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Dilly A, Honick BD, Lee YJ, Bartlett DL, Choudry HA. Rational application of targeted therapeutics in mucinous colon/appendix cancers with positive predictive factors. Cancer Med 2020; 9:1753-1767. [PMID: 31958897 PMCID: PMC7050077 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular‐targeted therapies have demonstrated disappointing results against most advanced solid cancers. This may largey be attributed to irrational drug use against unselected cancers. We investigated the efficacy of dual MEK‐PI3K drug therapy against KRAS mutated mucin 2 (MUC2)‐secreting LS174T cells and patient‐derived ex vivo and in vivo models of KRAS mutated mucinous colon/appendix cancers. These tumors demonstrate unique phenotypic and genotypic features that likely predict sensitivity to this targeted co‐therapy. Co‐treatment with MEK inhibitor (trametinib) and PI3K inhibitor (pictilisib)‐induced synergistic cytotoxicity and intrinsic mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis in LS174T cells and tumor explants in vitro. Dual drug therapy also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‐associated proteins (GRP78/BiP, ATF4, and CHOP). However, CHOP knock‐down assays demonstrated that mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis in LS174T cells was not ERS‐dependent. Dual drug therapy also significantly decreased MUC2 expression, MUC2 post‐translational modification (palmitoylation) and secretion in LS174T cells, suggesting a simultaneous cytotoxic and mucin suppressive mechanism of action. We also demonstrated effective mucinous tumor growth suppression in ex vivo epithelial organoid (colonoid) cultures and in in vivo intraperitoneal patient‐derived xenograft models derived from mucinous colon/appendix cancer. These promising preclinical data support a role for dual MEK‐PI3K inhibitor therapy in mucinous colon/appendix cancers. We postulate that mucinous KRAS mutated cancers are especially vulnerable to this co‐treatment based on their unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/genetics
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/pathology
- Appendiceal Neoplasms/therapy
- Appendix/cytology
- Appendix/pathology
- Appendix/surgery
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant/methods
- Colon/cytology
- Colon/pathology
- Colon/surgery
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Drug Synergism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- Female
- Humans
- Indazoles/pharmacology
- Indazoles/therapeutic use
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/surgery
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mucin-2/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/therapy
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Pyridones/therapeutic use
- Pyrimidinones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidinones/therapeutic use
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Dilly
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Brendon D. Honick
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Yong J. Lee
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - David L. Bartlett
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Haroon A. Choudry
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
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Devall M, Jennelle LT, Bryant J, Bien S, Peters U, Powell S, Casey G. Modeling the effect of prolonged ethanol exposure on global gene expression and chromatin accessibility in normal 3D colon organoids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227116. [PMID: 31951625 PMCID: PMC6968849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we aimed to explore the potential biological effect of ethanol exposure on healthy colon epithelial cells using normal human colon 3D organoid “mini-gut” cultures. In numerous published studies ethanol use has been shown to be an environmental risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) development; however, the influence of ethanol exposure on normal colon epithelial cell biology remains poorly understood. We investigated the potential molecular effects of ethanol exposure in normal colon 3D organoids in a small pilot study (n = 3) using RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. We identify 1965 differentially expressed genes and 2217 differentially accessible regions of chromatin in response to ethanol treatment. Further, by cross-referencing our results with previously published analysis in colorectal cancer cell lines, we have not only validated a number of reported differentially expressed genes, but also identified several novel candidates for future investigation. In summary, our data highlights the potential importance for the use of normal colon 3D organoid models as a novel tool for the investigation of the relationship between the effects of environmental risk factors associated with colorectal cancer and the molecular mechanisms through which they confer this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Devall
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lucas T. Jennelle
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven Powell
- Digestive Health Center, Gastroenterology and Heaptology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Graham Casey
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Abstract
Several aspects of the human physiology are controlled by the microbiota that plays a key role in health and disease. In fact, microbial dysbiosis is associated with numerous diseases, including several types of cancer such as colon, gastric, esophageal, pancreatic, laryngeal, breast and gallbladder carcinomas.Metabolic symbiosis between non-malignant cells and the resident microbita is crucial for the host homeostasis. However, cancer cells are able to repurpose the pre-existing metabolic symbiosis, being able to recycle those relations and also create novel metabolic symbiosis, leading to profound alterations on the local microenvironment.In here we will explore some of these symbiotic metabolic interactions between bacteria and non-malignant cells in two different contexts: colon and uterine cervix. The way malignant cells are able to recycle these normal interactions and also create novel types of symbiotic metabolic relations will also be discussed.The knowledge of these complex interactions and recycling mechanisms is of extreme importance for cancer treatment, as new therapeutic targets could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia C Nunes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal.
