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Dold CA, Bavaro SL, Chen Y, Callanan MJ, Kennedy D, Cassidy J, Tobin J, Sahin AW, Lawlor PG, Brodkorb A, Giblin L. Infant milk formula, produced by membrane filtration, promotes mucus production in the upper small intestine of young pigs. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114343. [PMID: 38763636 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Human breast milk promotes maturation of the infant gastrointestinal barrier, including the promotion of mucus production. In the quest to produce next generation infant milk formula (IMF), we have produced IMF by membrane filtration (MEM-IMF). With a higher quantity of native whey protein, MEM-IMF more closely mimics human breast milk than IMF produced using conventional heat treatment (HT-IMF). After a 4-week dietary intervention in young pigs, animals fed a MEM-IMF diet had a higher number of goblet cells, acidic mucus and mucin-2 in the jejunum compared to pigs fed HT-IMF (P < 0.05). In the duodenum, MEM-IMF fed pigs had increased trypsin activity in the gut lumen, increased mRNA transcript levels of claudin 1 in the mucosal scrapings and increased lactase activity in brush border membrane vesicles than those pigs fed HT-IMF (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MEM-IMF is superior to HT-IMF in the promotion of mucus production in the young gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal A Dold
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 CY82, Ireland.
| | - Simona L Bavaro
- ISPA-CNR, Institute of Sciences of Food Production of National Research Council of Italy, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Yihong Chen
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Michael J Callanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Deirdre Kennedy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Joe Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - John Tobin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Aylin W Sahin
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T12 CY82, Ireland.
| | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
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2
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Luo K, Chen GC, Zhang Y, Moon JY, Xing J, Peters BA, Usyk M, Wang Z, Hu G, Li J, Selvin E, Rebholz CM, Wang T, Isasi CR, Yu B, Knight R, Boerwinkle E, Burk RD, Kaplan RC, Qi Q. Variant of the lactase LCT gene explains association between milk intake and incident type 2 diabetes. Nat Metab 2024; 6:169-186. [PMID: 38253929 PMCID: PMC11097298 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cow's milk is frequently included in the human diet, but the relationship between milk intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains controversial. Here, using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, we show that in both sexes, higher milk intake is associated with lower risk of T2D in lactase non-persistent (LNP) individuals (determined by a variant of the lactase LCT gene, single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988235 ) but not in lactase persistent individuals. We validate this finding in the UK Biobank. Further analyses reveal that among LNP individuals, higher milk intake is associated with alterations in gut microbiota (for example, enriched Bifidobacterium and reduced Prevotella) and circulating metabolites (for example, increased indolepropionate and reduced branched-chain amino acid metabolites). Many of these metabolites are related to the identified milk-associated bacteria and partially mediate the association between milk intake and T2D in LNP individuals. Our study demonstrates a protective association between milk intake and T2D among LNP individuals and a potential involvement of gut microbiota and blood metabolites in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Chong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jiaqian Xing
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Brandilyn A Peters
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mykhaylo Usyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Casey M Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert D Burk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Sanmarco LM, Rone JM, Polonio CM, Fernandez Lahore G, Giovannoni F, Ferrara K, Gutierrez-Vazquez C, Li N, Sokolovska A, Plasencia A, Faust Akl C, Nanda P, Heck ES, Li Z, Lee HG, Chao CC, Rejano-Gordillo CM, Fonseca-Castro PH, Illouz T, Linnerbauer M, Kenison JE, Barilla RM, Farrenkopf D, Stevens NA, Piester G, Chung EN, Dailey L, Kuchroo VK, Hava D, Wheeler MA, Clish C, Nowarski R, Balsa E, Lora JM, Quintana FJ. Lactate limits CNS autoimmunity by stabilizing HIF-1α in dendritic cells. Nature 2023; 620:881-889. [PMID: 37558878 PMCID: PMC10725186 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have a role in the development and activation of self-reactive pathogenic T cells1,2. Genetic variants that are associated with the function of DCs have been linked to autoimmune disorders3,4, and DCs are therefore attractive therapeutic targets for such diseases. However, developing DC-targeted therapies for autoimmunity requires identification of the mechanisms that regulate DC function. Here, using single-cell and bulk transcriptional and metabolic analyses in combination with cell-specific gene perturbation studies, we identify a regulatory loop of negative feedback that operates in DCs to limit immunopathology. Specifically, we find that lactate, produced by activated DCs and other immune cells, boosts the expression of NDUFA4L2 through a mechanism mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). NDUFA4L2 limits the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species that activate XBP1-driven transcriptional modules in DCs that are involved in the control of pathogenic autoimmune T cells. We also engineer a probiotic that produces lactate and suppresses T cell autoimmunity through the activation of HIF-1α-NDUFA4L2 signalling in DCs. In summary, we identify an immunometabolic pathway that regulates DC function, and develop a synthetic probiotic for its therapeutic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Sanmarco
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph M Rone
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carolina M Polonio
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez Lahore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kylynne Ferrara
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Gutierrez-Vazquez
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Synlogic Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Agustin Plasencia
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camilo Faust Akl
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Payal Nanda
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evelin S Heck
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun-Cheih Chao
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia M Rejano-Gordillo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro H Fonseca-Castro
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomer Illouz
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica E Kenison
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rocky M Barilla
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Farrenkopf
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nikolas A Stevens
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gavin Piester
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Chung
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucas Dailey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hava
- Synlogic Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Wheeler
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roni Nowarski
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eduardo Balsa
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Al-Sareji OJ, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Grmasha RA, Andredaki M, Somogyi V, Idowu IA, Stenger-Kovács C, Jakab M, Lengyel E, Hashim KS. Efficient removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water and wastewater using immobilized laccase on activated carbon derived from pomegranate peels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11933. [PMID: 37488185 PMCID: PMC10366155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, pomegranate peels (PPs) as an abundant fruit processing waste was used to produce cost-effective, eco-friendly, and high-quality activated carbon. The produced carbon (fossil free activated carbon) was used for immobilizing laccase to remove a range of emerging pollutants namely diclofenac, amoxicillin, carbamazepine, and ciprofloxacin from water and wastewater. The loaded activated carbon by laccase (LMPPs) and the unloaded one (MPPs) were characterized using advanced surface chemistry analysis techniques. MPPs was found to have a porous structure with a large surface area and an abundance of acidic functional groups. Laccase immobilization reduced surface area but added active degradation sites. The optimal immobilization parameters were determined as pH 4, 35 °C, and a laccase concentration of 2.5 mg/mL resulting in a 69.8% immobilization yield. The adsorption of the emerging pollutant onto MPPs is best characterized as a spontaneous endothermic process that adheres to the Langmuir isotherm and first-order kinetics. Using synergistic adsorption and enzymatic degradation, the target pollutants (50 mg/L) were eliminated in 2 h. In both water types, LMPPs outperformed MPPs. This study shows that pomegranate peels can effectively be harnessed as an enzyme carrier and adsorbent for the removal of emerging pollutants even from a complex sample matrix. The removal of contaminants from wastewater lasted five cycles, whereas it continued up to six cycles for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Aalto, P.O. Box 15200, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
- Research Group of Limnology, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Manolia Andredaki
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Viola Somogyi
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Ibijoke A Idowu
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Csilla Stenger-Kovács
- Research Group of Limnology, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
- ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem utca 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Miklós Jakab
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, Veszprém, 8201, Hungary
| | - Edina Lengyel
- Research Group of Limnology, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
- ELKH-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem utca 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
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Zhou K, Peng M, Tan Z, Xiao N. Diarrhea Caused by High-Fat and High-Protein Diet Was Associated With Intestinal Lactase-Producing Bacteria. Turk J Gastroenterol 2023; 34:691-699. [PMID: 37051624 PMCID: PMC10441099 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.22451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of diarrhea induced by a high-fat and high-protein diet on lactase-producing bacteria in the intestinal contents of mice from the perspective of diarrhea-related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten specific pathogen-free Kunming male mice were chosen and randomly divided into the normal group and model group. The mice in the normal group were fed with high-fat and high-protein diet plus gavage of vegetable oil, while those in the model group were fed with general diet plus gavage of distilled water. After successful modeling, the distribution and diversity of lactase-producing bacteria in the intestinal contents were characterized by metagenomic sequencing technology. RESULTS After high-fat and high-protein diet intervention, Chao1, observed species index, and operational taxonomic units number decreased in the model group (P > .05), while the Shannon, Simpson, Pielou's evenness, and Goods coverage indices increased (P > .05). The principal coordinate analysis showed that the composition of lactase-producing bacteria differed between the normal group and model group (P < .05). The lactase-producing bacterial source in the intestinal contents of mice was Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, of which Actinobacteria was the most abundant phylum. At the genus level, both groups had their unique genera, respectively. Compared to the normal group, the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Rhizobium, and Sphingobium increased, while Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Saccharopolyspora, and Sinorhizobium decreased in the model group. CONCLUSION High-fat and high-protein diet altered the structure of lactase-producing bacteria in the intestinal contents, elevating the abundance of dominant lactase-producing bacteria, while decreasing the richness of lactase-producing bacteria, which may further induce the occurrence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhou
