1
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Gartside SE, Olthof BM, Rees A. Motor, somatosensory, and executive cortical areas elicit monosynaptic and polysynaptic neuronal activity in the auditory midbrain. Hear Res 2024; 447:109009. [PMID: 38670009 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported that the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (the auditory midbrain) is innervated by glutamatergic pyramidal cells originating not only in auditory cortex (AC), but also in multiple 'non-auditory' regions of the cerebral cortex. Here, in anaesthetised rats, we used optogenetics and electrical stimulation, combined with recording in the inferior colliculus to determine the functional influence of these descending connections. Specifically, we determined the extent of monosynaptic excitation and the influence of these descending connections on spontaneous activity in the inferior colliculus. A retrograde virus encoding both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and channelrhodopsin (ChR2) injected into the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) resulted in GFP expression in discrete groups of cells in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Light stimulation of AC and primary motor cortex (M1) caused local activation of cortical neurones and increased the firing rate of neurones in ICc indicating a direct excitatory input from AC and M1 to ICc with a restricted distribution. In naïve animals, electrical stimulation at multiple different sites within M1, secondary motor, somatosensory, and prefrontal cortices increased firing rate in ICc. However, it was notable that stimulation at some adjacent sites failed to influence firing at the recording site in ICc. Responses in ICc comprised singular spikes of constant shape and size which occurred with a short, and fixed latency (∼ 5 ms) consistent with monosynaptic excitation of individual ICc units. Increasing the stimulus current decreased the latency of these spikes, suggesting more rapid depolarization of cortical neurones, and increased the number of (usually adjacent) channels on which a monosynaptic spike was seen, suggesting recruitment of increasing numbers of cortical neurons. Electrical stimulation of cortical regions also evoked longer latency, longer duration increases in firing activity, comprising multiple units with spikes occurring with significant temporal jitter, consistent with polysynaptic excitation. Increasing the stimulus current increased the number of spikes in these polysynaptic responses and increased the number of channels on which the responses were observed, although the magnitude of the responses always diminished away from the most activated channels. Together our findings indicate descending connections from motor, somatosensory and executive cortical regions directly activate small numbers of ICc neurones and that this in turn leads to extensive polysynaptic activation of local circuits within the ICc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gartside
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Bas Mj Olthof
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Rees
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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2
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Huang S, Liu X, Lin S, Glynn C, Felix K, Sahasrabudhe A, Maley C, Xu J, Chen W, Hong E, Crosby AJ, Wang Q, Rao S. Control of polymers' amorphous-crystalline transition enables miniaturization and multifunctional integration for hydrogel bioelectronics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3525. [PMID: 38664445 PMCID: PMC11045824 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47988-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft bioelectronic devices exhibit motion-adaptive properties for neural interfaces to investigate complex neural circuits. Here, we develop a fabrication approach through the control of metamorphic polymers' amorphous-crystalline transition to miniaturize and integrate multiple components into hydrogel bioelectronics. We attain an about 80% diameter reduction in chemically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel fibers in a fully hydrated state. This strategy allows regulation of hydrogel properties, including refractive index (1.37-1.40 at 480 nm), light transmission (>96%), stretchability (139-169%), bending stiffness (4.6 ± 1.4 N/m), and elastic modulus (2.8-9.3 MPa). To exploit the applications, we apply step-index hydrogel optical probes in the mouse ventral tegmental area, coupled with fiber photometry recordings and social behavioral assays. Additionally, we fabricate carbon nanotubes-PVA hydrogel microelectrodes by incorporating conductive nanomaterials in hydrogel for spontaneous neural activities recording. We enable simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recordings of light-triggered neural activities in Channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shaoting Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Glynn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kayla Felix
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Atharva Sahasrabudhe
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Collin Maley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eunji Hong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Qianbin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Siyuan Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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3
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Ott S, Xu S, Lee N, Hong I, Anns J, Suresh DD, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Harion R, Ye W, Chandramouli V, Jesuthasan S, Saheki Y, Claridge-Chang A. Kalium channelrhodopsins effectively inhibit neurons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3480. [PMID: 38658537 PMCID: PMC11043423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The analysis of neural circuits has been revolutionized by optogenetic methods. Light-gated chloride-conducting anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs)-recently emerged as powerful neuron inhibitors. For cells or sub-neuronal compartments with high intracellular chloride concentrations, however, a chloride conductance can have instead an activating effect. The recently discovered light-gated, potassium-conducting, kalium channelrhodopsins (KCRs) might serve as an alternative in these situations, with potentially broad application. As yet, KCRs have not been shown to confer potent inhibitory effects in small genetically tractable animals. Here, we evaluated the utility of KCRs to suppress behavior and inhibit neural activity in Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish. In direct comparisons with ACR1, a KCR1 variant with enhanced plasma-membrane trafficking displayed comparable potency, but with improved properties that include reduced toxicity and superior efficacy in putative high-chloride cells. This comparative analysis of behavioral inhibition between chloride- and potassium-selective silencing tools establishes KCRs as next-generation optogenetic inhibitors for in vivo circuit analysis in behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Ott
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangyu Xu
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicole Lee
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ivan Hong
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Anns
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Danesha Devini Suresh
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianyuan Zhang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raihanah Harion
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weiying Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vaishnavi Chandramouli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suresh Jesuthasan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam Claridge-Chang
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Szundi I, Kliger DS. The open channel state in anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1 is a red-absorbing intermediate. Biophys J 2024; 123:940-946. [PMID: 38462839 PMCID: PMC11052691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1 is a powerful optogenetic tool to inhibit nerve activity. Its kinetic mechanism was interpreted in terms of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, and the L intermediate was assigned to the open channel state. Here, we report the results of the comparison between the time dependence of the channel currents and the time evolutions of the K-like and L-like spectral forms. Based on the results, we question the current view on GtACR1 kinetics and the assignment of the L intermediate to the open channel state. We report evidence for a red-absorbing intermediate being responsible for channel opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Szundi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - David S Kliger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California.
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5
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Wang J, Platz-Baudin E, Noetzel E, Offenhäusser A, Maybeck V. Expressing Optogenetic Actuators Fused to N-terminal Mucin Motifs Delivers Targets to Specific Subcellular Compartments in Polarized Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300428. [PMID: 38015104 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a powerful approach in neuroscience research. However, other tissues of the body may benefit from controlled ion currents and neuroscience may benefit from more precise optogenetic expression. The present work constructs three subcellularly-targeted optogenetic actuators based on the channelrhodopsin ChR2-XXL, utilizing 5, 10, or 15 tandem repeats (TR) from mucin as N-terminal targeting motifs and evaluates expression in several polarized and non-polarized cell types. The modified channelrhodopsin maintains its electrophysiological properties, which can be used to produce continuous membrane depolarization, despite the expected size of the repeats. This work then shows that these actuators are subcellularly localized in polarized cells. In polarized epithelial cells, all three actuators localize to just the lateral membrane. The TR-tagged constructs also express subcellularly in cortical neurons, where TR5-ChR2XXL and TR10-ChR2XXL mainly target the somatodendrites. Moreover, the transfection efficiencies are shown to be dependent on cell type and tandem repeat length. Overall, this work verifies that the targeting motifs from epithelial cells can be used to localize optogenetic actuators in both epithelia and neurons, opening epithelia processes to optogenetic manipulation and providing new possibilities to target optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Wang
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Platz-Baudin
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Erik Noetzel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
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6
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Huang S, Shen L, Roelfsema MRG, Becker D, Hedrich R. Light-gated channelrhodopsin sparks proton-induced calcium release in guard cells. Science 2023; 382:1314-1318. [PMID: 38096275 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been long-standing recognition that stimuli-induced cytosolic pH alterations coincide with changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, the interdependence between protons (H+) and Ca2+ remains poorly understood. We addressed this topic using the light-gated channelrhodopsin HcKCR2 from the pseudofungus Hyphochytrium catenoides, which operates as a H+ conductive, Ca2+ impermeable ion channel on the plasma membrane of plant cells. Light activation of HcKCR2 in Arabidopsis guard cells evokes a transient cytoplasmic acidification that sparks Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. A H+-induced cytosolic Ca2+ signal results in membrane depolarization through the activation of Ca2+-dependent SLAC1/SLAH3 anion channels, which enabled us to remotely control stomatal movement. Our study suggests a H+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism in plant cells and establishes HcKCR2 as a tool to dissect the molecular basis of plant intracellular pH and Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Like Shen
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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7
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Lin F, Tang R, Zhang C, Scholz N, Nagel G, Gao S. Combining different ion-selective channelrhodopsins to control water flux by light. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1375-1385. [PMID: 37670155 PMCID: PMC10730689 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Water transport through water channels, aquaporins (AQPs), is vital for many physiological processes including epithelial fluid secretion, cell migration and adipocyte metabolism. Water flux through AQPs is driven by the osmotic gradient that results from concentration differences of solutes including ions. Here, we developed a novel optogenetic toolkit that combines the light-gated anion channel GtACR1 either with the light-gated K+ channel HcKCR1 or the new Na+ channelrhodopsin HcNCR1 with high Na+ permeability, to manipulate water transport in Xenopus oocytes non-invasively. Water efflux through AQP was achieved by light-activating K+ and Cl- efflux through HcKCR1 and GtACR1. Contrarily, when GtACR1 was co-expressed with HcNCR1, inward movement of Na+ and Cl- was light-triggered, and the resulting osmotic gradient led to water influx through AQP1. In sum, we demonstrate a novel optogenetic strategy to manipulate water movement into or out of Xenopus oocytes non-invasively. This approach provides a new avenue to interfere with water homeostasis as a means to study related biological phenomena across cell types and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ruijing Tang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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8