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54
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Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are emerging as important effectors of innate immunity and play a critical role in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. They are tissue-residing immune cells that can be subdivided based on master transcription factor and cytokine expression, bearing striking resemblance to their CD4+ T helper (Th) cell counterparts. ILCs are increasingly recognized as potential mediators of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) providing a need to explore their functional and phenotypic differences in health vs. disease. In this chapter we outline protocols for the characterization of human ILCs and intracellular cytokine expression using flow cytometry. We include protocols for isolating human peripheral blood and colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells essential for evaluating human IBD specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer S Omer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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55
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Abstract
Intestinal stem cells continuously self-renew throughout life to maintain gut homeostasis. With the advent of the organoid culture system, we are now able to indefinitely expand healthy and diseased tissue-derived human intestinal stem cells in vitro and use them for various applications. Nonetheless, investigating the behavior of human intestinal stem cells in vivo still remains challenging. We recently developed an orthotopic xenotransplantation system that realizes in vivo reconstruction of human intestinal epithelial tissue with preserved stem cell hierarchy by engrafting human normal colon organoids onto the mouse colon surface. We also introduced new growth factors, namely, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), into the culture condition for human intestinal organoids that significantly increase scalability and transfectability of the organoids. By integrating these recent advances, we organized a tissue-oriented platform encompassing derivation of patient-derived intestinal organoids and their orthotopic xenotransplantation. The research platform based on orthotopic xenotransplantation of human intestinal organoids provides a powerful tool for studying human intestinal stem cell biology in native tissue-relevant contexts as well as for establishing novel disease modeling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujii
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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56
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Bhave S, Arciero E, Baker C, Ho WL, Stavely R, Goldstein AM, Hotta R. Enteric neuronal cell therapy reverses architectural changes in a novel diphtheria toxin-mediated model of colonic aganglionosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18756. [PMID: 31822721 PMCID: PMC6904570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is characterized by absence of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic segment, gastrointestinal (GI) problems persist. Cell therapy offers potential treatment but use of genetic models is limited by their poor survival. We have developed a novel model of aganglionosis in which enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDCs) express diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor. Local DT injection into the colon wall results in focal, specific, and sustained ENS ablation without altering GI transit or colonic contractility, allowing improved survival over other aganglionosis models. Focal ENS ablation leads to increased smooth muscle and mucosal thickness, and localized inflammation. Transplantation of ENCDCs into this region leads to engraftment, migration, and differentiation of enteric neurons and glial cells, with restoration of normal architecture of the colonic epithelium and muscle, reduction in inflammation, and improved survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhada Bhave
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Arciero
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Corey Baker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wing Lam Ho
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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57
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, many tumor sequencing studies have inferred and reported on mutational signatures, short nucleotide patterns at which particular somatic base substitutions appear more often. A number of signatures reflect biological processes in the patient and factors associated with cancer risk. Our goal is to infer mutational signatures appearing in colon cancer, a cancer for which environmental risk factors vary by cancer subtype, and compare the signatures to those in adult stem cells from normal colon. We also compare the mutational signatures to others in the literature. RESULTS We apply a probabilistic mutation signature model to somatic mutations previously reported for six adult normal colon stem cells and 431 colon adenocarcinomas. We infer six mutational signatures in colon cancer, four being specific to tumors with hypermutation. Just two signatures explained the majority of mutations in the small number of normal aging colon samples. All six signatures are independently identified in a series of 295 Chinese colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatama Pandey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Darryl Shibata
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Paul Marjoram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
| | - Kimberly D. Siegmund
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
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58
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Carneiro I, Carvalho S, Henrique R, Oliveira L, Tuchin V. Moving tissue spectral window to the deep-ultraviolet via optical clearing. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201900181. [PMID: 31465137 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The optical immersion clearing technique has been successfully applied through the last 30 years in the visible to near infrared spectral range, and has proven to be a promising method to promote the application of optical technologies in clinical practice. To investigate its potential in the ultraviolet range, collimated transmittance spectra from 200 to 1000 nm were measured from colorectal muscle samples under treatment with glycerol-water solutions. The treatments created two new optical windows with transmittance efficiency peaks at 230 and 300 nm, with magnitude increasing with glycerol concentration in the treating solution. Such discovery opens the opportunity to develop clinical procedures to perform diagnosis or treatments in the ultraviolet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Carneiro