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Maijiao Peng
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhoujin Tan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Nenqun Xiao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Liu YH, Wang L, Zhang Z, Otecko NO, Khederzadeh S, Dai Y, Liang B, Wang GD, Zhang YP. Whole-genome sequencing reveals lactase persistence adaptation in European dogs. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4884-4890. [PMID: 34289055 PMCID: PMC8557436 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coexistence and cooperation between dogs and humans over thousands of years have supported convergent evolutionary processes in the two species. Previous studies found that Eurasian dogs evolved into a distinct geographic cluster. In this study, we used the genomes of 242 European dogs, 38 Southeast Asian indigenous (SEAI) dogs, and 41 gray wolves to identify adaptation of European dogs . We report 86 unique positively selected genes in European dogs, among which is LCT (lactase). LCT encodes lactase, which is fundamental for the digestion of lactose. We found that an A-to-G mutation (chr19:38,609,592) is almost fixed in Middle Eastern and European dogs. The results of two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D SFS) support that the mutation is under soft sweep . We inferred that the onset of positive selection of the mutation is shorter than 6,535 years and behind the well-developed dairy economy in central Europe. It increases the expression of LCT by reducing its binding with ZEB1, which would enhance dog’s ability to digest milk-based diets. Our study uncovers the genetic basis of convergent evolution between humans and dogs with respect to diet, emphasizing the import of the dog as a biomedical model for studying mechanisms of the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Newton O Otecko
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Saber Khederzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
| | - Guo-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Corresponding authors: E-mails: ; ;
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7
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Porzi M, Burton-Pimentel KJ, Walther B, Vergères G. Development of Personalized Nutrition: Applications in Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis and Management. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051503. [PMID: 33946892 PMCID: PMC8145768 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries in the “omics” field and the growing focus on preventive health have opened new avenues for personalized nutrition (PN), which is becoming an important theme in the strategic plans of organizations that are active in healthcare, food, and nutrition research. PN holds great potential for individual health optimization, disease management, public health interventions, and product innovation. However, there are still multiple challenges to overcome before PN can be truly embraced by the public and healthcare stakeholders. The diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance (LI), a common condition with a strong inter-individual component, is explored as an interesting example for the potential role of these technologies and the challenges of PN. From the development of genetic and metabolomic LI diagnostic tests that can be carried out in the home, to advances in the understanding of LI pathology and individualized treatment optimization, PN in LI care has shown substantial progress. However, there are still many research gaps to address, including the understanding of epigenetic regulation of lactase expression and how lactose is metabolized by the gut microbiota, in order to achieve better LI detection and effective therapeutic interventions to reverse the potential health consequences of LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Porzi
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kathryn J. Burton-Pimentel
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Walther
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Guy Vergères
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-463-8154
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8
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Nardone OM, Manfellotto F, D’Onofrio C, Rocco A, Annona G, Sasso F, De Luca P, Imperatore N, Testa A, de Sire R, Biffali E, Castiglione F. Lactose Intolerance Assessed by Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism, Breath Test and Symptoms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041290. [PMID: 33919766 PMCID: PMC8070715 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) restrict dairy products to control their symptoms. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of lactose intolerance assessed with hydrogen breath test (H-BT) in IBD patients in clinical remission compared to a sex, age and BMI matched control population. We further detected the prevalence of three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the lactase (LCT) gene: the lactase non persistence LCT-13910 CC (wildtype) and the intermediate phenotype LCT-22018 CT and LCT-13910 AG; finally, we assess the correlation between genotype and H-BT. A total of 54 IBD patients and 69 control who underwent clinical evaluation, H-BT and genetic test were enrolled. H-BT was positive in 64.8% IBD patients and 62.3% control (p = 0.3). The wild-type genotype was found in 85.2% IBD patients while CT-22018, AG-13910 and CT-22018/AG-13910 polymorphisms were found in 9.3%, 1.8% and 3.7%. In the control group, the wild-type genotype, CT-22018, AG-13910 and CT-22018/AG-13910 polymorphisms were found in 87%, 5.8%, 5.8% and 1.4% of cases, respectively. Therefore, the wild-type and polymorphisms’ prevalence did not differ between IBD population and control group (85.2% vs. 87%, p = 0.1) (14.8% vs. 13%, p = 0.7). The correlation between positive H-BT and genetic analysis showed that the wild-type genotype was associated with higher rate of lactose intolerance in the total population (OR 5.31, 95%CI 1.73–16.29, p = 0.003) and in the IBD (OR 7.61, 95%CI 1.36–42.7, p = 0.02). The prevalence of lactose intolerance in IBD patients did not differ from that of control. Despite suggestive symptoms, about 1/3 of IBD patients are not lactose intolerant, thus not needing “a priori” elimination diet. This may encourage a rationale and balanced dietary management in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maria Nardone
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Manfellotto
- Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, RIMAR Department, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.A.); (P.D.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Caterina D’Onofrio
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Alba Rocco
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Giovanni Annona
- Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, RIMAR Department, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.A.); (P.D.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Francesca Sasso
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Pasquale De Luca
- Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, RIMAR Department, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.A.); (P.D.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicola Imperatore
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, AORN Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Testa
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Roberto de Sire
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Elio Biffali
- Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, RIMAR Department, Stazione Zoologica A. Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80122 Naples, Italy; (F.M.); (G.A.); (P.D.L.); (E.B.)
| | - Fabiana Castiglione
- Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.D.); (A.R.); (F.S.); (A.T.); (R.d.S.); (F.C.)
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9
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Bleasdale M, Richter KK, Janzen A, Brown S, Scott A, Zech J, Wilkin S, Wang K, Schiffels S, Desideri J, Besse M, Reinold J, Saad M, Babiker H, Power RC, Ndiema E, Ogola C, Manthi FK, Zahir M, Petraglia M, Trachsel C, Nanni P, Grossmann J, Hendy J, Crowther A, Roberts P, Goldstein ST, Boivin N. Ancient proteins provide evidence of dairy consumption in eastern Africa. Nat Commun 2021; 12:632. [PMID: 33504791 PMCID: PMC7841170 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Consuming the milk of other species is a unique adaptation of Homo sapiens, with implications for health, birth spacing and evolution. Key questions nonetheless remain regarding the origins of dairying and its relationship to the genetically-determined ability to drink milk into adulthood through lactase persistence (LP). As a major centre of LP diversity, Africa is of significant interest to the evolution of dairying. Here we report proteomic evidence for milk consumption in ancient Africa. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) we identify dairy proteins in human dental calculus from northeastern Africa, directly demonstrating milk consumption at least six millennia ago. Our findings indicate that pastoralist groups were drinking milk as soon as herding spread into eastern Africa, at a time when the genetic adaptation for milk digestion was absent or rare. Our study links LP status in specific ancient individuals with direct evidence for their consumption of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Bleasdale
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, King's Manor, Exhibition Square, York, YO1 7EP, UK.
| | - Kristine K Richter
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Anneke Janzen
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha Brown
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ashley Scott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Zech
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Shevan Wilkin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Jocelyne Desideri
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Reinold
- Section française de la Direction des antiquités du Soudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohamed Saad
- National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan, M.Bolheim Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Hiba Babiker
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert C Power
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Pre-and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Ogola
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick K Manthi
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Muhammad Zahir
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Department of Archaeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Michael Petraglia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DA, USA
| | - Christian Trachsel
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center, University of Zurich/ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Hendy
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alison Crowther
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven T Goldstein
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Boivin
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DA, USA.