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Ansarifar S, Andreikė G, Nazari M, Labouriau R, Nabavi S, Moreno A. Impact of volume and expression time in an AAV-delivered channelrhodopsin. Mol Brain 2023; 16:77. [PMID: 37950268 PMCID: PMC10638758 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionised neuroscience research, but at the same time has brought a plethora of new variables to consider when designing an experiment with AAV-based targeted gene delivery. Some concerns have been raised regarding the impact of AAV injection volume and expression time in relation to longitudinal experimental designs. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of optically evoked post-synaptic responses in connection to two variables: the volume of the injected virus and the expression time of the virus. For this purpose, we expressed the blue-shifted ChR2, oChIEF, employing a widely used AAV vector delivery strategy. We found that the volume of the injected virus has a minimal impact on the efficiency of optically-evoked postsynaptic population responses. The expression time, on the other hand, has a pronounced effect, with a gradual reduction in the population responses beyond 4 weeks of expression. We strongly advise to monitor time-dependent expression profiles when planning or conducting long-term experiments that depend on successful and stable channelrhodopsin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ansarifar
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gabija Andreikė
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Milad Nazari
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Labouriau
- Applied Statistics Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sadegh Nabavi
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea Moreno
- Danish Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Centre for Proteins in Memory (PROMEMO), Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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9
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Ohki Y, Shinone T, Inoko S, Sudo M, Demura M, Kikukawa T, Tsukamoto T. The preferential transport of NO 3- by full-length Guillardia theta anion channelrhodopsin 1 is enhanced by its extended cytoplasmic domain. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105305. [PMID: 37778732 PMCID: PMC10637977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research of anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) has been performed using cytoplasmic domain (CPD)-deleted constructs and therefore have overlooked the native functions of full-length ACRs and the potential functional role(s) of the CPD. In this study, we used the recombinant expression of full-length Guillardia theta ACR1 (GtACR1_full) for pH measurements in Pichia pastoris cell suspensions as an indirect method to assess its anion transport activity and for absorption spectroscopy and flash photolysis characterization of the purified protein. The results show that the CPD, which was predicted to be intrinsically disordered and possibly phosphorylated, enhanced NO3- transport compared to Cl- transport, which resulted in the preferential transport of NO3-. This correlated with the extended lifetime and large accumulation of the photocycle intermediate that is involved in the gate-open state. Considering that the depletion of a nitrogen source enhances the expression of GtACR1 in native algal cells, we suggest that NO3- transport could be the natural function of GtACR1_full in algal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Ohki
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Shinone
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sayo Inoko
- Division of Macromolecular Functions, Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miu Sudo
- Division of Macromolecular Functions, Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Demura
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Macromolecular Functions, Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Macromolecular Functions, Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsukamoto
- Division of Soft Matter, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Macromolecular Functions, Department of Biological Science, School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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10
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Schleissner P, Szundi I, Chen E, Li H, Spudich JL, Kliger DS. Isospectral intermediates in the photochemical reaction cycle of anion channelrhodopsin GtACR1. Biophys J 2023; 122:4091-4103. [PMID: 37749886 PMCID: PMC10598346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The most effective tested optogenetic tools available for neuronal silencing are the light-gated anion channel proteins found in the cryptophyte alga Guillardia theta (GtACRs). Molecular mechanisms of GtACRs, including the photointermediates responsible for the open channel state, are of great interest for understanding their exceptional conductance. In this study, the photoreactions of GtACR1 and its D234N, A75E, and S97E mutants were investigated using multichannel time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. For each of the proteins, the analysis showed two early microsecond transitions between K-like and L-like forms and two late millisecond recovery steps. Spectral forms associated with potential molecular intermediates of the proteins were derived and their evolutions in time were analyzed. The results indicate the presence of isospectral intermediates in the photocycles and expand the range of potential intermediates responsible for the open channel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Schleissner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Istvan Szundi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Eefei Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Hai Li
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - John L Spudich
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - David S Kliger
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California.
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11
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Govorunova EG, Sineshchekov OA. Channelrhodopsins: From Phototaxis to Optogenetics. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2023; 88:1555-1570. [PMID: 38105024 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins stand out among other retinal proteins because of their capacity to generate passive ionic currents following photoactivation. Owing to that, channelrhodopsins are widely used in neuroscience and cardiology as instruments for optogenetic manipulation of the activity of excitable cells. Photocurrents generated by channelrhodopsins were first discovered in the cells of green algae in the 1970s. In this review we describe this discovery and discuss the current state of research in the field.
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12
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Tajima S, Kim YS, Fukuda M, Jo Y, Wang PY, Paggi JM, Inoue M, Byrne EFX, Kishi KE, Nakamura S, Ramakrishnan C, Takaramoto S, Nagata T, Konno M, Sugiura M, Katayama K, Matsui TE, Yamashita K, Kim S, Ikeda H, Kim J, Kandori H, Dror RO, Inoue K, Deisseroth K, Kato HE. Structural basis for ion selectivity in potassium-selective channelrhodopsins. Cell 2023; 186:4325-4344.e26. [PMID: 37652010 PMCID: PMC7615185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
KCR channelrhodopsins (K+-selective light-gated ion channels) have received attention as potential inhibitory optogenetic tools but more broadly pose a fundamental mystery regarding how their K+ selectivity is achieved. Here, we present 2.5-2.7 Å cryo-electron microscopy structures of HcKCR1 and HcKCR2 and of a structure-guided mutant with enhanced K+ selectivity. Structural, electrophysiological, computational, spectroscopic, and biochemical analyses reveal a distinctive mechanism for K+ selectivity; rather than forming the symmetrical filter of canonical K+ channels achieving both selectivity and dehydration, instead, three extracellular-vestibule residues within each monomer form a flexible asymmetric selectivity gate, while a distinct dehydration pathway extends intracellularly. Structural comparisons reveal a retinal-binding pocket that induces retinal rotation (accounting for HcKCR1/HcKCR2 spectral differences), and design of corresponding KCR variants with increased K+ selectivity (KALI-1/KALI-2) provides key advantages for optogenetic inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Thus, discovery of a mechanism for ion-channel K+ selectivity also provides a framework for next-generation optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Tajima
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Fukuda
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter Y Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Paggi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Koichiro E Kishi
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiwa Nakamura
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shunki Takaramoto
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masae Konno
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Japan
| | - Kota Katayama
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Japan
| | - Toshiki E Matsui
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suhyang Kim
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Ikeda
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaeah Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hideki Kandori
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Japan; OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Japan
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hideaki E Kato
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; FOREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
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13
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Hisey E, Purkey A, Gao Y, Hossain K, Soderling SH, Ressler KJ. A Ventromedial Prefrontal-to-Lateral Entorhinal Cortex Pathway Modulates the Gain of Behavioral Responding During Threat. Biol Psychiatry 2023; 94:239-248. [PMID: 36925415 PMCID: PMC10354215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to correctly associate cues and contexts with threat is critical for survival, and the inability to do so can result in threat-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus are well known to play critical roles in cued and contextual threat memory processing. However, the circuits that mediate prefrontal-hippocampal modulation of context discrimination during cued threat processing are less understood. Here, we demonstrate the role of a previously unexplored projection from the ventromedial region of PFC (vmPFC) to the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) in modulating the gain of behavior in response to contextual information during threat retrieval and encoding. METHODS We used optogenetics followed by in vivo calcium imaging in male C57/B6J mice to manipulate and monitor vmPFC-LEC activity in response to threat-associated cues in different contexts. We then investigated the inputs to, and outputs from, vmPFC-LEC cells using Rabies tracing and channelrhodopsin-assisted electrophysiology. RESULTS vmPFC-LEC cells flexibly and bidirectionally shaped behavior during threat expression, shaping sensitivity to contextual information to increase or decrease the gain of behavioral output in response to a threatening or neutral context, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Glutamatergic vmPFC-LEC cells are key players in behavioral gain control in response to contextual information during threat processing and may provide a future target for intervention in threat-based disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hisey
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Alicia Purkey
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yudong Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kazi Hossain
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
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14
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Murata J, Unekawa M, Kudo Y, Kotani M, Kanno I, Izawa Y, Tomita Y, Tanaka KF, Nakahara J, Masamoto K. Acceleration of the Development of Microcirculation Embolism in the Brain due to Capillary Narrowing. Stroke 2023; 54:2135-2144. [PMID: 37309687 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.042416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microvascular obstruction is critically involved in recurrent stroke and decreased cerebral blood flow with age. The obstruction must occur in the capillary with a greater resistance to perfusion pressure through the microvascular networks. However, little is known about the relationship between capillary size and embolism formation. This study aimed to determine whether the capillary lumen space contributes to the development of microcirculation embolism. METHODS To spatiotemporally manipulate capillary diameters in vivo, transgenic mice expressing the light-gated cation channel protein ChR2 (channelrhodopsin-2) in mural cells were used. The spatiotemporal changes in the regional cerebral blood flow in response to the photoactivation of ChR2 mural cells were first characterized using laser speckle flowgraphy. Capillary responses to optimized photostimulation were then examined in vivo using 2-photon microscopy. Finally, microcirculation embolism due to intravenously injected fluorescent microbeads was compared under conditions with or without photoactivation of ChR2 mural cells. RESULTS Following transcranial photostimulation, the stimulation intensity-dependent decrease in cerebral blood flow centered at the irradiation was observed (14%-49% decreases relative to the baseline). The cerebrovascular response to photostimulation showed significant constriction of the cerebral arteries and capillaries but not of the veins. As a result of vasoconstriction, a temporal stall of red blood cell flow occurred in the capillaries of the venous sides. The 2-photon excitation of a single ChR2 pericyte demonstrated the partial shrinkage of capillaries (7% relative to the baseline) around the stimulated cell. With the intravenous injection of microbeads, the occurrence of microcirculation embolism was significantly enhanced (11% increases compared to the control) with photostimulation. CONCLUSIONS Capillary narrowing increases the risk of developing microcirculation embolism in the venous sides of the cerebral capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Murata
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering (J.M., Y.K., M.K., K.M.), University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology (M.U., Y.I., Y.T., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Kudo
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering (J.M., Y.K., M.K., K.M.), University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maho Kotani
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering (J.M., Y.K., M.K., K.M.), University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Kanno
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (I.K.)
