1
|
Gaddipati S, Rao P, Jerome AD, Burugula BB, Gerard NP, Suvas S. Loss of Neurokinin-1 Receptor Alters Ocular Surface Homeostasis and Promotes an Early Development of Herpes Stromal Keratitis. J Immunol 2016; 197:4021-4033. [PMID: 27798158 PMCID: PMC5113833 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance P neuropeptide and its receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), are reported to present on the ocular surface. In this study, mice lacking functional NK1R exhibited an excessive desquamation of apical corneal epithelial cells in association with an increased epithelial cell proliferation and increased epithelial cell density, but decreased epithelial cell size. The lack of NK1R also resulted in decreased density of corneal nerves, corneal epithelial dendritic cells (DCs), and a reduced volume of basal tears. Interestingly, massive accumulation of CD11c+CD11b+ conventional DCs was noted in the bulbar conjunctiva and near the limbal area of corneas from NK1R-/- mice. After ocular HSV-1 infection, the number of conventional DCs and neutrophils infiltrating the infected corneas was significantly higher in NK1R-/- than C57BL/6J mice. This was associated with an increased viral load in infected corneas of NK1R-/- mice. As a result, the number of IFN-γ-secreting virus-specific CD4 T cells in the draining lymph nodes of NK1R-/- mice was much higher than in infected C57BL/6J mice. An increased number of CD4 T cells and mature neutrophils (CD11b+Ly6ghigh) in the inflamed corneas of NK1R-/- mice was associated with an early development of severe herpes stromal keratitis. Collectively, our results show that the altered corneal biology of uninfected NK1R-/- mice along with an enhanced immunological response after ocular HSV-1 infection causes an early development of herpes stromal keratitis in NK1R-/- mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Conjunctiva/immunology
- Conjunctiva/pathology
- Conjunctiva/virology
- Cornea/immunology
- Cornea/pathology
- Cornea/virology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Homeostasis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/physiopathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Viral Load
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Gaddipati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Pushpa Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Andrew David Jerome
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Bala Bharathi Burugula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Norma P Gerard
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston's Children Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201;
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urbanek K, De Angelis A, Spaziano G, Piegari E, Matteis M, Cappetta D, Esposito G, Russo R, Tartaglione G, De Palma R, Rossi F, D’Agostino B. Intratracheal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulates Tachykinin System, Suppresses Airway Remodeling and Reduces Airway Hyperresponsiveness in an Animal Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158746. [PMID: 27434719 PMCID: PMC4951036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for new options for chronic lung diseases promotes the research on stem cells for lung repair. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can modulate lung inflammation, but the data on cellular processes involved in early airway remodeling and the potential involvement of neuropeptides are scarce. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the mechanisms by which local administration of MSCs interferes with pathophysiological features of airway hyperresponsiveness in an animal model. METHODS GFP-tagged mouse MSCs were intratracheally delivered in the ovalbumin mouse model with subsequent functional tests, the analysis of cytokine levels, neuropeptide expression and histological evaluation of MSCs fate and airway pathology. Additionally, MSCs were exposed to pro-inflammatory factors in vitro. RESULTS Functional improvement was observed after MSC administration. Although MSCs did not adopt lung cell phenotypes, cell therapy positively affected airway remodeling reducing the hyperplastic phase of the gain in bronchial smooth muscle mass, decreasing the proliferation of epithelium in which mucus metaplasia was also lowered. Decrease of interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-13 and increase of interleukin-10 in bronchoalveolar lavage was also observed. Exposed to pro-inflammatory cytokines, MSCs upregulated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Moreover, asthma-related in vivo upregulation of pro-inflammatory neurokinin 1 and neurokinin 2 receptors was counteracted by MSCs that also determined a partial restoration of VIP, a neuropeptide with anti-inflammatory properties. CONCLUSION Intratracheally administered MSCs positively modulate airway remodeling, reduce inflammation and improve function, demonstrating their ability to promote tissue homeostasis in the course of experimental allergic asthma. Because of a limited tissue retention, the functional impact of MSCs may be attributed to their immunomodulatory response combined with the interference of neuropeptide system activation and tissue remodeling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-5/genetics
- Interleukin-5/immunology
- Intubation, Intratracheal
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovalbumin
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/chemically induced
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/therapy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AA); (BA)
| | - Giuseppe Spaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Piegari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Matteis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Gioia Tartaglione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno D’Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (AA); (BA)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grubor B, Ramirez-Romero R, Gallup JM, Bailey TB, Ackermann MR. Distribution of Substance P Receptor (Neurokinin-1 Receptor) in Normal Ovine Lung and During the Progression of Bronchopneumonia in Sheep. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:123-30. [PMID: 14688223 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P contributes to the physiological homeostasis of pulmonary airways and vasculature. During pneumonia, alterations in substance P production and receptor expression can influence bronchoconstriction and vascular perfusion. The distribution of substance P receptor [neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R)] in lungs of normal sheep and sheep with acute (1 day), subacute (15 days), and chronic (45 days) bronchopneumonia caused by Mannheimia haemolytica was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Three rabbit polyclonal antibodies generated to the same cytosolic C-terminal portion of NK-1R (residues 393-407) were tested. NK-1R immunoreactivity was traced in digital images and quantified with IPLAB software. There were no significant differences in NK-1R protein density between normal and infected lambs. Antibody 1 had the broadest distribution and intensity, and stained alveolar septae, smooth muscle cells of airways and vessels, epithelial cells of airways and alveoli, and submucosal glands. When all animals from the study were included, there was a trend towards decreased NK-1R immunoreactivity over time. The work suggests that (a) the density of NK-1R does not change during progression of bacterial ( M. haemolytica) bronchopneumonia, (b) NK-1R is widely distributed in ovine lung and decreases with age, and (c) antibodies to the same NK-1R cytosolic region can vary in specificity and affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branka Grubor
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1250, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar S, Rai U. Immunomodulatory role of substance P in the wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis: an in vitro study. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:323-8. [PMID: 21788073 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Present in vitro investigation for the first time in ectotherms demonstrated the immunomodulatory role of substance P in the wall lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Substance P inhibited the percentage phagocytosis and phagocytic index of lizard splenic phagocytes. Inhibitory effect of substance P was completely blocked by NK-1 receptor antagonist spantide I, indicating the NK-1 receptor mediated action. Further, NK-1 receptor-coupled downstream signaling cascade involved in controlling phagocytosis was explored using inhibitors of adenylate cyclase (SQ 22536) and protein kinase A (H-89). Both the inhibitors, in a concentration-related manner decreased the suppressive effect of substance P on phagocytosis. In addition, substance P treatment caused an increase in intracellular cAMP level in splenic phagocytes. Taken together, it can be suggested that substance P via NK-1 receptor-coupled AC-cAMP-PKA pathway modulated the phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes in wall lizards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andersson G, Danielson P, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. Nerve-related characteristics of ventral paratendinous tissue in chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007; 15:1272-9. [PMID: 17604979 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-007-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound and Doppler examination has shown high blood flow-neovascularisation inside and outside the ventral Achilles tendon in chronic painful tendinosis, but not in pain-free normal Achilles tendons. In patients with Achilles tendinosis, injections with the sclerosing substance polidocanol, targeting the areas with increased blood flow, have been demonstrated to give pain relief. A drawback when interpreting these findings is the fact that the pattern of nerve supply in the target area, i.e. the ventral area of the tendon, is so far unknown. In this study, therefore, tissue specimens from this area, obtained during surgical treatment of patients with chronic painful midportion Achilles tendinosis, were examined. In the examined area, containing loose connective tissue, the general finding was a presence of large and small arteries and nerve fascicles. The nerve fascicles were distinguished in sections processed for the pan-neural marker protein gene-product 9.5. The nerve fascicles contain sensory nerve fibers, as shown via staining for the sensory markers substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and sympathetic nerve fibers as seen via processing for tyrosine hydroxylase. In addition, there were immunoreactions for the SP-preferred receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor, in blood vessel walls and nerve fascicles. Some of the blood vessels were supplied by an extensive peri-vascular innervation, sympathetic nerve fibers being a distinct component of this innervation. There was also a marked occurrence of immunoreactions for the alpha1-adrenoreceptor in arterial walls as well as in the nerve fascicles. Altogether, these findings suggest that the area investigated is under marked influence by the nervous system, including sympathetic and sensory components. Thus, sympathetic/sensory influences may be involved in the pain mechanisms from this area. In conclusion, the nerve-related characteristics of the area targeted by the polidicanol injection treatment for Achilles tendinosis, are shown