1
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Akoi Boré J, Timothy JWS, Tipton T, Kekoura I, Hall Y, Hood G, Longet S, Fornace K, Lucien MS, Fehling SK, Koivogui BK, Coggins SA, Laing ED, Broder CC, Magassouba NF, Strecker T, Rossman J, Konde K, Carroll MW. Serological evidence of zoonotic filovirus exposure among bushmeat hunters in Guinea. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4171. [PMID: 38755147 PMCID: PMC11099012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks caused by persistent EBOV infection raises questions on the role of zoonotic spillover in filovirus epidemiology. To characterise filovirus zoonotic exposure, we collected cross-sectional serum samples from bushmeat hunters (n = 498) in Macenta Prefecture Guinea, adjacent to the index site of the 2013 EBOV-Makona spillover event. We identified distinct immune signatures (20/498, 4.0%) to multiple EBOV antigens (GP, NP, VP40) using stepwise ELISA and Western blot analysis and, live EBOV neutralisation (5/20; 25%). Using comparative serological data from PCR-confirmed survivors of the 2013-2016 EBOV outbreak, we demonstrated that most signatures (15/20) were not plausibly explained by prior EBOV-Makona exposure. Subsequent data-driven modelling of EBOV immunological outcomes to remote-sensing environmental data also revealed consistent associations with intact closed canopy forest. Together our findings suggest exposure to other closely related filoviruses prior to the 2013-2016 West Africa epidemic and highlight future surveillance priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph W S Timothy
- Faulty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ifono Kekoura
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'hygiène publique, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yper Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | - Grace Hood
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kimberly Fornace
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Si'Ana A Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Rossman
- School of Bioscience, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Kader Konde
- Centre for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Centre for Human Genetics & Pandemic Sciences Inst, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Kozlov M, Mallapaty S. Bird flu outbreak in US cows: why scientists are concerned. Nature 2024; 628:484-485. [PMID: 38589660 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-01036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
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3
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Abstract
Four largely ignored coronaviruses circulate in humans without causing great harm and may portend the future for SARS-CoV-2.
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4
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Cohen J. Rare studies expose bats to SARS-CoV-2. Science 2023; 382:1098-1099. [PMID: 38060649 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Infecting captive species could help gauge pandemic risk of coronaviruses that have yet to infect humans.
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5
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Scarpa F, Bazzani L, Giovanetti M, Ciccozzi A, Benedetti F, Zella D, Sanna D, Casu M, Borsetti A, Cella E, Pascarella S, Maruotti A, Ciccozzi M. Update on the Phylodynamic and Genetic Variability of Marburg Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1721. [PMID: 37632063 PMCID: PMC10458864 DOI: 10.3390/v15081721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has not only strained healthcare systems in Africa but has also intensified the impact of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Specifically in Equatorial Guinea, mirroring the situation in other African countries, unique zoonotic outbreaks have occurred during this challenging period. One notable resurgence is Marburg virus disease (MVD), which has further burdened the already fragile healthcare system. The re-emergence of the Marburg virus amid the COVID-19 pandemic is believed to stem from a probable zoonotic spill-over, although the precise transmission routes remain uncertain. Given the gravity of the situation, addressing the existing challenges is paramount. Though the genome sequences from the current outbreak were not available for this study, we analyzed all the available whole genome sequences of this re-emerging pathogen to advocate for a shift towards active surveillance. This is essential to ensure the successful containment of any potential Marburg virus outbreak in Equatorial Guinea and the wider African context. This study, which presents an update on the phylodynamics and the genetic variability of MARV, further confirmed the existence of at least two distinct patterns of viral spread. One pattern demonstrates a slower but continuous and recurring virus circulation, while the other exhibits a faster yet limited and episodic spread. These results highlight the critical need to strengthen genomic surveillance in the region to effectively curb the pathogen's dissemination. Moreover, the study emphasizes the importance of prompt alert management, comprehensive case investigation and analysis, contact tracing, and active case searching. These steps are vital to support the healthcare system's response to this emerging health crisis. By implementing these strategies, we can better arm ourselves against the challenges posed by the resurgence of the Marburg virus and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Liliana Bazzani
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (L.B.); (M.G.)
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virlogy and Global Virusn Network Center, Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University for Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virlogy and Global Virusn Network Center, Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University for Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center (CNAIDS), National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Cella
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Stefano Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
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6
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Marie V, Gordon ML. The (Re-)Emergence and Spread of Viral Zoonotic Disease: A Perfect Storm of Human Ingenuity and Stupidity. Viruses 2023; 15:1638. [PMID: 37631981 PMCID: PMC10458268 DOI: 10.3390/v15081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases that are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans are referred to as zoonotic diseases. Although microbial agents such as bacteria and parasites are linked to zoonotic events, viruses account for a high percentage of zoonotic diseases that have emerged. Worryingly, the 21st century has seen a drastic increase in the emergence and re-emergence of viral zoonotic disease. Even though humans and animals have coexisted for millennia, anthropogenic factors have severely increased interactions between the two populations, thereby increasing the risk of disease spill-over. While drivers such as climate shifts, land exploitation and wildlife trade can directly affect the (re-)emergence of viral zoonotic disease, globalisation, geopolitics and social perceptions can directly facilitate the spread of these (re-)emerging diseases. This opinion paper discusses the "intelligent" nature of viruses and their exploitation of the anthropogenic factors driving the (re-)emergence and spread of viral zoonotic disease in a modernised and connected world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronna Marie
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Analytical Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging 1939, South Africa
| | - Michelle L. Gordon
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
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7
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Lewis D. Wuhan market samples fail to shed further light on COVID origins. Nature 2023; 617:233-234. [PMID: 37142718 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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8
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Lewis D, Kozlov M, Lenharo M. COVID-origins data from Wuhan market published: what scientists think. Nature 2023; 616:225-226. [PMID: 37019959 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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9
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Cohen J. New clues to pandemic's origin surface, causing uproar. Science 2023; 379:1175-1176. [PMID: 36952417 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Genetic sequences from Wuhan market may point to animal that spread SARS-CoV-2, but data remain hidden.