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology, and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar - University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Oliveira
- Physics Department - Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Engineering, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Innovation in Engineering and Industrial Technology (CIETI), School of Engineering, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valery Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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59
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Cook L, Stahl M, Han X, Nazli A, MacDonald KN, Wong MQ, Tsai K, Dizzell S, Jacobson K, Bressler B, Kaushic C, Vallance BA, Steiner TS, Levings MK. Suppressive and Gut-Reparative Functions of Human Type 1 T Regulatory Cells. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:1584-1598. [PMID: 31513797 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS T-regulatory (Treg) cells suppress the immune response to maintain homeostasis. There are 2 main subsets of Treg cells: FOXP3 (forkhead box protein 3)-positive Treg cells, which do not produce high levels of effector cytokines, and type 1 Treg (Tr1) cells, which are FOXP3-negative and secrete interleukin (IL) 10. IL10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, so Tr1 cells might be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. We aimed to develop methods to isolate and expand human Tr1 cells and define their functions. METHODS We obtained blood and colon biopsy samples from patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis or healthy individuals (controls). CD4+ T cells were isolated from blood samples and stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 beads, and Tr1 cells were purified by using an IL10 cytokine-capture assay and cell sorting. FOXP3-positive Treg cells were sorted as CD4+CD25highCD127low cells from unstimulated cells. Tr1 and FOXP3-positive Treg cells were expanded, and phenotypes and gene expression profiles were compared. T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 beads, and the suppressive abilities of Tr1 and FOXP3-positive Treg cells were measured. Human colon organoid cultures were established, cultured with supernatants from Tr1 or FOXP3-positive cells, and analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. T84 cells (human colon adenocarcinoma epithelial cells) were incubated with supernatants from Tr1 or FOXP3-positive cells, and transepithelial electrical resistance was measured to determine epithelial cell barrier function. RESULTS Phenotypes of Tr1 cells isolated from control individuals vs patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis did not differ significantly after expansion. Tr1 cells and FOXP3-positive Treg cells suppressed proliferation of effector T cells, but only Tr1 cells suppressed secretion of IL1B and tumor necrosis factor from myeloid cells. Tr1 cells, but not FOXP3-positive Treg cells, isolated from healthy individuals and patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis secreted IL22, which promoted barrier function of human intestinal epithelial cells. Tr1 cell culture supernatants promoted differentiation of mucin-producing goblet cells in intestinal organoid cultures. CONCLUSIONS Human Tr1 cells suppress proliferation of effector T cells (adaptive immune response) and production of IL1B and TNF by myeloid cells (inmate immune response). They also secrete IL22 to promote barrier function. They might be developed as a cell-based therapy for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cook
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiao Han
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aisha Nazli
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine N MacDonald
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - May Q Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Tsai
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Dizzell
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Bressler
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Gastrointestinal Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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60
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Mohanan SMPC, Beck RJ, West NP, Shires M, Perry SL, Jayne DG, Hand DP, Shephard JD. Preclinical evaluation of porcine colon resection using hollow core negative curvature fibre delivered ultrafast laser pulses. J Biophotonics 2019; 12:e201900055. [PMID: 31240824 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrashort pulse lasers offer great promise for tissue resection with exceptional precision and minimal thermal damage. Surgery in the bowel requires high precision and minimal necrotic tissue to avoid severe complications such as perforation. The deployment of ultrashort lasers in minimally invasive or endoscopic procedures has been hindered by the lack of suitable optical fibres for high peak powers. However, recent developments of hollow core microstructured fibres provide potential for delivery of such pulses throughout the body. In this study, analysis of laser ablation via a scanning galvanometer on a porcine colon tissue model is presented. A thermally damaged region (<85 μm) and fine depth control of ablation using the pulse energies 46 and 33 μJ are demonstrated. It is further demonstrated that such pulses suitable for precision porcine colon resection can be flexibly delivered via a hollow core negative curvature fibre (HC-NCF) and again ablation depth can be controlled with a thermally damaged region <85 μm. Ablation volumes are comparable to that of early stage lesions in the inner lining of the colon. This study concludes that the combination of ultrashort pulses and flexible fibre delivery via HC-NCF present a viable route to new minimally invasive surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam M P C Mohanan
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rainer J Beck
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas P West
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Shires