here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Andersson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu JY, Hu JH, Zhu QG, Li FQ, Wang J, Sun HJ. Effect of matrine on the expression of substance P receptor and inflammatory cytokines production in human skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:816-23. [PMID: 17466915 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrine is a kind of alkaloid found in certain Sophora plants, which has been extensively used in China for the treatment of viral hepatitis, cancer, cardiac diseases and skin diseases (such as atopic dermatitis and eczema). It also has been confirmed that substance P (SP) and its receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor, NK-1R) are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disorders. So the present study was designed to investigate the effect of matrine on the expression of NK-1R and cytokines production induced by SP in HaCaT cells (a human epidermal keratinocyte cell line) and dermal fibroblasts. In addition, cell viability was also evaluated. The results showed that matrine inhibited the expression of NK-1R in HaCaT cells and fibroblasts. SP induced the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in both cell types. Matrine 5-100 microg/mL had little effect on cell viability. It inhibited SP-induced IL-1beta, IL-8 and MCP-1 production in HaCaT cells and fibroblasts, while it increased the production of IFN-gamma in HaCaT cells. Both SP and matrine had no effect on the secretion of IL-6. These findings suggest that matrine may have potential treatment function on SP related cutaneous inflammation by inhibition of the expression of substance P receptor and regulation of the production of inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polgár E, Campbell AD, MacIntyre LM, Watanabe M, Todd AJ. Phosphorylation of ERK in neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing neurons in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal dorsal horn following noxious stimulation. Mol Pain 2007; 3:4. [PMID: 17309799 PMCID: PMC1803781 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a population of large neurons with cell bodies in laminae III and IV of the spinal dorsal horn which express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r) and have dendrites that enter the superficial laminae. Although it has been shown that these are all projection neurons and that they are innervated by substance P-containing (nociceptive) primary afferents, we know little about their responses to noxious stimuli. In this study we have looked for phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) in these neurons in response to different types of noxious stimulus applied to one hindlimb of anaesthetised rats. The stimuli were mechanical (repeated pinching), thermal (immersion in water at 52°C) or chemical (injection of 2% formaldehyde). Results Five minutes after each type of stimulus we observed numerous cells with phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in laminae I and IIo, together with scattered positive cells in deeper laminae. We found that virtually all of the lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons contained pERK after each of these stimuli and that in the great majority of cases there was internalisation of the NK1r on the dorsal dendrites of these cells. In addition, we also saw neurons in lamina III that were pERK-positive but lacked the NK1r, and these were particularly evident in animals that had had the pinch stimulus. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that lamina III/IV NK1r-immunoreactive neurons show receptor internalisation and ERK phosphorylation after mechanical, thermal or chemical noxious stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Polgár
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Annie D Campbell
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lynsey M MacIntyre
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Andrew J Todd
- Spinal Cord Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rogers DP, Wyatt CR, Walz PH, Drouillard JS, Mosier DA. Bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 and response to substance P. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 112:290-5. [PMID: 16621028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and the in vitro response to substance P (SP) exposure were investigated. Bovine alveolar macrophage membrane extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotted using anti-NK-1 antiserum demonstrated the presence of an approximately 60kDa band. Phagocytosis of fluorescent bioparticles by SP-exposed macrophages was 39% greater than that of non-exposed macrophages (P=0.0089). Likewise, there was 28% greater TNF production by macrophages following SP exposure compared to non-exposed controls (P=0.116). These results suggest that bovine alveolar macrophages respond to SP at least in part by enhancing phagocytosis and TNF production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna P Rogers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Biological effects of substance P (SP) are mediated by the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor that exists as a full-length and as a carboxy-terminally truncated isoform in humans. Although NK1 receptor mRNA and binding sites have been detected in certain malignancies, little is known about the cellular and subcellular localization of NK1 receptor protein in human neoplastic tissues. We developed and characterized a novel anti-peptide antibody to the carboxy-terminal region of the human full-length NK1 receptor. Specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by (1) detection of a broad band migrating at molecular mass 70,000-90,000 Da in Western blots of membranes from NK1-expressing tissues; (2) cell-surface staining of NK1-transfected cells; (3) translocation of NK1 receptor immunostaining after SP exposure; and (4) abolition of tissue immunostaining by preadsorption of the antibody with its immunizing peptide. Distribution of NK1 receptors was investigated in 72 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tumors showing that NK1 receptors were frequently expressed in glioblastomas and breast and pancreatic carcinomas. Immunoreactive NK1 receptors were clearly confined to the plasma membrane and uniformly present on nearly all tumor cells. Development of this novel NK1 receptor antibody allows the efficient localization of NK1 receptor protein in human formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. NK1 receptor visualization with this simple and rapid immunohistochemical method will facilitate identification of tumors with a sufficient receptor overexpression for diagnostic or therapeutic intervention using SP analogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Svensson A, Kaim J, Mallard C, Olsson A, Brodin E, Hökfelt T, Eriksson K. Neurokinin 1 receptor signaling affects the local innate immune defense against genital herpes virus infection. J Immunol 2006; 175:6802-11. [PMID: 16272337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We show that genital infection with neurotropic HSV type 2 (HSV-2) induced a significant increase of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) within the genital tract of mice. SP was shown to weakly interfere with the HSV-2 replication. Furthermore, lack of SP signaling through the use of mice deficient in the SP receptor, neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), revealed an important role for SP in the innate defense against HSV-2. NK1R-deficient mice had significantly enhanced levels of HSV-2 in the genital tract and in the CNS following infection and a significantly accelerated disease progression, which was associated with an impaired NK cell activity locally in the vagina. Lack of NK1R signaling did, however, not impair the animals' ability to mount a protective immune response to HSV-2 following vaccination with an attenuated virus. Both NK1R+/+ and NK1R-/- mice developed strong HSV-2-specific Th1 T cell responses following vaccination. No genital viral replication was observed in either vaccinated NK1R-deficient or NK1R+/+ control animals following a genital HSV-2 challenge, and all of these animals survived without any symptoms of disease. In conclusion, the present results indicate that SP and NK1R signaling contributes to the innate resistance against HSV-2 infection in mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/immunology
- Herpes Genitalis/metabolism
- Herpes Genitalis/prevention & control
- Herpes Genitalis/virology
- Herpes Simplex Virus Vaccines/pharmacology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- In Vitro Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Substance P/metabolism
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/pharmacology
- Vagina/immunology
- Vagina/metabolism
- Vagina/virology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lighvani S, Huang X, Trivedi PP, Swanborg RH, Hazlett LD. Substance P regulates natural killer cell interferon-gamma production and resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1567-75. [PMID: 15832292 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that after Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) corneal infection, BALB/c mice that are capable of resolving the disease, locally produce IFN-gamma. As T cells are not detected in the infected cornea of these mice, antibody depletion was used to test whether NK cells produce the cytokine. After depletion, decreased corneal IFN-gamma mRNA and increased disease severity, bacterial load, and PMN infiltrate resulted. Further work determined if substance P (SP), a pro-inflammatory neuropeptide, participated in regulation of this response. To this end, mice were treated with the SP antagonist, spantide I that blocks SP interaction with neurokinin-1, its major receptor. The treatment significantly decreased corneal IFN-gamma and IL-18 protein levels and corneal perforation resulted. In vitro experiments using isolated splenic NK cells confirmed their ability to respond to IL-18 and SP and to secrete IFN-gamma protein. We conclude: that for development of the BALB/c resistance response, NK cells are required to produce IFN-gamma; that the cells express the neurokinin-1 receptor; and that SP directly regulates IFN-gamma production through this receptor. The data suggest a unique link between the nervous system and development of innate immunity in the cornea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Lighvani
- Department of Anatomy/Cell biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Persson-Sjögren S, Lejon K, Holmberg D, Forsgren S. Expression of the NK-1 receptor on islet cells and invading immune cells in the non-obese diabetic mouse. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:269-79. [PMID: 15869864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanistic causes of immune cell infiltration in the islets of Langerhans and beta cell failure in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is still to be completely revealed. Substance P (SP) is a substance known to have pro-inflammatory, endocrine, neuromodulatory and trophic effects, and its preferred receptor, the neurokinin receptor 1 (NK-1 R), is reported to be involved in extravasation of granulocytes and in inflammation and tissue derangement. Therefore, we have investigated the expression of NK-1 R during development of insulitis in the NOD mouse. We show that the magnitude of immunoreactivity scoring NK-1 R expression in the islets was increased in the 12-week-old NOD mouse. Expression of NK-1 R co-localized with expression of glucagon. In line with this expression pattern, we did not detect any effect of SP on glucose-induced insulin release. NK-1 R expression was particularly observed in islet cells in association with the clusters of immune cells. Expression of NK-1 R was also demonstrated in a fraction of the infiltrating B and T lymphocytes, as well as on infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells. The observations show that the level of NK-1 R expression is increased in 12-week-old NOD mice, being correlated with the occurrence of islet mononuclear infiltration. Our data suggest that SP may act as a chemoattractant, contributing to the pathogenic mononuclear infiltration process in the NOD mouse. On the whole, the observations suggest that SP and the NK-1 R to certain extents are involved in the changes that occur during the development of insulitis in the NOD mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Persson-Sjögren
- Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bobryshev YV. Subset of cells immunopositive for neurokinin-1 receptor identified as arterial interstitial cells of Cajal in human large arteries. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 321:45-55. [PMID: 15902505 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-1061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the adventitia of large arteries, dendritic cells are located between nerve fibers, some of which contain substance P. The aim of the present study was to examine whether neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) was expressed by dendritic cells in the arterial wall. Parallel sections of aortic and carotid artery segments were immunostained with anti-NK-1R and cell-type-specific antibodies. Dendritic cells in the arterial wall expressed NK-1R, albeit at a low level. Other cells, which intensely expressed NK-1R, were located along the border between the media and adventitia. They did not co-express any dendritic cell markers, including fascin, CD1a, S100, or Lag-antigen, and were negative for CD68, CD3, and mast cell tryptase. These NK-1R(+) cells were laser-capture microdissected and studied by means of electron-microscopic analysis. The microdissected cells were in direct contact with nerve endings, and their ultrastructure was typical of the interstitial cells of Cajal present in the gastrointestinal tract. Further systematic electron-microscopic analysis revealed that the cells displaying the features typical of interstitial cells of Cajal were a basic element of the human arterial wall architectonics. Arterial interstitial cells of Cajal were negative for c-kit but they expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VIPR1). Destructive alterations of contacts between arterial interstitial cells of Cajal and nerve endings were observed in arterial segments with atherosclerotic lesions. The functional significance of the arterial interstitial cells of Cajal and their possible involvement in atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases need clarification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Surgical Professorial Unit Level 5, St Vincent's Hospital, DeLacy Building, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Okamoto Y, Matsuzaki Z, Matsuoka T, Endo S, Yamamoto H, Chazono H, Horiguchi S, Hanazawa T. Influence of viral infection on the development of nasal hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:679-84. [PMID: 15898993 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying relationship between viral infections and allergic diseases of the upper respiratory tract has not been well clarified. METHODS In order to clarify the relationship between viral infection and nasal hypersensitivity, mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and then infected intranasally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), after which their nasal sensitivity to histamine or antigen was examined. RESULTS Non-sensitized mice showed transient mild nasal hypersensitivity following nasal administration of histamine after intranasal RSV inoculation. In mice sensitized with OVA, RSV infection significantly exaggerated their nasal hypersensitivity to histamine and OVA. Treatment of these mice with a neurokinin (NK)-1/NK-2 receptor antagonist, but not with anti-IL-5 antibodies, reduced their hypersensitivity. The infiltration of nasal mucosa with eosinophils was temporarily associated with accelerated rate of RSV elimination in these animals. CONCLUSION RSV infection induced transient nasal hypersensitivity. Several mechanisms, including impairment of nasal epithelial cells are thought to mediate this effect. In allergen-sensitized mice, RSV inoculation strongly enhanced nasal hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Okamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim DS, Yoo KY, Hwang IK, Jung JY, Won MH, Seo JH, Kang TC. Elevated substance P (NK-1) receptor immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of seizure prone gerbil. Neuropeptides 2005; 39:9-14. [PMID: 15627495 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed a comparative analysis of the distribution of substance P (SP) receptor (NK-1) immunoreactivity in order to determine the characteristics of the SP system in the cerebelli of rat and gerbils. In the rat cerebellar cortex, only a few Purkinje cells exhibited weak NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity. Similar to the case of rat, NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the cerebellar cortex of seizure resistant (SR) gerbils was rarely detected. In contrast, in the cerebellar cortex of seizure sensitive (SS) gerbils, dendrites and cell bodies of Purkinje cell showed strong NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity. Similar to the cerebellar cortex, little NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in deep cerebellar nuclei was observed in the rat. In SR gerbils, however, deep cerebellar nuclei showed weak NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity. NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the deep cerebellar nuclei of SS gerbils was markedly increased, as compared with SR gerbils. Based on the present data, we suggest that the SP system of cerebellar circuit in gerbil are different from rat, and over-expression of NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in Purkinje cells of SS gerbils may be relevant to Purkinje cell loss induced by seizure activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kaneider NC, Kaser A, Dunzendorfer S, Tilg H, Patsch JR, Wiedermann CJ. Neurokinin-1 receptor interacts with PrP106–126-induced dendritic cell migration and maturation. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 158:153-8. [PMID: 15589049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 09/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circulating monocytic cells may mediate neuroinvasion in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies by transporting prion protein (PrP) from sites of entry to the nervous system. Factors regulating monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) functions in neuronal tissue include neurogenic mediators, but their interactions with prion-infected DCs are unknown. Here, we report that neuropeptides regulate the interaction of DCs exposed to PrP(106-126). Inhibition of neurokinin-1-receptors activation with neurokinin-1-receptor antagonist or antibody attenuates substance P-induced enhancement of DC migration induced by PrP(106-126) and prion-protein-induced DC maturation. Other neuropeptides arrest chemotaxis. Data support a priming role of the neuropeptide substance P in PrP(106-126)-induced migration of DCs involving neurokinin-1-receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Kaneider
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Joachim RA, Sagach V, Quarcoo D, Dinh QT, Arck PC, Klapp BF. Neurokinin-1 receptor mediates stress-exacerbated allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Psychosom Med 2004; 66:564-71. [PMID: 15272104 DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000132878.08780.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wealth of clinical observation has suggested that stress and asthma morbidity are associated. We have previously established a mouse model of stress-exacerbated allergic airway inflammation, which reflects major clinical findings. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of the neurokinin- (NK-)1 receptor in the mediation of stress effects in allergic airway inflammation. METHODS BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on assay days 1, 14, and 21 and repeatedly challenged with OVA aerosol on days 26 and 27. Sound stress was applied to the animals for 24 hours, starting with the first airway challenge. Additionally, one group of stressed and one group of nonstressed mice received the highly specific NK-1 receptor antagonist RP 67580. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was obtained, and cell numbers and differentiation were determined. Airway hyperreactivity was measured in vitro by electrical field stimulation of tracheal smooth-muscle elements. RESULTS Application of stress in sensitized and challenged animals resulted in a significant increase in leukocyte number in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Furthermore, stressed animals showed enhanced airway reactivity. The increase of inflammatory cells and airway reactivity was blocked by treatment of animals with the NK-1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the NK-1 receptor plays an important role in mediating stress effects in allergen-induced airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda A Joachim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Santoni G, Amantini C, Lucciarini R, Pompei P, Perfumi M, Nabissi M, Morrone S, Piccoli M. Expression of substance P and its neurokinin-1 receptor on thymocytes: functional relevance in the regulation of thymocyte apoptosis and proliferation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2003; 10:232-46. [PMID: 12584411 DOI: 10.1159/000068327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2002] [Accepted: 06/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide evidence of the expression and function of substance P (SP) and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) in the rat thymus. In situ hybridization evidenced NK-1R mRNA mainly in the thymic medulla, and Northern blot analysis of mRNA from FACS-sorted thymocytes identified NK-1R on CD4+, CD8+ and double-positive subpopulations. With flow cytometry, it could be seen that NK-1R was expressed on the majority of CD5+ thymocytes, and it was identified by Western blot analysis as two bands migrating at 44 and 54 kD. SP administration rescues thymocytes from spontaneous and NK-1R antagonist (SR140333)-induced apoptosis and stimulates concanavalin A (ConA)-induced thymocyte proliferation, CD25 expression and IL-2 production, whereas SR140333 exerts inhibitory effects on these functions. We also demonstrated the expression of mRNA for the SP precursor preprotachykinin-A in the thymic medulla and purified CD5+ thymocytes. SP protein was detected on 40% of CD5+ thymocytes and identified as a band of 1.3 kD by Western blot analysis. Finally, thymocytes spontaneously released SP, which was increased upon ConA or CD3 stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Santoni
