1
|
Xu G, Qiao Z, Schraauwen R, Avan A, Peppelenbosch MP, Bijvelds MJC, Jiang S, Li P. Evidence for cross-species transmission of human coronavirus OC43 through bioinformatics and modeling infections in porcine intestinal organoids. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110101. [PMID: 38718529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses has been continuously posing a major challenge to public health. Pigs, as the major animal reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses, frequently mediate viral transmission to humans. This study comprehensively mapped the relationship between human and porcine coronaviruses through in-depth bioinformatics analysis. We found that human coronavirus OC43 and porcine coronavirus PHEV share a close phylogenetic relationship, evidenced by high genomic homology, similar codon usage patterns and comparable tertiary structure in spike proteins. Inoculation of infectious OC43 viruses in organoids derived from porcine small and large intestine demonstrated that porcine intestinal organoids (pIOs) are highly susceptible to human coronavirus OC43 infection and support infectious virus production. Using transmission electron microscopy, we visualized OC43 viral particles in both intracellular and extracellular compartments, and observed abnormalities of multiple organelles in infected organoid cells. Robust OC43 infections in pIOs result in a significant reduction of organoids viability and widespread cell death. This study bears essential implications for better understanding the evolutionary origin of human coronavirus OC43, and provides a proof-of-concept for using pIOs as a model to investigate cross-species transmission of human coronavirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiwen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Rick Schraauwen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amine Avan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen Q, Zhou YH, Zhou YQ. A prospects tool in virus research: Analyzing the applications of organoids in virus studies. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107182. [PMID: 38479469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the biology of the respiratory, digestive, nervous as well as urinary system, investigating infections, and developing new therapies. This article reviews recent progress in the development of organoid and advancements in virus research. The potential applications of these models in studying virul infections, pathogenesis, and antiviral drug discovery are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20036, China; Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 20036, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhou
- College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20036, China; Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 20036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paužuolis M, Fatykhova D, Zühlke B, Schwecke T, Neyazi M, Samperio-Ventayol P, Aguilar C, Schlegel N, Dökel S, Ralser M, Hocke A, Krempl C, Bartfeld S. SARS-CoV-2 tropism to intestinal but not gastric epithelial cells is defined by limited ACE2 expression. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:629-638. [PMID: 38670110 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection primarily affects the lung but can also cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In vitro experiments confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 robustly infects intestinal epithelium. However, data on infection of adult gastric epithelium are sparse and a side-by-side comparison of the infection in the major segments of the GI tract is lacking. We provide this direct comparison in organoid-derived monolayers and demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 robustly infects intestinal epithelium, while gastric epithelium is resistant to infection. RNA sequencing and proteome analysis pointed to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a critical factor, and, indeed, ectopic expression of ACE2 increased susceptibility of gastric organoid-derived monolayers to SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression pattern in GI biopsies of patients mirrors SARS-CoV-2 infection levels in monolayers. Thus, local ACE2 expression limits SARS-CoV-2 expression in the GI tract to the intestine, suggesting that the intestine, but not the stomach, is likely to be important in viral replication and possibly transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindaugas Paužuolis
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Zühlke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schwecke
- Core Facility for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mastura Neyazi
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pilar Samperio-Ventayol
- Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Ralser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, UK; The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Hocke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Krempl
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Partiot E, Hirschler A, Colomb S, Lutz W, Claeys T, Delalande F, Deffieu MS, Bare Y, Roels JRE, Gorda B, Bons J, Callon D, Andreoletti L, Labrousse M, Jacobs FMJ, Rigau V, Charlot B, Martens L, Carapito C, Ganesh G, Gaudin R. Brain exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virions perturbs synaptic homeostasis. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1189-1206. [PMID: 38548923 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with short- and long-term neurological complications. The variety of symptoms makes it difficult to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying neurological sequalae after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 triggers the up-regulation of synaptic components and perturbs local electrical field potential. Using cerebral organoids, organotypic culture of human brain explants from individuals without COVID-19 and post-mortem brain samples from individuals with COVID-19, we find that neural cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 to a low extent. SARS-CoV-2 induces aberrant presynaptic morphology and increases expression of the synaptic components Bassoon, latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) and fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein-3 (FLRT3). Furthermore, we find that LPHN3-agonist treatment with Stachel partially restored organoid electrical activity and reverted SARS-CoV-2-induced aberrant presynaptic morphology. Finally, we observe accumulation of relatively static virions at LPHN3-FLRT3 synapses, suggesting that local hindrance can contribute to synaptic perturbations. Together, our study provides molecular insights into SARS-CoV-2-brain interactions, which may contribute to COVID-19-related neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partiot
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Hirschler
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Colomb
- EDPFM (Equipe de Droit Pénal et de Sciences Forensiques de Montpellier), Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Emergency Pole, Forensic Medicine Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Willy Lutz
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UM-CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Montpellier, France
| | - Tine Claeys
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maika S Deffieu
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yonis Bare
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Judith R E Roels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gorda
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Bons
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Domitille Callon
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Virology, CardioVir UMR-S 1320, Reims, France
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Virology, CardioVir UMR-S 1320, Reims, France
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
| | - Marc Labrousse
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
- Anatomy laboratory, UFR Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frank M J Jacobs
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Pathological Department and Biological Resources Center BRC, Montpellier University Hospital, 'Cerebral plasticity, Stem cells and Glial tumors' team. IGF- Institut de génomique fonctionnelle INSERM U 1191 - CNRS UMR 5203, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Charlot
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gowrishankar Ganesh
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UM-CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France.
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao W, Richards CM, Kim Y, Zengel JR, Ding S, Greenberg HB, Carette JE. MYADM binds human parechovirus 1 and is essential for viral entry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3469. [PMID: 38658526 PMCID: PMC11043367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (PeV-A) are increasingly being recognized as a cause of infection in neonates and young infants, leading to a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses to severe sepsis and meningitis. However, the host factors required for parechovirus entry and infection remain poorly characterized. Here, using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function screens, we identify myeloid-associated differentiation marker (MYADM) as a host factor essential for the entry of several human parechovirus genotypes including PeV-A1, PeV-A2 and PeV-A3. Genetic knockout of MYADM confers resistance to PeV-A infection in cell lines and in human gastrointestinal epithelial organoids. Using immunoprecipitation, we show that MYADM binds to PeV-A1 particles via its fourth extracellular loop, and we identify critical amino acid residues within the loop that mediate binding and infection. The demonstrated interaction between MYADM and PeV-A1, and its importance specifically for viral entry, suggest that MYADM is a virus receptor. Knockout of MYADM does not reduce PeV-A1 attachment to cells pointing to a role at the post-attachment stage. Our study suggests that MYADM is a multi-genotype receptor for human parechoviruses with potential as an antiviral target to combat disease associated with emerging parechoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Richards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Youlim Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James R Zengel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harry B Greenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meng H, Liao Z, Ji Y, Wang D, Han Y, Huang C, Hu X, Chen J, Zhang H, Li Z, Wang C, Sun H, Sun J, Chen L, Yin J, Zhao J, Xu T, Liu H. FGF7 enhances the expression of ACE2 in human islet organoids aggravating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:104. [PMID: 38654010 PMCID: PMC11039711 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a primary cell surface viral binding receptor for SARS-CoV-2, so finding new regulatory molecules to modulate ACE2 expression levels is a promising strategy against COVID-19. In the current study, we utilized islet organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), animal models and COVID-19 patients to discover that fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) enhances ACE2 expression within the islets, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection and resulting in impaired insulin secretion. Using hESC-derived islet organoids, we demonstrated that FGF7 interacts with FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) and FGFR1 to upregulate ACE2 expression predominantly in β cells. This upregulation increases both insulin secretion and susceptibility of β cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inhibiting FGFR counteracts the FGF7-induced ACE2 upregulation, subsequently reducing viral infection and replication in the islets. Furthermore, retrospective clinical data revealed that diabetic patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms exhibited elevated serum FGF7 levels compared to those with mild symptoms. Finally, animal experiments indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection increased pancreatic FGF7 levels, resulting in a reduction of insulin concentrations in situ. Taken together, our research offers a potential regulatory strategy for ACE2 by controlling FGF7, thereby protecting islets from SARS-CoV-2 infection and preventing the progression of diabetes in the context of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Meng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiying Liao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanting Ji