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10
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11
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Worobey M, Levy JI, Serrano LM, Crits-Christoph A, Pekar JE, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Kraemer MUG, Newman C, Koopmans MPG, Suchard MA, Wertheim JO, Lemey P, Robertson DL, Garry RF, Holmes EC, Rambaut A, Andersen KG. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Science 2022; 377:951-959. [PMID: 35881010 PMCID: PMC9348750 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing future zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports, but later this conclusion became controversial. We show here that the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2-susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and that within the market, SARS-CoV-2-positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. Although there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred through the live wildlife trade in China and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joshua I. Levy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lorena Malpica Serrano
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Alexander Crits-Christoph
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A. Goldstein
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Angela L. Rasmussen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, Frederick, MD 21703, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E, Moshiri N, Izhikevich K, Havens JL, Gangavarapu K, Malpica Serrano LM, Crits-Christoph A, Matteson NL, Zeller M, Levy JI, Wang JC, Hughes S, Lee J, Park H, Park MS, Ching KZY, Lin RTP, Mat Isa MN, Noor YM, Vasylyeva TI, Garry RF, Holmes EC, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Worobey M, Wertheim JO. The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2022; 377:960-966. [PMID: 35881005 PMCID: PMC9348752 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is important for their prevention. We analyzed the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We show that SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity before February 2020 likely comprised only two distinct viral lineages, denoted "A" and "B." Phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, reveal that these lineages were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses around 18 November 2019 (23 October to 8 December), and the separate introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of this event. These findings indicate that it is unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 circulated widely in humans before November 2019 and define the narrow window between when SARS-CoV-2 first jumped into humans and when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported. As with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Magee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edyth Parker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Niema Moshiri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katherine Izhikevich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Havens
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Alexander Crits-Christoph
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Matteson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joshua I. Levy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jade C. Wang
- New York City Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Scott Hughes
- New York City Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heedo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Raymond Tzer Pin Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yusuf Muhammad Noor
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tetyana I. Vasylyeva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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13
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Zhang XA, Li H, Jiang FC, Zhu F, Zhang YF, Chen JJ, Tan CW, Anderson DE, Fan H, Dong LY, Li C, Zhang PH, Li Y, Ding H, Fang LQ, Wang LF, Liu W. A Zoonotic Henipavirus in Febrile Patients in China. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:470-472. [PMID: 35921459 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2202705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ai Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fa-Chun Jiang
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun-Fa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing, China
| | - Chee-Wah Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hang Fan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yan Dong
- Qingdao Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Li
- Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Ding
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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14
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Carlson CJ, Albery GF, Merow C, Trisos CH, Zipfel CM, Eskew EA, Olival KJ, Ross N, Bansal S. Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature 2022; 607:555-562. [PMID: 35483403 DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.24.918755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans but, at present, the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals1,2. However, changes in climate and land use will lead to opportunities for viral sharing among previously geographically isolated species of wildlife3,4. In some cases, this will facilitate zoonotic spillover-a mechanistic link between global environmental change and disease emergence. Here we simulate potential hotspots of future viral sharing, using a phylogeographical model of the mammal-virus network, and projections of geographical range shifts for 3,139 mammal species under climate-change and land-use scenarios for the year 2070. We predict that species will aggregate in new combinations at high elevations, in biodiversity hotspots, and in areas of high human population density in Asia and Africa, causing the cross-species transmission of their associated viruses an estimated 4,000 times. Owing to their unique dispersal ability, bats account for the majority of novel viral sharing and are likely to share viruses along evolutionary pathways that will facilitate future emergence in humans. Notably, we find that this ecological transition may already be underway, and holding warming under 2 °C within the twenty-first century will not reduce future viral sharing. Our findings highlight an urgent need to pair viral surveillance and discovery efforts with biodiversity surveys tracking the range shifts of species, especially in tropical regions that contain the most zoonoses and are experiencing rapid warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- Center for Global Health Science & Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Christopher H Trisos
- African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Casey M Zipfel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Noam Ross
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Abstract
Concern grows that virus will get footholds in species outside Africa.
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16
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Seck I, Lo MM, Fall AG, Diop M, Ciss M, Cêtre-Sossah CB, Faye C, Lo M, Gaye AM, Coste C, Squarzoni-Diaw C, Alambedji RB, Sall B, Apolloni A, Lancelot R. Identification of drivers of Rift Valley fever after the 2013–14 outbreak in Senegal using serological data in small ruminants. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010024. [PMID: 35108284 PMCID: PMC8843136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease mostly affecting wild and domestic ruminants. It is widespread in Africa, with spillovers in the Arab Peninsula and the southwestern Indian Ocean. Although RVF has been circulating in West Africa for more than 30 years, its epidemiology is still not clearly understood. In 2013, an RVF outbreak hit Senegal in new areas that weren’t ever affected before. To assess the extent of the spread of RVF virus, a national serological survey was implemented in young small ruminants (6–18 months old), between November 2014 and January 2015 (after the rainy season) in 139 villages. Additionally, the drivers of this spread were identified. For this purpose, we used a beta-binomial ( BB) logistic regression model. An Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) approach was used to fit the spatial model. Lower cumulative rainfall, and higher accessibility were both associated with a higher RVFV seroprevalence. The spatial patterns of fitted RVFV seroprevalence pointed densely populated areas of western Senegal as being at higher risk of RVFV infection in small ruminants than rural or southeastern areas. Thus, because slaughtering infected animals and processing their fresh meat is an important RVFV transmission route for humans, more human populations might have been exposed to RVFV during the 2013–2014 outbreak than in previous outbreaks in Senegal. An outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF)–a zoonotic mosquito-borne viral infection widespread in Africa, was reported in 2013–14 in Senegal. After its end in late 2014, its spatial distribution and drivers were assessed using a national serological survey in small ruminants, thus highlighting the high exposition of humans to RVF virus in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Seck
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Accra, Ghana
- Direction des Services vétérinaires (DSV), Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Modou Moustapha Lo
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Assane Gueye Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mariane Diop
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
| | - Catherine Béatrice Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRESainte Clotilde, la Réunion, France
| | - Coumba Faye
- Direction des Services vétérinaires (DSV), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbargou Lo
- Direction des Services vétérinaires (DSV), Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Caroline Coste
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Squarzoni-Diaw
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRESainte Clotilde, la Réunion, France
| | | | - Baba Sall
- Direction des Services vétérinaires (DSV), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Andrea Apolloni
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l’Élevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Dakar-Hann, Sénégal
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRESainte Clotilde, la Réunion, France
- Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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17
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Abstract
Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, which is a fatal encephalitic disease resulting in approximately 59,000 human deaths annually. The prototype species, rabies lyssavirus, is the most prevalent of all lyssaviruses and poses the greatest public health threat. In Africa, six confirmed and one putative species of lyssavirus have been identified. Rabies lyssavirus remains endemic throughout mainland Africa, where the domestic dog is the primary reservoir - resulting in the highest per capita death rate from rabies globally. Rabies is typically transmitted through the injection of virus-laden saliva through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Due to the inhibition of specific immune responses by multifunctional viral proteins, the virus usually replicates at low levels in the muscle tissue and subsequently enters the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction. Pathogenic rabies lyssavirus strains inhibit innate immune signaling and induce cellular apoptosis as the virus progresses to the central nervous system and brain using viral protein facilitated retrograde axonal transport. Rabies manifests in two different forms - the encephalitic and the paralytic form - with differing clinical manifestations and survival times. Disease symptoms are thought to be due mitochondrial dysfunction, rather than neuronal apoptosis. While much is known about rabies, there remain many gaps in knowledge about the neuropathology of the disease. It should be emphasized however, that rabies is vaccine preventable and dog-mediated human rabies has been eliminated in various countries. The global elimination of dog-mediated human rabies in the foreseeable future is therefore an entirely feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis Hendrik Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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18