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wijkhuisen A, Tymciu S, Fischer J, Alexandrenne C, Créminon C, Frobert Y, Grassi J, Boquet D, Conrath M, Couraud JY. Pharmacological properties of peptides derived from an antibody against the tachykinin NK1 receptor for the neuropeptide substance P. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 468:175-82. [PMID: 12754055 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two peptides were derived from the structural analysis of a previously described monoclonal antibody [Mol. Immunol. 37 (2000) 423] against the tachykinin NK(1) receptor for the neuropeptide substance P. Here we show that these two peptides were able to inhibit the inositol phosphate transduction pathway triggered both by substance P and neurokinin A, another high-affinity endogenous ligand for the tachykinin NK(1) receptor. They also reduced the cAMP production induced by substance P. By contrast, only one antagonist peptide was able to prevent substance P and neurokinin A from binding the receptor, as revealed both by biochemical and autoradiographic studies. First, these results illustrate the generality of the antibody-based strategy for developing new bioactive peptides. Second, they indicate that antagonists, even exhibiting very close amino acid composition, can interact with the tachykinin NK(1) receptor at different contact sites, some of them clearly distinct from the contact domains for endogenous agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wijkhuisen
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, Bât. 136, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The tachykinins substance P and neurokinin A are found within airway nerves and immune cells. They have various effects on the airways that can contribute to the changes observed in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptors have been involved in the bronchoconstriction and the proinflammatory changes induced by substance P and neurokinin A. Tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptor antagonists have activity in various animal models of allergic asthma and chronic bronchitis. It is suggested that dual NK(1)/NK(2) and triple NK(1)/NK(2)/NK(3) tachykinin receptor antagonists have potential in the treatment of obstructive airway diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy F Joos
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mantyh PW. Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 63 Suppl 11:6-10. [PMID: 12562137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Substance P belongs to a group of neurokinins (NKs), small peptides that are broadly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The biological effects of substance P in the CNS, namely regulation of affective behavior and emesis in the brain and nociception in the spinal cord, are mediated by its binding to the NK1 receptor. The substance P-NK1 (SP-NK1) receptor system is the most extensively studied NK pathway, and in contrast to receptors for other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, which have high expression throughout the CNS, only a minority of neurons (5% to 7%) in certain CNS areas express the NK1 receptor. The NK1 receptor is distributed in the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites of unstimulated neurons, but upon substance P binding, the NK1 receptor undergoes rapid internalization, followed by rapid recycling to the plasma membrane. Release of substance P is induced by stressful stimuli, and the magnitude of its release is proportional to the intensity and frequency of stimulation. More potent and more frequent stimuli allow diffusion of substance P farther from the site of release, allowing activation of an approximately 3- to 5-times greater number of NK1 receptor-expressing neurons. Recent studies employing pharmacologic or genetic inactivation of NK1 receptors demonstrate the important role of the SP-NK1 receptor system in the regulation of affective behavior and suggest that inhibition of this pathway may be a useful approach to treatment of depression and associated anxiety.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Affect/drug effects
- Affect/physiology
- Animals
- Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology
- Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy
- Anxiety Disorders/physiopathology
- Brain/cytology
- Brain/physiology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Depressive Disorder/drug therapy
- Depressive Disorder/physiopathology
- Humans
- Immunotoxins/immunology
- Immunotoxins/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/physiology
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/physiology
- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
- Saporins
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/physiology
- Substance P/analogs & derivatives
- Substance P/drug effects
- Substance P/immunology
- Substance P/pharmacology
- Substance P/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Mantyh
- Department of Preventive Sciences, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
A number of studies have implicated severe infections early in life as a risk factor for the subsequent development of asthma. In particular it has been suggested that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may enhance the development of "allergic" inflammatory responses when the host is exposed to allergens after an episode of bronchiolitis. It has also been suggested that neuronal mechanisms are important in RSV infection and subsequent airway hyperreactivity. Recently we advanced the hypothesis that immune and neuronal mechanisms may be linked and that combined neuroimmune responses may be in play. In the airways a dense network of sensory nerve fibers is strategically placed just below the epithelial surface so that any change in the bronchial environment may stimulate the release of the proinflammatory neuropeptide substance P. During RSV infection, stimulation of these nerves causes a marked increase in airway vascular permeability over that in pathogen-free rats and results in an increase in overall inflammatory status. Our work has revealed that these changes are mediated by the high affinity receptor for substance P [neurokinin (NK) 1 receptor], the expression of which is greatly increased by RSV. This up-regulation presumably occurs at the gene expression level, as NK1 receptor mRNA levels increase substantially during RSV infection. We have also shown that T lymphocyte subpopulations within the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue in the lungs of RSV-infected rats express high levels of the NK1 receptor. As a consequence stimulation of the sensory nerves by any airborne irritant has the potential of causing a new inflammatory cycle mediated by NK1 receptor-expressing T lymphocytes attracted into the airways and activated by substance P. This mechanism may establish important neuroimmune interactions, which undergo long term dysregulation after RSV infection and predispose to airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Finally our most recent studies show that RSV infection promotes a large increase in the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin receptors. RSV-induced release of NGF leads to short and long term changes in the distribution and reactivity of sensory nerves across the respiratory tract, participating to exaggerated inflammatory reactions during and after the infection. NGF and its receptors may also amplify other immunoinflammatory and neuronal pathways contributing to airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. On the basis of these observations, we postulate that changes of neurotrophin expression in the respiratory tract may represent an important link between early life viral infections and childhood asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1580 NW Tenth Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defects in enteric excitatory neurotransmission have been proposed to underlie the gastrointestinal dysmotility associated with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis). This study investigated whether patients with scleroderma produce antibodies that inhibit M3-muscarinic or neurokinin receptor-mediated intestinal contractions, either directly or via an effect on L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). METHODS Responses of mouse colon longitudinal muscle to stimulation by the muscarinic agonist carbachol (1-300 micromol/L) and neurokinin-1 and -2 receptor agonists were measured in the absence and presence of serum (2%) or immunoglobulin G (IgG) (0.3-1.0 mg/mL) from patients with scleroderma, those with other autoimmune disorders, and healthy controls. The role of L-type VGCCs in carbachol- and tachykinin-evoked contractions was assessed using nicardipine. RESULTS M3-muscarinic receptor-mediated contractions were inhibited by Ig fractions from 7 of 9 patients with scleroderma (limited and diffuse forms), 4 of 4 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, and 3 of 3 patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome. Ig fractions from healthy controls did not inhibit the M3-muscarinic receptor-mediated contractions. Inhibition by Ig was concentration-dependent; a maximum inhibition of approximately 40% occurred at 0.6 mg/mL IgG. Both M3-muscarinic and neurokinin receptor-mediated contractions were L-type VGCC dependent. Patient sera had no effect on responses to neurokinin receptor stimulation, demonstrating the lack of antibodies inhibiting L-type VGCCs. CONCLUSIONS Functional antibodies specifically inhibiting M3-muscarinic receptor-mediated enteric cholinergic neurotransmission may provide a pathogenic mechanism for the gastrointestinal dysfunction seen in patients with scleroderma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Goldblatt
- Department of Immunology, Allergy and Arthritis, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tripp RA, Barskey A, Goss L, Anderson LJ. Substance P receptor expression on lymphocytes is associated with the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:141-53. [PMID: 12161030 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and magnitude of SP receptor expression was determined for bronchoalveolar leukocyte cell subsets from BALB/c mice in the primary immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV3) infection, and in the secondary immune response to RSV and PIV3 challenge. In both the primary and secondary responses to infection, expression of substance P (SP) receptors was markedly increased by infection, especially for T lymphocytes, compared to B220+, CD11b+ and CD14+ cells. CD4+ T lymphocytes predominantly expressed SP receptors in the secondary response. These results suggest that SP receptor expression may be important in the development of primary and secondary immune responses to respiratory virus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tymciu S, Wijkhuisen A, Sagot MA, Frobert Y, Grassi J, Créminon C, Couraud JY, Boquet D. Use of DNA immunization to produce polyclonal antibodies against the native human neurokinin-1 receptor for substance P. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 128:23-30. [PMID: 12098507 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the native form of the human NK1 receptor (hNK1R) for the neuropeptide substance P (SP), an important immunoregulator, are difficult to produce using classical immunization techniques. We show here that mice immunized with a plasmid harboring hNK1R cDNA developed antibodies recognizing extracellular epitopes of native hNK1R expressed on CHO cell membranes, as shown by FACS and immunofluorescence analysis, some antibodies being specifically directed against the second extracellular loop (E2) of the receptor. This original strategy, DNA immunization, thus efficiently generated new immunological tools to further analyse the role of SP in the regulation of immune cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Tymciu