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yang Han
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Xujuan Hu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Changliang Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yin
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, Guangdong, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Miyakawa K, Machida M, Kawasaki T, Kakizaki M, Kimura Y, Sugiyama M, Hasegawa H, Umezawa A, Akutsu H, Ryo A. Replication Efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.75, BA.5, and XBB.1 in Human Mini-Gut Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:1066-1068. [PMID: 38494057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyakawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Machida
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kakizaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Department of Viral Pathogenesis and Controls, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Shen L, Guo Q, Ma S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qu L, Ng SS, Chen X. The downregulation of Tapasin in dendritic cell regulates CD8 + T cell autophagy to hamper hepatitis B viral clearance in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte organoid. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29546. [PMID: 38516804 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tapasin, a crucial molecular chaperone involved viral antigen processing and presentation, plays an important role in antivirus immunity. However, its impact on T cell differentiation in the context of virus clearance remains unclear. In this study, we employed induced pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cell, which were subsequently inserted to the inverted colloidal crystal scaffolds, thus establishing a hepatocyte organoid (HO). By inoculating hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles in the system, we successfully engineered a robust in vitro HBV infection model for at least 3 weeks. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the effects of lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting human Tapasin on the differentiation and antiviral function of CD8+ T cells. Specifically, we transfected dendritic cells (DCs) with Tapasin-shRNA and cocultured with T cells. The results demonstrated that Tapasin-shRNA transfected DCs effectively suppressed T cell proliferation and impeded HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Our investigation also revealed the role of mTOR pathway activation in reducing autophagy activity within CD8+ T cells. Expressions of autophagy-related proteins, beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I were decreased and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity was increased in Tapasin-shRNA group. Collectively, our findings elucidate that shRNA targeting the Tapasin gene within DCs inhibits T cell differentiation by reducing autophagy activity to hamper viral clearance in the HBV-infected HO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leer Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxin Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dos Reis RS, Selvam S, Wagner MCE, Ayyavoo V. Modeling HIV-1 Infection in CNS via Infected Monocytes Using Immunocompetent Brain Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:261-270. [PMID: 38743234 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of 3D-organoid models has revolutionized the way diseases are studied. Recently, our brain organoid model has been shown to recapitulate in in vitro the human brain cytoarchitecture originally encountered in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis, allowing downstream applications. Infected monocytes, macrophages, and microglia are critically important immune cells for infection and dissemination of HIV-1 throughout brain during acute and chronic phase of the disease. Once in the brain parenchyma, long-lived infected monocytes/macrophages along with resident microglia contribute to the establishment of CNS latency in people with HIV (PWH). Hence, it is important to better understand how HIV-1 enters and establishes infection and latency in CNS to further develop cure strategies. Here we detailed an accessible protocol to incorporate monocytes (infected and/or labeled) as a model of transmigration of peripheral monocytes into brain organoids that can be applied to characterize HIV-1 neuroinvasion and virus dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta S Dos Reis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sathish Selvam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marc C E Wagner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
O'Brien BS, Mokry RL, Schumacher ML, Rosas-Rogers S, Terhune SS, Ebert AD. Neutralizing antibodies with neurotropic factor treatment maintain neurodevelopmental gene expression upon exposure to human cytomegalovirus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0069623. [PMID: 37796129 PMCID: PMC10653813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00696-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the leading cause of non-heritable birth defects worldwide. HCMV readily infects the early progenitor cell population of the developing brain, and we have found that infection leads to significantly downregulated expression of key neurodevelopmental transcripts. Currently, there are no approved therapies to prevent or mitigate the effects of congenital HCMV infection. Therefore, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids and neural progenitor cells to elucidate the glycoproteins and receptors used in the viral entry process and whether antibody neutralization was sufficient to block viral entry and prevent disruption of neurodevelopmental gene expression. We found that blocking viral entry alone was insufficient to maintain the expression of key neurodevelopmental genes, but neutralization combined with neurotrophic factor treatment provided robust protection. Together, these studies offer novel insight into mechanisms of HCMV infection in neural tissues, which may aid future therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. O'Brien
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Mokry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Megan L. Schumacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Suzette Rosas-Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peng L, Gao L, Wu X, Fan Y, Liu M, Chen J, Song J, Kong J, Dong Y, Li B, Liu A, Bao F. Lung Organoids as Model to Study SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172758. [PMID: 36078166 PMCID: PMC9455466 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic and has severely affected socio-economic conditions and people’s life. The lung is the major target organ infected and (seriously) damaged by SARS-CoV-2, so a comprehensive understanding of the virus and the mechanism of infection are the first choices to overcome COVID-19. Recent studies have demonstrated the enormous value of human organoids as platforms for virological research, making them an ideal tool for researching host–pathogen interactions. In this study, the various existing lung organoids and their identification biomarkers and applications are summarized. At the same time, the seven coronaviruses currently capable of infecting humans are outlined. Finally, a detailed summary of existing studies on SARS-CoV-2 using lung organoids is provided and includes pathogenesis, drug development, and precision treatment. This review highlights the value of lung organoids in studying SARS-CoV-2 infection, bringing hope that research will alleviate COVID-19-associated lung infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Li Gao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinya Wu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Meixiao Liu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jieqin Song
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jing Kong
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan Dong
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bingxue Li
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Health Cell Biotechnology LTD, Kunming 650031, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Fukai Bao
- The Institute for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Health Cell Biotechnology LTD, Kunming 650031, China
- Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Children’s Major Diseases Research, The Affiliated Children Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650030, China
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (F.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andrews MG, Mukhtar T, Eze UC, Simoneau CR, Ross J, Parikshak N, Wang S, Zhou L, Koontz M, Velmeshev D, Siebert CV, Gemenes KM, Tabata T, Perez Y, Wang L, Mostajo-Radji MA, de Majo M, Donohue KC, Shin D, Salma J, Pollen AA, Nowakowski TJ, Ullian E, Kumar GR, Winkler EA, Crouch EE, Ott M, Kriegstein AR. Tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for human cortical astrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122236119. [PMID: 35858406 PMCID: PMC9335272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122236119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) readily infects a variety of cell types impacting the function of vital organ systems, with particularly severe impact on respiratory function. Neurological symptoms, which range in severity, accompany as many as one-third of COVID-19 cases, indicating a potential vulnerability of neural cell types. To assess whether human cortical cells can be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2, we utilized stem-cell-derived cortical organoids as well as primary human cortical tissue, both from developmental and adult stages. We find significant and predominant infection in cortical astrocytes in both primary tissue and organoid cultures, with minimal infection of other cortical populations. Infected and bystander astrocytes have a corresponding increase in inflammatory gene expression, reactivity characteristics, increased cytokine and growth factor signaling, and cellular stress. Although human cortical cells, particularly astrocytes, have no observable ACE2 expression, we find high levels of coronavirus coreceptors in infected astrocytes, including CD147 and DPP4. Decreasing coreceptor abundance and activity reduces overall infection rate, and increasing expression is sufficient to promote infection. Thus, we find tropism of SARS-CoV-2 for human astrocytes resulting in inflammatory gliosis-type injury that is dependent on coronavirus coreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G. Andrews
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ugomma C. Eze
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Camille R. Simoneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- University of California, San Francisco Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jayden Ross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Neelroop Parikshak
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mark Koontz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Clara-Vita Siebert
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kaila M. Gemenes
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Takako Tabata
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yonatan Perez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mohammed A. Mostajo-Radji
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Martina de Majo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kevin C. Donohue
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - David Shin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jahan Salma