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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10
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Liu S, Rezende RM, Moreira TG, Tankou SK, Cox LM, Wu M, Song A, Dhang FH, Wei Z, Costamagna G, Weiner HL. Oral Administration of miR-30d from Feces of MS Patients Suppresses MS-like Symptoms in Mice by Expanding Akkermansia muciniphila. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:779-794.e8. [PMID: 31784260 PMCID: PMC6948921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fecal transfer from healthy donors is being explored as a microbiome modality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to affect the microbiome. Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been shown to have an altered gut microbiome. Here, we unexpectedly found that transfer of feces harvested at peak disease from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS ameliorates disease in recipients in a miRNA-dependent manner. Specifically, we show that miR-30d is enriched in the feces of peak EAE and untreated MS patients. Synthetic miR-30d given orally ameliorates EAE through expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Mechanistically, miR-30d regulates the expression of a lactase in Akkermansia muciniphila, which increases Akkermansia abundance in the gut. The expanded Akkermansia in turn increases Tregs to suppress EAE symptoms. Our findings report the mechanistic underpinnings of a miRNA-microbiome axis and suggest that the feces of diseased subjects might be enriched with miRNAs with therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Liu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Rafael M Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thais G Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Tankou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anya Song
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fyonn H Dhang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiyun Wei
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gianluca Costamagna
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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Vissers LET, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Burgess S, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Bonet C, Chirlaque MD, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Freisling H, Gunter MJ, Quirós JR, Ibsen DB, Kaaks R, Key T, Khaw KT, Kühn T, Mokoroa O, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Pala V, Palli D, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Spijkerman AMW, Tjonneland A, Tumino R, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Rolandsson O, Riboli E, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Wareham NJ. Dairy Product Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in EPIC-InterAct: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:568-575. [PMID: 30728219 PMCID: PMC7340535 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the causal association between intake of dairy products and incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 21,820 European individuals (9,686 diabetes cases) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study. Participants were genotyped, and rs4988235 (LCT-12910C>T), a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for lactase persistence (LP) that enables digestion of dairy sugar, i.e., lactose, was imputed. Baseline dietary intakes were assessed with diet questionnaires. We investigated the associations between imputed SNP dosage for rs4988235 and intake of dairy products and other foods through linear regression. Mendelian randomization (MR) estimates for the milk-diabetes relationship were obtained through a two-stage least squares regression. RESULTS Each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk (β 17.1 g/day, 95% CI 10.6-23.6) and milk beverages (β 2.8 g/day, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) but not with intake of other dairy products. Other dietary intakes associated with rs4988235 included fruits (β -7.0 g/day, 95% CI -12.4 to -1.7 per additional LP allele), nonalcoholic beverages (β -18.0 g/day, 95% CI -34.4 to -1.6), and wine (β -4.8 g/day, 95% CI -9.1 to -0.6). In instrumental variable analysis, LP-associated milk intake was not associated with diabetes (hazard ratioper 15 g/day 0.99, 95% CI 0.93-1.05). CONCLUSIONS rs4988235 was associated with milk intake but not with intake of other dairy products. This MR study does not suggest that milk intake is associated with diabetes, which is consistent with previous observational and genetic associations. LP may be associated with intake of other foods as well, but owing to the modest associations, we consider it unlikely that this caused the observed null result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E T Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Catalina Bonet
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), UMR1018, INSERM, Institut Gustave Roussy, Paris South University-Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Heinz Freisling
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel B Ibsen
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kay T Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olatz Mokoroa
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University Hospital "Città della Salute e della Scienza," University of Turin, and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale (ASP) Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
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12
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Stourman N, Moore J. Analysis of lactase in lactose intolerance supplements. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2018; 46:652-662. [PMID: 30462373 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactase is the enzyme responsible for the digestion of the disaccharide lactose, and deficiency in this enzyme causes the prevalent medical condition lactose intolerance. Management of lactose intolerance can be achieved through the administration of lactase supplements. Lactase is an appropriate platform for advanced enzymatic study because its medical application is a motivator for student learning. The following is an upper-level biochemistry laboratory sequence that integrates student inquiry and exposure to advanced laboratory techniques. Students investigate three different lactase supplements through experimentation that includes the Bradford assay, SDS-PAGE, continuous and discontinuous kinetic assays, and zymography. Upon completion of this project, students compile their results and conclusions in a scientifically formatted paper comparing supplement protein content and activity. This safe and inexpensive laboratory project enriches student understanding of key biochemical concepts while mirroring work performed in a realistic research setting. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(6):652-662, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Stourman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
| | - Jennifer Moore
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio
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13
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Long CX, He L, Guo YF, Liu YW, Xiao NQ, Tan ZJ. Diversity of bacterial lactase genes in intestinal contents of mice with antibiotics-induced diarrhea. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:7584-7593. [PMID: 29204058 PMCID: PMC5698251 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i42.7584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents of mice with antibiotics-induced diarrhea.
METHODS Following 2 d of adaptive feeding, 12 specific pathogen-free Kunming mice were randomly divided into the control group and model group. The mouse model of antibiotics-induced diarrhea was established by gastric perfusion with mixed antibiotics (23.33 mL·kg-1·d-1) composed of gentamicin sulfate and cephradine capsules administered for 5 days, and the control group was treated with an equal amount of sterile water. Contents of the jejunum and ileum were then collected and metagenomic DNA was extracted, after which analysis of bacterial lactase genes using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was carried out after amplification and sequencing.
RESULTS OTUs were 871 and 963 in the model group and control group, respectively, and 690 of these were identical. There were significant differences in Chao1 and ACE indices between the two groups (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis, principal coordination analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses showed that OTUs distribution in the control group was relatively intensive, and differences among individuals were small, while in the model group, they were widely dispersed and more diversified. Bacterial lactase genes from the intestinal contents of the control group were related to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and unclassified bacteria. Of these, Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. In contrast, the bacterial population was less diverse and abundant in the model group, as the abundance of Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1, Agrobacterium sp. H13-3, Acidovorax sp. KKS102, Azoarcus sp. KH32C and Aeromonas caviae was lower than that in the control group. In addition, of the known species, the control group and model group had their own unique genera, respectively.
CONCLUSION Antibiotics reduce the diversity of bacterial lactase genes in the intestinal contents, decrease the abundance of lactase gene, change the lactase gene strains, and transform their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Long
- Lu-He, Yan-Fang Guo, Ya-Wei Liu, Nen-Qun Xiao, Zhou-Jin Tan, Department of Microbiology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
- College of Mathematics and Finance, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan Province, China
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14
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Szilagyi A, Xue X. Comparison of geographic distributions of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Inflammatory Bowel Disease fail to support common evolutionary roots: Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are not related by evolution. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:31-37. [PMID: 29317064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) shares overlapping symptoms and some features of pathogenesis with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD: Crohn's disease [CD], and Ulcerative Colitis [UC]). Geographic markers such as latitude/sunshine and more recently lactase population distributions are found to be correlated with IBD. As a result of clinical and pathogenic similarities between the 2 conditions, some authorities questioned whether a connection exists between them. We compare IBS directly with IBD, and indirectly with geographic markers associated with IBD, in order to evaluate possible evolutionary links between IBS and IBD. Similar correlations may link IBS as a precursor to IBD and possibly other conditions which are geographically connected with IBD. Data from four systematic reviews on IBD incidence and prevalence, IBS prevalence, and lactase distributions were included. Pearson's correlations were used for comparisons, with IBD values log-transformed because of skewed distribution. The articles provided 18-28 complete set of national data. Direct comparison between IBS and IBD showed no significant correlations (r = -0.14, r = -0.06 for CD and UC prevalence, r = -0.10 for CD incidence). Indirect comparisons also failed to show correlations of IBS with lactase distributions (r = -0.17), sunshine (r = -0.2) or latitude (r = 0.097); however, there was significant correlation between lactase distributions and CD incidence (r = -0.84), prevalence (r = -0.55) and UC prevalence (r = -0.59). Both sunshine (r= -0.53) and latitude (r = 0.58) are also significantly related to CD incidence. It is concluded that IBS and IBD do not follow similar global geographic patterns. This suggests a lack of an evolutionary genetic background coincident with emergence of lactase persistence. As well, vitamin D has no obvious impact on development of IBS. Similarities with IBD may result from sub groups (not yet identified) within the current Rome criteria of IBS. Alternatively limited intestinal gut-brain responses to host microbial interactions may result in similar overlap features in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Canada.