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, Bât 136, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lai JP, Ho WZ, Yang JH, Wang X, Song L, Douglas SD. A non-peptide substance P antagonist down-regulates SP mRNA expression in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 128:101-8. [PMID: 12098517 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP), a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation, exerts its activity by binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). The SP-NK-1R interaction is important in inflammation and viral infections, including HIV infection of human immune cells. We recently demonstrated that SP modulates HIV replication and that a non-peptide SP antagonist CP-96,345 inhibits HIV replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) by affecting the SP-NK-1R interaction. In order to examine the effect of the SP antagonist on SP mRNA expression, MDM was incubated with or without CP-96,345 in the presence or absence of HIV infection. SP mRNA expression in these cells was then determined by real-time PCR technology. The effect of CP-96,345 on chemokine gene expression was also investigated by using a cDNA array assay. CP-96,345 down-regulated SP mRNA expression and antagonized exogenous SP-enhanced SP expression at the mRNA level, suggesting that SP autocrine regulation was interrupted by CP-96,345. CP-96,345 inhibited HIV replication in MDM, associated with down-regulated SP mRNA expression in comparison to HIV infection controls. In parallel with down-regulated SP and CCR5 mRNA expression, cDNA array assays indicated that CP-96,345 treatment also inhibited IL-8 gene expression, while enhancing expression of fractalkine and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3). Since SP plays an important role in inflammation and viral infections, these studies may have potential applications for therapeutic intervention of inflammation and viral infection of immune cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Autocrine Communication/drug effects
- Autocrine Communication/genetics
- Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL7
- Chemokine CX3CL1
- Chemokines, CX3C/genetics
- Cytokines
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/immunology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Neuroimmunomodulation/drug effects
- Neuroimmunomodulation/immunology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phagocytes/drug effects
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/virology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/metabolism
- Substance P/antagonists & inhibitors
- Substance P/genetics
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- Virus Replication/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Lai
- Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Taken together, these studies demonstrate an important role for substance P receptor expression by macrophages. The results to date suggest proinflammatory signals mediated by this receptor, and it is clear that substance P can act synergistically with other factors to stimulate macrophage activity. Antagonism of substance P/substance P receptor interactions in vivo profoundly affect immunity against Salmonella. This model provides evidence that an optimal host response against this intracellular pathogen of macrophages requires signaling through the substance P receptor. The ability of interferon gamma or IL-4 to upregulate substance P receptor mRNA expression on macrophages suggests that substance P-mediated amplification loops might involve either T helper type 1 or T helper type 2 responses. Thus, depending upon the immunologic stimulus, substance P could contribute to cell mediated as well as humoral immune responses. Several important questions remain. Since the antigen processing and presenting function is an important macrophage activity, the effect of signaling through the substance P receptor on these events has not been defined. Furthermore, since macrophages are only one type of antigen presenting cell, it will be important to determine the role of substance P receptor expression in the activity of dendritic cells. We anticipate that these ongoing investigations will further define the positive contributions that substance P/substance P receptor interactions have in the initiation of immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Marriott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 28223, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yao R, Rameshwar P, Gregg T, Siegel A. Co-localization of NK(1)-receptor mRNA with glutamate immunopositivity in cat hypothalamic neurons by the combination of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 7:154-61. [PMID: 11356382 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(01)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies had demonstrated that, in the cat, aggression is mediated by glutamatergic neurons in the anterior medial hypothalamus which project to the periaqueductal gray. Additionally, NK(1) receptor activation in the medial hypothalamus plays a role in the regulation of aggressive behavior by the medial amygdala. In the present study, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were combined in order to provide neurochemical characterization of medial hypothalamic neurons containing NK(1)-receptor mRNA. In order to identify NK(1) receptors in cat brain, a 650-bp fragment of the cat NK(1) cDNA was cloned. This fragment was used to synthesize a riboprobe for in situ hybridization. Partial DNA sequence analysis of the fragment indicated a 90% homology with human cDNA. In situ hybridization revealed the presence of NK(1)-receptor mRNA in cat hypothalamic neurons. Tissue used to localize NK(1) receptors was also processed for glutamate immunopositivity. The results demonstrated that NK(1)-receptor mRNA is present in glutamate-immunopositive neurons in the anterior medial hypothalamus of cat, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that NK(1) receptors play an important role in this neural circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry, NJ Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave., MSB, Rm. H-512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Substance P stimulates respiration, in part by a direct action on the pre-Bötzinger complex (preBötC). This region of the medulla oblongata contains neurons that are strongly immunoreactive for the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R-ir), and a recent theory has postulated that these cells might be the adult form of excitatory interneurons that are essential for respiratory rhythmogenesis in neonates. Here we sought to determine whether preBötC respiratory neurons are indeed NK1R-ir in the adult rat. Preinspiratory (pre-I) neurons were recorded in the preBötC region of halothane-anesthetized rats. Most pre-I cells could be antidromically activated from the contralateral side of the medulla (7 of 10; latency 1.3 +/- 0.2 ms), suggesting that most of them were propriomedullary neurons rather than respiratory motoneurons or bulbospinal cells. Thirty-two pre-I neurons including seven cells with contralateral projection were labeled with biotinamide using the juxtacellular method. Eleven cells (34.4%) were NK1R-ir, including three of the seven pre-I cells that were antidromically activated from the contralateral side. In 3 control rats we labeled 20 preBötC neurons with patterns of discharge other than pre-I and found that none were detectably NK1R-ir. In conclusion, some of the intensely NK1R-ir neurons of the adult preBötC region are indeed respiratory interneurons as suggested by Gray et al. The subtype of NK1R identified by the antibody is detectable only in a small minority of preBötC respiratory cells, most notably in pre-I interneurons. Given prior anatomical evidence, these NK1R-ir pre-I interneurons are most likely glutamatergic. The data are consistent with the possibility that the NK1R-ir pre-I interneurons of the adult preBötC could be the adult form of a class of inspiratory neurons that are rhythmogenic in the neonate (either the pacemakers and/or an excitatory subtype of follower neurons).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0735, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
It has previously been shown that high dose of irradiation to the rat abdomen leads to an increased level of substance P (SP) in the duodenum. In the present study the pattern of distribution of NK1 receptors (NK1-R) in rat duodenum after irradiation (5-30 Gy), was examined at the same time-point (7 days) after irradiation, comparisons being made with the distribution of SP-innervation. Immunohistochemical methods were used. In controls, NK1-R-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was detected in epithelial cells, in cells in the region of the intestinal cells of Cajal within the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP), in neuronal cells in the myenteric plexus, and variably in granulocytes in the mucosa. Irradiation with 5-10 Gy did not lead to obvious changes in the pattern of NK1-R-LI. After irradiation with the highest doses (25-30 Gy), the mucosa was often gravely damaged, displaying granulation tissue. No epithelial NK1-R-LI was detected in this tissue, but was present in less affected mucosa after these doses. In the region of the ICC-DMP, in the myenteric plexus, and in granulocytes, NK1-R-LI was detected also after high dose irradiation. However, the degree of NK1-R-LI in the region of the ICC-DMP was somewhat lower than seen in controls and after low doses. SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in the regions where NK1-R-LI was detected. These findings support a suggestion that an increased level of SP after irradiation may contribute to the dose-dependent gastrointestinal adverse effects that occur after radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Höckerfelt
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Recent studies from our laboratory have shown that substance P can elicit transcription factor activation in dendritic cells. In the present study, we extend these findings by demonstrating the presence of authentic substance P (NK-1) receptors on both normal murine and human dendritic cells. Specifically, we demonstrate the presence of mRNA encoding NK-1 tachykinin receptors and have utilized specific antibodies to detect the expression of NK-1 receptor protein in dendritic cells by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. These data provide a crucial first step in determining the potential of substance P to modulate dendritic cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Marriott