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Murphy HL, Ly H. Understanding the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals. Virulence 2021; 12:2777-2786. [PMID: 34696707 PMCID: PMC8667879 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several animal species, including ferrets, hamsters, monkeys, and raccoon dogs, have been shown to be susceptible to experimental infection by the human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, which were responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak and the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, respectively. Emerging studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 natural infection of pet dogs and cats is also possible, but its prevalence is not fully understood. Experimentally, it has been demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replicates more efficiently in cats than in dogs and that cats can transmit the virus through aerosols. With approximately 470 million pet dogs and 370 million pet cats cohabitating with their human owners worldwide, the finding of natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in these household pets has important implications for potential zoonotic transmission events during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as future SARS-related outbreaks. Here, we describe some of the ongoing worldwide surveillance efforts to assess the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in companion, captive, wild, and farmed animals, as well as provide some perspectives on these efforts including the intra- and inter-species coronavirus transmissions, evolution, and their implications on the human-animal interface along with public health. Some ongoing efforts to develop and implement a new COVID-19 vaccine for animals are also discussed. Surveillance initiatives to track SARS-CoV-2 exposures in animals are necessary to accurately determine their impact on veterinary and human health, as well as define potential reservoir sources of the virus and its evolutionary and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Murphy
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Comparative & Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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19
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Duong BT, Bal J, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Molecular Analysis of the Avian H7 Influenza Viruses Circulating in South Korea during 2018-2019: Evolutionary Significance and Associated Zoonotic Threats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112260. [PMID: 34835066 PMCID: PMC8623559 DOI: 10.3390/v13112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, possessing the ability to mutate spontaneously from low pathogenic (LP) to highly pathogenic (HP) variants, are major concerns for enormous socio-economic losses in the poultry industry, as well as for fatal human infections. Through antigenic drift and shift, genetic reassortments of the genotypes pose serious threats of increased virulence and pathogenicity leading to potential pandemics. In this study, we isolated the H7-subtype AIVs circulating in the Republic of Korea during 2018–2019, and perform detailed molecular analysis to study their circulation, evolution, and possible emergence as a zoonotic threat. Phylogenetic and nucleotide sequence analyses of these isolates revealed their distribution into two distinct clusters, with the HA gene sharing the highest nucleotide identity with either the A/common teal/Shanghai/CM1216/2017, isolated from wild birds in Shanghai, China, or the A/duck/Shimane/2014, isolated from Japan. Mutations were found in HA (S138A (H3 numbering)), M1 (N30D and T215A), NS1 (P42S), PB2 (L89V), and PA (H266R and F277S) proteins—the mutations had previously been reported to be related to mammalian adaptation and changes in the virulence of AIVs. Taken together, the results firmly put forth the demand for routine surveillance of AIVs in wild birds to prevent possible pandemics arising from reassortant AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Tuan Duong
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Jyotiranjan Bal
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (B.T.D.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.S.); (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
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20
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Kessler S, Harder TC, Schwemmle M, Ciminski K. Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events-Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? Viruses 2021; 13:v13112250. [PMID: 34835056 PMCID: PMC8624301 DOI: 10.3390/v13112250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kessler
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timm C. Harder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Diagnostic Virology, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.K.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Stephens PR, Gottdenker N, Schatz AM, Schmidt JP, Drake JM. Characteristics of the 100 largest modern zoonotic disease outbreaks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200535. [PMID: 34538141 PMCID: PMC8450623 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic disease outbreaks are an important threat to human health and numerous drivers have been recognized as contributing to their increasing frequency. Identifying and quantifying relationships between drivers of zoonotic disease outbreaks and outbreak severity is critical to developing targeted zoonotic disease surveillance and outbreak prevention strategies. However, quantitative studies of outbreak drivers on a global scale are lacking. Attributes of countries such as press freedom, surveillance capabilities and latitude also bias global outbreak data. To illustrate these issues, we review the characteristics of the 100 largest outbreaks in a global dataset (n = 4463 bacterial and viral zoonotic outbreaks), and compare them with 200 randomly chosen background controls. Large outbreaks tended to have more drivers than background outbreaks and were related to large-scale environmental and demographic factors such as changes in vector abundance, human population density, unusual weather conditions and water contamination. Pathogens of large outbreaks were more likely to be viral and vector-borne than background outbreaks. Overall, our case study shows that the characteristics of large zoonotic outbreaks with thousands to millions of cases differ consistently from those of more typical outbreaks. We also discuss the limitations of our work, hoping to pave the way for more comprehensive future studies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - N. Gottdenker
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - A. M. Schatz
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - J. P. Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602 GA, USA
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22
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Moore SM. The current burden of Japanese encephalitis and the estimated impacts of vaccination: Combining estimates of the spatial distribution and transmission intensity of a zoonotic pathogen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009385. [PMID: 34644296 PMCID: PMC8544850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a major cause of neurological disability in Asia and causes thousands of severe encephalitis cases and deaths each year. Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a WHO reportable disease, cases and deaths are significantly underreported and the true burden of the disease is not well understood in most endemic countries. Here, we first conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE to identify the areas suitable for sustained JEV transmission and the size of the population living in at-risk areas. We then estimated the force of infection (FOI) for JE-endemic countries from age-specific incidence data. Estimates of the susceptible population size and the current FOI were then used to estimate the JE burden from 2010 to 2019, as well as the impact of vaccination. Overall, 1,543.1 million (range: 1,292.6-2,019.9 million) people were estimated to live in areas suitable for endemic JEV transmission, which represents only 37.7% (range: 31.6-53.5%) of the over four billion people living in countries with endemic JEV transmission. Based on the baseline number of people at risk of infection, there were an estimated 56,847 (95% CI: 18,003-184,525) JE cases and 20,642 (95% CI: 2,252-77,204) deaths in 2019. Estimated incidence declined from 81,258 (95% CI: 25,437-273,640) cases and 29,520 (95% CI: 3,334-112,498) deaths in 2010, largely due to increases in vaccination coverage which have prevented an estimated 314,793 (95% CI: 94,566-1,049,645) cases and 114,946 (95% CI: 11,421-431,224) deaths over the past decade. India had the largest estimated JE burden in 2019, followed by Bangladesh and China. From 2010-2019, we estimate that vaccination had the largest absolute impact in China, with 204,734 (95% CI: 74,419-664,871) cases and 74,893 (95% CI: 8,989-286,239) deaths prevented, while Taiwan (91.2%) and Malaysia (80.1%) had the largest percent reductions in JE burden due to vaccination. Our estimates of the size of at-risk populations and current JE incidence highlight countries where increasing vaccination coverage could have the largest impact on reducing their JE burden. Japanese encephalitis is a vector-transmitted, zoonotic disease that is endemic throughout a large portion of Asia. Vaccination has significantly reduced the JE burden in several formerly high-burden countries, but vaccination coverage remains limited in several other countries with high JE burdens. A better understanding of both the spatial distribution and the magnitude of the burden in endemic countries is critical for future disease prevention efforts. To estimate the number of people living in areas within Asia suitable for JEV transmission we conducted a spatial analysis of the risk factors associated with JE. We estimate that over one billion people live in areas suitable for local JEV transmission. We then combined these population-at-risk estimates with estimates of the force of infection (FOI) to model the national-level burden of JE (annual cases and deaths) over the past decade. Increases in vaccination coverage have reduced JE incidence from over 80,000 cases in 2010 to fewer than 57,000 cases in 2019. We estimate that vaccination has prevented almost 315,000 cases and 115,000 deaths in the past decade. Our results also call attention to the countries, and high-risk areas within countries, where increases in vaccination coverage are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bartak M, Słońska A, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. SDAV, the Rat Coronavirus-How Much Do We Know about It in the Light of Potential Zoonoses. Viruses 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34696425 PMCID: PMC8537196 DOI: 10.3390/v13101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is known to be an etiological agent, causing infections in laboratory rats. Until now, its role has only been considered in studies on respiratory and salivary gland infections. The scant literature data, consisting mainly of papers from the last century, do not sufficiently address the topic of SDAV infections. The ongoing pandemic has demonstrated, once again, the role of the Coronaviridae family as extremely dangerous etiological agents of human zoonoses. The ability of coronaviruses to cross the species barrier and change to hosts commonly found in close proximity to humans highlights the need to characterize SDAV infections. The main host of the infection is the rat, as mentioned above. Rats inhabit large urban agglomerations, carrying a vast epidemic threat. Of the 2277 existing rodent species, 217 are reservoirs for 66 zoonotic diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This review provides insight into the current state of knowledge of SDAV characteristics and its likely zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (M.W.B.)
| | | | | | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.); (M.W.B.)