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology (M.U., Y.I., Y.T., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology (M.U., Y.I., Y.T., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tomita Hospital, Aichi, Japan (Y.T.)
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (K.F.T.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology (M.U., Y.I., Y.T., J.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering (J.M., Y.K., M.K., K.M.), University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (K.M.), University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Xin Q, Zhang W, Yuan S. The Mechanism of the Channel Opening in Channelrhodopsin-2: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065667. [PMID: 36982741 PMCID: PMC10057421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has been one of the most important objects in the study of optogenetics. The retinal chromophore molecule absorbs photons and undergoes an isomerization reaction, which triggers the photocycle, resulting in a series of conformational changes. In this study, a series of intermediate structures (including D470, P500, P390-early, P390-late, and P520 states) of ChR2 in the photocycle were modeled, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the mechanism of ion channel opening of ChR2. The maximum absorption wavelength of these intermediates calculated by time-dependent density function theory (TD-DFT) is in general agreement with the experimental values, the distribution of water density gradually increases in the process of photocycle, and the radius of the ion channel is larger than 6 Å. All these results indicate that our structural models of the intermediates are reasonable. The evolution of protonation state of E90 during the photocycle is explained. E90 will deprotonate when the P390-early transforms into P390-late, in which the two conformations of P390-early and P390-late obtained from the simulations are consistent with the experimental descriptions. To validate the conductive P520 state, the potential mean force (PMF) of Na+ ions passing through the P520 intermediate was calculated by using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation combined with umbrella sampling. The result shows that the Na+ ions passing through the channel with a very low energy barrier, especially in the central gate, is almost barrierless. This indicates that the channel is open in the P520 state.
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16
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Vierock J, Peter E, Grimm C, Rozenberg A, Chen IW, Tillert L, Castro Scalise AG, Casini M, Augustin S, Tanese D, Forget BC, Peyronnet R, Schneider-Warme F, Emiliani V, Béjà O, Hegemann P. WiChR, a highly potassium-selective channelrhodopsin for low-light one- and two-photon inhibition of excitable cells. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd7729. [PMID: 36383037 PMCID: PMC9733931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The electric excitability of muscle, heart, and brain tissue relies on the precise interplay of Na+- and K+-selective ion channels. The involved ion fluxes are controlled in optogenetic studies using light-gated channelrhodopsins (ChRs). While non-selective cation-conducting ChRs are well established for excitation, K+-selective ChRs (KCRs) for efficient inhibition have only recently come into reach. Here, we report the molecular analysis of recently discovered KCRs from the stramenopile Hyphochytrium catenoides and identification of a novel type of hydrophobic K+ selectivity filter. Next, we demonstrate that the KCR signature motif is conserved in related stramenopile ChRs. Among them, WiChR from Wobblia lunata features a so far unmatched preference for K+ over Na+, stable photocurrents under continuous illumination, and a prolonged open-state lifetime. Showing high expression levels in cardiac myocytes and neurons, WiChR allows single- and two-photon inhibition at low irradiance and reduced tissue heating. Therefore, we recommend WiChR as the long-awaited efficient and versatile optogenetic inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vierock
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Peter
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Grimm
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Faculty of Biology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Linda Tillert
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marilù Casini
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe and ITACA Institute (COR), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Augustin
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benoît C. Forget
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront Engineering Microscopy Group, Photonics Department, Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Oded Béjà
- Faculty of Biology, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institut für Biologie, Experimentelle Biophysik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Maruta T, Hidaka K, Kouroki S, Koshida T, Kurogi M, Kage Y, Mizuno S, Shirasaka T, Yanagita T, Takahashi S, Takeya R, Tsuneyoshi I. Selective optogenetic activation of NaV1.7-expressing afferents in NaV1.7-ChR2 mice induces nocifensive behavior without affecting responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275751. [PMID: 36201719 PMCID: PMC9536842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In small and large spinal dorsal root ganglion neurons, subtypes of voltage-gated sodium channels, such as NaV1.7, NaV1.8, and NaV1.9 are expressed with characteristically localized and may play different roles in pain transmission and intractable pain development. Selective stimulation of each specific subtype in vivo may elucidate its role of each subtype in pain. So far, this has been difficult with current technology. However, Optogenetics, a recently developed technique, has enabled selective activation or inhibition of specific neural circulation in vivo. Moreover, optogenetics had even been used to selectively excite NaV1.8-expressing dorsal root ganglion neurons to induce nocifensive behavior. In recent years, genetic modification technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9 have advanced, and various knock-in mice can be easily generated using such technology. We aimed to investigate the effects of selective optogenetic activation of NaV1.7-expressing afferents on mouse behavior. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination to generate bicistronic NaV1.7-iCre knock-in mice, which express iCre recombinase under the endogenous NaV1.7 gene promoter without disrupting NaV1.7. The Cre-driver mice were crossed with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) Cre-reporter Ai32 mice to obtain NaV1.7iCre/+;Ai32/+, NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/+, NaV1.7iCre/+;Ai32/Ai32, and NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/Ai32 mice. Compared with wild-type mice behavior, no differences were observed in the behaviors associated with mechanical and thermal stimuli exhibited by mice of the aforementioned genotypes, indicating that the endogenous NaV1.7 gene was not affected by the targeted insertion of iCre. Blue light irradiation to the hind paw induced paw withdrawal by mice of all genotypes in a light power-dependent manner. The threshold and incidence of paw withdrawal and aversive behavior in a blue-lit room were dependent on ChR2 expression level; the strongest response was observed in NaV1.7iCre/iCre;Ai32/Ai32 mice. Thus, we developed a non-invasive pain model in which peripheral nociceptors were optically activated in free-moving transgenic NaV1.7-ChR2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Maruta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kotaro Hidaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kouroki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koshida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mio Kurogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shirasaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanagita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Isao Tsuneyoshi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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18
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Karpova OV, Vinogradova EN, Lobakova ES. Identification of the Channelrhodopsin Genes in the Green and Cryptophytic Algae from the White and Black Seas. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2022; 87:1187-1198. [PMID: 36273887 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unique capability of modulating cell membrane potential upon photoactivation, channelrhodopsins of green (Chlorophyta) and cryptophytic (Cryptophyta) algae are widely employed in optogenetics, a modern method of light-dependent regulation of biological processes. To enable the search for new genes perspective for optogenetics, we have developed the PCR tests for the presence of genes of the cation and anion channelrhodopsins. Six isolates of green algae Haematococcus and Bracteacoccus from the White Sea region and 2 specimens of Rhodomonas sp. (Cryptophyta) from the regions of White and Black Seas were analyzed. Using our PCR test we have demonstrated the known Haematococcus rhodopsin genes and have discovered novel rhodopsin genes in the genus of Bracteacoccus. Two distantly homologous genes of anion channelrhodopsins were also identified in the cryptophytic Rhodomonas sp. from the White and Black Seas. These results indicate that the developed PCR tests might be useful tool for a broad-range screening of the Chlorophyta and Cryptophyta algae to identify unique channelrhodopsin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta N Vinogradova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Kurchatov Institute National Research Center, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Elena S Lobakova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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19
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Abstract
Microbial channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels widely used for optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity. ChRmine is a bacteriorhodopsin-like cation channelrhodopsin (BCCR) more closely related to ion pump rhodopsins than other channelrhodopsins. ChRmine displays unique properties favorable for optogenetics including high light sensitivity, a broad, red-shifted activation spectrum, cation selectivity, and large photocurrents, while its slow closing kinetics impedes some applications. The structural basis for ChRmine function, or that of any other BCCR, is unknown. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of ChRmine in lipid nanodiscs in apo (opsin) and retinal-bound (rhodopsin) forms. The structures reveal an unprecedented trimeric architecture with a lipid filled central pore. Large electronegative cavities on either side of the membrane facilitate high conductance and selectivity for cations over protons. The retinal binding pocket structure suggests channel properties could be tuned with mutations and we identify ChRmine variants with ten-fold decreased and two-fold increased closing rates. A T119A mutant shows favorable properties relative to wild-type and previously reported ChRmine variants for optogenetics. These results provide insight into structural features that generate an ultra-potent microbial opsin and provide a platform for rational engineering of channelrhodopsins with improved properties that could expand the scale, depth, and precision of optogenetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tucker
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Savitha Sridharan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- California Institute for Quantitative Biology (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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20