- Department of Biology, 9201 University City Boulevard, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pickel VM, Douglas J, Chan J, Gamp PD, Bunnett NW. Neurokinin 1 receptor distribution in cholinergic neurons and targets of substance P terminals in the rat nucleus accumbens. J Comp Neurol 2000; 423:500-11. [PMID: 10870089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is the major endogenous ligand for neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors and, together with acetylcholine, has an important role in motivated behaviors involving the limbic shell and motor core of the nucleus accumbens (NAc). To determine the functional sites for SP activation of NK-1 receptors and potential interactions with cholinergic neurons in these regions, the authors examined the electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization either of antisera against the NK1 receptor or of the NK1 receptor and either 1) SP or 2) the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAchT) in rat NAc. In both the NAc shell and core, NK1 receptor labeling was localized mainly to somatic and dendritic plasma membranes and nearby endosomal organelles in aspiny neurons. In sections through the ventromedial shell that were processed for NK1/SP labeling, 46% of the NK1-immunoreactive dendrites (n = 603 dendrites) showed symmetric or appositional contacts with SP-containing terminals. These terminals and several others that formed symmetric synapses also occasionally were immunoreactive for NK1 receptors. Analysis of the shell region for NK1/VAchT labeling showed that 61% of the total immunoreactive dendrites (n = 534 dendrites) contained NK1 receptors without VAchT, 29% contained both products, and 10% contained VAchT only. Many of the labeled somata and dendrites also received synaptic contact from VAchT-containing terminals. These findings suggest that, in the NAc, NK1 receptors are recycled through endosomal compartments and play a role in modulating mainly the postsynaptic responses, but also the presynaptic release, of SP and/or inhibitory neurotransmitters onto aspiny interneurons, some of which are cholinergic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Pickel
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
While the ability of macrophages to express authentic substance P receptors (i.e., NK-1 receptors) has been inferred from radioreceptor binding assays and functional assays and, most recently, by identification of NK-1 receptor mRNA expression, we know little about NK-1 expression at the protein level or what host factors might up-regulate expression of this receptor. In the present study we demonstrate that the cytokines IL-4 and IFN-gamma can increase the expression of NK-1 receptors on murine peritoneal macrophages. Specifically, we show that IL-4 and IFN-gamma can elicit increases in the level of mRNA encoding the NK-1 receptor by up to 12- and 13-fold, respectively. Furthermore, these cytokines can significantly increase the expression of the NK-1 receptor protein as measured by Western blot and FACS analysis using specific Abs developed in our laboratory. In addition, we have demonstrated the ability of both IL-4 and IFN-gamma to enhance the ability of macrophages to bind substance P as measured by radiolabeled binding assay. The observation that the level of expression of this receptor protein can be enhanced by cytokines that promote either cell-mediated (Th1) or humoral (Th2) immune responses supports the idea that this receptor can be induced during either type of immune response. As such, these results may point to a more ubiquitous role for substance P in the generation of optimal immune responses than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Marriott
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Horie M, Miyashita T, Watabe K, Takeda Y, Kawamura K, Kawano H. Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptors in the midline glia of the developing rat medulla oblongata with special reference to the formation of raphe nuclei. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000; 121:197-207. [PMID: 10876032 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical localization of the substance P receptor (SPR) was examined in the developing rat medulla oblongata, with special reference to the development of substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons which form the medullary raphe nuclei. During development, SPR immunoreactivity was detected in cells lying lateral to the medullary midline from embryonic day 13 (E13) to postnatal day 5 (P5). The SPR-positive cell bodies were located close to the fourth ventricle, and bore long processes extending to the ventral pial surface. This SPR immunoreactivity co-localized with staining for monoclonal antibody 1D11, a specific marker of immature astrocytes. Substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons were first detected at E14 in the ventrolateral part of the medulla. By E16 their number had increased and they were arrayed in two rows closely parallel to the SPR-immunoreactive processes of non-neuronal cells. By P1, two separate SP-immunoreactive cell clusters could be recognized at the midline, representing dorsally the nascent raphe pallidus and ventrally the raphe obscurus. In addition, many SP-immunoreactive fibers traveled rostrocaudally in the medulla oblongata, juxtaposed to the midline sheets of SPR-immunoreactive long processes. SPR-immunoreactive processes at the midline were also immunoreactive for S-100, a glia-specific calcium-binding protein that is known to promote axonal growth of raphe neurons. These results suggest that SPR-expressing immature glial cells at the medullary midline are involved in the development of SP-immunoreactive raphe neurons, both in the formation of the medullary raphe nuclei and in axon guidance and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Horie
- Department of Developmental Morphology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, 183-8526, Fuchu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sagot MA, Wijkhuisen A, Créminon C, Tymciu S, Frobert Y, Turbica I, Grassi J, Couraud JY, Boquet D. A monoclonal antibody directed against the neurokinin-1 receptor contains a peptide sequence with similar hydropathy and functional properties to substance P, the natural ligand for the receptor. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:423-33. [PMID: 11090877 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) PS12, obtained using the complementary peptide methodology, mimics the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in recognizing the SP-binding domain of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) and eliciting production of polyclonal antibodies cross-reacting with SP with a high affinity (Déry et al., 1997. J. Neuroimmunol. 76, 1-9). The aim of the present study was to investigate which structural features of mAb PS12 might account for this molecular mimicry. Cloning and sequencing of variable regions of both light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains of this 'SP-like' antibody did not indicate any primary sequence homology between SP and any antibody region. Instead, they revealed a striking similarity between the hydropathic profile of SP and that of an 11-amino-acid region in the light chain encompassing the second complementarity determining region (CDR2). When applied to CHO cells expressing the human NK1R, a synthetic extended 17-amino-acid peptide (denoted CDR2L) corresponding to this VL region inhibited the high-affinity binding of radiolabeled SP and antagonized the SP-induced inositol phosphate production. Moreover, a re-examination of the sequences of several antibodies that previously served in the design of CDR-derived bioactive peptides indicated that these antibodies also carried the hydropathic image of the respective ligands that they mimic. In agreement with previous observations on artificial synthetic peptides, our data thus suggest that the molecular mimicry between natural proteins (i.e. antibody and hormone, for example) could be understood on a structural level directly related, at least in part, to hydropathic homology. These results could then guide the search for bioactive paratope-derived peptides of potential pharmacological interest. We also observed inverse hydropathy between multiple CDRs of mAb PS12 (including CDR3H and CDR3L) and the peptide epitope, confirming the importance of hydropathic complementarity in antigen-antibody interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Sagot
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, Bât. 136, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Klooster J, Kamphuis W, Vrensen GF. Immunohistochemical localization of substance P and substance P receptor (NK1) in the olivary pretectal nucleus of the rat. Exp Brain Res 2000; 131:57-63. [PMID: 10759171 DOI: 10.1007/s002219900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) is the first central nucleus in the pupillary light reflex arc (PLR). Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide present in the OPN. The present immunohistochemical study, performed at the ultrastructural level, aimed to determine the synaptic localization of SP and SP receptor in the OPN. Three types of SP-positive terminals were found. The most abundant type was of retinal origin, characterized by electron-lucent mitochondria and round vesicles, organized in glomerular structures, making asymmetric synaptic contacts with dendrites, and profiles containing pleomorphic vesicles, also making synaptic contacts with dendrites. The second type of SP-immunoreactive terminal contained electron-dense mitochondria and pleomorphic vesicles. This type made symmetric synaptic contacts and may originate from the ventral part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The third type of SP-immunoreactive terminals contained electron-dense mitochondria, clear round vesicles, and made an asymmetric synaptic contact. This type originates from the contralateral OPN. SP receptors of the NK1 subtype were revealed to be on dendrites and were part of the glomerular-like arrangement. On account of the present observations, it can be concluded that retinal projections to the OPN use SP as a neuromodulator and synapse on NK1 receptor-containing dendrites of large neurons projecting to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Since SP also modulates the parasympathetic component of the PLR, we postulate that SP plays a modulating role in all components of the PLR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Klooster
- The Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Department of Morphology, Amsterdam.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
You TT, Kaiser PK, Netland TP, Jakobiec FA. Neurothekeoma palpebrae: a rare nerve sheath tumor arising in the eyelid. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 15:448-9. [PMID: 10588258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of an eyelid neurothekeoma, a rare peripheral nerve sheath tumor. METHODS Case report. RESULTS An excisional biopsy, performed on a lesion removed from the upper eyelid of a 76-year-old woman, revealed the clinical and histopathologic features of a neurothekeoma, a tumor consisting of multiple collections of spindle cells in a myxomatous background. Immunohistochemical characterization showed positivity for NK1/C3, neuron-specific enolase, and alcian blue. CONCLUSION Neurothekeoma palpebrae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of solitary nodules of the eyelids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T T You
- Pacific ClearVision Institute, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