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Alex A. Pollen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tomasz J. Nowakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Erik Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - G. Renuka Kumar
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ethan A. Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Elizabeth E. Crouch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Arnold R. Kriegstein
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gumbs SBH, Berdenis van Berlekom A, Kübler R, Schipper PJ, Gharu L, Boks MP, Ormel PR, Wensing AMJ, de Witte LD, Nijhuis M. Characterization of HIV-1 Infection in Microglia-Containing Human Cerebral Organoids. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040829. [PMID: 35458559 PMCID: PMC9032670 DOI: 10.3390/v14040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The achievement of an HIV cure is dependent on the eradication or permanent silencing of HIV-latent viral reservoirs, including the understudied central nervous system (CNS) reservoir. This requires a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV’s entry into the CNS, latency establishment, persistence, and reversal. Therefore, representative CNS culture models that reflect the intercellular dynamics and pathophysiology of the human brain are urgently needed in order to study the CNS viral reservoir and HIV-induced neuropathogenesis. In this study, we characterized a human cerebral organoid model in which microglia grow intrinsically as a CNS culture model to study HIV infection in the CNS. We demonstrated that both cerebral organoids and isolated organoid-derived microglia (oMG), infected with replication-competent HIVbal reporter viruses, support productive HIV infection via the CCR5 co-receptor. Productive HIV infection was only observed in microglial cells. Fluorescence analysis revealed microglia as the only HIV target cell. Susceptibility to HIV infection was dependent on the co-expression of microglia-specific markers and the CD4 and CCR5 HIV receptors. Altogether, this model will be a valuable tool within the HIV research community to study HIV–CNS interactions, the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND), and the efficacy of new therapeutic and curative strategies on the CNS viral reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. H. Gumbs
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raphael Kübler
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pauline J. Schipper
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Lavina Gharu
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Marco P. Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
| | - Paul R. Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
| | - Annemarie M. J. Wensing
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
| | - Lot D. de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrect Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.B.v.B.); (M.P.B.); (P.R.O.); (L.D.d.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Translational Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.B.H.G.); (R.K.); (P.J.S.); (L.G.); (A.M.J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fan W, Christian KM, Song H, Ming GL. Applications of Brain Organoids for Infectious Diseases. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167243. [PMID: 34536442 PMCID: PMC8810605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-organized three-dimensional aggregates generated from pluripotent stem cells. They exhibit complex cell diversities and organized architectures that resemble human brain development ranging from neural tube formation, neuroepithelium differentiation, neurogenesis and gliogenesis, to neural circuit formation. Rapid advancements in brain organoid culture technologies have allowed researchers to generate more accurate models of human brain development and neurological diseases. These models also allow for direct investigation of pathological processes associated with infectious diseases affecting the nervous system. In this review, we first briefly summarize recent advancements in brain organoid methodologies and neurodevelopmental processes that can be effectively modeled by brain organoids. We then focus on applications of brain organoids to investigate the pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infection. Finally, we discuss limitations of the current brain organoid methodologies as well as applications of other organ specific organoids in the infectious disease research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Fan
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Epigenetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. https://twitter.com/UPenn_SongMing
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mboko WP, Chhabra P, Valcarce MD, Costantini V, Vinjé J. Advances in understanding of the innate immune response to human norovirus infection using organoid models. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:10.1099/jgv.0.001720. [PMID: 35077345 PMCID: PMC8984994 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide and the most frequent cause of foodborne illness in the United States. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infections and therapeutic interventions are based on alleviating symptoms and limiting viral transmission. The immune response to norovirus is not completely understood and mechanistic studies have been hindered by lack of a robust cell culture system. In recent years, the human intestinal enteroid/human intestinal organoid system (HIE/HIO) has enabled successful human norovirus replication. Cells derived from HIE have also successfully been subjected to genetic manipulation using viral vectors as well as CRISPR/Cas9 technology, thereby allowing studies to identify antiviral signaling pathways important in controlling norovirus infection. RNA sequencing using HIE cells has been used to investigate the transcriptional landscape during norovirus infection and to identify antiviral genes important in infection. Other cell culture platforms such as the microfluidics-based gut-on-chip technology in combination with the HIE/HIO system also have the potential to address fundamental questions on innate immunity to human norovirus. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to human norovirus infections in the HIE system, including the application of advanced molecular technologies that have become available in recent years such as the CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA sequencing, as well as the potential application of single cell transcriptomics, viral proteomics, and gut-on-a-chip technology to further elucidate innate immunity to norovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadzanai P. Mboko
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marta Diez Valcarce
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Helms L, Marchiano S, Stanaway IB, Hsiang TY, Juliar BA, Saini S, Zhao YT, Khanna A, Menon R, Alakwaa F, Mikacenic C, Morrell ED, Wurfel MM, Kretzler M, Harder JL, Murry CE, Himmelfarb J, Ruohola-Baker H, Bhatraju PK, Gale M, Freedman BS. Cross-validation of SARS-CoV-2 responses in kidney organoids and clinical populations. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e154882. [PMID: 34767537 PMCID: PMC8783682 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are critical target organs of COVID-19, but susceptibility and responses to infection remain poorly understood. Here, we combine SARS-CoV-2 variants with genome-edited kidney organoids and clinical data to investigate tropism, mechanism, and therapeutics. SARS-CoV-2 specifically infects organoid proximal tubules among diverse cell types. Infections produce replicating virus, apoptosis, and disrupted cell morphology, features of which are revealed in the context of polycystic kidney disease. Cross-validation of gene expression patterns in organoids reflects proteomic signatures of COVID-19 in the urine of critically ill patients indicating interferon pathway upregulation. SARS-CoV-2 viral variants alpha, beta, gamma, kappa, and delta exhibit comparable levels of infection in organoids. Infection is ameliorated in ACE2-/- organoids and blocked via treatment with de novo-designed spike binder peptides. Collectively, these studies clarify the impact of kidney infection in COVID-19 as reflected in organoids and clinical populations, enabling assessment of viral fitness and emerging therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Helms
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Silvia Marchiano
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Ian B. Stanaway
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin A. Juliar
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Shally Saini
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akshita Khanna
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fadhl Alakwaa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Department of Medicine
- Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Harder
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
- Sana Biotechnology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavan K. Bhatraju
- Department of Medicine
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giobbe GG, Bonfante F, Jones BC, Gagliano O, Luni C, Zambaiti E, Perin S, Laterza C, Busslinger G, Stuart H, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Mazzetto E, Manfredi A, Colantuono C, Di Filippo L, Pellegata AF, Panzarin V, Thapar N, Li VSW, Eaton S, Cacchiarelli D, Clevers H, Elvassore N, De Coppi P. SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in human gastric organoids. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6610. [PMID: 34785679 PMCID: PMC8595698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 typically manifests as a respiratory illness, but several clinical reports have described gastrointestinal symptoms. This is particularly true in children in whom gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent and viral shedding outlasts viral clearance from the respiratory system. These observations raise the question of whether the virus can replicate within the stomach. Here we generate gastric organoids from fetal, pediatric, and adult biopsies as in vitro models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To facilitate infection, we induce reverse polarity in the gastric organoids. We find that the pediatric and late fetal gastric organoids are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, while viral replication is significantly lower in undifferentiated organoids of early fetal and adult origin. We demonstrate that adult gastric organoids are more susceptible to infection following differentiation. We perform transcriptomic analysis to reveal a moderate innate antiviral response and a lack of differentially expressed genes belonging to the interferon family. Collectively, we show that the virus can efficiently infect the gastric epithelium, suggesting that the stomach might have an active role in fecal-oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Giuseppe Giobbe
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Lab. of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Brendan C Jones
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Onelia Gagliano
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Camilla Luni
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Elisa Zambaiti
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
- Dept. Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Perin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Cecilia Laterza
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Georg Busslinger
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hannah Stuart
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Lab. of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Lab. of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eva Mazzetto
- Lab. of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucio Di Filippo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Next Generation Diagnostic srl, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filippo Pellegata