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Beck C, Gong Y. Engineering rhodopsins' activation spectra using a FRET-based approach. Biophys J 2022; 121:1765-1776. [PMID: 35331688 PMCID: PMC9117881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, optogenetics has become a nearly ubiquitous tool in neuroscience because it enables researchers to manipulate neural activity with high temporal resolution and genetic specificity. Rational engineering of optogenetic tools has produced channelrhodopsins with a wide range of kinetics and photocurrent magnitude. Genome mining for previously unidentified species of rhodopsin has uncovered optogenetic tools with diverse spectral sensitivities. However, rational engineering of a rhodopsin has thus far been unable to re-engineer spectral sensitivity while preserving full photocurrent. Here, we developed and characterized ChroME-mTFP, a rhodopsin-fluorescent protein fusion that drives photocurrent through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). This FRET-opsin mechanism artificially broadened the activation spectrum of the blue-green-light-activated rhodopsin ChroME by approximately 50 nm, driving higher photocurrent at blue-shifted excitation wavelengths without sacrificing kinetics. The excitation spectra's increase at short wavelengths enabled us to optogenetically excite neurons at lower excitation powers with shorter wavelengths of light. Increasing this rhodopsin's sensitivity to shorter, bluer wavelengths pushes it toward dual-channel, crosstalk-free optogenetic stimulation and imaging with green-light-activated sensors. However, this iteration of FRET-opsin suffers from some imaging-light-induced photocurrent crosstalk from green or yellow light due to maintained, low-efficiency excitation at longer wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Beck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Yiyang Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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21
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Zhang L, Wang K, Ning S, Pedersen PA, Duelli AS, Gourdon PE. Isolation and Crystallization of the D156C form of Optogenetic ChR2. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050895. [PMID: 35269517 PMCID: PMC8909857 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels that are receiving increasing attention as optogenetic tools. Despite extensive efforts to gain understanding of how these channels function, the molecular events linking light absorption of the retinal cofactor to channel opening remain elusive. While dark-state structures of ChR2 or chimeric proteins have demonstrated the architecture of non-conducting states, there is a need for open- and desensitized-state structures to uncover the mechanistic principles underlying channel activity. To facilitate comprehensive structural studies of ChR2 in non-closed states, we report a production and purification procedure of the D156C form of ChR2, which displays prolonged channel opening compared to the wild type. We demonstrate considerable yields (0.45 mg/g fermenter cell culture) of recombinantly produced protein using S. cerevisiae, which is purified to high homogeneity both as opsin (retinal-free) and as functional ChR2 with added retinal. We also develop conditions that enable the growth of ChR2 crystals that scatter X-rays to 6 Å, and identify a molecular replacement solution that suggests that the packing is different from published structures. Consequently, our cost-effective production and purification pipeline opens the way for downstream structural studies of different ChR2 states, which may provide a foundation for further adaptation of this protein for optogenetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Kaituo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Shuo Ning
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Per Amstrup Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Annette Susanne Duelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
| | - Pontus Emanuel Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.Z.); (K.W.); (A.S.D.)
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-50339990
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22
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Kishi KE, Kim YS, Fukuda M, Inoue M, Kusakizako T, Wang PY, Ramakrishnan C, Byrne EFX, Thadhani E, Paggi JM, Matsui TE, Yamashita K, Nagata T, Konno M, Quirin S, Lo M, Benster T, Uemura T, Liu K, Shibata M, Nomura N, Iwata S, Nureki O, Dror RO, Inoue K, Deisseroth K, Kato HE. Structural basis for channel conduction in the pump-like channelrhodopsin ChRmine. Cell 2022; 185:672-689.e23. [PMID: 35114111 PMCID: PMC7612760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) that have created new opportunities in optogenetics. ChRmine and its homologs function as ion channels but, by primary sequence, more closely resemble ion pump rhodopsins; mechanisms for passive channel conduction in this family have remained mysterious. Here, we present the 2.0 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of ChRmine, revealing architectural features atypical for channelrhodopsins: trimeric assembly, a short transmembrane-helix 3, a twisting extracellular-loop 1, large vestibules within the monomer, and an opening at the trimer interface. We applied this structure to design three proteins (rsChRmine and hsChRmine, conferring further red-shifted and high-speed properties, respectively, and frChRmine, combining faster and more red-shifted performance) suitable for fundamental neuroscience opportunities. These results illuminate the conduction and gating of pump-like channelrhodopsins and point the way toward further structure-guided creation of channelrhodopsins for applications across biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro E Kishi
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Fukuda
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tsukasa Kusakizako
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter Y Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elina Thadhani
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M Paggi
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Toshiki E Matsui
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamashita
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masae Konno
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sean Quirin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maisie Lo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Benster
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tomoko Uemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan
| | - Kehong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Shibata
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan; High-Speed AFM for Biological Application Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Sakyo, Japan; RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keiichi Inoue
- Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hideaki E Kato
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; FOREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
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23
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Chen K, Ernst P, Liu XM, Zhou L. Optogenetic Studies of Mitochondria. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2501:311-324. [PMID: 35857235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
While optogenetic approaches have been widely used for remote control of cell membrane excitability and intracellular signaling pathways, their application in mitochondrial study has been limited, largely due to the challenge of effectively and specifically expressing heterologous light-gated rhodopsin channels in the mitochondria. Here, we describe the methods for expressing functional channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) proteins in the mitochondrial inner membrane with an unusually long mitochondrial leading sequence and characterizing optogenetic-mediated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization. We then illustrate how this next-generation optogenetic approach can be used to study the effect of ΔΨm on mitochondrial functions such as mitophagy, programed cell death, and preconditioning-mediated cytoprotection. We anticipate that this innovative technology will enable new insights into the mechanisms by which changes in ΔΨm differentially impacts mitochondrial and cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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24
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Ji J, He Q, Luo X, Bang S, Matsuoka Y, McGinnis A, Nackley AG, Ji RR. IL-23 Enhances C-Fiber-Mediated and Blue Light-Induced Spontaneous Pain in Female Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:787565. [PMID: 34950149 PMCID: PMC8688771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic pain is especially high in women, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine and contributes to inflammatory diseases (e.g., arthritis and psoriasis) through dendritic/T cell signaling. Here we examined the IL-23 involvement in sexual dimorphism of pain, using an optogenetic approach in transgenic mice expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in TRPV1-positive nociceptive neurons. In situ hybridization revealed that compared to males, females had a significantly larger portion of small-sized (100-200 μm2) Trpv1+ neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Blue light stimulation of a hindpaw of transgenic mice induced intensity-dependent spontaneous pain. At the highest intensity, females showed more intense spontaneous pain than males. Intraplantar injection of IL-23 (100 ng) induced mechanical allodynia in females only but had no effects on paw edema. Furthermore, intraplantar IL-23 only potentiated blue light-induced pain in females, and intrathecal injection of IL-23 also potentiated low-dose capsaicin (500 ng) induced spontaneous pain in females but not males. IL-23 expresses in DRG macrophages of both sexes. Intrathecal injection of IL-23 induced significantly greater p38 phosphorylation (p-p38), a marker of nociceptor activation, in DRGs of female mice than male mice. In THP-1 human macrophages estrogen and chemotherapy co-application increased IL-23 secretion, and furthermore, estrogen and IL-23 co-application, but not estrogen and IL-23 alone, significantly increased IL-17A release. These findings suggest a novel role of IL-23 in macrophage signaling and female-dominant pain, including C-fiber-mediated spontaneous pain. Our study has also provided new insight into cytokine-mediated macrophage-nociceptor interactions, in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, United States
| | - Qianru He
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xin Luo
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sangsu Bang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yutaka Matsuoka
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Aidan McGinnis
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrea G. Nackley
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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25
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Wright P, Rodgers J, Wynne J, Bishop PN, Lucas RJ, Milosavljevic N. Viral Transduction of Human Rod Opsin or Channelrhodopsin Variants to Mouse ON Bipolar Cells Does Not Impact Retinal Anatomy or Cause Measurable Death in the Targeted Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313111. [PMID: 34884916 PMCID: PMC8658283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral gene delivery of optogenetic actuators to the surviving inner retina has been proposed as a strategy for restoring vision in advanced retinal degeneration. We investigated the safety of ectopic expression of human rod opsin (hRHO), and two channelrhodopsins (enhanced sensitivity CoChR-3M and red-shifted ReaChR) by viral gene delivery in ON bipolar cells of the mouse retina. Adult Grm6Cre mice were bred to be retinally degenerate or non-retinally degenerate (homozygous and heterozygous for the rd1Pde6b mutation, respectively) and intravitreally injected with recombinant adeno-associated virus AAV2/2(quad Y-F) serotype containing a double-floxed inverted transgene comprising one of the opsins of interest under a CMV promoter. None of the opsins investigated caused changes in retinal thickness; induced apoptosis in the retina or in transgene expressing cells; or reduced expression of PKCα (a specific bipolar cell marker). No increase in retinal inflammation at the level of gene expression (IBA1/AIF1) was found within the treated mice compared to controls. The expression of hRHO, CoChR or ReaChR under a strong constitutive promoter in retinal ON bipolar cells following intravitreal delivery via AAV2 does not cause either gross changes in retinal health, or have a measurable impact on the survival of targeted cells.
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26
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Abstract
Being able to precisely turn on or off particular neurons in the brain at will was a major challenge for the neuroscience field, and few could have anticipated that the solution would come from algae. The 2021 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award recognizes the contributions of Peter Hegemann, Dieter Oesterhelt, and Karl Deisseroth for their discovery of light-sensitive microbial proteins that can activate or silence brain cells. Cell editor Nicole Neuman had a conversation with Peter Hegemann about his role in bridging the two fields of microbial phototaxis and neuroscience and his perspective on the nature and future of interdisciplinary science. Excerpts from this conversation are presented below, and the full conversation is available with the article online.