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David G Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Duncan P Hand
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan D Shephard
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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61
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Tomasetti C, Poling J, Roberts NJ, London NR, Pittman ME, Haffner MC, Rizzo A, Baras A, Karim B, Kim A, Heaphy CM, Meeker AK, Hruban RH, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Vogelstein B. Cell division rates decrease with age, providing a potential explanation for the age-dependent deceleration in cancer incidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20482-20488. [PMID: 31548407 PMCID: PMC6789572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905722116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new evaluation of previously published data suggested to us that the accumulation of mutations might slow, rather than increase, as individuals age. To explain this unexpected finding, we hypothesized that normal stem cell division rates might decrease as we age. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated cell division rates in the epithelium of human colonic, duodenal, esophageal, and posterior ethmoid sinonasal tissues. In all 4 tissues, there was a significant decrease in cell division rates with age. In contrast, cell division rates did not decrease in the colon of aged mice, and only small decreases were observed in their small intestine or esophagus. These results have important implications for understanding the relationship between normal stem cells, aging, and cancer. Moreover, they provide a plausible explanation for the enigmatic age-dependent deceleration in cancer incidence in very old humans but not in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Tomasetti
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Justin Poling
- Pathology, Williamson Medical Center, Brentwood, TN 37207
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Nyall R London
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Meredith E Pittman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Anthony Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Alex Baras
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Baktiar Karim
- Pathology & Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Antonio Kim
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christopher M Heaphy
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231
- Ludwig Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- Ludwig Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Neil JA, Matsuzawa-Ishimoto Y, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Schuster SL, Sota S, Venzon M, Dallari S, Galvao Neto A, Hine A, Hudesman D, Loke P, Nice TJ, Cadwell K. IFN-I and IL-22 mediate protective effects of intestinal viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1737-1749. [PMID: 31182797 PMCID: PMC6871771 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Products derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota evoke immune signalling pathways of the host that promote immunity and barrier function in the intestine. How immune reactions to enteric viruses support intestinal homeostasis is unknown. We recently demonstrated that infection by murine norovirus (MNV) reverses intestinal abnormalities following depletion of bacteria, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can provide cues to the host that are typically attributed to the microbiota. Here, we elucidate mechanisms by which MNV evokes protective responses from the host. We identify an important role for the viral protein NS1/2 in establishing local replication and a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in the colon. We further show that IFN-I acts on intestinal epithelial cells to increase the proportion of CCR2-dependent macrophages and interleukin (IL)-22-producing innate lymphoid cells, which in turn promote pSTAT3 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and protection from intestinal injury. In addition, we demonstrate that MNV provides a striking IL-22-dependent protection against early-life lethal infection by Citrobacter rodentium. These findings demonstrate novel ways in which a viral member of the microbiota fortifies the intestinal barrier during chemical injury and infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Schuster
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stela Sota
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Galvao Neto
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Hine
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Hudesman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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63
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Lee-Six H, Olafsson S, Ellis P, Osborne RJ, Sanders MA, Moore L, Georgakopoulos N, Torrente F, Noorani A, Goddard M, Robinson P, Coorens THH, O'Neill L, Alder C, Wang J, Fitzgerald RC, Zilbauer M, Coleman N, Saeb-Parsy K, Martincorena I, Campbell PJ, Stratton MR. The landscape of somatic mutation in normal colorectal epithelial cells. Nature 2019; 574:532-537. [PMID: 31645730 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence has provided a paradigmatic framework for understanding the successive somatic genetic changes and consequent clonal expansions that lead to cancer1. However, our understanding of the earliest phases of colorectal neoplastic changes-which may occur in morphologically normal tissue-is comparatively limited, as for most cancer types. Here we use whole-genome sequencing to analyse hundreds of normal crypts from 42 individuals. Signatures of multiple mutational processes were revealed; some of these were ubiquitous and continuous, whereas others were only found in some individuals, in some crypts or during certain periods of life. Probable driver mutations were present in around 1% of normal colorectal crypts in middle-aged individuals, indicating that adenomas and carcinomas are rare outcomes of a pervasive process of neoplastic change across morphologically normal colorectal epithelium. Colorectal cancers exhibit substantially increased mutational burdens relative to normal cells. Sequencing normal colorectal cells provides quantitative insights into the genomic and clonal evolution of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mathijs A Sanders
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikitas Georgakopoulos