van Hagen PM, Hofland LJ, ten Bokum AM, Lichtenauer-Kaligis EG, Kwekkeboom DJ, Ferone D, Lamberts SW. Neuropeptides and their receptors in the immune system. Ann Med 1999; 31 Suppl 2:15-22. [PMID: 10574150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and their receptors are produced and expressed by neuroendocrine tissues and function as neurotransmitters and/or mediators of well-defined hormonal activities in specific tissues and cells. However, neuropeptides and their receptors are also found in the immune system, and various neuropeptides are involved in both systems. In this review we discuss the role of two of these neuropeptides, somatostatin and substance P, with regard to their receptor expression in the human immune system and their role in the diagnosis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Braun A, Wiebe P, Pfeufer A, Gessner R, Renz H. Differential modulation of human immunoglobulin isotype production by the neuropeptides substance P, NKA and NKB. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 97:43-50. [PMID: 10408978 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The modifying effects of tachykinins substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B on immunoglobulin production were analyzed in an in vitro culture system. Purified human T- and B-cells were stimulated with TGFbeta2 and IL-5 to induce preferential IgA production. Neuropeptides had the following effects. (1) The levels of IgA and IgG4 production were enhanced by IL-5 and TGFbeta2; IgA levels remained constant or were slightly augmented by neuropeptides, whereas IgG4 was further augmented. (2) IL-5 and TGFbeta2 did not alter IgG3 production, but neuropeptides stimulated secretion of this subclass. (3) IgG1 and IgM production were inhibited by IL-5 and TGFbeta2. This effect was prevented by neuropeptides. (4) Other isotypes including IgG2 and IgE remained unaffected. Except for IgM, these effects were blocked by specific receptor antagonists indicating specificity. The tachykinin receptor NK-1 mRNA was detected in B- and T-cells, whereas NK-3 mRNA was only present in T- and B-cell coculture following activation. Furthermore, neuropeptide effects depended on cytokine co-stimulation and the presence of T-cells. These results suggest that neuropeptides are potent modifiers of preferential IgA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Braun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Clinic of the Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Doyle CA, Hunt SP. Substance P receptor (neurokinin-1)-expressing neurons in lamina I of the spinal cord encode for the intensity of noxious stimulation: a c-Fos study in rat. Neuroscience 1999; 89:17-28. [PMID: 10051214 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The substance P receptor neurokinin-1 is expressed by a subset of neurons in the rat spinal cord. We have combined immunostaining for Fos, a marker of noxious peripheral stimulation, and neurokinin-1 to examine whether nociceptive signals from particular peripheral tissues (skin, muscle or knee joint) or activity generated by nerve injury or formalin-induced inflammation are preferentially modulated by substance P. Our results indicate that superficial and deep spinal neurokinin-1-positive neurons process nociceptive information in markedly different ways. In lamina I, the number of double-labelled neurons was positively correlated with the intensity of the stimulus (defined by the total Fos count) and was not directly related to any particular peripheral target. However, in the deeper layers of the spinal cord (V-X), there was no such correlation, and stimulation of joint nociceptors and formalin-induced inflammation produced the greatest proportion of Fos/neurokinin-1 co-localization, suggesting a particular role for substance P in the mediation of joint pain and inflammatory hyperalgesia. Thus, lamina I neurokinin-1 receptor-bearing neurons appear to be involved in intensity discriminative aspects of pain, whereas the deep neurokinin-1 cells are involved in spatial localization or the detection of particular nociceptive submodalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Doyle
- Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chiu YH, Jayawardena J, Weiss A, Lee D, Park SH, Dautry-Varsat A, Bendelac A. Distinct subsets of CD1d-restricted T cells recognize self-antigens loaded in different cellular compartments. J Exp Med 1999; 189:103-10. [PMID: 9874567 PMCID: PMC1887692 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies have indicated that the major histocompatibility complex-like, beta2-microglobulin-associated CD1 molecules might function to present a novel chemical class of antigens, lipids and glycolipids, to alpha/beta T cells, little is known about the T cell subsets that interact with CD1. A subset of CD1d-autoreactive, natural killer (NK)1.1 receptor-expressing alpha/beta T cells has recently been identified. These cells, which include both CD4(-)CD8(-) and CD4(+) T cells, preferentially use an invariant Valpha14-Jalpha281 T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain paired with a Vbeta8 TCR beta chain in mice, or the homologous Valpha24-JalphaQ/Vbeta11 in humans. This cell subset can explosively release key cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma upon TCR engagement and may regulate a variety of infectious and autoimmune conditions. Here, we report the existence of a second subset of CD1d-restricted CD4(+) T cells that do not express the NK1.1 receptor or the Valpha14 TCR. Like the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) T cells, these T cells exhibit a high frequency of autoreactivity to CD1d, use a restricted albeit distinct set of TCR gene families, and contribute to the early burst of IL-4 and IFN-gamma induced by intravenous injection of anti-CD3. However, the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) and Valpha14(-) NK1.1(-) T cells differ markedly in their requirements for self-antigen presentation. Antigen presentation to the Valpha14(+) NK1.1(+) cells requires endosomal targeting of CD1d through a tail-encoded tyrosine-based motif, whereas antigen presentation to the Valpha14(-) NK1.1(-) cells does not. These experiments suggest the existence of two phenotypically different subsets of CD1d-restricted T cells that survey self-antigens loaded in distinct cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chiu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Anton PA. Stress and mind-body impact on the course of inflammatory bowel diseases. Semin Gastrointest Dis 1999; 10:14-9. [PMID: 10065768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
At present, the medical management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are focused on topical, locally active antiinflammatories and systemic immunosuppressives, which are thought to exert their targeted effects in the gastrointestinal mucosa. There is a paucity of controlled trials assessing the impact of mind, central nervous system (CNS), and neuromodulation on the overly active immune response in the intestinal mucosa. Patients and their physicians have long been aware of a strong association between attitude, stress, and flares of their IBD. Although reports to date remain mostly anecdotal, the degree to which mind-body influences and stress impact levels of local inflammation deserves closer attention with the aim of identifying contributing mechanisms, which may highlight new therapeutic interventions, as well as assist in identifying particular subsets of patients that may respond to novel forms of adjunctive treatments for IBD, including hypnosis, meditation, neuropeptide receptor modulation, and cortisol-releasing factor (CRF) modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Anton
- UCLA Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Santoni G, Perfumi MC, Spreghini E, Romagnoli S, Piccoli M. Neurokinin type-1 receptor antagonist inhibits enhancement of T cell functions by substance P in normal and neuromanipulated capsaicin-treated rats. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 93:15-25. [PMID: 10378865 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) plays a major role in the regulation of the interaction between immune and nervous systems. SP administration stimulates Con A-induced proliferation of spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal and neonatally capsaicin treated rats, which correlated with enhanced IL-2 production and expression of activation antigens such as IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) and RT1B MHC class II molecule. Moreover, SP markedly increased the percentage of CD5+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of capsaicin-treated rats. Concomitant administration of SP with the non-peptide Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist SR140333 completely inhibited the SP-mediated augmentation of Con A-induced PBL proliferation and IL-2 production as well as of CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ RT1B+ T cell numbers in normal and capsaicin-treated rats. SR 140333 also blocked the increased percentage of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells induced by SP in capsaicin-treated rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Santoni
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Experimental Medicine, University of Camerino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zerari F, Fischer J, Sagot MA, Frobert Y, Couraud JY, Conrath M. Substance P receptor immunodetection in the spinal cord: comparative use of direct anti-receptor antibody and anti-complementary peptide antibody. Brain Res Bull 1998; 46:263-8. [PMID: 9667822 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immunolocalization of substance P (SP) receptors was compared in the rat spinal cord using either a direct anti-substance P NK1-receptor antibody (anti-SPR) or an anti-complementary peptide antibody (anti-CP). The first antibody recognizes an intracellular epitope, the C-terminal tail of the NK1-receptor. The second antibody recognizes an extracellular epitope located at or near the ligand-binding domain because anti-CP antibody and SP were previously shown to compete for binding to the receptor. At the light microscope level, it was observed that anti-CP antibody labels both laminae I and II of the dorsal horn, while anti-SPR antibody labels exclusively lamina I, except at the lumbar level. This could suggest that spinal NK1 receptors are heterogeneous. Anti-SPR antibodies may recognize an NK1 receptor subclass confined to lamina I. Conversely, anti-CP antibody may recognize either another receptor subclass or two different subclasses present in laminae I and II. At the electron microscope level, labeling was localized either on the intracellular or the extracellular face of the plasma membrane depending on the location of the epitope recognized by both antibodies on the transmembrane receptor. However, using either antibody, the ultrastructural labeling was found at non-junctional sites, suggesting that SP may act in a non-synaptic manner on all putative receptor subclasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Zerari
- Département de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences, CNRS URA 1488, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Déry O, Frobert Y, Zerari F, Créminon C, Grassi J, Fischer J, Conrath M, Couraud JY. A monoclonal antibody to the ligand-binding domain of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-R) for the neuropeptide substance P. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 76:1-9. [PMID: 9184627 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to the binding site of the NK1 receptor for the neuropeptide substance P were produced in mice using the complementary or antisense peptide methodology. Among several anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies, we selected the mAb12 antibody which specifically crossreacted, through its paratope, with a binding site present on membranes from rat parotid gland cells, with an affinity close to 2 x 10(-7) M and with membranes from CHO cells expressing human brain NK1 receptors. Immunocytochemical investigations using mAb12 revealed immunostaining whose distribution in the dorsal horns of rat spinal cord fits well with the known location of NK1 receptors. In both biochemical and immunocytochemical experiments, the competition occurring between the antibody and substance P, or a substance P-protein conjugate, indicates that mAb12 recognizes a membrane epitope located at or near the substance P binding domain on the NK1 receptor. Immunization of mice with mAb12 led to the production of specific anti-substance P antibodies, again suggesting that mAb12 shares common structural features with the neuropeptide. This monoclonal antibody can now be used in further biochemical or cytochemical characterizations of NK1 receptors. Owing to its fine specificity, mAb12 could also serve as a molecular model for designing peptides, possibly displaying pharmacological properties in the various processes in which substance P is involved, e.g. immunomodulation, inflammation or chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Déry