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24
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Dutta Choudhury S, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Evolutionary Dynamics and Epidemiology of Endemic and Emerging Coronaviruses in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Wildlife. Viruses 2021; 13:1908. [PMID: 34696338 PMCID: PMC8537103 DOI: 10.3390/v13101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse coronavirus (CoV) strains can infect both humans and animals and produce various diseases. CoVs have caused three epidemics and pandemics in the last two decades, and caused a severe impact on public health and the global economy. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the emergence and evolution of endemic and emerging CoV diversity in humans and animals. For diverse bird species, the Infectious Bronchitis Virus is a significant one, whereas feline enteric and canine coronavirus, recombined to produce feline infectious peritonitis virus, infects wild cats. Bovine and canine CoVs have ancestral relationships, while porcine CoVs, especially SADS-CoV, can cross species barriers. Bats are considered as the natural host of diverse strains of alpha and beta coronaviruses. Though MERS-CoV is significant for both camels and humans, humans are nonetheless affected more severely. MERS-CoV cases have been reported mainly in the Arabic peninsula since 2012. To date, seven CoV strains have infected humans, all descended from animals. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) are presumed to be originated in Rhinolopoid bats that severely infect humans with spillover to multiple domestic and wild animals. Emerging alpha and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2 were detected in pets and wild animals. Still, the intermediate hosts and all susceptible animal species remain unknown. SARS-CoV-2 might not be the last CoV to cross the species barrier. Hence, we recommend developing a universal CoV vaccine for humans so that any future outbreak can be prevented effectively. Furthermore, a One Health approach coronavirus surveillance should be implemented at human-animal interfaces to detect novel coronaviruses before emerging to humans and to prevent future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3216, Australia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Shusmita Dutta Choudhury
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA; (J.F.); (S.I.); (M.A.S.); (S.D.C.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh;
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
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25
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Goryoka GW, Cossaboom CM, Gharpure R, Dawson P, Tansey C, Rossow J, Mrotz V, Rooney J, Torchetti M, Loiacono CM, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Lim A, Poulsen K, Christensen D, Sweet E, Peterson D, Sangster AL, Young EL, Oakeson KF, Taylor D, Price A, Kiphibane T, Klos R, Konkle D, Bhattacharyya S, Dasu T, Chu VT, Lewis NM, Queen K, Zhang J, Uehara A, Dietrich EA, Tong S, Kirking HL, Doty JB, Murrell LS, Spengler JR, Straily A, Wallace R, Barton Behravesh C. One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Seropositivity among Pets in Households with Confirmed Human COVID-19 Cases-Utah and Wisconsin, 2020. Viruses 2021; 13:1813. [PMID: 34578394 PMCID: PMC8472995 DOI: 10.3390/v13091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 67% of U.S. households have pets. Limited data are available on SARS-CoV-2 in pets. We assessed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets during a COVID-19 household transmission investigation. Pets from households with ≥1 person with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion from April-May 2020. We enrolled 37 dogs and 19 cats from 34 households. All oropharyngeal, nasal, and rectal swabs tested negative by rRT-PCR; one dog's fur swabs (2%) tested positive by rRT-PCR at the first sampling. Among 47 pets with serological results, eight (17%) pets (four dogs, four cats) from 6/30 (20%) households had detectable SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. In households with a seropositive pet, the proportion of people with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was greater (median 79%; range: 40-100%) compared to households with no seropositive pet (median 37%; range: 13-100%) (p = 0.01). Thirty-three pets with serologic results had frequent daily contact (≥1 h) with the index patient before the person's COVID-19 diagnosis. Of these 33 pets, 14 (42%) had decreased contact with the index patient after diagnosis and none were seropositive; of the 19 (58%) pets with continued contact, four (21%) were seropositive. Seropositive pets likely acquired infection after contact with people with COVID-19. People with COVID-19 should restrict contact with pets and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace W. Goryoka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Caitlin M. Cossaboom
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Radhika Gharpure
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Patrick Dawson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Cassandra Tansey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - John Rossow
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Victoria Mrotz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jane Rooney
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Avenue, Bldg B., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Christina M. Loiacono
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.T.); (C.M.L.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.)
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Dan Christensen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Emma Sweet
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 445 Easterday Ln, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.L.); (K.P.); (D.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Dallin Peterson
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Anna L. Sangster
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Erin L. Young
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Kelly F. Oakeson
- Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.P.); (A.L.S.); (E.L.Y.); (K.F.O.)
| | - Dean Taylor
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, 350 N Redwood Rd, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Amanda Price
- Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, 350 N Redwood Rd, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA; (D.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Tair Kiphibane
- Salt Lake County Health Department, 788 Woodoak Ln, Murray, UT 84107, USA;
| | - Rachel Klos
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, 1 W Wilson St, Madison, WI 53703, USA;
| | - Darlene Konkle
- Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, 2811 Agriculture Dr, Madison, WI 53718, USA;
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, 841 N Broadway, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (S.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Trivikram Dasu
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, 841 N Broadway, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (S.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Victoria T. Chu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Nathaniel M. Lewis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Krista Queen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Anna Uehara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Elizabeth A. Dietrich
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Hannah L. Kirking
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Laura S. Murrell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Anne Straily
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Ryan Wallace
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (C.M.C.); (R.G.); (P.D.); (C.T.); (J.R.); (V.M.); (V.T.C.); (N.M.L.); (K.Q.); (J.Z.); (A.U.); (E.A.D.); (S.T.); (H.L.K.); (J.B.D.); (L.S.M.); (J.R.S.); (A.S.); (R.W.); (C.B.B.)
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Stufano A, Jahantigh HR, Cagnazzo F, Centrone F, Loconsole D, Chironna M, Lovreglio P. Work-Related Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) Infection: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:1753. [PMID: 34578335 PMCID: PMC8472817 DOI: 10.3390/v13091753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/2) belong to the delta group of retroviruses which may cause a life-long infection in humans, HTLV-1 leading to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and other diseases. Different transmission modes have been described, such as breastfeeding, and, as for other blood-borne pathogens, unsafe sexual activity, intravenous drug usage, and blood transfusion and transplantation. The present systematic review was conducted to identify all peer-reviewed studies concerning the work-related infection by HTLV-1/2. A literature search was conducted from January to May 2021, according to the PRISMA methodology, selecting 29 studies: seven related to health care workers (HCWs), five to non-HCWs, and 17 to sex workers (SWs). The findings showed no clear evidence as to the possibility of HTLV-1/2 occupational transmission in HCWs, according to the limited number and quality of the papers. Moreover, non-HCWs showed a higher prevalence in jobs consistent with a lower socioeconomic status or that could represent a familial cluster, and an increased risk of zoonotic transmission from STLV-1-infected non-human primates has been observed in African hunters. Finally, a general increase of HTLV-1 infection was observed in SWs, whereas only one paper described an increased prevalence for HTLV-2, supporting the urgent need for prevention and control measures, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment of HTLV-1/2, to be offered routinely as part of a comprehensive approach to decrease the impact of sexually transmitted diseases in SWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Hamid Reza Jahantigh
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Cagnazzo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Centrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Chironna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology-Hygiene Section, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (H.R.J.); (F.C.); (P.L.)