| | - Xiaoqing Xue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Biostatistics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Canada
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15
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Zhao D, Le TT, Nielsen SD, Larsen LB. Effect of Storage on Lactase-Treated β-Casein and β-Lactoglobulin with Respect to Bitter Peptide Formation and Subsequent in Vitro Digestibility. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8409-8417. [PMID: 28885022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using active lactose to hydrolyze lactose during storage is a common process to produce lactose-hydrolyzed (LH) milk. Proteolysis induced by residual proteases in commercial lactase was studied in a system using purified β-casein or β-lactoglobulin during a 60-day storage period at 22 or 38 °C. The proteolysis of β-casein by residual proteases occurred more extensively than that of β-lactoglobulin. Peptidomic analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that Ile, Leu, Tyr, and Phe residues near the C-terminus of β-casein were the main sites of cleavage by the residual proteases, generating assumed bitter peptides. In the subsequent in vitro digestion study, proteolysis during storage was shown to greatly affect the subsequent digestibility of β-casein, leading to an elevated degree of hydrolysis and the formation of new digested peptides. This study highlights the potential influence of residual proteases in commercial lactase on the storage quality and digestibility of LH milk containing active lactase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology , 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety , 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Thao T Le
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Søren Drud Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Lotte Bach Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate the clinical and nutritional significance of genetically determined lactase non-persistence and potential lactose and milk intolerance in 65-70% of the world's adult population. RECENT FINDINGS Milk consumption is decreasing in the USA and is the lowest in countries with a high prevalence of lactase non-persistence. The dairy industry and Minnesota investigators have made efforts to minimize the influence of lactose intolerance on milk consumption. Some lactose intolerant individuals, without co-existent irritable bowel syndrome, are able to consume a glass of milk with a meal with no or minor symptoms. The high frequency of lactase persistence in offspring of Northern European countries and in some nomadic African tribes is due to mutations in the promoter of the lactase gene in association with survival advantage of milk drinking. Educational and commercial efforts to improve calcium and Vitamin D intake have focused on urging consumption of tolerable amounts of milk with a meal, use of lowered lactose-content foods including hard cheeses, yogurt, and lactose-hydrolyzed milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore M Bayless
- Meyerhoff Digestive Diseases-Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- , 800 A Southerly Road, # 1122, Towson, MD, 21286, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David M Paige
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Stoll B, Price PT, Reeds PJ, Chang X, Henry JF, van Goudoever JB, Holst JJ, Burrin DG. Feeding an Elemental Dietvsa Milk-Based Formula Does Not Decrease Intestinal Mucosal Growth in Infant Pigs. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:32-9. [PMID: 16387897 DOI: 10.1177/014860710603000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that the level of enteral nutrient intake determines the rate of intestinal growth in piglets. Our objective was to determine whether providing enteral nutrition in the form of elemental nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipid [ED]) rather than cow's milk formula (lactose, protein, lipid [FORM]) reduces small intestinal growth and lactase activity. METHODS Three-week-old piglets were fed either ED (n = 7) intragastrically or FORM (n = 6) orally for 6 days. RESULTS Intestinal protein and DNA masses, villus height, and crypt depth were not different in ED and FORM pigs. Crypt cell proliferation, measured by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling, was significantly (p < .05) higher (+37%) in ED than in FORM pigs. Rates of mucosal protein synthesis (%/d), measured by in vivo 2H-leucine incorporation, were higher (p < .05) in ED than FORM (147 vs 89) pigs. Circulating concentrations (pmol/L) of the intestinotrophic peptide, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), were also higher (p < .05) in ED than in FORM (148 vs 87) pigs. The mean lactase-specific activity (micromol/min/g) in proximal and distal segments was higher (p < .05) in FORM than in ED (124 vs 58) pigs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that intestinal mucosal growth and villus morphology are similar in pigs fed ED and FORM, despite higher cell proliferation and protein synthesis rates and lower lactase activity with ED. This implies that elemental diets may be as trophic as polymeric formulas to simultaneously provide nutrition and a stimulus for intestinal growth during bowel rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stoll
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Szilagyi A, Galiatsatos P, Xue X. Systematic review and meta-analysis of lactose digestion, its impact on intolerance and nutritional effects of dairy food restriction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Nutr J 2016; 15:67. [PMID: 27411934 PMCID: PMC4942986 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships between inflammatory bowel disease and lactose containing foods remain controversial and poorly defined regarding symptoms, nutritional outcomes, and epidemiologic associations for lactose maldigestion. METHODS A literature review was performed using Pub Med, Cochrane library and individual references, to extract data on lactose maldigestion prevalence in inflammatory bowel diseases. A meta-analysis was done using selected articles, to determine odds ratios of maldigestion. Information was collected about symptoms, impact on pattern of dairy food consumption, as well as the effects of dairy foods on the course of inflammatory bowel diseases. RESULTS A total of 1022 articles were evaluated, 35 articles were retained and 5 studies were added from review articles. Of these 17 were included in meta-analysis which showed overall increased lactose maldigestion in both diseases. However increased risk on sub analysis was only found in Crohn's in patients with small bowel involvement. Nine additional studies were reviewed for symptoms, with variable outcomes due to confounding between lactose intolerance and lactose maldigestion. Fourteen studies were evaluated for dairy food effects. There was a suggestion that dairy foods may protect against inflammatory bowel disease. Nutritional consequences of dairy restrictions might impact adversely on bone and colonic complications. CONCLUSIONS Lactose maldigestion in inflammatory bowel disease is dependent on ethnic makeup of the population and usually not disease. No bias of increased disease prevalence was noted between lactase genotypes. Intolerance symptoms depend on several parameters besides lactose maldigestion. Dairy foods may decrease risks of inflammatory bowel disease. Dairy restrictions may adversely affect disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Room E-110,3755 Cote Ste Catherine Rd, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Polymnia Galiatsatos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Room E-110,3755 Cote Ste Catherine Rd, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Xiaoqing Xue
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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19
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Piepoli A, Schirru E, Mastrorilli A, Gentile A, Cotugno R, Quitadamo M, Merla A, Congia M, Usai Satta P, Perri F. Genotyping of the Lactase-Phlorizin Hydrolase C/T-13910 Polymorphism by Means of a New Rapid Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Based Assay in Healthy Subjects and Colorectal Cancer Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 12:733-9. [PMID: 17478481 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult-type hypolactasia results from the progressive decline of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity in enterocytes after weaning. Lactase nonpersistence may determine a primary lactose intolerance with reduced diary product consumption, which is possibly related to an increased risk of colon cancer. Recently, a genetic variant C/T—13910 upstream of the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase ( LCT) gene has been strongly correlated with the lactase persistence/nonpersistence trait in both family and case-control studies. The authors validate a denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC)—based assay versus conventional genotype sequencing in detecting the C/T—13910 polymorphism of LCT and evaluate its prevalence in 2 different Italian geographical areas and in colorectal cancer patients. DNA samples of 157 healthy subjects and 124 colon cancer patients from Apulia and of 97 healthy subjects from Sardinia were evaluated for the C/T—13910 polymorphism by dHPLC, sequencing, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Under optimized conditions, dHPLC was as sensitive as DNA sequencing and detected a new genetic variant (T/C-13913) in 2 individuals that was not identified by RFLP assay. Frequency of lactase nonpersistence genotype (C/C—13910) was similar in healthy subjects from 2 different Italian geographical areas and not increased in patients with colorectal cancer. The results indicate that the dHPLC method may be used as a rapid, noninvasive, and laborsaving screening tool for genotyping C/T—13910 polymorphism, with high success, low cost, and reproducibility. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2007:733-739)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Piepoli
- Research Laboratory and Department of Gastroenterology, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactose is an important energy source in young mammals, and in fully breast-fed human infants, it constitutes around 40% of the total daily energy intake. The role of lactose in feeding of undernourished infants and young children is not well described. OBJECTIVE A narrative review of the potential positive and negative effects of lactose in the treatment of undernourished children. METHODS Searches were conducted using PUBMED and Web of Science up to July 2015. Relevant references in the retrieved articles were included. RESULTS Lactose may exhibit several health benefits in young children, including a prebiotic effect on the gut microbiota and a positive effect on mineral absorption. Studies in piglets suggest there might also be a stimulating effect on growth, relative to other carbohydrates. Lactose intolerance is a potential concern for undernourished children. Most undernourished children seem to tolerate the currently recommended (low lactose level) therapeutic foods well. However, a subgroup of severely undernourished children with secondary lactase deficiency due to severe diarrhea or severe enteropathy may benefit from products with even more restricted lactose content. At limited extra costs, lactose or lactose-containing milk ingredients may have beneficial effects if added to food products for undernourished children. CONCLUSIONS Lactose may be an overlooked beneficial nutrient for young and undernourished children. Research is needed to define the balance between beneficial and detrimental effects of lactose in undernourished children at different ages and with different degrees of diarrhea and intestinal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Department for International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Animal Sciences, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Animal Sciences, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Maren H Rytter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne-Louise Hother
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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21
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Dzialanski Z, Barany M, Engfeldt P, Magnuson A, Olsson LA, Nilsson TK. Lactase persistence versus lactose intolerance: Is there an intermediate phenotype? Clin Biochem 2015; 49:248-52. [PMID: 26601570 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the prevailing theory about the genetic background to lactose intolerance, there are three genotypes but only two adult physiological phenotypes: lactase persistence in individuals with the CT and TT genotypes and lactase non-persistence in individuals with the CC genotype. However, analysis of lactase activity from intestinal biopsies has revealed three distinct levels of activity, suggesting that an intermediate physiological phenotype may exist. AIM To assess possible disparities between different genotypes with regard to biomarkers of lactase activity and physical symptoms during an oral lactose load test. METHODS A retrospective study using an oral lactose load test (n=487). Concentrations of hydrogen in exhaled air and blood glucose were measured. Afterwards, subjects were asked to provide oral mucosa samples for genotyping and answer a questionnaire (participation rate 56%, n=274). RESULTS Mean hydrogen levels in exhaled air at 120min were significantly higher in the CT genotype than in the TT genotype. There was no significant difference in blood glucose levels between the two groups. Reported symptoms, with the possible exception of abdominal pain, were equally prevalent in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with the CT and TT genotypes, hitherto classified as lactase-persistent, differ in their physiological response to lactose intake, indicating differences in phenotype which could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Dzialanski
- University Health Care Research Center, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Michael Barany
- Department of Clinical Physiology, School of Health and Medicine Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Peter Engfeldt
- University Health Care Research Center, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anders Magnuson
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health and Medicine Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lovisa A Olsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, SE 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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22
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Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, Fox M. Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management. Nutrients 2015; 7:8020-35. [PMID: 26393648 PMCID: PMC4586575 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance related to primary or secondary lactase deficiency is characterized by abdominal pain and distension, borborygmi, flatus, and diarrhea induced by lactose in dairy products. The biological mechanism and lactose malabsorption is established and several investigations are available, including genetic, endoscopic and physiological tests. Lactose intolerance depends not only on the expression of lactase but also on the dose of lactose, intestinal flora, gastrointestinal motility, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract to the generation of gas and other fermentation products of lactose digestion. Treatment of lactose intolerance can include lactose-reduced diet and enzyme replacement. This is effective if symptoms are only related to dairy products; however, lactose intolerance can be part of a wider intolerance to variably absorbed, fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). This is present in at least half of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and this group requires not only restriction of lactose intake but also a low FODMAP diet to improve gastrointestinal complaints. The long-term effects of a dairy-free, low FODMAPs diet on nutritional health and the fecal microbiome are not well defined. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis, biological mechanism, diagnosis and dietary management of lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, 310016 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich CH-8091, Switzerland.