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- Lab. of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vivian Sze Wing Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Lab, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simon Eaton
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Cacchiarelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Armenise/Harvard Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center (PMC) for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Elvassore
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
- Dept. of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Section, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Dept. of Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Egilmezer E, Rawlinson WD. Review of studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus-2 pathogenesis in human organoid models. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2227. [PMID: 33763936 PMCID: PMC8250302 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of Covid-19 which was classified as a global pandemic in March 2020. The increasing global health and economic burden of SARS-CoV-2 has necessitated urgent investigations into the pathogenesis of disease and development of therapeutic and vaccination regimens. Human trials of vaccine and antiviral candidates have been undertaken, but basic pathogenetic studies are still required to inform these trials. Gaps in understanding of cellular infection by, and immunity to, SARS-CoV-2 mean additional models are required to assist in improved design of these therapeutics. Human organoids are three-dimensional models that contain multiple cell types and mimic human organs in ex vivo culture conditions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been implicated in causing not only respiratory injury but also injury to other organs such as the brain, liver and kidneys. Consequently, a variety of different organoid models have been employed to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of disease due to SARS-CoV-2. Data on these models have not been systematically assembled. In this review, we highlight key findings from studies that have utilised different human organoid types to investigate the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, permissiveness, immune response, dysregulation of cellular functions, and potential antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ece Egilmezer
- Serology and Virology DivisionNSW Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology DivisionNSW Health PathologyPrince of Wales HospitalSydneyAustralia
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- School of Women's and Children's HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Duarte RRR, Copertino DC, Iñiguez LP, Marston JL, Bram Y, Han Y, Schwartz RE, Chen S, Nixon DF, Powell TR. Identifying FDA-approved drugs with multimodal properties against COVID-19 using a data-driven approach and a lung organoid model of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Mol Med 2021; 27:105. [PMID: 34503440 PMCID: PMC8426591 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination programs have been launched worldwide to halt the spread of COVID-19. However, the identification of existing, safe compounds with combined treatment and prophylactic properties would be beneficial to individuals who are waiting to be vaccinated, particularly in less economically developed countries, where vaccine availability may be initially limited. METHODS We used a data-driven approach, combining results from the screening of a large transcriptomic database (L1000) and molecular docking analyses, with in vitro tests using a lung organoid model of SARS-CoV-2 entry, to identify drugs with putative multimodal properties against COVID-19. RESULTS Out of thousands of FDA-approved drugs considered, we observed that atorvastatin was the most promising candidate, as its effects negatively correlated with the transcriptional changes associated with infection. Atorvastatin was further predicted to bind to SARS-CoV-2's main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and was shown to inhibit viral entry in our lung organoid model. CONCLUSIONS Small clinical studies reported that general statin use, and specifically, atorvastatin use, are associated with protective effects against COVID-19. Our study corroborrates these findings and supports the investigation of atorvastatin in larger clinical studies. Ultimately, our framework demonstrates one promising way to fast-track the identification of compounds for COVID-19, which could similarly be applied when tackling future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo R R Duarte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Dennis C Copertino
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Luis P Iñiguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jez L Marston
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuling Han
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Timothy R Powell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Belfer Research Building, 5th floor, 413 E. 69th St., New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tindle C, Fuller M, Fonseca A, Taheri S, Ibeawuchi SR, Beutler N, Katkar GD, Claire A, Castillo V, Hernandez M, Russo H, Duran J, Crotty Alexander LE, Tipps A, Lin G, Thistlethwaite PA, Chattopadhyay R, Rogers TF, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Das S. Adult stem cell-derived complete lung organoid models emulate lung disease in COVID-19. eLife 2021; 10:e66417. [PMID: 34463615 PMCID: PMC8463074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, causes widespread damage in the lungs in the setting of an overzealous immune response whose origin remains unclear. Methods We present a scalable, propagable, personalized, cost-effective adult stem cell-derived human lung organoid model that is complete with both proximal and distal airway epithelia. Monolayers derived from adult lung organoids (ALOs), primary airway cells, or hiPSC-derived alveolar type II (AT2) pneumocytes were infected with SARS-CoV-2 to create in vitro lung models of COVID-19. Results Infected ALO monolayers best recapitulated the transcriptomic signatures in diverse cohorts of COVID-19 patient-derived respiratory samples. The airway (proximal) cells were critical for sustained viral infection, whereas distal alveolar differentiation (AT2→AT1) was critical for mounting the overzealous host immune response in fatal disease; ALO monolayers with well-mixed proximodistal airway components recapitulated both. Conclusions Findings validate a human lung model of COVID-19, which can be immediately utilized to investigate COVID-19 pathogenesis and vet new therapies and vaccines. Funding This work was supported by the National Institutes for Health (NIH) grants 1R01DK107585-01A1, 3R01DK107585-05S1 (to SD); R01-AI141630, CA100768 and CA160911 (to PG) and R01-AI 155696 (to PG, DS and SD); R00-CA151673 and R01-GM138385 (to DS), R01- HL32225 (to PT), UCOP-R00RG2642 (to SD and PG), UCOP-R01RG3780 (to P.G. and D.S) and a pilot award from the Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center at UC San Diego Health (P.G, S.D, D.S). GDK was supported through The American Association of Immunologists Intersect Fellowship Program for Computational Scientists and Immunologists. L.C.A's salary was supported in part by the VA San Diego Healthcare System. This manuscript includes data generated at the UC San Diego Institute of Genomic Medicine (IGC) using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 that was purchased with funding from a National Institutes of Health SIG grant (#S10 OD026929).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Tindle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - MacKenzie Fuller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ayden Fonseca
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gajanan Dattatray Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Amanraj Claire
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Moises Hernandez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Hana Russo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Jason Duran
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, United States
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ann Tipps
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Grace Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Ranajoy Chattopadhyay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Cell Applications Inc., La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- HUMANOID CoRE, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu R, Boreland AJ, Li X, Erickson C, Jin M, Atkins C, Pang ZP, Daniels BP, Jiang P. Developing human pluripotent stem cell-based cerebral organoids with a controllable microglia ratio for modeling brain development and pathology. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1923-1937. [PMID: 34297942 PMCID: PMC8365109 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in brain development, homeostasis, and disease. Microglia in animal models cannot accurately model human microglia due to notable transcriptomic and functional differences between human and other animal microglia. Incorporating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived microglia into brain organoids provides unprecedented opportunities to study human microglia. However, an optimized method that integrates appropriate amounts of microglia into brain organoids at a proper time point, resembling in vivo brain development, is still lacking. Here, we report a new brain region-specific, microglia-containing organoid model by co-culturing hPSC-derived primitive neural progenitor cells and primitive macrophage progenitors. In the organoids, the number of human microglia can be controlled, and microglia exhibit phagocytic activity and synaptic pruning function. Furthermore, human microglia respond to Zika virus infection of the organoids. Our findings establish a new microglia-containing brain organoid model that will serve to study human microglial function in a variety of neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Andrew J Boreland
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caroline Erickson
- Summer Undergraduate Research Program in Neuroscience (NeuroSURP), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mengmeng Jin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Crignis E, Hossain T, Romal S, Carofiglio F, Moulos P, Khalid MM, Rao S, Bazrafshan A, Verstegen MM, Pourfarzad F, Koutsothanassis C, Gehart H, Kan TW, Palstra RJ, Boucher C, IJzermans JN, Huch M, Boj SF, Vries R, Clevers H, van der Laan LJ, Hatzis P, Mahmoudi T. Application of human liver organoids as a patient-derived primary model for HBV infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife 2021; 10:e60747. [PMID: 34328417 PMCID: PMC8384419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular events that drive hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated transformation and tumorigenesis have remained largely unclear, due to the absence of a relevant primary model system. Here we propose the use of human liver organoids as a platform for modeling HBV infection and related tumorigenesis. We first describe a primary ex vivo HBV-infection model derived from healthy donor liver organoids after challenge with recombinant virus or HBV-infected patient serum. HBV-infected organoids produced covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and HBV early antigen (HBeAg), expressed intracellular HBV RNA and proteins, and produced infectious HBV. This ex vivo HBV-infected primary differentiated hepatocyte organoid platform was amenable to drug screening for both anti-HBV activity and drug-induced toxicity. We also studied HBV replication in transgenically modified organoids; liver organoids exogenously overexpressing the HBV receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) after lentiviral transduction were not more susceptible to HBV, suggesting the necessity for additional host factors for efficient infection. We also generated transgenic organoids harboring integrated HBV, representing a long-term culture system also suitable for viral production and the study of HBV transcription. Finally, we generated HBV-infected patient-derived liver organoids from non-tumor cirrhotic tissue of explants from liver transplant patients. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis of patient-derived liver organoids indicated the presence of an aberrant early cancer gene signature, which clustered with the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cohort on The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma dataset and away from healthy liver tissue, and may provide invaluable novel biomarkers for the development of HCC and surveillance in HBV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shahla Romal