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Abstract
Animals seeking survival needs must be able to assess different locations of threats in their habitat. However, the neural integration of spatial and risk information essential for guiding goal-directed behavior remains poorly understood. Thus, we investigated simultaneous activities of fear-responsive basal amygdala (BA) and place-responsive dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) neurons as rats left the safe nest to search for food in an exposed space and encountered a simulated 'predator.' In this realistic situation, BA cells increased their firing rates and dHPC place cells decreased their spatial stability near the threat. Importantly, only those dHPC cells synchronized with the predator-responsive BA cells remapped significantly as a function of escalating risk location. Moreover, optogenetic stimulation of BA neurons was sufficient to cause spatial avoidance behavior and disrupt place fields. These results suggest a dynamic interaction of BA's fear signalling cells and dHPC's spatial coding cells as animals traverse safe-danger areas of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Seon Kong
- Department of Psychology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Sanggeon Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Yeowool Huh
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong UniversityGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Scranton College, Ewha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeansok J Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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28
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Gerasimov E, Erofeev A, Borodinova A, Bolshakova A, Balaban P, Bezprozvanny I, Vlasova OL. Optogenetic Activation of Astrocytes-Effects on Neuronal Network Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9613. [PMID: 34502519 PMCID: PMC8431749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics approach is used widely in neurobiology as it allows control of cellular activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. In most studies, optogenetics is used to control neuronal activity. In the present study optogenetics was used to stimulate astrocytes with the aim to modulate neuronal activity. To achieve this goal, light stimulation was applied to astrocytes expressing a version of ChR2 (ionotropic opsin) or Opto-α1AR (metabotropic opsin). Optimal optogenetic stimulation parameters were determined using patch-clamp recordings of hippocampal pyramidal neurons' spontaneous activity in brain slices as a readout. It was determined that the greatest increase in the number of spontaneous synaptic currents was observed when astrocytes expressing ChR2(H134R) were activated by 5 s of continuous light. For the astrocytes expressing Opto-α1AR, the greatest response was observed in the pulse stimulation mode (T = 1 s, t = 100 ms). It was also observed that activation of the astrocytic Opto-a1AR but not ChR2 results in an increase of the fEPSP slope in hippocampal neurons. Based on these results, we concluded that Opto-a1AR expressed in hippocampal astrocytes provides an opportunity to modulate the long-term synaptic plasticity optogenetically, and may potentially be used to normalize the synaptic transmission and plasticity defects in a variety of neuropathological conditions, including models of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gerasimov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina St. 11, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.E.); (A.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina St. 11, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.E.); (A.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Anastasia Borodinova
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Science, Butlerova St. 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Anastasia Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina St. 11, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.E.); (A.B.); (I.B.)
| | - Pavel Balaban
- Cellular Neurobiology of Learning Lab, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Science, Butlerova St. 5A, 117485 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina St. 11, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.E.); (A.B.); (I.B.)
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Olga L. Vlasova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Khlopina St. 11, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.E.); (A.B.); (I.B.)
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Metasuk A, Kitiyanant N, Chetsawang B. An expression system of channelrhodopsin-2 driven by a minimal Arc/Arg3.1 promoter and Tet system was developed in human neuroblastoma cells. Plasmid 2021; 117:102597. [PMID: 34411655 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in neuroscience have relied on the development of techniques that examine neuronal cell activities. One major challenge involves the limitations in labeling and controlling neuronal activities relating to the cell's activation state. In this study, the modified human codon-optimized channelrhodopsin-2 photoreceptor hChR2(C128S) was integrated into function with inducible gene expression methods and materials: the Tet system and the highly efficient minimum promoter of Arc/Arg3.1. The system successfully expressed the target fusion gene exclusively in activated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells while maintaining the essential characteristics of ChR2. The expression of the channelrhodopsin construct was observed, while the expression duration was refined by treatment with doxycycline. The optogenetic construct here tested the application of the minimum Arc/Arg3.1 promoter, an advanced immediate-early gene promoter, for the expression of the channelrhodopsin gene. Along with its noninvasive nature, this expression system promises to serve dual functions as a cell activity indicator and cell actuator, creating the possibility for researchers to precisely label cells according to their activation state and control the activities of specific neuronal cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akara Metasuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Stem Cell Research Group, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Banthit Chetsawang
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
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30
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Abe Y, Kwon S, Oishi M, Unekawa M, Takata N, Seki F, Koyama R, Abe M, Sakimura K, Masamoto K, Tomita Y, Okano H, Mushiake H, Tanaka KF. Optical manipulation of local cerebral blood flow in the deep brain of freely moving mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109427. [PMID: 34320360 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An artificial tool for manipulating local cerebral blood flow (CBF) is necessary for understanding how CBF controls brain function. Here, we generate vascular optogenetic tools whereby smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells express optical actuators in the brain. The illumination of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-expressing mice induces a local reduction in CBF. Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) is an optical protein that increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and the illumination of PAC-expressing mice induces a local increase in CBF. We target the ventral striatum, determine the temporal kinetics of CBF change, and optimize the illumination intensity to confine the effects to the ventral striatum. We demonstrate the utility of this vascular optogenetic manipulation in freely and adaptively behaving mice and validate the task- and actuator-dependent behavioral readouts. The development of vascular optogenetic animal models will help accelerate research linking vasculature, circuits, and behavior to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Abe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Oishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miyuki Unekawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norio Takata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan
| | - Fumiko Seki
- Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuto Masamoto
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tomita
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Live Imaging Center, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki 210-0821, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
The duration of a stimulus plays an important role in the coding of sensory information. The role of stimulus duration is extensively studied in the tactile, visual, and auditory system. In the olfactory system, temporal properties of the stimulus are key for obtaining information when an odor is released in the environment. However, how the stimulus duration influences the odor perception is not well understood. To test this, we activated the olfactory bulbs with blue light in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and assessed the relevance of stimulus duration on olfactory perception using foot shock associated active avoidance behavioral task on a "two-arms maze". Our behavior data demonstrate that the stimulus duration plays an important role in olfactory perception and the associated behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kuruppath
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Belluscio
- Developmental Neural Plasticity Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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VanGordon MR, Prignano LA, Dempski RE, Rick SW, Rempe SB. Channelrhodopsin C1C2: Photocycle kinetics and interactions near the central gate. Biophys J 2021; 120:1835-1845. [PMID: 33705762 PMCID: PMC8204341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins (ChR) are light-sensitive cation channels used in optogenetics, a technique that applies light to control cells (e.g., neurons) that have been modified genetically to express those channels. Although mutations are known to affect pore kinetics, little is known about how mutations induce changes at the molecular scale. To address this issue, we first measured channel opening and closing rates of a ChR chimera (C1C2) and selected variants (N297D, N297V, and V125L). Then, we used atomistic simulations to correlate those rates with changes in pore structure, hydration, and chemical interactions among key gating residues of C1C2 in both closed and open states. Overall, the experimental results show that C1C2 and its mutants do not behave like ChR2 or its analogous variants, except V125L, making C1C2 a unique channel. Our atomistic simulations confirmed that opening of the channel and initial hydration of the gating regions between helices I, II, III, and VII of the channel occurs with 1) the presence of 13-cis retinal; 2) deprotonation of a glutamic acid gating residue, E129; and 3) subsequent weakening of the central gate hydrogen bond between the same glutamic acid E129 and asparagine N297 in the central region of the pore. Also, an aspartate (D292) is the unambiguous primary proton acceptor for the retinal Schiff base in the hydrated channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika R VanGordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lindsey A Prignano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Robert E Dempski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Steven W Rick
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Susan B Rempe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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33
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Guo T, Patel S, Shah D, Chi L, Emadi S, Pierce DM, Han M, Brumovsky PR, Feng B. Optical clearing reveals TNBS-induced morphological changes of VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers in mouse colorectum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G644-G657. [PMID: 33533318 PMCID: PMC8238166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal hypersensitivity and sensitization of both mechanosensitive and mechanically insensitive afferents develop after intracolonic instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in the mouse, a model of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. In mice in which ∼80% of extrinsic colorectal afferents were labeled genetically using the promotor for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2), we systematically quantified the morphology of VGLUT2-positive axons in mouse colorectum 7-28 days following intracolonic TNBS treatment. After removal, the colorectum was distended (20 mmHg), fixed with paraformaldehyde, and optically cleared to image VGLUT2-positive axons throughout the colorectal wall thickness. We conducted vector path tracing of individual axons to allow systematic quantification of nerve fiber density and shape. Abundant VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers were present in most layers of the colorectum, except the serosal and longitudinal muscular layers. A small percentage of VGLUT2-positive myenteric plexus neurons was also detected. Intracolonic TNBS treatment significantly reduced the number of VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers in submucosal, myenteric plexus, and mucosal layers at day 7 post-TNBS, which mostly recovered by day 28. We also found that almost all fibers in the submucosa were meandering and curvy, with ∼10% showing pronounced curviness (quantified by the linearity index). TNBS treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the proportions of pronounced curvy fibers in the rectal region at 28 days post-TNBS. Altogether, the present morphological study reveals profound changes in the distribution of VGLUT2-positive fibers in mouse colorectum undergoing TNBS-induced colitis and draws attention to curvy fibers in the submucosa with potential roles in visceral nociception.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We conducted genetic labeling and optical clearing to visualize extrinsic sensory nerve fibers in whole-mount colorectum, which revealed widespread presence of axons in the submucosal layer. Remarkably, axons in the submucosa were meandering and curvy, in contrast to axons in other layers generally aligned with the basal tissues. Intracolonic TNBS treatment led to pronounced changes of nerve fiber density and curviness, suggesting nerve fiber morphologies as potentially contributing factors to sensory sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Shivam Patel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Ling Chi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Sharareh Emadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Martin Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Pablo R Brumovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