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Lu WG, Ai D, Song H, Xie Y, Liu S, Zhu W, Yang J. Epidemiological and numerical simulation of rabies spreading from canines to various human populations in mainland China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009527. [PMID: 34260584 PMCID: PMC8312940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality of humans due to rabies in China has been declining in recent years, but it is still a significant public health problem. According to the global framework, China strives to achieve the goal of eliminating human rabies before 2030. METHODS We reviewed the epidemiology of human deaths from rabies in mainland China from 2004 to 2018. We identified high risk regions, age and occupational groups, and used a continuous deterministic susceptibility-exposure-infection-recovery (SEIR) model with periodic transmission rate to explore seasonal rabies prevalence in different human populations. The SEIR model was used to simulate the data of human deaths from rabies reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). We calculated the relative transmission intensity of rabies from canines to different human groups, and they provided a reliable epidemiological basis for further control and prevention of human rabies. RESULTS Results showed that human deaths from rabies exhibited regional differences and seasonal characteristics in mainland China. The annual human death from rabies in different regions, age groups and occupational groups decreased steadily across time. Nevertheless, the decreasing rates and the calculated R0s of canines of various human groups were different. The transmission intensity of rabies from canines to human populations was the highest in the central regions of China, in people over 45 years old, and in farmers. CONCLUSIONS Although the annual cases of human deaths from rabies have decreased steadily since 2007, the proportion of human deaths from rabies varies with region, age, gender, and occupation. Further enhancement of public awareness and immunization status in high-risk population groups and blocking the transmission routes of rabies from canines to humans are necessary. The concept of One Health should be abided and human, animal, and environmental health should be considered simultaneously to achieve the goal of eradicating human rabies before 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-gao Lu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Danni Ai
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Song
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Wuyang Zhu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SL); (WZ); (JY)
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Alnuqaydan AM, Almutary AG, Sukamaran A, Yang BTW, Lee XT, Lim WX, Ng YM, Ibrahim R, Darmarajan T, Nanjappan S, Chellian J, Candasamy M, Madheswaran T, Sharma A, Dureja H, Prasher P, Verma N, Kumar D, Palaniveloo K, Bisht D, Gupta G, Madan JR, Singh SK, Jha NK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Virus-Pathophysiological Axis and the Current Treatment Strategies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:173. [PMID: 34105037 PMCID: PMC8186825 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). It is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. Later, it was found that this patient was infected with MERS. MERS is endemic to countries in the Middle East regions, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. It has been reported that the MERS virus originated from bats and dromedary camels, the natural hosts of MERS-CoV. The transmission of the virus to humans has been thought to be either direct or indirect. Few camel-to-human transmissions were reported earlier. However, the mode of transmission of how the virus affects humans remains unanswered. Moreover, outbreaks in either family-based or hospital-based settings were observed with high mortality rates, especially in individuals who did not receive proper management or those with underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes and renal failure. Since then, there have been numerous reports hypothesising complications in fatal cases of MERS. Over the years, various diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures have been strategised in containing the MERS infection. Evidence from multiple sources implicated that no treatment options and vaccines have been developed in specific, for the direct management of MERS-CoV infection. Nevertheless, there are supportive measures outlined in response to symptom-related management. Health authorities should stress more on infection and prevention control measures, to ensure that MERS remains as a low-level threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arulmalar Sukamaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian Tay Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao Ting Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Xuan Lim
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Min Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rania Ibrahim
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiviya Darmarajan
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satheeshkumar Nanjappan
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Nitin Verma
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Atal Shiksha Kunj, Atal Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Jyotsana R Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Hui DS, Zumla A, Tang JW. Lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans - comparative phylogenetics, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019, The Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2021; 27:146-154. [PMID: 33660619 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged as a new zoonotic pathogen of humans at the end of 2019 and rapidly developed into a global pandemic. Over 106 million COVID-19 cases including 2.3 million deaths have been reported to the WHO as of February 9, 2021. This review examines the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and phylogenetics of three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV). RECENT FINDINGS Bats appear to be the common natural source of SARS-like CoV including SARS-CoV-1 but their role in SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV remains unclear. Civet cats and dromedary camels are the intermediary animal sources for SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infection, respectively whereas that of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads peak early on days 2-4 of symptom onset and thus high transmission occurs in the community, and asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission occurs commonly. Nosocomial outbreaks are hallmarks of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections whereas these are less common in COVID-19. Several COVID-19 vaccines are now available. SUMMARY Of the three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a devastating global pandemic with over a million deaths. The emergence of genetic variants, such as D614G, N501Y (variants 1 and 2), has led to an increase in transmissibility and raises concern about the possibility of re-infection and impaired vaccine response. Continued global surveillance is essential for both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, to monitor changing epidemiology due to viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hui
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics & Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London
| | - Julian W Tang
- Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Bessière P, Fusade-Boyer M, Walch M, Lèbre L, Brun J, Croville G, Boullier S, Cadiergues MC, Guérin JL. Household Cases Suggest That Cats Belonging to Owners with COVID-19 Have a Limited Role in Virus Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040673. [PMID: 33919936 PMCID: PMC8070925 DOI: 10.3390/v13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 and spread rapidly following its emergence in Wuhan in 2019. Although cats are, among other domestic animals, susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, little is known about their epidemiological role in the dynamics of a household infection. In this study, we monitored five cats for viral shedding daily. Each cat was confined with its COVID-19 positive owners in separate households. Low loads of viral nucleic acid were found in two cats, but only one developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, which suggests that cats have a limited role in COVID-19 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bessière
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Mathilda Walch
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Laetitia Lèbre
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Jessie Brun
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.-C.C.)
| | - Guillaume Croville
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
| | - Séverine Boullier
- InTheRes, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie-Christine Cadiergues
- Small Animal Clinic, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (J.B.); (M.-C.C.)
- Infinity, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, UT3, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (M.F.-B.); (M.W.); (L.L.); (G.C.); (J.-L.G.)
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Tabibzadeh A, Esghaei M, Soltani S, Yousefi P, Taherizadeh M, Safarnezhad Tameshkel F, Golahdooz M, Panahi M, Ajdarkosh H, Zamani F, Karbalaie Niya MH. Evolutionary study of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as an emerging coronavirus: Phylogenetic analysis and literature review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:559-571. [PMID: 33210477 PMCID: PMC7753621 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since emerging coronaviruses have always become a human health concern globally especially severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and a novel coronavirus was introduced in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (called SARS-CoV-2), many researchers focused on its epidemics, virological and clinical features. SARS-CoV-2 is classified as Betacoronaviruses genus and Sarbecovirus subgenus (lineage B). The virus shows a great similarity with SARS-CoV and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. In this study, we evaluate SARS-CoV-2 virus phylogeny and evolution by using current virus and related sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of VirologyFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of VirologyFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saber Soltani
- Department of VirologyFaculty of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of VirologyFaculty of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa Taherizadeh
- Department of VirologyRabies Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Mahsa Golahdooz
- Department of VirologyRabies Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Hashimoto S, Hikichi M, Maruoka S, Gon Y. Our future: Experiencing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic. Respir Investig 2021; 59:169-179. [PMID: 33386293 PMCID: PMC7832026 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of the novel coronavirus disease (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) remind us once again of the mechanisms of zoonotic outbreaks. Climate change and the expansion of agricultural lands and infrastructures due to population growth will ultimately reduce or eliminate wildlife and avian habitats and increase opportunities for wildlife and birds to come into contact with livestock and humans. Consequently, infectious pathogens are transmitted from wildlife and birds to livestock and humans, promoting zoonotic diseases. In addition, the spread of diseases has been associated with air pollution and social inequities, such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and racial, economic, and educational disparities. The COVID-19 pandemic is a fresh reminder of the significance of excessive greenhouse gas excretion and air pollution, highlighting social inequities and distortions. This provides us with an opportunity to reflect on the appropriateness of our trajectory. Therefore, this review glances through the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hashimoto
- Japan Clean Air Association, 2-2-3 Hibiyakokusai Bud. Uchisaiwaichou, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0001, Japan; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
| | - Mari Hikichi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Maruoka
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gon
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
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Decaro N, Lorusso A, Capua I. Erasing the Invisible Line to Empower the Pandemic Response. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020348. [PMID: 33672217 PMCID: PMC7926678 DOI: 10.3390/v13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenging debate has arisen on the role of veterinary expertise in facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. It seems totally unreasonable that in most countries, veterinary diagnostic and tracing forces were not deployed at the start to perform strategic tasks, which could have mitigated the outcome of this dramatic health emergency. Erasing the invisible line between human and veterinary virology will empower the response to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0804679832
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Capua
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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34
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Abdel-Moneim AS, Abdelwhab EM, Memish ZA. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution, potential antivirals, and vaccines. Virology 2021; 558:1-12. [PMID: 33691216 PMCID: PMC7898979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, spread among humans, and to date, more than 100 million of laboratory-confirmed cases have been reported worldwide. The virus demonstrates 96% similarity to a coronavirus from a horseshoe bat and most probably emerged from a spill over from bats or wild animal(s) to humans. Currently, two variants are circulating in the UK and South Africa and spread to many countries around the world. The impact of mutations on virus replication, virulence and transmissibility should be monitored carefully. Current data suggest recurrent infection with SARS-CoV-2 correlated to the level of neutralising antibodies and with sustained memory responses following infection. Recently, remdesivir was FDA approved for treatment of COVID-19, however many potential antivirals are currently in different clinical trials. Clinical data and experimental studies indicated that licenced vaccines are helpful in controlling the disease. However, the current vaccines should be evaluated against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Microbiology Department, Virology Division, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elsayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research & Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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35
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36
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Silva NIO, de Oliveira JS, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS, Drumond BP. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses 2020; 13:E43. [PMID: 33396609 PMCID: PMC7823380 DOI: 10.3390/v13010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (N.I.O.S.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.); (G.d.S.T.)