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, 310016 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mark Fox
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich CH-8091, Switzerland.
- Division of Gastroenterology, St. Claraspital, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U. The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds. Nutrients 2015; 7:7312-31. [PMID: 26404364 PMCID: PMC4586535 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans learned to exploit ruminants as a source of milk about 10,000 years ago. Since then, the use of domesticated ruminants as a source of milk and dairy products has expanded until today when the dairy industry has become one of the largest sectors in the modern food industry, including the spread at the present time to countries such as China and Japan. This review analyzes the reasons for this expansion and flourishing. As reviewed in detail, milk has numerous nutritional advantages, most important being almost an irreplaceable source of dietary calcium, hence justifying the effort required to increase its consumption. On the other hand, widespread lactose intolerance among the adult population is a considerable drawback to dairy-based foods consumption. Over the centuries, three factors allowed humans to overcome limitations imposed by lactose intolerance: (i) mutations, which occurred in particular populations, most notably in the north European Celtic societies and African nomads, in which carriers of the lactose intolerance gene converted from being lactose intolerant to lactose tolerant; (ii) the ability to develop low-lactose products such as cheese and yogurt; and (iii) colon microbiome adaptation, which allow lactose intolerant individuals to overcome its intolerance. However, in a few examples in the last decade, modern dairy products, such as the popular and widespread bio-cultured yogurts, were suspected to be unsuitable for lactose intolerant peoples. In addition, the use of lactose and milk-derived products containing lactose in non-dairy products has become widespread. For these reasons, it is concluded that it might be important and helpful to label food that may contain lactose because such information will allow lactose intolerant groups to control lactose intake within the physiological limitations of ~12 g per a single meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissim Silanikove
- Biology of Lactation Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Uzi Merin
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Pepoian AZ, Arutunian N, Grigorian A, Tsaturian VV, Manvelian AM, Dilnian E, Balaian MA, Torok T. [THE CERTAIN CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH FAMILY MEDITERRANEAN FEVER OF ARMENIAN POPULATION]. Klin Lab Diagn 2015; 60:46-47. [PMID: 26466452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate erythrocyte sedimentation rate, glucose level, rheumatoid factor and C-reactive protein in blood of patients with periodic peritonitis at the stage of remission. Also, effect of colchicine on activity of lactase was analyzed. It is demonstrated that frequency of increase of levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein during period of remission differed depending on gender while at the same time indicators of rheumatoid factor were within limits of normality in all patients. Despite research literature data establishing effect of colchicine on lactose assimilability, no significant inhibition of lactose activity was established in examined volunteers.
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25
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Jansson T, Clausen MR, Sundekilde UK, Eggers N, Nyegaard S, Larsen LB, Ray C, Sundgren A, Andersen HJ, Bertram HC. Lactose-hydrolyzed milk is more prone to chemical changes during storage than conventional ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7886-7896. [PMID: 25019952 DOI: 10.1021/jf501671z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose gives rise to reactions that change the chemistry and quality of ambient-stored lactose-hydrolyzed ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk. The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare chemical changes in lactose-hydrolyzed and conventional UHT milk during a 9 month ambient storage period. Several complementary analyses of volatiles, free amino acids, acetate, furosine, and level of free amino terminals were concluded. The analyses revealed an increased level of free amino acids and an increased formation rate of specific compounds such as furosine and 2-methylbutanal in lactose-hydrolyzed UHT milk compared to conventional UHT milk during storage. These observations indicate more favorable conditions for Maillard and subsequent reactions in lactose-hydrolyzed milk compared to conventional UHT milk stored at ambient temperature. Furthermore, it is postulated that proteolytic activity from the lactase-enzyme preparation may be responsible for the observed higher levels of free amino acids in lactose-hydrolyzed UHT milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Jansson
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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26
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Ranciaro A, Campbell MC, Hirbo JB, Ko WY, Froment A, Anagnostou P, Kotze MJ, Ibrahim M, Nyambo T, Omar SA, Tishkoff SA. Genetic origins of lactase persistence and the spread of pastoralism in Africa. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:496-510. [PMID: 24630847 PMCID: PMC3980415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the ability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk, declines after weaning because of decreasing levels of the enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, encoded by LCT. However, some individuals maintain high enzyme amounts and are able to digest lactose into adulthood (i.e., they have the lactase-persistence [LP] trait). It is thought that selection has played a major role in maintaining this genetically determined phenotypic trait in different human populations that practice pastoralism. To identify variants associated with the LP trait and to study its evolutionary history in Africa, we sequenced MCM6 introns 9 and 13 and ~2 kb of the LCT promoter region in 819 individuals from 63 African populations and in 154 non-Africans from nine populations. We also genotyped four microsatellites in an ~198 kb region in a subset of 252 individuals to reconstruct the origin and spread of LP-associated variants in Africa. Additionally, we examined the association between LP and genetic variability at candidate regulatory regions in 513 individuals from eastern Africa. Our analyses confirmed the association between the LP trait and three common variants in intron 13 (C-14010, G-13907, and G-13915). Furthermore, we identified two additional LP-associated SNPs in intron 13 and the promoter region (G-12962 and T-956, respectively). Using neutrality tests based on the allele frequency spectrum and long-range linkage disequilibrium, we detected strong signatures of recent positive selection in eastern African populations and the Fulani from central Africa. In addition, haplotype analysis supported an eastern African origin of the C-14010 LP-associated mutation in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ranciaro
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael C Campbell
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jibril B Hirbo
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen-Ya Ko
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alain Froment
- UMR 208, Musée de l'Homme, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Anagnostou
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; Istituto Italiano di Antropologia, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Maritha J Kotze
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Muntaser Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, 15-13 Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sabah A Omar
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, 54840-00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Zhao W, Yang RJ, Qian TT, Hua X, Zhang WB, Katiyo W. Preparation of novel poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-grafted core-shell magnetic chitosan microspheres and immobilization of lactase. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12073-89. [PMID: 23743822 PMCID: PMC3709774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-grafted magnetic chitosan microspheres (HG-MCM) were prepared using reversed-phase suspension polymerization method. The HG-MCM presented a core-shell structure and regular spherical shape with poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) grafted onto the chitosan layer coating the Fe3O4 cores. The average diameter of the magnetic microspheres was 10.67 μm, within a narrow size distribution of 6.6–17.4 μm. The saturation magnetization and retentivity of the magnetic microspheres were 7.0033 emu/g and 0.6273 emu/g, respectively. The application of HG-MCM in immobilization of lactase showed that the immobilized enzyme presented higher storage, pH and thermal stability compared to the free enzyme. This indicates that HG-MCM have potential applications in bio-macromolecule immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (X.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Rui-Jin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-510-8591-9150
| | - Ting-Ting Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (X.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (X.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (W.K.)
| | - Wendy Katiyo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; E-Mails: (W.Z.); (X.H.); (W.-B.Z.); (W.K.)
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Di Rienzo T, D'Angelo G, D'Aversa F, Campanale MC, Cesario V, Montalto M, Gasbarrini A, Ojetti V. Lactose intolerance: from diagnosis to correct management. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17 Suppl 2:18-25. [PMID: 24443063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses one of the most relevant problems in gastrointestinal clinical practice: lactose intolerance. The role of lactase-persistence alleles the diagnosis of lactose malabsorption the development of lactose intolerance symptoms and its management. Most people are born with the ability to digest lactose, the major carbohydrate in milk and the main source of nutrition until weaning. Approximately, 75% of the world's population loses this ability at some point, while others can digest lactose into adulthood. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea with a considerable intraindividual and interindividual variability in the severity. Diagnosis is most commonly performed by the non invasive lactose hydrogen breath test. Management of lactose intolerance consists of two possible clinical choice not mutually exclusive: alimentary restriction and drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Di Rienzo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Deng YX, Zhang XJ, Shi QZ, Chen YS, Qiu XM, Chen B. Anti-hyperglycemic effects and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Huanglian Wan in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 144:425-432. [PMID: 23036812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huanglian Wan (HLW) is a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has been used to treat diabetes mellitus for thousands of years in China. In this study we provide experimental evidence for the clinical use of HLW in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS HLW extract was prepared and the main components (namely berberine and catalpol) contained in the extract were assayed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and diabetic model rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After grouped randomly, diabetic rats were administered low or high dose of HLW extract, acarbose and vehicle for 33 days, respectively. Body weight, food intake, urine volume, urine sugars, fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin were monitored to evaluate its antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats. Intestinal mucosa homogenate was prepared and the activities of intestinal disaccharidases were assayed. Moreover, oral sucrose tolerance test (OSTT) was performed and the inhibitory effect of HLW extract on the maltase and sucrase in vitro was evaluated. RESULTS After the treatment of HLW extract, the body weight and the fasting plasma insulin level were found to be increased while food intake, urine volume, urine sugars and fasting plasma were decreased. OSTT showed that HLW extract could lower the postprandial plasma glucose level of diabetic rats. Furthermore, HLW extract could inhibit the activities of sucrase and maltase in vitro. CONCLUSIONS According to our present findings, the TCM prescription HLW possessed potent anti-hyperglycemic effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats. And HLW extract exerted anti-hyperglycemic effect partly via inhibiting the increased activities of intestinal disaccharidases and elevating the level of plasma insulin in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-xiong Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Medical College of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, PR China.