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, DSV/DRM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Llewellyn-Smith IJ, Martin CL, Minson JB, Pilowsky PM, Arnolda LF, Basbaum AI, Chalmers JP. Neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive sympathetic preganglionic neurons: target specificity and ultrastructure. Neuroscience 1997; 77:1137-49. [PMID: 9130793 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00534-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Substance P is involved in cardiovascular control at the spinal cord level, where it acts through neurokinin-1 receptors. In this study we used immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing to investigate the presence of the neurokinin-1 receptor and its ultrastructural localization in rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons that project to the superior cervical ganglion or the adrenal medulla. Immunofluorescence for the neurokinin-1 receptor outlined the somatic and dendritic surfaces of neurons in autonomic subnuclei of spinal cord segments T1-T12, whereas immunofluorescence for the tracer, cholera toxin B subunit, filled retrogradely labelled cells. There was a significant difference in the proportion of neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive sympathetic preganglionic neurons supplying the superior cervical ganglion and the adrenal medulla. Thirty-eight percent of the neurons that projected to the superior cervical ganglion were immunoreactive for the neurokinin-1 receptor compared to 70% of neurons innervating the adrenal medulla. Of neurons projecting to the superior cervical ganglion, significantly different proportions showed neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in spinal cord segment T1 (15%) versus segments T2 T6 (45%). At the ultrastructural level, neurokinin-1 receptor staining occurred predominantly on the inner leaflets of the plasma membranes of retrogradely labelled sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Deposits of intracellular label were often observed in dendrites and in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of cell bodies. Neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity was present at many, but not all, synapses as well as at non-synaptic sites, and occurred at synapses with substance P-positive as well as substance P-negative nerve fibres. Only 37% of the substance P synapses occurred on neurokinin-1-immunoreactive neurons in the intermediolateral cell column. These results show that presence of the neurokinin-1 receptor in sympathetic preganglionic neurons is related to their target. The ultrastructural localization of the receptor suggests that sympathetic preganglionic neurons may be affected (i) by substance P released at neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive synapses, (ii) by other tachykinins (e.g., neurokinin A), which co-localize in substance P fibres in the intermediolateral cell column, acting through other neurokinin receptors, and (iii) by substance P that diffuses to neurokinin-1 receptors from distant sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I J Llewellyn-Smith
- Department of Medicine and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The pattern of neurokinin-1 receptor-like immunoreactivity (NK-1Rir) was mapped in perinatal and adult mouse striatum by using a new polyclonal antiserum. NK-1Rir was detected in the differentiating regions of the ganglionic eminences on embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5). NK-1Rir structures were enriched in the striatal patch compartment between E16.5 and approximately postnatal day 3 (P3); distributed more uniformly, within portions of both the patch and matrix compartments on P7; and enriched in the matrix compartment in the adult. Analysis of the phenotype of NK-1Rir cells on P2, P7, and in the adult suggested that cholinergic cells accounted for the majority of NK-1Rir cells early postnatally, with increasing contributions from somatostatinergic cells later postnatally. In the adult, approximately half of NK-1Rir cells were cholinergic and half were somatostatinergic. The transient enrichment of NK-1R-bearing cells and processes in the patch compartment which contains cells that express substance P (SP), a putative ligand for the NK-1R, may be a consequence of compartment formation or may be functionally important for compartment development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Ardelt
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Southwell BR, Woodman HL, Murphy R, Royal SJ, Furness JB. Characterisation of substance P-induced endocytosis of NK1 receptors on enteric neurons. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:563-71. [PMID: 8985744 DOI: 10.1007/bf02473271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoreactivity for NK1 receptors is confined to specific nerve cell bodies in the guinea-pigileum, including inhibitory motor neurons and secretomotor neurons. In the present work, endocytosis of NK1 receptors in these enteric neurons was studied following addition of substance P (SP) to isolated ileum. NK1 receptors were localised with antibodies against the C-terminus of this receptor. Some preparations were incubated with SP tagged with the fluorescent label, Cy3.18, so that the fate of SP bound to receptors could be followed. Preparations were analysed by confocal microscopy. In tissue that was incubated at 4 degrees C in the absence of SP, most NK1 receptor immunoreactivity (IR) was confined to surface membranes of nerve cells. At 37 degrees C in the presence of 10(-7) M SP (plus 3 x 10(-7)M tetrodotoxin to prevent indirect activation via other neurons) the neuronal NK1 receptor was rapidly internalised. After 5 min, NK1 receptor IR was partially internalised, at 20 min NK1 receptor IR was throughout the cytoplasm and in perinuclear aggregates and at 30 min it was again at the cell surface. SP-induced NK1 receptor endocytosis was inhibited by the specific NK1 receptor antagonist, SR140333. Cy3-SP was colocalised with NK1 receptor IR and was internalised with the NK1 receptor. These results show that enteric neurons exhibit authentic NK1 receptors that are rapidly internalised when exposed to their preferred ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Southwell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Grady EF, Baluk P, Böhm S, Gamp PD, Wong H, Payan DG, Ansel J, Portbury AL, Furness JB, McDonald DM, Bunnett NW. Characterization of antisera specific to NK1, NK2, and NK3 neurokinin receptors and their utilization to localize receptors in the rat gastrointestinal tract. J Neurosci 1996; 16:6975-86. [PMID: 8824334 PMCID: PMC6579255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/1996] [Revised: 07/12/1996] [Accepted: 08/16/1996] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological role of tachykinins requires precise cellular and subcellular localization of their receptors. We raised antisera by immunizing rabbits with peptides corresponding to portions of the intracellular tails of the rat neurokinin 1, 2, and 3 receptors (NK1-R, NK2-R, NK3-R). Receptors were localized by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. NK1-R, NK2-R, and NK3-R were detected at the plasma membrane of transfected cells with minimal intracellular stores. Staining was abolished by preabsorption of the antisera with the peptides used for immunization. Nontransfected cells were unstained. Each antiserum only stained cells transfected with the appropriate receptor and did not stain cells transfected with the other receptors. Therefore, the antisera are specific and do not cross-react with other neurokinin receptors. We examined the distribution of the neurokinin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. NK1-R was detected in myenteric and submucosal neurons and in interstitial cells of Cajal. NK2-R was localized to circular and longitudinal muscle cells and to nerve endings in the plexuses. NK3-R was detected in numerous myenteric and submucosal neurons. Some neurons expressed both NK1-R and NK3-R. Receptors were detected at the plasma membrane and in endosomes. Cells expressing the receptors were closely associated with tachykinin-containing nerve fibers. Thus, NK1-R and NK3-R mediate neurotransmission by tachykinins within enteric nerve plexuses, and NK1-R and NK2-R mediate the effects of tachykinins on interstitial and smooth muscle cells, respectively.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- Antibody Specificity
- Blotting, Western
- CHO Cells/chemistry
- Cell Line, Transformed/chemistry
- Cricetinae
- Digestive System/cytology
- Digestive System/innervation
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kidney/cytology
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Neurons/chemistry
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Receptors, Neurokinin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-2/immunology
- Receptors, Neurokinin-3/immunology
- Receptors, Tachykinin/analysis
- Receptors, Tachykinin/immunology
- Tachykinins/analysis
- Tachykinins/immunology
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F Grady
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mantyh CR, Pappas TN, Lapp JA, Washington MK, Neville LM, Ghilardi JR, Rogers SD, Mantyh PW, Vigna SR. Substance P activation of enteric neurons in response to intraluminal Clostridium difficile toxin A in the rat ileum. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:1272-80. [PMID: 8898641 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8898641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nerves have been suggested to mediate the effects of bacterial toxins in intestinal diseases. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. This study examined endogenous substance P (SP) activation of the substance P receptor (SPR) on enteric neurons in the rat ileum after exposure to intraluminal Clostridium difficile toxin A. METHODS After intraluminal injection of toxin A in ileal loops, tissue was examined for pathological changes by histology and for SPR activation by immunocytochemical analysis of SP-induced SPR endocytosis. RESULTS After toxin A administration, > 70% of enteric neurons showed SPR endocytosis and became swollen with thickened dendrites. In contrast, SPRs in control rats were largely confined to the plasma membrane. Rats denervated of primary afferent fibers with neonatal capsaicin injection and animals pretreated with a nonpeptide SPR antagonist showed few endosomal SPRs, and the pathological inflammatory effects of toxin A were ablated. CONCLUSIONS Intraluminal toxin A causes the release of SP from primary afferent neurons: this endogenous SP then acts on enteric neurons in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. SP is the primary mediator of an axon reflex mediating neurogenic inflammation in the intestine. SPR blockade may prove to be a novel therapy used to prevent intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C R Mantyh
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|