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizia Carofiglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece
| | - Mir Mubashir Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ameneh Bazrafshan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique Ma Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charles Boucher
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nm IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia F Boj
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert Vries
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luc Jw van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To understand the identity, functional characteristics and therapeutic targets of the virus and the diseases, appropriate infection models that recapitulate the in vivo pathophysiology of the viral infection are necessary. This article reviews the various infection models, including Vero cells, human cell lines, organoids, and animal models, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. This knowledge will be helpful for establishing an efficient system for defense against emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | | | - Young Seok Ju
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- GENOME INSIGHT Inc., Daejeon 34051, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mithal A, Hume AJ, Lindstrom-Vautrin J, Villacorta-Martin C, Olejnik J, Bullitt E, Hinds A, Mühlberger E, Mostoslavsky G. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids Model SARS-CoV-2 Infection Revealing a Common Epithelial Inflammatory Response. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:940-953. [PMID: 33852884 PMCID: PMC8042780 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leading to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) usually results in respiratory disease, but extrapulmonary manifestations are of major clinical interest. Intestinal symptoms of COVID-19 are present in a significant number of patients, and include nausea, diarrhea, and viral RNA shedding in feces. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids (HIOs) represent an inexhaustible cellular resource that could serve as a valuable tool to study SARS-CoV-2 as well as other enteric viruses that infect the intestinal epithelium. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 productively infects both proximally and distally patterned HIOs, leading to the release of infectious viral particles while stimulating a robust transcriptomic response, including a significant upregulation of interferon-related genes that appeared to be conserved across multiple epithelial cell types. These findings illuminate a potential inflammatory epithelial-specific signature that may contribute to both the multisystemic nature of COVID-19 as well as its highly variable clinical presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mithal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Judith Olejnik
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Anne Hinds
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heuberger J, Trimpert J, Vladimirova D, Goosmann C, Lin M, Schmuck R, Mollenkopf H, Brinkmann V, Tacke F, Osterrieder N, Sigal M. Epithelial response to IFN-γ promotes SARS-CoV-2 infection. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13191. [PMID: 33544398 PMCID: PMC7995094 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the agent that causes COVID-19, invades epithelial cells, including those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa, using angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) as a receptor. Subsequent inflammation can promote rapid virus clearance, but severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by an inefficient immune response that fails to clear the infection. Using primary epithelial organoids from human colon, we explored how the central antiviral mediator IFN-γ, which is elevated in COVID-19, affects epithelial cell differentiation, ACE2 expression, and susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2. In mouse and human colon, ACE2 is mainly expressed by surface enterocytes. Inducing enterocyte differentiation in organoid culture resulted in increased ACE2 production. IFN-γ treatment promoted differentiation into mature KRT20+ enterocytes expressing high levels of ACE2, increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and resulted in enhanced virus production in infected cells. Similarly, infection-induced epithelial interferon signaling promoted enterocyte maturation and enhanced ACE2 expression. We here reveal a mechanism by which IFN-γ-driven inflammatory responses induce a vulnerable epithelial state with robust replication of SARS-CoV-2, which may have an impact on disease outcome and virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Heuberger
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyCharité University MedicineBerlinGermany
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of VirologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | | | - Christian Goosmann
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Manqiang Lin
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyCharité University MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Rosa Schmuck
- Department of SurgeryCharité University MedicineBerlinGermany
| | | | - Volker Brinkmann
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyCharité University MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institute of VirologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Department of Infectious Disease and Public HealthJockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life SciencesCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Michael Sigal
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyCharité University MedicineBerlinGermany
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax Planck Institute for Infection BiologyBerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems BiologyMax Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tiwari SK, Wang S, Smith D, Carlin AF, Rana TM. Revealing Tissue-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Host Responses using Human Stem Cell-Derived Lung and Cerebral Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:437-445. [PMID: 33631122 PMCID: PMC7879814 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and has become a global health emergency. There is an urgent need for robust and practical in vitro model systems to investigate viral pathogenesis. Here, we generated human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived lung organoids (LORGs), cerebral organoids (CORGs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), neurons, and astrocytes. LORGs containing epithelial cells, alveolar types 1 and 2, highly express ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces interferons, cytokines, and chemokines and activates critical inflammasome pathway genes. Spike protein inhibitor, EK1 peptide, and TMPRSS2 inhibitors (camostat/nafamostat) block viral entry in LORGs. Conversely, CORGs, NPCs, astrocytes, and neurons express low levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and correspondingly are not highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Infection in neuronal cells activates TLR3/7, OAS2, complement system, and apoptotic genes. These findings will aid in understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis and facilitate drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0762, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Geurts MH, van der Vaart J, Beumer J, Clevers H. The Organoid Platform: Promises and Challenges as Tools in the Fight against COVID-19. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:412-418. [PMID: 33691146 PMCID: PMC7940129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic viruses that affect man display species specificity, limiting the use of animal models. Studying viral biology and identifying potential treatments therefore benefits from the development of in vitro cell systems that closely mimic human physiology. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, rapid scientific insights are of the utmost importance to limit its impact on public health and society. Organoids are emerging as versatile tools to progress the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology and to aid in the quest for novel treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten H Geurts
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Trevisan M, Riccetti S, Sinigaglia A, Barzon L. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052356. [PMID: 33652988 PMCID: PMC7956599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Review, we briefly describe the basic virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how stem cell technology and organoids can contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell tropisms and the mechanism of disease in the human host, supporting and clarifying findings from clinical studies in infected individuals. We summarize here the results of studies, which used these technologies to investigate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in different organs. Studies with in vitro models of lung epithelia showed that alveolar epithelial type II cells, but not differentiated lung alveolar epithelial type I cells, are key targets of SARS-CoV-2, which triggers cell apoptosis and inflammation, while impairing surfactant production. Experiments with human small intestinal organoids and colonic organoids showed that the gastrointestinal tract is another relevant target for SARS-CoV-2. The virus can infect and replicate in enterocytes and cholangiocytes, inducing cell damage and inflammation. Direct viral damage was also demonstrated in in vitro models of human cardiomyocytes and choroid plexus epithelial cells. At variance, endothelial cells and neurons are poorly susceptible to viral infection, thus supporting the hypothesis that neurological symptoms and vascular damage result from the indirect effects of systemic inflammatory and immunological hyper-responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wallaschek N, Reuter S, Silkenat S, Wolf K, Niklas C, Kayisoglu Ö, Aguilar C, Wiegering A, Germer CT, Kircher S, Rosenwald A, Shannon-Lowe C, Bartfeld S. Ephrin receptor A2, the epithelial receptor for Epstein-Barr virus entry, is not available for efficient infection in human gastric organoids. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009210. [PMID: 33596248 PMCID: PMC7935236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is best known for infection of B cells, in which it usually establishes an asymptomatic lifelong infection, but is also associated with the development of multiple B cell lymphomas. EBV also infects epithelial cells and is associated with all cases of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). EBV is etiologically linked with at least 8% of gastric cancer (EBVaGC) that comprises a genetically and epigenetically distinct subset of GC. Although we have a very good understanding of B cell entry and lymphomagenesis, the sequence of events leading to EBVaGC remains poorly understood. Recently, ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2) was proposed as the epithelial cell receptor on human cancer cell lines. Although we confirm some of these results, we demonstrate that EBV does not infect healthy adult stem cell-derived gastric organoids. In matched pairs of normal and cancer-derived organoids from the same patient, EBV only reproducibly infected the cancer organoids. While there was no clear pattern of differential expression between normal and cancer organoids for EPHA2 at the RNA and protein level, the subcellular location of the protein differed markedly. Confocal microscopy showed EPHA2 localization at the cell-cell junctions in primary cells, but not in cancer cell lines. Furthermore, histologic analysis of patient tissue revealed the absence of EBV in healthy epithelium and presence of EBV in epithelial cells from inflamed tissue. These data suggest that the EPHA2 receptor is not accessible to EBV on healthy gastric epithelial cells with intact cell-cell contacts, but either this or another, yet to be identified receptor may become accessible following cellular changes induced by inflammation or transformation, rendering changes in the cellular architecture an essential prerequisite to EBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wallaschek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Reuter