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37
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Bonilla-Aldana DK, Aguirre-Florez M, Villamizar-Peña R, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Henao-Martínez JF, Cvetkovic-Vega A, Dhama K, Rabaan A, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Schlagenhauf P, Paniz-Mondolfi A. After SARS-CoV-2, will H5N6 and other influenza viruses follow the pandemic path? Infez Med 2020; 28:475-485. [PMID: 33257621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While the world is focused on attending, controlling, and mitigating the current pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, other viral threats are possibly emerging and reemerging especially in Asia, posing a risk for the spread in that region and beyond. A predictable threat is the avian influenza virus, especially H5N6, which has recently led to significant outbreaks in China and the Philippines, deserving more attention and control. In the current review, we assess the history of this highly pathogenic reemerging virus, as well as the contemporary implications of poultry outbreaks occurring in some Asian countries. We also look at outbreaks due to other strains not only in Asia but also across Europe and Africa, according to recent reports from the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigacion en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation Research Group (BIOECOS), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Mateo Aguirre-Florez
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Rhuvi Villamizar-Peña
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Estefanía Gutiérrez-Ocampo
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Juan F Henao-Martínez
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovic-Vega
- Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Universidad Continental, Lima, Peru
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - AliA Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group and Incubator, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Patricia Schlagenhauf
- University of Zürich Centre for Travel Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Travellers Health, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital-Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Bioquímica de Parásitos, Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (IDEA), Caracas, Venezuela; Academia Nacional de Medicina, Caracas, Venezuela
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Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses 2020; 12:E1257. [PMID: 33167496 PMCID: PMC7694534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UIT)—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Immunology, The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on the Prevention and Management HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), P.O Box 3077 Yaoundé-Messa, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.O Box 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
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de Oliveira Figueiredo P, Stoffella-Dutra AG, Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Dourado Amaral C, Duarte Santos J, Soares Rocha KL, Araújo Júnior JP, Lacerda Nogueira M, Zazá Borges MA, Pereira Paglia A, Desiree LaBeaud A, Santos Abrahão J, Geessien Kroon E, Bretas de Oliveira D, Paiva Drumond B, de Souza Trindade G. Re-Emergence of Yellow Fever in Brazil during 2016-2019: Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Perspectives. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111233. [PMID: 33143114 PMCID: PMC7692154 DOI: 10.3390/v12111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a re-emerging viral zoonosis caused by the Yellow Fever virus (YFV), affecting humans and non-human primates (NHP). YF is endemic in South America and Africa, being considered a burden for public health worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Acute infectious disease can progress to severe hemorrhagic conditions and has high rates of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. In 2016, Brazil started experiencing one of the most significant YF epidemics in its history, with lots of deaths being reported in regions that were previously considered free of the disease. Here, we reviewed the historical aspects of YF in Brazil, the epidemiology of the disease, the challenges that remain in Brazil’s public health context, the main lessons learned from the recent outbreaks, and our perspective for facing future YF epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Ana Gabriella Stoffella-Dutra
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.S.-D.); (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, Salvador Bahia 40296-710, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.G.S.-D.); (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Carolina Dourado Amaral
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Juliane Duarte Santos
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, nº 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil; (J.D.S.); (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, nº 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil; (J.D.S.); (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, São Paulo Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista 13506-900, Brazil;
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil;
| | - Magno Augusto Zazá Borges
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Avenida Prof. Rui Braga, s/n, Vila Mauriceia 39408-354, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr Rm G312 MC 5208, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, nº 5.000 Alto da Jacuba 39100-000, Brazil; (J.D.S.); (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (P.d.O.F.); (J.S.d.O.); (C.D.A.); (J.S.A.); (E.G.K.); (B.P.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.S.-D.); (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
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Asad A, Aamir A, Qureshi NE, Bhimani S, Jatoi NN, Batra S, Ochani RK, Abbasi MK, Tariq MA, Diwan MN. Past and current advances in Marburg virus disease: a review. Infez Med 2020; 28:332-345. [PMID: 32920568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marburg Virus (MARV), along with the Ebola virus, belongs to the family of Filovirus and is cause of a lethal and severely affecting hemorrhagic fever. The Marburgvirus genus includes two viruses: MARV and Ravn. MARV has been recognized as one of utmost importance by the World Health Organization (WHO). The case fatality rate of the virus ranges from 24.0 to 88.0% which demonstrates its lethal nature and the need for its widespread information. The first case of the Marburgvirus disease (MARD) was reported in 1967 when lab personnel working with African green monkeys got infected in Germany and Serbia simultaneously. Following the initial case, many more outbreaks occurred around the world such as Uganda, Angola, Congo, Kenya and even in the United States in 2008. It was soon found out that the MARV was a zoonotic virus and mainly contracted from animal-to-human contact and further transmitted via human-to-human contact. The Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is known to be one of the significant sources of the infection and tourists visiting caves inhabited by these bats or workers accessing mines, populated by the bats, are at an increased risk of contracting the illness. The incubation period ranges from 2-21 days and the clinical outcome can be broken down into three phases: initial generalized phase (day 1-4), early organ phase (day 5 to 13) and either a late organ/convalescence phase (day 13 onwards). Furthermore, the treatment of MARD is solely based on supportive care. Much has been investigated in over the past half-century of the initial infection but only a few treatment options show promising results. In addition, special precaution is advised whilst handling the patient or the biospecimens. Disease-modifying agents and inhibitors of viral replications show constructive outcomes. It is crucial to identify the host of the virus and educate the populations that are greatly at risk of the disease. While much is being investigated to devise a vaccine, it is important to educate Health Care Workers (HCWs) and close contacts facing the illness. Stopping the transmission remains the best measure that can be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameema Asad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Alifiya Aamir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nazuk Eraj Qureshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Simran Bhimani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Nazir Jatoi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Simran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rohan Kumar Ochani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ali Tariq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow International Medical College, DUHS, Karachi, Pakistan
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Angka
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Marisa Market
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, and
| | - Rebecca C. Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Nguyen TTK, Ngo TT, Tran PM, Pham TTT, Vu HTT, Nguyen NTH, Thwaites G, Virtala AK, Vapalahti O, Baker S, Le Van T. Respiratory viruses in individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in southern and highland Vietnam. J Med Virol 2020; 92:971-981. [PMID: 31769525 PMCID: PMC7228379 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance for zoonotic respiratory viruses is essential to inform the development of appropriate interventions and outbreak responses. Here we target individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in Vietnam. Three-year community-based surveillance was conducted in Vietnam during 2013-2016. We enrolled a total of 581 individuals (animal-raising farmers, slaughterers, animal-health workers, and rat traders), and utilized reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in pooled nasal-throat swabs collected at baseline or acute respiratory disease episodes. A respiratory virus was detected in 7.9% (58 of 732) of baseline samples, and 17.7% (136 of 770) of disease episode samples (P < .001), with enteroviruses (EVs), rhinoviruses and influenza A virus being the predominant viruses detected. There were temporal and spatial fluctuations in the frequencies of the detected viruses over the study period, for example, EVs and influenza A viruses were more often detected during rainy seasons. We reported the detection of common respiratory viruses in individuals with a high frequency of animal exposure in Vietnam, an emerging infectious disease hotspot. The results show the value of baseline/control sampling in delineating the causative relationships and have revealed important insights into the ecological aspects of EVs, rhinoviruses and influenza A and their contributions to the burden posed by respiratory infections in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Thi Kha Nguyen