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Vuorisalo T, Arjamaa O, Vasemägi A, Taavitsainen JP, Tourunen A, Saloniemi I. High lactose tolerance in North Europeans: a result of migration, not in situ milk consumption. Perspect Biol Med 2012; 55:163-174. [PMID: 22643754 DOI: 10.1353/pbm.2012.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The main carbohydrate in milk is lactose, which must be hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose before the sugars can be digested. While 65% or more of the total human population are lactose intolerant, in some human populations lactase activity commonly persists into adulthood. Lactose tolerance is exceptionally widespread in Northern European countries such as Sweden and Finland, with tolerance levels of 74% and 82%, respectively. Theoretically, this may result either from a strong local selection pressure for lactose tolerance, or from immigration of lactose tolerant people to Northern Europe. We provide several lines of archaeological and historical evidence suggesting that the high lactose tolerance in North Europeans cannot be explained by selection from in situ milk consumption. First, fresh cow milk has not belonged to the traditional diet of Swedes or Finns until recent times. Second, not enough milk has been available for adult consumption. Cattle herding has been neither widespread nor productive enough in Northern Europe to have provided constant access to fresh milk. We suggest that the high prevalence of lactose tolerance in Finland in particular may be explained by immigration of people representing so-called Corded Ware Culture, an early culture representing agricultural development in Europe.
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Qiao R, Huang C, Du H, Zeng G, Li L, Ye S. Milk consumption and lactose intolerance in adults. Biomed Environ Sci 2011; 24:512-517. [PMID: 22108417 DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate relations between milk consumption and lactose intolerance (LI) in adults and to explore the effect of milk consumption on lactase activity. METHODS Total of 182 subjects aged 20-70 years were recruited and interviewed by questionnaires, and their accumulative cow's milk intake (AMI) was calculated. LI was evaluated by hydrogen breath test (HBT). RESULTS A negative correlation was found between AMI and severity of observed LI symptom (r=-0.2884; P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis showed a negative correlation between LI and duration and frequency of milk consumption (OR, 0.317 and 0.465, respectively; both P<0.05) and a positive correlation between LI and amount of milk consumed per sitting (OR, 6.337; P<0.05). CONCLUSION LI is related to various milk consumption behaviors. Most Chinese adults with LI may tolerate moderate milk consumption <160 mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Shimoda K, Kubota N. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of ester-linked docetaxel-monosaccharide conjugates as water-soluble prodrugs. Molecules 2011; 16:6769-77. [PMID: 21829152 PMCID: PMC6264731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new docetaxel prodrugs, i.e., 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-glycopyranosides, which contain ester-linked monosaccharides, were synthesized by a chemo-enzymatic procedure involving enzymatic transglycosylations with lactase, β-galactosidase, or β-xylosidase. The water-solubility of 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was 52-fold higher than that of docetaxel. 7-Propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-xylopyranoside were effectively hydrolyzed by the relevant enzyme(s) of human cancer cells to release docetaxel, whereas 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-galactopyranoside was relatively resistant under similar conditions. 7-Propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-xylopyranoside showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells, whereas 7-propionyldocetaxel 3''-O-β-D-galactopyranoside exerted low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Shimoda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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Ying AJ, Shu XL, Gu WZ, Huang XM, Shuai XH, Yang LR, Jiang MZ. [Effect of zinc deficiency on intestinal mucosal morphology and digestive enzyme activity in growing rat]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2011; 49:249-254. [PMID: 21624198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, a growing rat model of zinc deficiency was established to investigate the effect of zinc deficiency on intestinal mucosal morphology and digestive enzyme activity as well as to provide a scientific basis for zinc supplementation therapy in patients with diarrhea. METHOD Three-week-old weaned Sprague-Dawley male rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 in each: rats in the control group (ZA) were fed with a normal diet containing 30 µg/g zinc; rats in the zinc deficient group (ZD) were fed with a zinc-deficient diet containing 0.4 µg/g zinc (refer to AIN-76 formula); and rats in the paired fed group (PF) were fed with a normal diet, but the food intake was limited to intake of rats in ZD group in the previous day. All rats were provided with deionized water for drinking. Their body weight was measured and the food intake during the previous day was recorded early in the morning of the following day. Symptoms of zinc deficiency, such as anorexia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and growth retardation, were observed. Two weeks later, the rats were sacrificed and serum zinc concentration was measured. Jejunal mucosa was taken for biopsy and was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The height ratio of the jejunal mucosal villi and crypts was measured. In addition, the activity of lactase in the jejunal mucosal brush border, γ-glutamyl peptidase (GGT), and aminopeptidase N (APN) were measured. RESULT The average weight of the rats in the ZA, ZD, and PF groups at the beginning of the experiment was (67.4 ± 5.3) g, (64.7 ± 4.8) g, and (66.5 ± 4.1) g, respectively, and the average daily food intake was (11.2 ± 1.0) g, (11.6 ± 1.6) g, and (11.2 ± 1.4) g, respectively. The intergroup differences were not significant. On the 7(th) day of experiment, no significant differences in average food intake were observed between the ZD group and the ZA and PF groups, but the average body weight in the ZD group was significantly lower than that in the ZA and PF groups (P < 0.01). At the end of the experiment (2 weeks), the average weight in the ZD group (112.0 ± 11.5) g was significantly lower than that in the ZA (164.0 ± 15.9) g and PF groups (137.5 ± 16.2) g. The average food intake in the ZD group (13.4 ± 5.1) g was significantly lower than that in the ZA group (18.2 ± 2.4) g (P < 0.01). Serum zinc level in the ZD group (733 ± 231) µg/L was significantly lower than that in the ZA (1553 ± 159) µg/L and PF groups (1457 ± 216) µg/L (P < 0.01). The height ratio of jejunal mucosa villus and crypt in the ZA, ZD, and PF groups was 2.98 ± 0.5, 2.77 ± 0.5, and 2.81 ± 0.7, respectively, and lactase activity was (26.1 ± 15.0) U/mg, (27.4 ± 12.8) U/mg, and (40.8 ± 18.5) U/mg, respectively, without significant intergroup differences. The GGT activity in the jejunal mucosa in the ZD group (12.7 ± 6.5) U/g was significantly lower than that in the ZA (19.1 ± 10.4) U/g and PF groups (18.5 ± 7.7) U/g, but the difference was not significant. The activity of APN in the jejunal mucosa in the ZD group (25.5 ± 7.5) U/g was significantly lower than that in the ZA (48.7 ± 16.8) U/g and PF groups (43.9 ± 14.5) U/g (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Zinc deficiency can cause loss of appetite, weight loss, and decreased activity of peptidase in the jejunal mucosal brush border. Zinc deficiency has little effect on the height ratio of the villus and crypt and lactase activity, thereby indicating that zinc deficiency may first affect protein digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Juan Ying
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Naz S, Siddiqi R, Dew TP, Williamson G. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits lactase but is alleviated by salivary proline-rich proteins. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:2734-2738. [PMID: 21348516 DOI: 10.1021/jf103072z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lactase phlorizin hydrolase is a small intestinal brush border enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the milk sugar, lactose, and also many flavonoid glucosides. We demonstrate that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the principal flavonoid from green tea, inhibits in vitro hydrolysis of lactose by intestinal lactase. We then tested the hypothesis that salivary proline-rich proteins (PRPs) could modulate this inhibition and stabilize EGCG. Inhibition by EGCG of digestive enzymes (α-amylase>chymotrypsin>trypsin>lactase≫pepsin) was alleviated ∼2-6-fold by PRPs. Furthermore, PRPs appeared stable to proteolysis and also stabilized EGCG under digestive conditions in vitro. This is the first report on EGCG inhibition of lactase, and it quantifies the protective role of PRPs against EGCG inhibition of digestive enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahina Naz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Iwasaki M, Tsuchiya K, Okamoto R, Zheng X, Kano Y, Okamoto E, Okada E, Araki A, Suzuki S, Sakamoto N, Kitagaki K, Akashi T, Eishi Y, Nakamura T, Watanabe M. Longitudinal cell formation in the entire human small intestine is correlated with the localization of Hath1 and Klf4. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:191-202. [PMID: 21125297 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) enables the observation and collection of viable specimens from the entire intestine, thereby allowing more detailed investigation of how the structure and function of the human small intestine are regulated. The present study aimed to elucidate the regulation of cell formation in the human small intestine using biopsy specimens collected from an entire individual small intestine by DBE. METHODS The expression and the localization of representative genes for the differentiation program were analyzed in the entire small intestine of 10 patients. The functional correlation between Hath1 and Klf4 was analyzed in an intestinal cell line by using a Tet-On system. RESULTS In longitudinal cell formation in the small intestine, it was shown that goblet cells, but not Paneth cells, increased toward the ileum in each individual small intestine. Immunohistochemistry showed that Hath1-expressing cells migrated from the base of the crypt to the top of the villi in the terminal ileum, while Klf4-expressing cells migrated from the top of the villus, resulting in the colocalization of Hath1 and Klf4 in the terminal ileum. Coexpression of Hath1 and Klf4 upregulated the expression of phenotypic genes for goblet cells following the downregulation of those for Paneth cells. CONCLUSIONS Using mapping biopsy by DBE, we have demonstrated, for the first time, the molecular basis of the villus structure in the entire human small intestine in vivo. The present study showed that longitudinal cell formation was regulated by the colocalization of Hath1 and Klf4 that converted Paneth cell differentiation into goblet cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Iwasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Prikhodchenko NG. [3rd place in the competition of scientific works of young scientists in gastroenterology in 2010. Clinical and pathogenetic mechanisms of formation of food intolerance in children]. Eksp Klin Gastroenterol 2011:149-153. [PMID: 22629793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Sibley E, Ahn JK. Theodore E. Woodward Award: lactase persistence SNPs in African populations regulate promoter activity in intestinal cell culture. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2011; 122:155-165. [PMID: 21686221 PMCID: PMC3116366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, lactase, is the intestinal enzyme responsible for the digestion of the milk sugar lactose. The majority of the world's human population experiences a decline in expression of the lactase gene by late childhood (lactase non-persistence). Individuals with lactase persistence, however, continue to express high levels of the lactase gene throughout adulthood. Lactase persistence is a heritable autosomal dominant condition and has been strongly correlated with several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located ∼14 kb upstream of the lactase gene in different ethnic populations: -13910*T in Europeans and -13907*G, -13915*G, and -14010*C in several African populations. The coincidence of the four SNPs clustering within 100 bp strongly suggests that this region mediates the lactase non-persistence/persistence phenotype. Having previously characterized the European SNP, we aimed to determine whether the African SNPs similarly mediate a functional role in regulating the lactase promoter. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were transfected with lactase SNP/promoter-reporter constructs and assayed for promoter activity. The -13907*G and -13915*G SNPs result in a significant enhancement of lactase promoter activity relative to the ancestral lactase non-persistence genotype. Such differential regulation by the SNPs is consistent with a causative role in the mechanism specifying the lactase persistence phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sibley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, G310, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Kim GE, Lee JH, Jung SH, Seo ES, Jin SD, Kim GJ, Cha J, Kim EJ, Park KD, Kim D. Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of hydroquinone galactoside using Kluyveromyces lactis lactase. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:9492-9497. [PMID: 20687552 DOI: 10.1021/jf101748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone galactoside (HQ-Gal) as a potential skin whitening agent was synthesized by the reaction of lactase (beta-galactosidase) from Kluyveromyces lactis, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus circulans, and Thermus sp. with lactose as a donor and HQ as an acceptor. Among these lactases, the acceptor reaction involving HQ and lactose with K. lactis lactase showed a higher conversion ratio to HQ-Gal (60.27%). HQ-Gal was purified using butanol partitioning and silica gel column chromatography. The structure of the purified HQ-Gal was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, and the ionic product was observed at m/z 295 (C12H16O7Na)+ using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. HQ-Gal was identified as 4-hydroxyphenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside. The optimum conditions for HQ-Gal synthesis by K. lactis determined using response surface methodology were 50 mM HQ, 60 mM lactose, and 20 U mL(-1) lactase. These conditions produced a yield of 2.01 g L(-1) HQ-Gal. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of diphenylpicrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was 3.31 mM, indicating a similar antioxidant activity compared to beta-arbutin (IC50=3.95 mM). The Ki value of HQ-Gal (0.75 mM) against tyrosinase was smaller than that of beta-arbutin (Ki=1.97 mM), indicating its superiority as an inhibitor. HQ-Gal inhibited (23%) melanin synthesis without being significantly toxic to the cells, while beta-arbutin exhibited only 8% reduction of melanin synthesis in B16 melanoma cells compared with the control. These results indicate that HQ-Gal may be a suitable functional component in the cosmetics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Graduate School for Bioenergy and Biomaterials, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Szilagyi A. Determinants of geographic patterns of diseases: interaction of lactose/lactase status and sunshine exposure. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:466-70. [PMID: 20457495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Geographic patterns of diseases depend on multilayered causes. However, the division of the world's population into two phenotypes regarding lactose digestion and sunshine exposure to fixed areas of the globe are two relatively slow changing variables. It is hypothesized that it is a vectorial interaction between these two variables that provide a backbone to risk modification of many diseases. Lactase non persistence status tends to follow sunshine exposure particularly in Europe but Lactase persistence status is also been shown to be related to pastoral life styles in spotty regions of Africa, Middle East and China. Current emphasis of research favours the modifying role of vitamin D and sunshine. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that national digester/nondigester status has mathematical relationships to geographic distribution of some diseases. These relationships are also similar to that described for the effects of latitude through sunshine and vitamin D. This observation raises a question as to how each one affects disease outcome. In this paper lactose/lactase interactions are first reviewed for eight exemplary diseases. Based on population findings and corroborative meta-analyses gleaned from the literature 6 types of interactions may be classified. Then in a preliminary fashion lactose digester and maldigester status are related to relative annual sunshine exposure. Further the relative national annual sunshine exposure is evaluated to outcomes of the same exemplary diseases. The patterns related to sunshine reflect that obtained with national lactase status proportions and also corroborate a literature review. However, correlations are weak to moderate and only ovarian cancer reached conventional statistical significance. Because these comparisons are based on modest number of national data firm conclusions cannot be made. However, it is argued that evolutionary pressures exerted by regional sunshine exposure may have had influence on a number of relevant genetic polymorphisms in parallel with lactase status. Furthermore influences of ancestral herding and dairy food consumption also may have exerted independent influences on either lactose phenotype. As such both discussed variables are postulated to exert parallel as well as independent effects on modifying geographic disease patterns. These could partly explain both north to south and west to east directional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Szilagyi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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I seem to have all the symptoms for lactose intolerance. Is lactose malabsorption the same thing? Can I eat some dairy products, or will they be forever taboo? Duke Med Health News 2010; 16:8. [PMID: 20518135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Uenishi K, Yamaura T. [Nutrition and bone health. Lactose and bone]. Clin Calcium 2010; 20:424-429. [PMID: 20190373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lactose, a disaccharide in milk or dairy products, is known to promote calcium absorption. The enzyme lactase is needed to digest lactose. Although lactase is secreted normally in childhood, the secretion is decreased with growth, and the activity becomes lower in adulthood. When the activity of lactase is low, lactose passes intact the small intestine and reaches the large intestine, could cause unpleasantness such as diarrhea and stomach ache. This is called lactose intolerance. In this paper, we discuss promotion of calcium absorption by lactose, lactose intolerance, and bone health.
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Bakare RI, Magbagbeola OA, Akinwande AI, Ebuehi OAT. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of Momordica charantia on intestinal enzyme activities in diarrhoeagenic mice. Nig Q J Hosp Med 2010; 20:24-28. [PMID: 20450027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Momordica charantia (MC), an annual tropical plant has been reported to possess numerous medicinal properties. The aqueous extract of the plant had been earlier evaluated for its anti-diarrhoeal potential in castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of M. charantia on the activities of the intestinal enzymes in castor oil-induced diarrhoeagenic mice for 48 h-duration. METHODS Diarrhoea was induced by oral administration of castor oil in mice. Mice in Group 1 were given distilled water; Group 2 received 0.2 ml of castor oil. Groups 3-4 received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous leaf extract respectively. The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation at 0, 2, 5, 7, 24, and 48 hours. Enzymatic activities and protein concentration in the intestinal mucosa homogenate were then analyzed at 0, 2, 5, 7, 24, and 48 hours. RESULTS Effect of graded doses (100-400 mg/kg) of M. charantia on intestinal alkaline phosphatase showed decrease in activity at 48 hours, while the reductive effect was significantly expressed in the castor oil than in the control and extract treated groups. Disaccharidases (lactase, maltase and sucrase) activities were significantly reduced in the castor oil group when compared with the extract treated groups and the control. The reduction in protein concentration was also observed in the castor oil group compared to the control and extract treated groups. CONCLUSION The aqueous leaf extract of MC increased enzymes activities (maltase, sucrase and lactase) in the extract treated diarrhoeagenic mice enhancing the absorptive role of these enzymes in the small intestine. This could prevent malnutrition and loss of these enzymes in diarrhoeal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Bakare
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos. P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria.