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Silkenat
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Niklas
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Özge Kayisoglu
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph-Thomas Germer
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claire Shannon-Lowe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sina Bartfeld
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius Maximilian University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Green SI, Gu Liu C, Yu X, Gibson S, Salmen W, Rajan A, Carter HE, Clark JR, Song X, Ramig RF, Trautner BW, Kaplan HB, Maresso AW. Targeting of Mammalian Glycans Enhances Phage Predation in the Gastrointestinal Tract. mBio 2021; 12:e03474-20. [PMID: 33563833 PMCID: PMC7885116 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03474-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal mucosal surface consists of a eukaryotic epithelium, a prokaryotic microbiota, and a carbohydrate-rich interface that separates them. In the gastrointestinal tract, the interaction of bacteriophages (phages) and their prokaryotic hosts influences the health of the mammalian host, especially colonization with invasive pathobionts. Antibiotics may be used, but they also kill protective commensals. Here, we report a novel phage whose lytic cycle is enhanced in intestinal environments. The tail fiber gene, whose protein product binds human heparan sulfated proteoglycans and localizes the phage to the epithelial cell surface, positions it near its bacterial host, a type of locational targeting mechanism. This finding offers the prospect of developing mucosal targeting phage to selectively remove invasive pathobiont species from mucosal surfaces.IMPORTANCE Invasive pathobionts or microbes capable of causing disease can reside deep within the mucosal epithelium of our gastrointestinal tract. Targeted effective antibacterial therapies are needed to combat these disease-causing organisms, many of which may be multidrug resistant. Here, we isolated a lytic bacteriophage (phage) that can localize to the epithelial surface by binding heparan sulfated glycans, positioning it near its host, Escherichia coli This targeted therapy can be used to selectively remove invasive pathobionts from the gastrointestinal tract, preventing the development of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I Green
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carmen Gu Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shelley Gibson
- Department of Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wilhem Salmen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hannah E Carter
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin R Clark
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert F Ramig
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara W Trautner
- Michael E. Debakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heidi B Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony W Maresso
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Hepatocytes, the major target of hepatitis C virus (HCV), are highly polarized. HCV infection requires extensive trafficking to distinct subcellular domains in the polarized hepatocyte. Polarized cells and three-dimensional organoids are commonly used to study liver functions and differentiation. Researchers have begun adapting these cell culture models that morphologically and physiologically resemble hepatocytes in vivo to study HCV infection. This review summarizes the use of three-dimensional cell culture systems in studies of HCV infection.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chan JC, Mohammad KN, Zhang LY, Wong SH, Chan MCW. Targeted Profiling of Immunological Genes during Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020155. [PMID: 33494515 PMCID: PMC7910953 DOI: 10.3390/v13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The pathogenesis of norovirus and the induced immune response remain poorly understood due to the lack of a robust virus culture system. The monolayers of two secretor-positive Chinese human intestinal enteroid (HIE) lines were challenged with two norovirus pandemic GII.4 Sydney strains. Norovirus RNA replication in supernatants and cell lysates were quantified by RT-qPCR. RNA expression levels of immune-related genes were profiled using PCR arrays. The secreted protein levels of shortlisted upregulated genes were measured in supernatants using analyte-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Productive norovirus replications were achieved in three (75%) out of four inoculations. The two most upregulated immune-related genes were CXCL10 (93-folds) and IFI44L (580-folds). Gene expressions of CXCL10 and IFI44L were positively correlated with the level of norovirus RNA replication (CXCL10: Spearman’s r = 0.779, p < 0.05; IFI44L: r = 0.881, p < 0.01). The higher level of secreted CXCL10 and IFI44L proteins confirmed their elevated gene expression. The two genes have been reported to be upregulated in norovirus volunteer challenges and natural human infections by other viruses. Our data suggested that HIE could mimic the innate immune response elicited in natural norovirus infection and, therefore, could serve as an experimental model for future virus-host interaction and antiviral studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C.M. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Kirran N. Mohammad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Lin-Yao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Chi-Wai Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
COVID-19 is increasingly understood as a systemic disease with pathogenic manifestations beyond the respiratory tract. Recent work by Ramani et al (2020) dissects the cellular and molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2's neurotrophic properties, using viral exposure of human brain organoids. Their findings highlight neurons as primary target of cerebral SARS-CoV-2 infection and uncover its Tau-related neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Caporale
- Department of Experimental OncologyIEOEuropean Institute of OncologyIRCCSMilanItaly
- Department of Oncology and Hemato‐oncologyUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Experimental OncologyIEOEuropean Institute of OncologyIRCCSMilanItaly
- Department of Oncology and Hemato‐oncologyUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Human TechnopoleMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mykytyn AZ, Breugem TI, Riesebosch S, Schipper D, van den Doel PB, Rottier RJ, Lamers MM, Haagmans BL. SARS-CoV-2 entry into human airway organoids is serine protease-mediated and facilitated by the multibasic cleavage site. eLife 2021; 10:e64508. [PMID: 33393462 PMCID: PMC7806259 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus entry is mediated by the spike protein that binds the receptor and mediates fusion after cleavage by host proteases. The proteases that mediate entry differ between cell lines, and it is currently unclear which proteases are relevant in vivo. A remarkable feature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike is the presence of a multibasic cleavage site (MBCS), which is absent in the SARS-CoV spike. Here, we report that the SARS-CoV-2 spike MBCS increases infectivity on human airway organoids (hAOs). Compared with SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 entered faster into Calu-3 cells and, more frequently, formed syncytia in hAOs. Moreover, the MBCS increased entry speed and plasma membrane serine protease usage relative to cathepsin-mediated endosomal entry. Blocking serine proteases, but not cathepsins, effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in hAOs. Our findings demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 enters relevant airway cells using serine proteases, and suggest that the MBCS is an adaptation to this viral entry strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Mykytyn
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Tim I Breugem
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Samra Riesebosch
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Robbert J Rottier
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Han Y, Duan X, Yang L, Nilsson-Payant BE, Wang P, Duan F, Tang X, Yaron TM, Zhang T, Uhl S, Bram Y, Richardson C, Zhu J, Zhao Z, Redmond D, Houghton S, Nguyen DHT, Xu D, Wang X, Jessurun J, Borczuk A, Huang Y, Johnson JL, Liu Y, Xiang J, Wang H, Cantley LC, tenOever BR, Ho DD, Pan FC, Evans T, Chen HJ, Schwartz RE, Chen S. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using lung and colonic organoids. Nature 2021; 589:270-275. [PMID: 33116299 PMCID: PMC8034380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to create novel models using human disease-relevant cells to study severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) biology and to facilitate drug screening. Here, as SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, we developed a lung organoid model using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-LOs). The hPSC-LOs (particularly alveolar type-II-like cells) are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and showed robust induction of chemokines following SARS-CoV-2 infection, similar to what is seen in patients with COVID-19. Nearly 25% of these patients also have gastrointestinal manifestations, which are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes1. We therefore also generated complementary hPSC-derived colonic organoids (hPSC-COs) to explore the response of colonic cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that multiple colonic cell types, especially enterocytes, express ACE2 and are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using hPSC-LOs, we performed a high-throughput screen of drugs approved by the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) and identified entry inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, including imatinib, mycophenolic acid and quinacrine dihydrochloride. Treatment at physiologically relevant levels of these drugs significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection of both hPSC-LOs and hPSC-COs. Together, these data demonstrate that hPSC-LOs and hPSC-COs infected by SARS-CoV-2 can serve as disease models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide a valuable resource for drug screening to identify candidate COVID-19 therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Han
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuliu Yang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fuyu Duan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xuming Tang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomer M Yaron
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Skyler Uhl
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaron Bram
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chanel Richardson
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean Houghton