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Dong Thap Provincial Center for Disease ControlDong Thap ProvinceVietnam
| | - Tue Tri Ngo
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Phuc My Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Hang Thi Ty Vu
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | | | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthOxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Anna‐Maija K. Virtala
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Virology and ImmunologyHUSLAB, Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Stephen Baker
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthOxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Tan Le Van
- Oxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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Alaoui Amine S, Melloul M, El Alaoui MA, Boulahyaoui H, Loutfi C, Touil N, El Fahime E. Evidence for zoonotic transmission of species A rotavirus from goat and cattle in nomadic herds in Morocco, 2012-2014. Virus Genes 2020; 56:582-593. [PMID: 32651833 PMCID: PMC7351565 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a leading cause of diarrhea in children and in the young of a large variety of mammalian and avian host species. The purpose of this study was to identify RVA in nomadic goats and calves during severe diarrhea outbreaks in 2012 and 2014 in Bouaarfa, Morocco, and to characterize the complete genomic constellation of two bovine and caprine strains (S18 and S19) and their genetic relatedness with the human strain ma31 detected in 2011 in Morocco. Partial nucleotide sequencing of VP4 and VP7 genes for the twenty-two positive samples revealed three circulating genotypes: G6P[14], G10P[14], and G10P[5] with predominance of G6P[14] genotype. Full-genome sequencing for both strains S18 and S19 presented, respectively, the following genomic constellations: G6-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 and G10-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3. Phylogenetic analyses and the analysis of the VP8* antigenic epitopes for S18, S19 and ma31 revealed a shared similarity with bovine, caprine, ovine and human strains from Morocco and other countries. The VP2 and NSP1 genes of the S19 strain were closely related to those of the cognate genes of the human ma31 strain, while the VP4 gene of S18 strain was closely related to the cogent gene of the ma31 strain. Our findings revealed cases of zoonotic transmission and confirmed the risk of emergence of new genotypes in some environments such as nomadic regions, where close physical proximity between human and livestock is common. The present study is novel in reporting whole-genome analyses of RVA isolates obtained from nomadic livestock in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaâ Alaoui Amine
- Genomic Center for Human Pathologies (GENOPATH), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco.
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics Platform, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, CNRST, Angle Avenue Allal El Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Quartier Er-Ryad, 8027, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Marouane Melloul
- Genomic Center for Human Pathologies (GENOPATH), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics Platform, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, CNRST, Angle Avenue Allal El Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Quartier Er-Ryad, 8027, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Moulay Abdelaziz El Alaoui
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics Platform, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, CNRST, Angle Avenue Allal El Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Quartier Er-Ryad, 8027, Rabat, Morocco
- Virology Laboratory, Research Team in Molecular Virology and Onco Biology (ERVMOB), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Boulahyaoui
- Genomic Center for Human Pathologies (GENOPATH), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chafiqa Loutfi
- Département de Virologie, Société de Productions Biologiques et Pharmaceutiques Vétérinaires, Km 2, Route de Casablanca, B.P. 4569, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nadia Touil
- Genomic Center for Human Pathologies (GENOPATH), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco
- Research and Biosafety Laboratory, Med V Military Teaching Hospital in Rabat, 10045, Hay Ryad, Morocco
| | - Elmostafa El Fahime
- Genomic Center for Human Pathologies (GENOPATH), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Av. Mohamed Belarbi El Alaoui, 6203, Rabat, Morocco
- Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics Platform, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, CNRST, Angle Avenue Allal El Fassi, Avenue des FAR, Quartier Er-Ryad, 8027, Rabat, Morocco
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Medkour H, Amona I, Akiana J, Davoust B, Bitam I, Levasseur A, Tall ML, Diatta G, Sokhna C, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Barciela A, Gorsane S, La Scola B, Raoult D, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O. Adenovirus Infections in African Humans and Wild Non-Human Primates: Great Diversity and Cross-Species Transmission. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060657. [PMID: 32570742 PMCID: PMC7354429 DOI: 10.3390/v12060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) are known hosts for adenoviruses (AdVs), so there is the possibility of the zoonotic or cross-species transmission of AdVs. As with humans, AdV infections in animals can cause diseases that range from asymptomatic to fatal. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and diversity of AdVs in: (i) fecal samples of apes and monkeys from different African countries (Republic of Congo, Senegal, Djibouti and Algeria), (ii) stool of humans living near gorillas in the Republic of Congo, in order to explore the potential zoonotic risks. Samples were screened by real-time and standard PCRs, followed by the sequencing of the partial DNA polymerase gene in order to identify the AdV species. The prevalence was 3.3 folds higher in NHPs than in humans. More than 1/3 (35.8%) of the NHPs and 1/10 (10.5%) of the humans excreted AdVs in their feces. The positive rate was high in great apes (46%), with a maximum of 54.2% in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 35.9% in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), followed by monkeys (25.6%), with 27.5% in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and 23.1% in baboons (seven Papio papio and six Papio hamadryas). No green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) were found to be positive for AdVs. The AdVs detected in NHPs were members of Human mastadenovirus E (HAdV-E), HAdV-C or HAdV-B, and those in the humans belonged to HAdV-C or HAdV-D. HAdV-C members were detected in both gorillas and humans, with evidence of zoonotic transmission since phylogenetic analysis revealed that gorilla AdVs belonging to HAdV-C were genetically identical to strains detected in humans who had been living around gorillas, and, inversely, a HAdV-C member HAdV type was detected in gorillas. This confirms the gorilla-to-human transmission of adenovirus. which has been reported previously. In addition, HAdV-E members, the most often detected here, are widely distributed among NHP species regardless of their origin, i.e., HAdV-E members seem to lack host specificity. Virus isolation was successful from a human sample and the strain of the Mbo024 genome, of 35 kb, that was identified as belonging to HAdV-D, exhibited close identity to HAdV-D members for all genes. This study provides information on the AdVs that infect African NHPs and the human populations living nearby, with an evident zoonotic transmission. It is likely that AdVs crossed the species barrier between different NHP species (especially HAdV-E members), between NHPs and humans (especially HAdV-C), but also between humans, NHPs and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub 25100, Algeria
| | - Inestin Amona
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (I.B.); (G.D.)
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Akiana
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (I.B.); (G.D.)
- Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries, Algiers 16004, Algeria
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Mamadou Lamine Tall
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Georges Diatta
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (I.B.); (G.D.)
- VITROME IRD 198, Campus IRD/UCAD, Hann Les Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (I.B.); (G.D.)
- VITROME IRD 198, Campus IRD/UCAD, Hann Les Maristes, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Raquel Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal;
| | - Amanda Barciela
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal;
| | - Slim Gorsane
- Direction Interarmées du Service de Santé des Armées des Forces Françaises Stationnées à Djibouti;
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (I.B.); (G.D.)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France; (H.M.); (I.A.); (B.D.); (A.L.); (M.L.T.); (C.S.); (B.L.S.); (D.R.); (F.F.)
