealed that differences in their quality and quantity were more pronounced with respect to tissue type (leaves vs. flowers) than among different developmental stages of both plant species. Butterflies of P. brassicae may prefer younger and smaller plants for oviposition anticipating that future plant growth and size is optimally synchronized with the final larval instar, which contributes >80% of larval growth before pupation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Harvey JA, Essens TA, Las RA, van Veen C, Visser B, Ellers J, Heinen R, Gols R. Honey and honey-based sugars partially affect reproductive trade-offs in parasitoids exhibiting different life-history and reproductive strategies. J Insect Physiol 2017; 98:134-140. [PMID: 28017729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult dietary regimes in insects may affect egg production, fecundity and ultimately fitness. This is especially relevant in parasitoid wasps where many species serve as important biological control agents of agricultural pests. Here, we tested the effect of honey and sugar diets on daily fecundity schedules, lifetime reproductive success and longevity in four species of parasitoid wasps when reared on their respective hosts. The parasitoid species were selected based on dichotomies in host usage strategies and reproductive traits. Gelis agilis and G. areator are idiobiont ecto-parasitoids that develop in non-growing hosts, feed on protein-rich host fluids to maximize reproduction as adults and produce small numbers of large eggs. Meteorus pulchricornis and Microplitis mediator are koinobiont endoparasitoids that develop inside the bodies of growing hosts, do not host-feed, and produce greater numbers of small eggs. Parasitoids were reared on diets of either pure honey (containing trace amounts of proteins), heated honey (with denatured proteins) and a honey-mimic containing sugars only. We hypothesized that the benefits of proteins in honey would enhance reproduction in the ectoparasitoids due to their high metabolic investment per egg, but not in the koinobionts. Pure honey diet resulted in higher lifetime fecundity in G. agilis compared with the honey-mimic, whereas in both koinobionts, reproductive success did not vary significantly with diet. Longevity was less affected by diet in all of the parasitoids, although there were variable trade-offs between host access and longevity in the four species. We argue that there are both trait-based and association-specific effects of supplementary nutrients in honey on reproductive investment and success in parasitoid wasps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; VU University Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tijl A Essens
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger A Las
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaasesteeg 1, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Veen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaasesteeg 1, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jacintha Ellers
- VU University Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaasesteeg 1, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Visser B, Willett DS, Harvey JA, Alborn HT. Concurrence in the ability for lipid synthesis between life stages in insects. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160815. [PMID: 28405368 PMCID: PMC5383825 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability to synthesize lipids is critical for an organism's fitness; hence, metabolic pathways, underlying lipid synthesis, tend to be highly conserved. Surprisingly, the majority of parasitoids deviate from this general metabolic model by lacking the ability to convert sugars and other carbohydrates into lipids. These insects spend the first part of their life feeding and developing in or on an arthropod host, during which they can carry over a substantial amount of lipid reserves. While many parasitoid species have been tested for lipogenic ability at the adult life stage, it has remained unclear whether parasitoid larvae can synthesize lipids. Here we investigate whether or not several insects can synthesize lipids during the larval stage using three ectoparasitic wasps (developing on the outside of the host) and the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster that differ in lipogenic ability in the adult life stage. Using feeding experiments and stable isotope tracing with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we first confirm lipogenic abilities in the adult life stage. Using topical application of stable isotopes in developing larvae, we then provide clear evidence of concurrence in lipogenic ability between larval and adult life stages in all species tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertanne Visser
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261 CNRS/Université François-Rabelais de Tours, Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Denis S. Willett
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans T. Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
McDonald HM, O'Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, Jolley PT, Harvey JA, Bof A, Mcdonald PJ. Metronidazole treatment of bacterial vaginosis flora and its effect on preterm birth. Int J STD AIDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1258/0956462971919426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - A Bof
- Lyell McEwin Health Service
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huberty M, Tielbörger K, Harvey JA, Müller C, Macel M. Erratum to: Chemical Defenses (Glucosinolates) of Native and Invasive Populations of the Range Expanding Invasive Plant Rorippa austriaca. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1099. [PMID: 27734250 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Huberty
- Plant Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Plant Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mirka Macel
- Plant Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fei M, Harvey JA, Weldegergis BT, Huang T, Reijngoudt K, Vet LM, Gols R. Integrating Insect Life History and Food Plant Phenology: Flexible Maternal Choice Is Adaptive. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1263. [PMID: 27527153 PMCID: PMC5000661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience of insect herbivores and their natural enemies in the natal habitat is considered to affect their likelihood of accepting a similar habitat or plant/host during dispersal. Growing phenology of food plants and the number of generations in the insects further determines lability of insect behavioural responses at eclosion. We studied the effect of rearing history on oviposition preference in a multivoltine herbivore (Pieris brassicae), and foraging behaviour in the endoparasitoid wasp (Cotesia glomerata) a specialist enemy of P. brassicae. Different generations of the insects are obligatorily associated with different plants in the Brassicaceae, e.g., Brassica rapa, Brassica nigra and Sinapis arvensis, exhibiting different seasonal phenologies in The Netherlands. Food plant preference of adults was examined when the insects had been reared on each of the three plant species for one generation. Rearing history only marginally affected oviposition preference of P. brassicae butterflies, but they never preferred the plant on which they had been reared. C. glomerata had a clear preference for host-infested B. rapa plants, irrespective of rearing history. Higher levels of the glucosinolate breakdown product 3-butenyl isothiocyanate in the headspace of B. rapa plants could explain enhanced attractiveness. Our results reveal the potential importance of flexible plant choice for female multivoltine insects in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fei
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Section Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tzeyi Huang
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Kimmy Reijngoudt