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Duc-Huy T Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Jessurun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuru Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Fong Cheng Pan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering and Ben May Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gasco S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ. A Review on the Current Knowledge on ZIKV Infection and the Interest of Organoids and Nanotechnology on Development of Effective Therapies against Zika Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010035. [PMID: 33375140 PMCID: PMC7792973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) acquired a special relevance due to the pandemic that occurred in the Americas in 2015, when an important number of fetal microcephaly cases occurred. Since then, numerous studies have tried to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and the potential therapeutic approaches to combat the virus. Cellular and animal models have proved to be a basic resource for this research, with the more recent addition of organoids as a more realistic and physiological 3D culture for the study of ZIKV. Nanotechnology can also offer a promising therapeutic tool, as the nanoparticles developed by this field can penetrate cells and deliver a wide array of drugs in a very specific and controlled way inside the cells. These two state-of-the-art scientific tools clearly provide a very relevant resource for the study of ZIKV, and will help researchers find an effective treatment or vaccine against the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Gasco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain;
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular (HGUGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain;
- Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular (HGUGM), 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-91-462-4684
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pellegrini L, Albecka A, Mallery DL, Kellner MJ, Paul D, Carter AP, James LC, Lancaster MA. SARS-CoV-2 Infects the Brain Choroid Plexus and Disrupts the Blood-CSF Barrier in Human Brain Organoids. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:951-961.e5. [PMID: 33113348 PMCID: PMC7553118 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, leads to respiratory symptoms that can be fatal. However, neurological symptoms have also been observed in some patients. The cause of these complications is currently unknown. Here, we use human-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived brain organoids to examine SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. We find expression of viral receptor ACE2 in mature choroid plexus cells expressing abundant lipoproteins, but not in neurons or other cell types. We challenge organoids with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and live virus to demonstrate viral tropism for choroid plexus epithelial cells but little to no infection of neurons or glia. We find that infected cells are apolipoprotein- and ACE2-expressing cells of the choroid plexus epithelial barrier. Finally, we show that infection with SARS-CoV-2 damages the choroid plexus epithelium, leading to leakage across this important barrier that normally prevents entry of pathogens, immune cells, and cytokines into cerebrospinal fluid and the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pellegrini
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Donna L Mallery
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Max J Kellner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Paul
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Andrew P Carter
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Madeline A Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jacob F, Pather SR, Huang WK, Zhang F, Wong SZH, Zhou H, Cubitt B, Fan W, Chen CZ, Xu M, Pradhan M, Zhang DY, Zheng W, Bang AG, Song H, Carlos de la Torre J, Ming GL. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells and Brain Organoids Reveal SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism Predominates in Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:937-950.e9. [PMID: 33010822 PMCID: PMC7505550 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurological complications are common in patients with COVID-19. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal pathogen of COVID-19, has been detected in some patient brains, its ability to infect brain cells and impact their function is not well understood. Here, we investigated the susceptibility of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived monolayer brain cells and region-specific brain organoids to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that neurons and astrocytes were sparsely infected, but choroid plexus epithelial cells underwent robust infection. We optimized a protocol to generate choroid plexus organoids from hiPSCs and showed that productive SARS-CoV-2 infection of these organoids is associated with increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation indicative of an inflammatory response and cellular function deficits. Together, our findings provide evidence for selective SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and support the use of hiPSC-derived brain organoids as a platform to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility of brain cells, mechanisms of virus-induced brain dysfunction, and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarshan R Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Kai Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel Zheng Hao Wong
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Haowen Zhou
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wenqiang Fan
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manisha Pradhan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Y Zhang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Salahudeen AA, Choi SS, Rustagi A, Zhu J, van Unen V, de la O SM, Flynn RA, Margalef-Català M, Santos AJM, Ju J, Batish A, Usui T, Zheng GXY, Edwards CE, Wagar LE, Luca V, Anchang B, Nagendran M, Nguyen K, Hart DJ, Terry JM, Belgrader P, Ziraldo SB, Mikkelsen TS, Harbury PB, Glenn JS, Garcia KC, Davis MM, Baric RS, Sabatti C, Amieva MR, Blish CA, Desai TJ, Kuo CJ. Progenitor identification and SARS-CoV-2 infection in human distal lung organoids. Nature 2020; 588:670-675. [PMID: 33238290 PMCID: PMC8003326 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-3014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The distal lung contains terminal bronchioles and alveoli that facilitate gas exchange. Three-dimensional in vitro human distal lung culture systems would strongly facilitate the investigation of pathologies such as interstitial lung disease, cancer and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we describe the development of a long-term feeder-free, chemically defined culture system for distal lung progenitors as organoids derived from single adult human alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) or KRT5+ basal cells. AT2 organoids were able to differentiate into AT1 cells, and basal cell organoids developed lumens lined with differentiated club and ciliated cells. Single-cell analysis of KRT5+ cells in basal organoids revealed a distinct population of ITGA6+ITGB4+ mitotic cells, whose offspring further segregated into a TNFRSF12Ahi subfraction that comprised about ten per cent of KRT5+ basal cells. This subpopulation formed clusters within terminal bronchioles and exhibited enriched clonogenic organoid growth activity. We created distal lung organoids with apical-out polarity to present ACE2 on the exposed external surface, facilitating infection of AT2 and basal cultures with SARS-CoV-2 and identifying club cells as a target population. This long-term, feeder-free culture of human distal lung organoids, coupled with single-cell analysis, identifies functional heterogeneity among basal cells and establishes a facile in vitro organoid model of human distal lung infections, including COVID-19-associated pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Salahudeen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shannon S Choi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Stanford University School of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent van Unen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean M de la O
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ryan A Flynn
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mar Margalef-Català
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - António J M Santos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jihang Ju
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arpit Batish
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Luca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benedict Anchang
- Division of Biomedical Data Science, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monica Nagendran
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Hart
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Pehr B Harbury
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Division of Biomedical Data Science, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sridhar A, Simmini S, Ribeiro CMS, Tapparel C, Evers MM, Pajkrt D, Wolthers K. A Perspective on Organoids for Virology Research. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111341. [PMID: 33238561 PMCID: PMC7700289 DOI: 10.3390/v12111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models and cell lines are invaluable for virology research and host-pathogen interaction studies. However, it is increasingly evident that these models are not sufficient to fully understand human viral diseases. With the advent of three-dimensional organotypic cultures, it is now possible to study viral infections in the human context. This perspective explores the potential of these organotypic cultures, also known as organoids, for virology research, antiviral testing, and shaping the virology landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Simmini
- Gastrointestinal Biology Group, STEMCELL Technologies UK Ltd., Cambridge CB28 9TL, UK;
| | - Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melvin M. Evers
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., 1105 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
García-Rodríguez I, Sridhar A, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Put Some Guts into It: Intestinal Organoid Models to Study Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111288. [PMID: 33187072 PMCID: PMC7697248 DOI: 10.3390/v12111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about enteric viral infection has vastly increased over the last eight years due to the development of intestinal organoids and enteroids that suppose a step forward from conventional studies using cell lines. Intestinal organoids and enteroids are three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic intestinal cellular heterogeneity and organization. The barrier function within these models has been adapted to facilitate viral studies. In this review, several adaptations (such as organoid-derived two-dimensional (2D) monolayers) and original intestinal 3D models are discussed. The specific advantages and applications, as well as improvements of each model are analyzed and an insight into the possible path for the field is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Krüger J, Groß R, Conzelmann C, Müller JA, Koepke L, Sparrer KMJ, Weil T, Schütz D, Seufferlein T, Barth TFE, Stenger S, Heller S, Münch J, Kleger A. Drug Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Intestinal Organoids. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:935-948. [PMID: 33186749 PMCID: PMC7655023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The COVID-19 pandemic has spread worldwide and poses a severe health risk. While most patients present mild symptoms, descending pneumonia can lead to severe respiratory insufficiency. Up to 50% of patients show gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea or nausea, intriguingly associating with prolonged symptoms and increased severity. Thus, models to understand and validate drug efficiency in the gut of COVID-19 patients are of urgent need. METHODS Human intestinal organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSC-HIOs) have led, due to their complexity in mimicking human intestinal architecture, to an unprecedented number of successful disease models including gastrointestinal infections. Here, we employed PSC-HIOs to dissect SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and its inhibition by remdesivir, one of the leading drugs investigated for treatment of COVID-19. RESULTS Immunostaining for viral entry receptor ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein priming protease TMPRSS2 showed broad expression in the gastrointestinal tract with highest levels in the intestine, the latter faithfully recapitulated by PSC-HIOs. Organoids could be readily infected with SARS-CoV-2 followed by viral spread across entire PSC-HIOs, subsequently leading to organoid deterioration. However, SARS-CoV-2 spared goblet cells lacking ACE2 expression. Importantly, we challenged PSC-HIOs for drug testing capacity. Specifically, remdesivir effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection dose-dependently at low micromolar concentration and rescued PSC-HIO morphology. CONCLUSIONS Thus, PSC-HIOs are a valuable tool to study SARS-CoV-2 infection and to identify and validate drugs especially with potential action in the gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krüger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carina Conzelmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tatjana Weil