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Yi MH, Liu YU, Umpierre AD, Chen T, Ying Y, Zheng J, Dheer A, Bosco DB, Dong H, Wu LJ. Optogenetic activation of spinal microglia triggers chronic pain in mice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001154. [PMID: 33739978 PMCID: PMC8011727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal microglia are highly responsive to peripheral nerve injury and are known to be a key player in pain. However, there has not been direct evidence showing that selective microglial activation in vivo is sufficient to induce chronic pain. Here, we used optogenetic approaches in microglia to address this question employing CX3CR1creER/+: R26LSL-ReaChR/+ transgenic mice, in which red-activated channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) is inducibly and specifically expressed in microglia. We found that activation of ReaChR by red light in spinal microglia evoked reliable inward currents and membrane depolarization. In vivo optogenetic activation of microglial ReaChR in the spinal cord triggered chronic pain hypersensitivity in both male and female mice. In addition, activation of microglial ReaChR up-regulated neuronal c-Fos expression and enhanced C-fiber responses. Mechanistically, ReaChR activation led to a reactive microglial phenotype with increased interleukin (IL)-1β production, which is likely mediated by inflammasome activation and calcium elevation. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was able to reverse the pain hypersensitivity and neuronal hyperactivity induced by microglial ReaChR activation. Therefore, our work demonstrates that optogenetic activation of spinal microglia is sufficient to trigger chronic pain phenotypes by increasing neuronal activity via IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yong U. Liu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Umpierre
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Moshkforoush A, Balachandar L, Moncion C, Montejo KA, Riera J. Unraveling ChR2-driven stochastic Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes: A call for new interventional paradigms. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008648. [PMID: 33566841 PMCID: PMC7875401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic targeting of astrocytes provides a robust experimental model to differentially induce Ca2+ signals in astrocytes in vivo. However, a systematic study quantifying the response of optogenetically modified astrocytes to light is yet to be performed. Here, we propose a novel stochastic model of Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes that incorporates a light sensitive component-channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). Utilizing this model, we investigated the effect of different light stimulation paradigms on cells expressing select variants of ChR2 (wild type, ChETA, and ChRET/TC). Results predict that depending on paradigm specification, astrocytes might undergo drastic changes in their basal Ca2+ level and spiking probability. Furthermore, we performed a global sensitivity analysis to assess the effect of variation in parameters pertinent to the shape of the ChR2 photocurrent on astrocytic Ca2+ dynamics. Results suggest that directing variants towards the first open state of the ChR2 photocycle (o1) enhances spiking activity in astrocytes during optical stimulation. Evaluation of the effect of Ca2+ buffering and coupling coefficient in a network of ChR2-expressing astrocytes demonstrated basal level elevations in the stimulated region and propagation of calcium activity to unstimulated cells. Buffering reduced the diffusion range of Ca2+ within the network, thereby limiting propagation and influencing the activity of astrocytes. Collectively, the framework presented in this study provides valuable information for the selection of light stimulation paradigms that elicit desired astrocytic activity using existing ChR2 constructs, as well as aids in the engineering of future application-oriented optogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Moshkforoush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lakshmini Balachandar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carolina Moncion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karla A. Montejo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jorge Riera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Rook N, Tuff JM, Isparta S, Masseck OA, Herlitze S, Güntürkün O, Pusch R. AAV1 is the optimal viral vector for optogenetic experiments in pigeons (Columba livia). Commun Biol 2021; 4:100. [PMID: 33483632 PMCID: PMC7822860 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although optogenetics has revolutionized rodent neuroscience, it is still rarely used in other model organisms as the efficiencies of viral gene transfer differ between species and comprehensive viral transduction studies are rare. However, for comparative research, birds offer valuable model organisms as they have excellent visual and cognitive capabilities. Therefore, the following study establishes optogenetics in pigeons on histological, physiological, and behavioral levels. We show that AAV1 is the most efficient viral vector in various brain regions and leads to extensive anterograde and retrograde ChR2 expression when combined with the CAG promoter. Furthermore, transient optical stimulation of ChR2 expressing cells in the entopallium decreases pigeons' contrast sensitivity during a grayscale discrimination task. This finding demonstrates causal evidence for the involvement of the entopallium in contrast perception as well as a proof of principle for optogenetics in pigeons and provides the groundwork for various other methods that rely on viral gene transfer in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rook
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - John Michael Tuff
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sevim Isparta
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Şht. Ömer Halisdemir Blv, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Roland Pusch
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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37
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Love AC, Prescher JA. Seeing (and Using) the Light: Recent Developments in Bioluminescence Technology. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:904-920. [PMID: 32795417 PMCID: PMC7472846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence has long been used to image biological processes in vivo. This technology features luciferase enzymes and luciferin small molecules that produce visible light. Bioluminescent photons can be detected in tissues and live organisms, enabling sensitive and noninvasive readouts on physiological function. Traditional applications have focused on tracking cells and gene expression patterns, but new probes are pushing the frontiers of what can be visualized. The past few years have also seen the merger of bioluminescence with optogenetic platforms. Luciferase-luciferin reactions can drive light-activatable proteins, ultimately triggering signal transduction and other downstream events. This review highlights these and other recent advances in bioluminescence technology, with an emphasis on tool development. We showcase how new luciferins and engineered luciferases are expanding the scope of optical imaging. We also highlight how bioluminescent systems are being leveraged not just for sensing-but also controlling-biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer A Prescher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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38
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Nabel EM, Garkun Y, Koike H, Sadahiro M, Liang A, Norman KJ, Taccheri G, Demars MP, Im S, Caro K, Lopez S, Bateh J, Hof PR, Clem RL, Morishita H. Adolescent frontal top-down neurons receive heightened local drive to establish adult attentional behavior in mice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3983. [PMID: 32770078 PMCID: PMC7414856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17787-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal top-down cortical neurons projecting to sensory cortical regions are well-positioned to integrate long-range inputs with local circuitry in frontal cortex to implement top-down attentional control of sensory regions. How adolescence contributes to the maturation of top-down neurons and associated local/long-range input balance, and the establishment of attentional control is poorly understood. Here we combine projection-specific electrophysiological and rabies-mediated input mapping in mice to uncover adolescence as a developmental stage when frontal top-down neurons projecting from the anterior cingulate to visual cortex are highly functionally integrated into local excitatory circuitry and have heightened activity compared to adulthood. Chemogenetic suppression of top-down neuron activity selectively during adolescence, but not later periods, produces long-lasting visual attentional behavior deficits, and results in excessive loss of local excitatory inputs in adulthood. Our study reveals an adolescent sensitive period when top-down neurons integrate local circuits with long-range connectivity to produce attentional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Nabel
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yury Garkun
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ana Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kevin J Norman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Giulia Taccheri
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michael P Demars
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susanna Im
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Keaven Caro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sarah Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Julia Bateh
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Roger L Clem
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Pagan-Diaz GJ, Drnevich J, Ramos-Cruz KP, Sam R, Sengupta P, Bashir R. Modulating electrophysiology of motor neural networks via optogenetic stimulation during neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12460. [PMID: 32719407 PMCID: PMC7385114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of electrical activity in neural circuits through network training is a grand challenge for biomedicine and engineering applications. Past efforts have not considered evoking long-term changes in firing patterns of in-vitro networks by introducing training regimens with respect to stages of neural development. Here, we used Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) transfected mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derived motor neurons to explore short and long-term programming of neural networks by using optical stimulation implemented during neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Not only did we see a subsequent increase of neurite extensions and synaptophysin clustering, but by using electrophysiological recording with micro electrode arrays (MEA) we also observed changes in signal frequency spectra, increase of network synchrony, coordinated firing of actions potentials, and enhanced evoked response to stimulation during network formation. Our results demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation during neural differentiation can result in permanent changes that extended to the genetic expression of neurons as demonstrated by RNA Sequencing. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a correlation between training regimens during neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and the resulting plastic responses has been shown in-vitro and traced back to changes in gene expression. This work demonstrates new approaches for training of neural circuits whose electrical activity can be modulated and enhanced, which could lead to improvements in neurodegenerative disease research and engineering of in-vitro multi-cellular living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelson J Pagan-Diaz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Engineering Hall, 1308 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High Performance Biological Computing and the Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Karla P Ramos-Cruz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Engineering Hall, 1308 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Richard Sam