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Leforestier G, Blais A, Blachier F, Marsset-Baglieri A, Davila-Gay AM, Perrin E, Tomé D. Effects of galacto-oligosaccharide ingestion on the mucosa-associated mucins and sucrase activity in the small intestine of mice. Eur J Nutr 2009; 48:457-64. [PMID: 19575258 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides with short galactosyl chain units produced by lactose fermentation which are considered as prebiotics. Only few studies have investigated the effects of GOS medium-term ingestion on the small intestinal epithelium characteristics. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we evaluated the consequences of GOS ingestion on small intestinal mucosal morphology, on brush-border membrane enzyme activities and on mucin content in BALB/c mice. METHODS Mice received the experimental diets for 4 weeks and then the small intestine was collected to measure sucrase, lactase and alkaline phosphatase activities, to study the villus heights in the jejunum mucosa and to determine mucosal mucin content as well as MUC-2 and MUC-4 mRNAs expression by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that GOS has no detectable effect on the intestine villus height but increased the total protein content by twofold. Sucrase activity was significantly increased in the intestinal mucosa recovered from animals fed the GOS diet without any detectable modification of lactase and phosphatase activities. Interestingly, GOS was also able to increase sucrase activity in cultured Caco-2 cells raising the view that they likely act directly on these cells. Furthermore, GOS was found to markedly increase O-linked glycoproteins associated with the intestinal mucosa without modifying MUC-2, MUC-4 mRNAs expression. Lastly, TNF-alpha mRNA expression was also not modified after GOS ingestion. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in BALB/c mice, 4-week GOS ingestion is able to increase the small intestinal mucosa-associated mucin content and enterocyte-associated sucrase activity without modifying villus height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Leforestier
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France
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Perino A, Cabras S, Obinu D, Cavalli Sforza L. Lactose intolerance: a non-allergic disorder often managed by allergologists. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 41:3-16. [PMID: 19496347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lactose malabsorption is a very common condition characterized by intestinal lactase deficiency. Primary lactose malabsorption is an inherited deficit present in the majority of the world's population, while secondary bypolactasia can be the consequence of an intestinal disease. The presence of malabsorbed lactose in the colonic lumen may cause gastrointestinal symptoms. This condition is known as lactose intolerance. Lactase non-persistence is the ancestral state, whilst two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene have been associated with lactase persistence. These are C/T 13910 and G/A 22018 substitutions. Lactase persistence, this Mendelian dominant trait, only became advantageous after the invention of agriculture, when milk from domesticated animals became available for adults to drink. Lactase persistence is then strongly correlated with the diary history of the population. Diagnosis is assessed clinically by elimination of dietary lactose or, better, by non-invasive tests including hydrogen breath test and genetic test. In patients with lactase non-persistence, treatment should be considered exclusively if intolerance symptoms are present. In the absence of guidelines, the common therapeutic approach tends to exclude milk and dairy products from the diet. However, this strategy may have serious nutritional disadvantages. Several studies have been carried out to find alternative approaches, such as exogenous beta-galactosidase, yogurt and probiotics for their bacterial lactase activity, strategies that can prolong contact time between enzyme and substrate delaying gastrointestinal transit time, and chronic lactose ingestion to enhance colonic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perino
- Ospedale S. Luigi, Unversità degli Studi di Torino
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Sadykov BA, Kuchkarova LS, Ermatova SU, Ergashev NA. [Activity of digestive enzymes in offspring of rats fed a ration contaminated by heavy metals during lactation]. Vopr Pitan 2009; 78:47-50. [PMID: 19514343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Is was shown the consumption of heavy metal's salts with food by lactating rats, essential influences on formation of mechanisms of cavity and membrane digestive in offspring. This influence is shown in repression of activity of pancreatic alpha-amylase and enteral saccrase, maltase as well as in induction of lactase activity in growing rats.
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Abstract
A staggering 4000 million people cannot digest lactose, the sugar in milk, properly. All mammals, apart from white Northern Europeans and few tribes in Africa and Asia, lose most of their lactase, the enzyme that cleaves lactose into galactose and glucose, after weaning. Lactose intolerance causes gut and a range of systemic symptoms, though the threshold to lactose varies considerably between ethnic groups and individuals within a group. The molecular basis of inherited hypolactasia has yet to be identified, though two polymorphisms in the introns of a helicase upstream from the lactase gene correlate closely with hypolactasia, and thus lactose intolerance. The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by gases and toxins produced by anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine. Bacterial toxins may play a key role in several other diseases, such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and some cancers. The problem of lactose intolerance has been exacerbated because of the addition of products containing lactose to various foods and drinks without being on the label. Lactose intolerance fits exactly the illness that Charles Darwin suffered from for over 40 years, and yet was never diagnosed. Darwin missed something else--the key to our own evolution--the Rubicon some 300 million years ago that produced lactose and lactase in sufficient amounts to be susceptible to natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K Campbell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 XN, UK.
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Jenkins DM, Teruel MA, Reyes-de-Corcuera JI, Young O. Simultaneous determination of hydrolysis and mutarotation rates during the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:8303-8308. [PMID: 18712880 DOI: 10.1021/jf801403n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An experiment is described in which a custom-made glucose electrode is used to directly monitor the enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose to glucose. The transient profile of beta- d-glucose can be used to simultaneously determine the rate constants for mutarotation and for enzymatic hydrolysis by applying a dynamic nonlinear regression routine. Due to differences in the mutarotation rate constants between lactose and glucose, the beta- d-glucose concentration "overshoots" equilibrium under certain conditions, which can be modeled mathematically. This overshoot can be observed reliably and used to quantify the differences in mutarotational equilibria between glucose and lactose. These observations may be important for the analysis of dairy products and commercial lactase preparations and illustrate an unusual kinetic phenomenon caused by intramolecular forces. This approach may also be important for the accurate determination of a variety of oligosaccharides such as glycogen, which tend to be composed primarily of one stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Jenkins
- Room 218, Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East West Rosd, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
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Krawczyk M, Wolska M, Schwartz S, Gruenhage F, Terjung B, Portincasa P, Sauerbruch T, Lammert F. Concordance of genetic and breath tests for lactose intolerance in a tertiary referral centre. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2008; 17:135-139. [PMID: 18568133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lactase non-persistence causes gastrointestinal symptoms after milk ingestion. Hydrogen breath test (BTH) and genotyping of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C >T 13,910 base pairs upstream of the lactase gene represent potential methods for diagnosis of this autosomal-recessive trait. The aim of the study was to compare the results of both tests in detecting lactose non-persistence in a tertiary referral centre. PATIENTS A group of 58 patients admitted to a German university hospital for symptoms suggesting lactose intolerance. METHODS BTH after lactose ingestion (50 g) and SNP -13,910C>T genotyping using single nucleotide primer extension (SNaPshot) technology (CC genotype--lactase non-persistence; TC/TT genotypes--lactase persistence). RESULTS Overall, 17 (29%) patients had a positive and 41 (71%) had a negative BTH result; 15 (26%) patients were CC-positive and 43 (74%) were CC-negative [28 (48%) TC; 15 (26%) TT]. The genotype frequencies did not deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In the CC-positive group, concordance between both tests was 100%. In contrast, in the CC-negative group concordance was 95%, and positive BTH results could be attributed to other gastrointestinal pathologies in two patients. BTH had 100% negative predictive value, 88% positive predictive value, 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity, as compared to genetic testing. CONCLUSIONS In carriers of the CC-genotype, BTH and genotyping correlate perfectly, and the genetic test provides an unambiguous result. In BTH-positive individuals with a negative genetic test there is good reason to suspect secondary causes of lactase deficiency.
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Liu L, Deng Y, Yu S, Lu S, Xie L, Liu X. Berberine attenuates intestinal disaccharidases in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pharmazie 2008; 63:384-388. [PMID: 18557425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated anti-diabetic effects of berberine. However, the facts that berberine had low bioavailability and poor absorption through the gut wall indicated that berberine might exert its antihyperglycaemic effect in the intestinal tract before absorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether berberine attenuates disaccharidase activities and beta-glucuronidase activity in the small intestine of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Two groups of STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with protamine zinc insulin (10 U/Kg) subcutaneously twice daily and berberine (100 mg/Kg) orally once daily for 4 weeks, respectively. Both age-matched normal rats and diabetic control rats received physiological saline only. Fasting blood glucose levels, body weight, intestinal disaccharidase and beta-glucuronidase activities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were assessed for changes. Our findings suggested that berberine treatment significantly decreases the activities of intestinal disaccharidases and beta-glucuronidase in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect on intestinal disaccharidases and beta-glucuronidase of berberine might be one of the mechanisms for berberine as an antihyperglycaemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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