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, MEPHI, 13385 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Correspondence:
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Eiros JM, López-Izquierdo R, Bouza E. Coronaviruses that are always present. Emergencias 2020; 32:160-161. [PMID: 32395922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José María Eiros
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid, España
| | | | - Emilio Bouza
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España
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Oymans J, Wichgers Schreur PJ, van Oort S, Vloet R, Venter M, Pijlman GP, van Oers MM, Kortekaas J. Reverse Genetics System for Shuni Virus, an Emerging Orthobunyavirus with Zoonotic Potential. Viruses 2020; 12:E455. [PMID: 32316542 PMCID: PMC7232226 DOI: 10.3390/v12040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Orthobunyavirus (family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales) comprises over 170 named mosquito- and midge-borne viruses, several of which cause severe disease in animals or humans. Their three-segmented genomes enable reassortment with related viruses, which may result in novel viruses with altered host or tissue tropism and virulence. One such reassortant, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), emerged in north-western Europe in 2011. Shuni virus (SHUV) is an orthobunyavirus related to SBV that is associated with neurological disease in horses in southern Africa and recently caused an outbreak manifesting with neurological disease and birth defects among ruminants in Israel. The zoonotic potential of SHUV was recently underscored by its association with neurological disease in humans. We here report a reverse genetics system for SHUV and provide first evidence that the non-structural (NSs) protein of SHUV functions as an antagonist of host innate immune responses. We furthermore report the rescue of a reassortant containing the L and S segments of SBV and the M segment of SHUV. This novel reverse genetics system can now be used to study SHUV virulence and tropism, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that drive reassortment events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Oymans
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (J.O.); (P.J.W.S.); (S.v.O.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (G.P.P.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Paul J. Wichgers Schreur
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (J.O.); (P.J.W.S.); (S.v.O.); (R.V.)
| | - Sophie van Oort
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (J.O.); (P.J.W.S.); (S.v.O.); (R.V.)
| | - Rianka Vloet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (J.O.); (P.J.W.S.); (S.v.O.); (R.V.)
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Department Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Science, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Gorben P. Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (G.P.P.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (G.P.P.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands; (J.O.); (P.J.W.S.); (S.v.O.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; (G.P.P.); (M.M.v.O.)
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Olson MF, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Juarez JG, Garcia-Luna S, Martin E, Borucki MK, Frank M, Estrada-Franco JG, Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Fernández-Santos NA, Molina-Gamboa GDJ, Carmona Aguirre SD, Reyes-Berrones BDL, Cortés-De la cruz LJ, García-Barrientos A, Huidobro-Guevara RE, Brussolo-Ceballos RM, Ramirez J, Salazar A, Chaves LF, Badillo-Vargas IE, Hamer GL. High Rate of Non-Human Feeding by Aedes aegypti Reduces Zika Virus Transmission in South Texas. Viruses 2020; 12:E453. [PMID: 32316394 PMCID: PMC7232486 DOI: 10.3390/v12040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses are emerging or re-emerging globally, afflicting millions of people around the world. Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, is the principal vector of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses, and has well-established populations across tropical and subtropical urban areas of the Americas, including the southern United States. While intense arboviral epidemics have occurred in Mexico and further south in the Americas, local transmission in the United States has been minimal. Here, we study Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus host feeding patterns and vertebrate host communities in residential environments of South Texas to identify host-utilization relative to availability. Only 31% of Ae. aegypti blood meals were derived from humans, while 50% were from dogs and 19% from other wild and domestic animals. In Cx. quinquefasciatus, 67% of blood meals were derived from chicken, 22% came from dogs, 9% from various wild avian species, and 2% from other mammals including one human, one cat, and one pig. We developed a model for the reproductive number, R0, for Zika virus (ZIKV) in South Texas relative to northern Mexico using human disease data from Tamaulipas, Mexico. We show that ZIKV R0 in South Texas communities could be greater than one if the risk of human exposure to Ae. aegypti bites in these communities is at least 60% that of Northern Mexico communities. The high utilization of non-human vertebrates and low risk of human exposure in South Texas diminishes the outbreak potential for human-amplified urban arboviruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Olson
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
| | - Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jose G. Juarez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
| | - Selene Garcia-Luna
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
| | - Estelle Martin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
| | - Monica K. Borucki
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Chemistry, Materials and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.K.B.); (M.F.)
| | - Matthias Frank
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Chemistry, Materials and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; (M.K.B.); (M.F.)
| | - José Guillermo Estrada-Franco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Cd. Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (J.G.E.-F.); (M.A.R.-P.); (N.A.F.-S.)
| | - Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Cd. Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (J.G.E.-F.); (M.A.R.-P.); (N.A.F.-S.)
| | - Nadia A. Fernández-Santos
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Cd. Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (J.G.E.-F.); (M.A.R.-P.); (N.A.F.-S.)
| | - Gloria de Jesús Molina-Gamboa
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Santos Daniel Carmona Aguirre
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Bernardita de Lourdes Reyes-Berrones
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Luis Javier Cortés-De la cruz
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Alejandro García-Barrientos
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Raúl E. Huidobro-Guevara
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Regina M. Brussolo-Ceballos
- Secretary of Health of the State of Tamaulipas, Epidemiology Directorate, Cd. Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (G.d.J.M.-G.); (S.D.C.A.); (B.d.L.R.-B.); (L.J.C.-D.l.c.); (A.G.-B.); (R.E.H.-G.); (R.M.B.-C.)
| | - Josue Ramirez
- Health Department, City of Harlingen, TX 78550, USA;
| | - Aaron Salazar
- Hidalgo County Health & Human Services, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Luis F. Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Apartado Postal, Tres Ríos, Cartago 4-2250, Costa Rica;
| | - Ismael E. Badillo-Vargas
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.F.O.); (J.G.J.); (S.G.-L.); (E.M.); (I.E.B.-V.)
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48
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Olayemi A, Fichet-Calvet E. Systematics, Ecology, and Host Switching: Attributes Affecting Emergence of the Lassa Virus in Rodents across Western Africa. Viruses 2020; 12:E312. [PMID: 32183319 PMCID: PMC7150792 DOI: 10.3390/v12030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since it was established that rodents serve as reservoirs of the zoonotic Lassa virus (LASV), scientists have sought to answer the questions: which populations of rodents carry the virus? How do fluctuations in LASV prevalence and rodent abundance influence Lassa fever outbreaks in humans? What does it take for the virus to adopt additional rodent hosts, proliferating what already are devastating cycles of rodent-to-human transmission? In this review, we examine key aspects of research involving the biology of rodents that affect their role as LASV reservoirs, including phylogeography, demography, virus evolution, and host switching. We discuss how this knowledge can help control Lassa fever and suggest further areas for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Olayemi
- Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife HO220005, Nigeria;
| | - Elisabeth Fichet-Calvet
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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49
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Doshi RH, Alfonso VH, Morier D, Hoff NA, Sinai C, Mulembakani P, Kisalu N, Cheng A, Ashbaugh H, Gadoth A, Cowell B, Okitolonda EW, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Rimoin AW. Monkeypox Rash Severity and Animal Exposures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ecohealth 2020; 17:64-73. [PMID: 31875271 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01459-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have suggested a larger inoculum of monkeypox virus may be associated with increased rash severity; however, little data are available on the relationship between specific animal exposures and rash severity in endemic regions. Using cross-sectional data from an active surveillance program conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the Sankuru Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, we explored the possible relationship between rash severity and exposures to rodents and non-human primates among confirmed MPX cases. Among the 223 PCR-confirmed MPX cases identified during active surveillance, the majority of cases (n = 149) presented with mild rash (5-100 lesions) and 33% had a more serious presentation (> 100 lesions). No association between exposure to rodents and rash severity was found in the multivariable analysis. Those that self-reported hunting NHP 3 weeks prior to onset of MPX symptoms had 2.78 times the odds of severe rash than those that did not report such exposure (95% CI: 1.18, 6.58). This study provides a preliminary step in understanding the association between animal exposure and rash severity and demonstrates correlation with exposure to NHPs and human MPX presentation. Additional research exploring the relationship between rash severity and NHPs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vivian H Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Douglas Morier
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Neville Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alvan Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hayley Ashbaugh
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Adva Gadoth
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brian Cowell
- Texas A&M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Emile W Okitolonda
- Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
- , Los Angeles, USA.
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