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Parijat Sengupta
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Engineering Hall, 1308 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Chicago, 60607, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Engineering Hall, 1308 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Lab, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Lemme M, Braren I, Prondzynski M, Aksehirlioglu B, Ulmer BM, Schulze ML, Ismaili D, Meyer C, Hansen A, Christ T, Lemoine MD, Eschenhagen T. Chronic intermittent tachypacing by an optogenetic approach induces arrhythmia vulnerability in human engineered heart tissue. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1487-1499. [PMID: 31598634 PMCID: PMC7314638 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chronic tachypacing is commonly used in animals to induce cardiac dysfunction and to study mechanisms of heart failure and arrhythmogenesis. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) may replace animal models to overcome species differences and ethical problems. Here, 3D engineered heart tissue (EHT) was used to investigate the effect of chronic tachypacing on hiPSC-cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). METHODS AND RESULTS To avoid cell toxicity by electrical pacing, we developed an optogenetic approach. EHTs were transduced with lentivirus expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (H134R) and stimulated by 15 s bursts of blue light pulses (0.3 mW/mm2, 30 ms, 3 Hz) separated by 15 s without pacing for 3 weeks. Chronic optical tachypacing did not affect contractile peak force, but induced faster contraction kinetics, shorter action potentials, and shorter effective refractory periods. This electrical remodelling increased vulnerability to tachycardia episodes upon electrical burst pacing. Lower calsequestrin 2 protein levels, faster diastolic depolarization (DD) and efficacy of JTV-519 (46% at 1 µmol/L) to terminate tachycardia indicate alterations of Ca2+ handling being part of the underlying mechanism. However, other antiarrhythmic compounds like flecainide (69% at 1 µmol/L) and E-4031 (100% at 1 µmol/L) were also effective, but not ivabradine (1 µmol/L) or SEA0400 (10 µmol/L). CONCLUSION We demonstrated a high vulnerability to tachycardia of optically tachypaced hiPSC-CMs in EHT and the effective termination by ryanodine receptor stabilization, sodium or hERG potassium channel inhibition. This new model might serve as a preclinical tool to test antiarrhythmic drugs increasing the insight in treating ventricular tachycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lemme
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingke Braren
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksymilian Prondzynski
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Bülent Aksehirlioglu
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bärbel M Ulmer
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mirja L Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Djemail Ismaili
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Meyer
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc D Lemoine
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Peng K, Liu S, Lv F, Fu X, Hussain S, Zhao H, Liu L, Wang S. Wireless Charging Electrochemiluminescence System for Ionic Channel Manipulation in Living Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24655-24661. [PMID: 32391678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics holds great potential for precisely altering living cell behavior with the aid of light because of its high temporospatial resolution. However, the light-dependent manner severely limits its applications in deep tissues, particularly to those in the visible region. Here, we propose a wireless charging electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system, featured with long-time delayed luminescence, to remotely activate the light-gated ion channel (channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) on the living cell membrane, followed by the intracellular influx of Ca2+ ions. Upon wireless charging ECL illumination, the influx of Ca2+ into the living cells triggers strong ion indicator fluorescence, suggesting the successful remote control on ChR2. As such, the wireless charging ECL strategy exhibits great potential to wireless control of optogenetics in deep tissues by implanting a device in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
| | - Xuancheng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sameer Hussain
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100910, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Abstract
How do brain mechanisms create maladaptive attractions? Here intense maladaptive attractions are created in laboratory rats by pairing optogenetic channelrhodopsin (ChR2) stimulation of central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) in rats with encountering either sucrose, cocaine, or a painful shock-delivering object. We find that pairings make the respective rats pursue either sucrose exclusively, or cocaine exclusively, or repeatedly self-inflict shocks. CeA-induced maladaptive attractions, even to the painful shock-rod, recruit mesocorticolimbic incentive-related circuitry. Shock-associated cues also gain positive incentive value and are pursued. Yet the motivational effects of paired CeA stimulation can be reversed to negative valence in a Pavlovian fear learning situation, where CeA ChR2 pairing increases defensive reactions. Finally, CeA ChR2 valence can be switched to neutral by pairing with innocuous stimuli. These results reveal valence plasticity and multiple modes for motivation via mesocorticolimbic circuitry under the control of CeA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Warlow
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Erin E Naffziger
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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43
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Sineshchekov OA, Govorunova EG, Li H, Wang Y, Melkonian M, Wong GKS, Brown LS, Spudich JL. Conductance Mechanisms of Rapidly Desensitizing Cation Channelrhodopsins from Cryptophyte Algae. mBio 2020; 11:e00657-20. [PMID: 32317325 PMCID: PMC7175095 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00657-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins guide algal phototaxis and are widely used as optogenetic probes for control of membrane potential with light. "Bacteriorhodopsin-like" cation channelrhodopsins (BCCRs) from cryptophytes differ in primary structure from other CCRs, lacking usual residues important for their cation conductance. Instead, the sequences of BCCR match more closely those of rhodopsin proton pumps, containing residues responsible for critical proton transfer reactions. We report 19 new BCCRs which, together with the earlier 6 known members of this family, form three branches (subfamilies) of a phylogenetic tree. Here, we show that the conductance mechanisms in two subfamilies differ with respect to involvement of the homolog of the proton donor in rhodopsin pumps. Two BCCRs from the genus Rhodomonas generate photocurrents that rapidly desensitize under continuous illumination. Using a combination of patch clamp electrophysiology, absorption, Raman spectroscopy, and flash photolysis, we found that the desensitization is due to rapid accumulation of a long-lived nonconducting intermediate of the photocycle with unusually blue-shifted absorption with a maximum at 330 nm. These observations reveal diversity within the BCCR family and contribute to deeper understanding of their independently evolved cation channel function.IMPORTANCE Cation channelrhodopsins, light-gated channels from flagellate green algae, are extensively used as optogenetic photoactivators of neurons in research and recently have progressed to clinical trials for vision restoration. However, the molecular mechanisms of their photoactivation remain poorly understood. We recently identified cryptophyte cation channelrhodopsins, structurally different from those of green algae, which have separately evolved to converge on light-gated cation conductance. This study reveals diversity within this new protein family and describes a subclade with unusually rapid desensitization that results in short transient photocurrents in continuous light. Such transient currents have not been observed in the green algae channelrhodopsins and are potentially useful in optogenetic protocols. Kinetic UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and photoelectrophysiology reveal that the desensitization is caused by rapid accumulation of a nonconductive photointermediate in the photochemical reaction cycle. The absorption maximum of the intermediate is 330 nm, the shortest wavelength reported in any rhodopsin, indicating a novel chromophore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Sineshchekov
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elena G Govorunova
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yumei Wang
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Central Collection of Algal Cultures, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gane K-S Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Beijing Genomics Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leonid S Brown
- Department of Physics and Biophysics Interdepartmental Group, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John L Spudich
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sala-Jarque J, Mesquida-Veny F, Badiola-Mateos M, Samitier J, Hervera A, del Río JA. Neuromuscular Activity Induces Paracrine Signaling and Triggers Axonal Regrowth after Injury in Microfluidic Lab-On-Chip Devices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020302. [PMID: 32012727 PMCID: PMC7072511 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries, including motor neuron axonal injury, often lead to functional impairments. Current therapies are mostly limited to surgical intervention after lesion, yet these interventions have limited success in restoring functionality. Current activity-based therapies after axonal injuries are based on trial-error approaches in which the details of the underlying cellular and molecular processes are largely unknown. Here we show the effects of the modulation of both neuronal and muscular activity with optogenetic approaches to assess the regenerative capacity of cultured motor neuron (MN) after lesion in a compartmentalized microfluidic-assisted axotomy device. With increased neuronal activity, we observed an increase in the ratio of regrowing axons after injury in our peripheral-injury model. Moreover, increasing muscular activity induces the liberation of leukemia inhibitory factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a paracrine fashion that in turn triggers axonal regrowth of lesioned MN in our 3D hydrogel cultures. The relevance of our findings as well as the novel approaches used in this study could be useful not only after axotomy events but also in diseases affecting MN survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sala-Jarque
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francina Mesquida-Veny
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maider Badiola-Mateos
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Hervera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.-J.); (F.M.-V.); (M.B.-M.); (J.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (J.A.d.R.)
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Agus V, Janovjak H. All-Optical Miniaturized Co-culture Assay of Voltage-Gated Ca 2+ Channels. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2173:247-260. [PMID: 32651923 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-activated proteins enable the reversible and spatiotemporal control of cellular events in optogenetics. Optogenetics is also rapidly expanding into the field of drug discovery where it provides cost-effective and noninvasive approaches for cell manipulation in high-throughput screens. Here, we present a prototypical cell-based assay that applies Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) to recapitulate physiological membrane potential changes and test for voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) blockade. ChR2 and the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel 1.2 (CaV1.2) are expressed in individual HEK293 cell lines that are then co-cultured for formation of gap junctions and an electrical syncytium. This co-culture allows identification of blockers using parallel fluorescence plate readers in the 384-well plate format in an all-optical mode of operation. The assay is transferable to other VGICs by modularly combining new and existing cell lines and potentially also to other drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Agus
- Department of Cell Biology, AXXAM S.p.A, Milan, Italy.