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra Heller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang S, Li W, Hui H, Tiwari SK, Zhang Q, Croker BA, Rawlings S, Smith D, Carlin AF, Rana TM. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses by depleting membrane cholesterol. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106057. [PMID: 32944968 PMCID: PMC7537045 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 and has spread across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly infectious virus with no vaccine or antiviral therapy available to control the pandemic; therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is a new member of the betacoronavirus genus like other closely related viruses including SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have caused serious outbreaks and epidemics in the past eighteen years. Here, we report that one of the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), is induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in COVID-19-infected patients. CH25H converts cholesterol to 25-hydrocholesterol (25HC) and 25HC shows broad anti-coronavirus activity by blocking membrane fusion. Furthermore, 25HC inhibits USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2 infection in lung epithelial cells and viral entry in human lung organoids. Mechanistically, 25HC inhibits viral membrane fusion by activating the ER-localized acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) which leads to the depletion of accessible cholesterol from the plasma membrane. Altogether, our results shed light on a potentially broad antiviral mechanism by 25HC through depleting accessible cholesterol on the plasma membrane to suppress virus-cell fusion. Since 25HC is a natural product with no known toxicity at effective concentrations, it provides a potential therapeutic candidate for COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Wang
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Wanyu Li
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Hui Hui
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Bioinformatics ProgramUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and RheumatologyDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Stephen Rawlings
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Davey Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Tariq M Rana
- Division of GeneticsDepartment of PediatricsInstitute for Genomic MedicineProgram in ImmunologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Johansen MD, Irving A, Montagutelli X, Tate MD, Rudloff I, Nold MF, Hansbro NG, Kim RY, Donovan C, Liu G, Faiz A, Short KR, Lyons JG, McCaughan GW, Gorrell MD, Cole A, Moreno C, Couteur D, Hesselson D, Triccas J, Neely GG, Gamble JR, Simpson SJ, Saunders BM, Oliver BG, Britton WJ, Wark PA, Nold-Petry CA, Hansbro PM. Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:877-891. [PMID: 32820248 PMCID: PMC7439637 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Irving
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, ZJU International Campus, Haining, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Montagutelli
- Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - M D Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - I Rudloff
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - M F Nold
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - N G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - R Y Kim
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C Donovan
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A Faiz
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - K R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J G Lyons
- Centenary Institute and Dermatology, The University of Sydney and Cancer Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G W McCaughan
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - C Moreno
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - J Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - G G Neely
- Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J R Gamble
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, and Faculty of Medicine and Health, Concord Clinical School, ANZAC Research Institute and Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Sydney, Australia
| | - B M Saunders
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B G Oliver
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - W J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney and Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - C A Nold-Petry
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhao B, Ni C, Gao R, Wang Y, Yang L, Wei J, Lv T, Liang J, Zhang Q, Xu W, Xie Y, Wang X, Yuan Z, Liang J, Zhang R, Lin X. Recapitulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and cholangiocyte damage with human liver ductal organoids. Protein Cell 2020; 11:771-775. [PMID: 32303993 PMCID: PMC7164704 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Chao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ting Lv
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Sino Organoid Lifesciences Ltd., Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dos Reis RS, Sant S, Keeney H, Wagner MCE, Ayyavoo V. Modeling HIV-1 neuropathogenesis using three-dimensional human brain organoids (hBORGs) with HIV-1 infected microglia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15209. [PMID: 32938988 PMCID: PMC7494890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is characterized by neuroinflammation and glial activation that, together with the release of viral proteins, trigger a pathogenic cascade resulting in synaptodendritic damage and neurodegeneration that lead to cognitive impairment. However, the molecular events underlying HIV neuropathogenesis remain elusive, mainly due to lack of brain-representative experimental systems to study HIV-CNS pathology. To fill this gap, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) human brain organoid (hBORG) model containing major cell types important for HIV-1 neuropathogenesis; neurons and astrocytes along with incorporation of HIV-infected microglia. Both infected and uninfected microglia infiltrated into hBORGs resulting in a triculture system (MG-hBORG) that mirrors the multicellular network observed in HIV-infected human brain. Moreover, the MG-hBORG model supported productive viral infection and exhibited increased inflammatory response by HIV-infected MG-hBORGs, releasing tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1β) and thereby mimicking the chronic neuroinflammatory environment observed in HIV-infected individuals. This model offers great promise for basic understanding of how HIV-1 infection alters the CNS compartment and induces pathological changes, paving the way for discovery of biomarkers and new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta S Dos Reis
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Hannah Keeney
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Marc C E Wagner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yi SA, Nam KH, Yun J, Gim D, Joe D, Kim YH, Kim HJ, Han JW, Lee J. Infection of Brain Organoids and 2D Cortical Neurons with SARS-CoV-2 Pseudovirus. Viruses 2020; 12:E1004. [PMID: 32911874 PMCID: PMC7551632 DOI: 10.3390/v12091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), infections of diverse human organs along with multiple symptoms continue to be reported. However, the susceptibility of the brain to SARS-CoV-2, and the mechanisms underlying neurological infection are still elusive. Here, we utilized human embryonic stem cell-derived brain organoids and monolayer cortical neurons to investigate infection of brain with pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. Spike-containing SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infected neural layers within brain organoids. The expression of ACE2, a host cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, was sustained during the development of brain organoids, especially in the somas of mature neurons, while remaining rare in neural stem cells. However, pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the axon of neurons, which lack ACE2. Neural infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus did not increase in proportion to viral load, but only 10% of neurons were infected. Our findings demonstrate that brain organoids provide a useful model for investigating SARS-CoV-2 entry into the human brain and elucidating the susceptibility of the brain to SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Yi
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Jihye Yun
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Dongmin Gim
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Daeho Joe
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Imnewrun Biosciences Inc., Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Han-Joo Kim
- Imnewrun Biosciences Inc., Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Jeung-Whan Han
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
| | - Jaecheol Lee
- Epigenome Dynamics Control Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.H.N.); (J.Y.); (D.G.); (D.J.); (J.-W.H.)
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Imnewrun Biosciences Inc., Suwon 16419, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a severe public health problem with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. A mounting number of clinical investigations illustrate that COVID-19 patients suffer from neurologic conditions in addition to respiratory symptoms. In a recent article, Yuen and colleagues present the first experimental evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human central nervous system using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived platform including human neural progenitor cells, neurospheres, and three-dimensional brain organoids (Yuen, K.Y., and Huang, J.D. et al. (2020) Cell Res. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0390-x).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- Institute
of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
- Engineering
Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry
of Education, 110 Xiangya
Road, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
- National
Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute
of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for
Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument
Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication
Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information
and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National
Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center
for System Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|