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Louise M Vet
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Harvey JA, Fei M, Lammers M, Kos M, Zhu F, Heinen R, Poelman EH, Gols R. Development of a solitary koinobiont hyperparasitoid in different instars of its primary and secondary hosts. J Insect Physiol 2016; 90:36-42. [PMID: 27255478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are excellent organisms for studying the allocation of host resources to different fitness functions such as adult body mass and development time. Koinobiont parasitoids attack hosts that continue feeding and growing during parasitism, whereas idiobiont parasitoids attack non-growing host stages or paralyzed hosts. Many adult female koinobionts attack a broad range of host stages and are therefore faced with a different set of dynamic challenges compared with idiobionts, where host resources are largely static. Thus far studies on solitary koinobionts have been almost exclusively based on primary parasitoids, yet it is known that many of these are in turn attacked by both koinobiont and idiobiont hyperparasitoids. Here we compare parasitism and development of a primary koinobiont hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus gemellus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in larvae of the gregarious primary koinobiont parasitoid, Cotesia glomerata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developing in the secondary herbivore host, Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). As far as we know this is the first study to examine development of a solitary primary hyperparasitoid in different stages of its secondary herbivore host. Pieris brassicae caterpillars were parasitized as L1 by C. glomerata and then these parasitized caterpillars were presented in separate cohorts to M. gemellus as L3, L4 or L5 instar P. brassicae. Different instars of the secondary hosts were used as proxies for different developmental stages of the primary host, C. glomerata. Larvae of C. glomerata in L5 P. brassicae were significantly longer than those in L3 and L4 caterpillars. Irrespective of secondary host instar, every parasitoid cluster was hyperparasitized by M. gemellus but all only produced male progeny. Male development time decreased with host stage attacked, whereas adult male body mass did not, which shows that M. gemellus is able to optimally exploit older host larvae in terms of adult size despite their decreasing mass during the pupal stage. Across a range of cocoon masses, hyperparasitoid adult male body mass was approximately 84% as large as primary parasitoids, revealing that M. gemellus is almost as efficient at exploiting host resources as secondary (pupal) hyperparasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Vrije Universeteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Minghui Fei
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Lammers
- Vrije Universeteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Kos
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Coexistence or displacement of parasitoids in hosts during intrinsic competitive interactions between different parasitoid species (multiparasitism) may depend on their life history traits and behavior. Intense competition for possession of hosts may lead to the elimination of the inferior competitor through physical attack and/or physiological suppression. However, the mechanisms of physiological suppression during multiparasitism remain unclear. Previous work has shown that first instar larvae of the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis possess well-developed mandibles that are used to kill competitors. Two gregarious endoparasitoids, Cotesia kariyai and C. rufricus, share host resources especially when the time gap of oviposition is short. Here, we investigated the physiological influence of wasp-regulatory factors of the three endoparasitoids, M. pulchricornis, C. kariyai, and C. ruficrus, in their common host Mythimna separata. We found that MpVLP alone (or with venom) deleteriously affected the development of the two gregarious species. Similarly, CkPDV plus venom had toxic effect on M. pulchricornis eggs and immature larvae, although they were not harmful to immature stages of C. ruficrus. Cotesia kariyai and C. ruficrus were able to coexist mainly through the expression of regulatory factors and both could successfully emerge from a multiparasitized host. The injection of CkPDV plus venom after oviposition in L5 host larvae facilitated C. ruficrus development and increased the rate of successful parasitism from 9% to 62%. This suggests that the two gregarious parasitoid wasps exhibit strong phylogenetic affinity, favoring their coexistence and success in multiparasitized hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Magdaraog
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands and Amsterdam Free University
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Heinen R, Gols R, Harvey JA. Black and Garlic Mustard Plants Are Highly Suitable for the Development of Two Native Pierid Butterflies. Environ Entomol 2016; 45:671-676. [PMID: 27106821 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In multivoltine insects that oviposit and develop on short-lived plants, different herbivore generations across a growing season often exploit different plant species. Here, we compare the development time, pupal mass, and survival of two closely related oligophagous herbivore species on two species of brassicaceous plants that grow in different habitats and which exhibit little overlap in temporal growth phenology. In central Europe, the green-veined white butterfly, Pieris napi L., is bivoltine, whereas the small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L., has two to three generations a year. Moreover, P. napi is primarily found in moist, open (e.g., meadow), and forest habitats, whereas P. rapae prefers drier, open habitats. Both butterflies were reared on Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), which is shade-tolerant and grows early in spring in forest undergrowth, and Black mustard (Brassica nigra), which prefers open disturbed habitats and is most common in summer. Both host plant species differ in other traits such as secondary chemistry. We hypothesized that, owing to habitat preference, P. napi would develop equally well on both plants but that P. rapae would perform better on B. nigra. The results provide partial support for this hypothesis, as both herbivores performed equally well on A. petiolata and B. nigra. However, there were differences in these parameters that were species-specific: on both plants P. rapae developed faster and had larger pupae than P. napi. Our results show that specialized herbivores can exploit different species of related plants that grow at different times of the season, enabling them to have multiple generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Heinen
- 1Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands (; )
- 2Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708-PB Wageningen, The Netherlands , and
| | - Rieta Gols
- 1Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands (; )
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- 2Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708-PB Wageningen, The Netherlands , and
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Pekas
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Cami de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA; Moncada València 46113 Spain
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Ferran Garcia-Marí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Cami de Vera 14 46022 València Spain
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; Droevendaalsesteeg 1 Building 107 PO Box 16 6700AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Loxdale HD, Harvey JA. The ‘generalism’ debate: misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|