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Ryu J, Vincent PFY, Ziogas NK, Xu L, Sadeghpour S, Curtin J, Alexandris AS, Stewart N, Sima R, du Lac S, Glowatzki E, Koliatsos VE. Optogenetically transduced human ES cell-derived neural progenitors and their neuronal progenies: Phenotypic characterization and responses to optical stimulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224846. [PMID: 31710637 PMCID: PMC6844486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetically engineered human neural progenitors (hNPs) are viewed as promising tools in regenerative neuroscience because they allow the testing of the ability of hNPs to integrate within nervous system of an appropriate host not only structurally, but also functionally based on the responses of their differentiated progenies to light. Here, we transduced H9 embryonic stem cell-derived hNPs with a lentivirus harboring human channelrhodopsin (hChR2) and differentiated them into a forebrain lineage. We extensively characterized the fate and optogenetic functionality of hChR2-hNPs in vitro with electrophysiology and immunocytochemistry. We also explored whether the in vivo phenotype of ChR2-hNPs conforms to in vitro observations by grafting them into the frontal neocortex of rodents and analyzing their survival and neuronal differentiation. Human ChR2-hNPs acquired neuronal phenotypes (TUJ1, MAP2, SMI-312, and synapsin 1 immunoreactivity) in vitro after an average of 70 days of coculturing with CD1 astrocytes and progressively displayed both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter signatures by immunocytochemistry and whole-cell patch clamp recording. Three months after transplantation into motor cortex of naïve or injured mice, 60–70% of hChR2-hNPs at the transplantation site expressed TUJ1 and had neuronal cytologies, whereas 60% of cells also expressed ChR2. Transplant-derived neurons extended axons through major commissural and descending tracts and issued synaptophysin+ terminals in the claustrum, endopiriform area, and corresponding insular and piriform cortices. There was no apparent difference in engraftment, differentiation, or connectivity patterns between injured and sham subjects. Same trends were observed in a second rodent host, i.e. rat, where we employed longer survival times and found that the majority of grafted hChR2-hNPs differentiated into GABAergic neurons that established dense terminal fields and innervated mostly dendritic profiles in host cortical neurons. In physiological experiments, human ChR2+ neurons in culture generated spontaneous action potentials (APs) 100–170 days into differentiation and their firing activity was consistently driven by optical stimulation. Stimulation generated glutamatergic and GABAergic postsynaptic activity in neighboring ChR2- cells, evidence that hChR2-hNP-derived neurons had established functional synaptic connections with other neurons in culture. Light stimulation of hChR2-hNP transplants in vivo generated complicated results, in part because of the variable response of the transplants themselves. Our findings show that we can successfully derive hNPs with optogenetic properties that are fully transferrable to their differentiated neuronal progenies. We also show that these progenies have substantial neurotransmitter plasticity in vitro, whereas in vivo they mostly differentiate into inhibitory GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, neurons derived from hNPs have the capacity of establishing functional synapses with postsynaptic neurons in vitro, but this outcome is technically challenging to explore in vivo. We propose that optogenetically endowed hNPs hold great promise as tools to explore de novo circuit formation in the brain and, in the future, perhaps launch a new generation of neuromodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Philippe F. Y. Vincent
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos K. Ziogas
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leyan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shirin Sadeghpour
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Curtin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Athanasios S. Alexandris
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Stewart
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard Sima
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sascha du Lac
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Glowatzki
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Zhang Y, Castro DC, Han Y, Wu Y, Guo H, Weng Z, Xue Y, Ausra J, Wang X, Li R, Wu G, Vázquez-Guardado A, Xie Y, Xie Z, Ostojich D, Peng D, Sun R, Wang B, Yu Y, Leshock JP, Qu S, Su CJ, Shen W, Hang T, Banks A, Huang Y, Radulovic J, Gutruf P, Bruchas MR, Rogers JA. Battery-free, lightweight, injectable microsystem for in vivo wireless pharmacology and optogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21427-21437. [PMID: 31601737 PMCID: PMC6815115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909850116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacology and optogenetics are widely used in neuroscience research to study the central and peripheral nervous systems. While both approaches allow for sophisticated studies of neural circuitry, continued advances are, in part, hampered by technology limitations associated with requirements for physical tethers that connect external equipment to rigid probes inserted into delicate regions of the brain. The results can lead to tissue damage and alterations in behavioral tasks and natural movements, with additional difficulties in use for studies that involve social interactions and/or motions in complex 3-dimensional environments. These disadvantages are particularly pronounced in research that demands combined optogenetic and pharmacological functions in a single experiment. Here, we present a lightweight, wireless, battery-free injectable microsystem that combines soft microfluidic and microscale inorganic light-emitting diode probes for programmable pharmacology and optogenetics, designed to offer the features of drug refillability and adjustable flow rates, together with programmable control over the temporal profiles. The technology has potential for large-scale manufacturing and broad distribution to the neuroscience community, with capabilities in targeting specific neuronal populations in freely moving animals. In addition, the same platform can easily be adapted for a wide range of other types of passive or active electronic functions, including electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Daniel C Castro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yuan Han
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, 200031 Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, 221004 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Hexia Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Zhengyan Weng
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Jokubas Ausra
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Xueju Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
- International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guangfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical, Biological, and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | - Yiwen Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Diana Ostojich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Dongsheng Peng
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Rujie Sun
- Bristol Composites Institute, University of Bristol, BS8 1TR Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | | | - John P Leshock
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Subing Qu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Chun-Ju Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Tao Hang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Anthony Banks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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48
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Oppermann J, Fischer P, Silapetere A, Liepe B, Rodriguez-Rozada S, Flores-Uribe J, Peter E, Keidel A, Vierock J, Kaufmann J, Broser M, Luck M, Bartl F, Hildebrandt P, Wiegert JS, Béjà O, Hegemann P, Wietek J. MerMAIDs: a family of metagenomically discovered marine anion-conducting and intensely desensitizing channelrhodopsins. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3315. [PMID: 31346176 PMCID: PMC6658528 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic tools for manipulating neuronal activity. ChRs desensitize under continuous bright-light illumination, resulting in a significant decline of photocurrents. Here we describe a metagenomically identified family of phylogenetically distinct anion-conducting ChRs (designated MerMAIDs). MerMAIDs almost completely desensitize during continuous illumination due to accumulation of a late non-conducting photointermediate that disrupts the ion permeation pathway. MerMAID desensitization can be fully explained by a single photocycle in which a long-lived desensitized state follows the short-lived conducting state. A conserved cysteine is the critical factor in desensitization, as its mutation results in recovery of large stationary photocurrents. The rapid desensitization of MerMAIDs enables their use as optogenetic silencers for transient suppression of individual action potentials without affecting subsequent spiking during continuous illumination. Our results could facilitate the development of optogenetic tools from metagenomic databases and enhance general understanding of ChR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Oppermann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Fischer
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arita Silapetere
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Liepe
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Rodriguez-Rozada
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - José Flores-Uribe
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Enrico Peter
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Keidel
- Institute for Chemistry, Physical Chemistry/Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Vierock
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joel Kaufmann
- Institute for Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Broser
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Meike Luck
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Bartl
- Institute for Biology, Biophysical Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institute for Chemistry, Physical Chemistry/Biophysical Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Simon Wiegert
- Research Group Synaptic Wiring and Information Processing, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oded Béjà
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jonas Wietek
- Institute for Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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49
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O'Riordan KJ, Hu NW, Rowan MJ. Aß Facilitates LTD at Schaffer Collateral Synapses Preferentially in the Left Hippocampus. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2053-2065. [PMID: 29466733 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Promotion of long-term depression (LTD) mechanisms by synaptotoxic soluble oligomers of amyloid-β (Aß) has been proposed to underlie synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, LTD was induced by relatively non-specific electrical stimulation. Exploiting optogenetics, we studied LTD using a more physiologically diffuse spatial pattern of selective pathway activation in the rat hippocampus in vivo. This relatively sparse synaptic LTD requires both the ion channel function and GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor but, in contrast to electrically induced LTD, is not facilitated by boosting endogenous muscarinic acetylcholine or metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor activation. Although in the absence of Aß, there is no evidence of hippocampal LTD asymmetry, in the presence of Aß, the induction of LTD is preferentially enhanced in the left hippocampus in an mGluR5-dependent manner. This circuit-selective disruption of synaptic plasticity by Aß provides a route to understanding the development of aberrant brain lateralization in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J O'Riordan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Watts Building, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Neng-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Watts Building, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Gerontology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China.
| | - Michael J Rowan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Institute of Neuroscience, Watts Building, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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50
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Böhm M, Boness D, Fantisch E, Erhard H, Frauenholz J, Kowalzyk Z, Marcinkowski N, Kateriya S, Hegemann P, Kreimer G. Channelrhodopsin-1 Phosphorylation Changes with Phototactic Behavior and Responds to Physiological Stimuli in Chlamydomonas. Plant Cell 2019; 31:886-910. [PMID: 30862615 PMCID: PMC6501600 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) exhibits oriented movement responses (phototaxis) to light over more than three log units of intensity. Phototaxis thus depends on the cell's ability to adjust the sensitivity of its photoreceptors to ambient light conditions. In Chlamydomonas, the photoreceptors for phototaxis are the channelrhodopsins (ChR)1 and ChR2; these light-gated cation channels are located in the plasma membrane. Although ChRs are widely used in optogenetic studies, little is known about ChR signaling in algae. We characterized the in vivo phosphorylation of ChR1. Its reversible phosphorylation occurred within seconds as a graded response to changes in the light intensity and ionic composition of the medium and depended on an elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Changes in the phototactic sign were accompanied by alterations in the phosphorylation status of ChR1. Furthermore, compared with the wild type, a permanently negative phototactic mutant required higher light intensities to evoke ChR1 phosphorylation. C-terminal truncation of ChR1 disturbed its reversible phosphorylation, whereas it was normal in ChR2-knockout and eyespot-assembly mutants. The identification of phosphosites in regions important for ChR1 function points to their potential regulatory role(s). We propose that multiple ChR1 phosphorylation, regulated via a Ca2+-based feedback loop, is an important component in the adaptation of phototactic sensitivity in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Böhm
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Boness
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fantisch
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Erhard
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Frauenholz
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zarah Kowalzyk
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadin Marcinkowski
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 110067 New Delhi, India
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute for Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Kreimer
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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