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franco Torrente
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ayesha Noorani
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Goddard
- Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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64
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Zhang Y, Shi X, Zhao T, Huang C, Wei Q, Tang X, Santy LC, Saif MTA, Zhang S. A traction force threshold signifies metastatic phenotypic change in multicellular epithelia. Soft Matter 2019; 15:7203-7210. [PMID: 31475279 PMCID: PMC7039046 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00733d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis has been believed as a genetically programmed process that is commonly marked by biochemical signals. Here using extracellular matrix control of cellular mechanics, we establish that cellular force threshold can also mark in vitro metastatic phenotypic change and malignant transformation in HCT-8 cell colonies. We observe that for prolonged culture time the HCT-8 cell colonies disperse into individual malignant cells, and the metastatic-like dispersion depends on both cell-seeding gel stiffness and colony size. Cellular force microscopies show that gel stiffness and colony size are also two key parameters that modulate cellular forces, suggesting the correlations between the cellular forces and the metastatic phenotypic change. Using our recently developed biophysical model, we construct an extracellular traction phase diagram in the stiffness-size space, filled with experimental data on the colony behavior. From the phase diagram we identify a phase boundary as a traction force threshold above which the metastatic phenotypic transition occurs and below which the cell colonies remain cohesive. Our finding suggests that the traction threshold can be regarded as an effective mechano-marker for the onset of the metastatic-like dispersion and malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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65
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Zhou X, Zhang K, Qi W, Zhou Y, Hong T, Xiong T, Xie M, Nie S. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Enhances Colonic Mucosal Homeostasis by Controlling Epithelial Cell Differentiation and c-Jun/Muc2 Signaling. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9831-9839. [PMID: 31407897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic lactobacilli and their exopolysaccharides (EPS) are thought to modulate mucosal homeostasis; however, their mechanisms remain elusive. Thus, we tried to clarify the role of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 (EPS116) in the intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Our results indicated that EPS116 regulated the colon mucosal healing and homeostasis, enhanced the goblet cell differentiation, and promoted the expression of Muc2 gene in vivo and in vitro. Further experiments showed that EPS116 promoted the expression and phosphorylation of transcription factor c-Jun and facilitated its binding to the promoter of Muc2. Moreover, knocking down c-Jun or inhibiting its function in LS 174T cells treated with EPS116 led to decreased expression of Muc2, implying that EPS116 promoted the colonic mucosal homeostasis and Muc2 expression via c-Jun. Therefore, our study uncovered a novel model where EPS116 enhanced colon mucosal homeostasis by controlling the epithelial cell differentiation and c-Jun/Muc2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Wucheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - YuJia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Tao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang) , Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road , Nanchang , Jiangxi 330047 , China
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66
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Tofighi M, Guo T, Vanamala JKP, Monga V. Prior Information Guided Regularized Deep Learning for Cell Nucleus Detection. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2019; 38:2047-2058. [PMID: 30703016 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2895318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell nuclei detection is a challenging research topic because of limitations in cellular image quality and diversity of nuclear morphology, i.e., varying nuclei shapes, sizes, and overlaps between multiple cell nuclei. This has been a topic of enduring interest with promising recent success shown by deep learning methods. These methods train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with a training set of input images and known, labeled nuclei locations. Many such methods are supplemented by spatial or morphological processing. Using a set of canonical cell nuclei shapes, prepared with the help of a domain expert, we develop a new approach that we call shape priors (SPs) with CNNs (SPs-CNN). We further extend the network to introduce an SP layer and then allowing it to become trainable (i.e., optimizable). We call this network as tunable SP-CNN (TSP-CNN). In summary, we present new network structures that can incorporate "expected behavior" of nucleus shapes via two components: learnable layers that perform the nucleus detection and a fixed processing part that guides the learning with prior information. Analytically, we formulate two new regularization terms that are targeted at: 1) learning the shapes and 2) reducing false positives while simultaneously encouraging detection inside the cell nucleus boundary. Experimental results on two challenging datasets reveal that the proposed SP-CNN and TSP-CNN can outperform the state-of-the-art alternatives.
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67
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Libiad M, Vitvitsky V, Bostelaar T, Bak DW, Lee HJ, Sakamoto N, Fearon E, Lyssiotis CA, Weerapana E, Banerjee R. Hydrogen sulfide perturbs mitochondrial bioenergetics and triggers metabolic reprogramming in colon cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12077-12090. [PMID: 31213529 PMCID: PMC6690701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike most other tissues, the colon epithelium is exposed to high levels of H2S derived from gut microbial metabolism. H2S is a signaling molecule that modulates various physiological effects. It is also a respiratory toxin that inhibits complex IV in the electron transfer chain (ETC). Colon epithelial cells are adapted to high environmental H2S exposure as they harbor an efficient mitochondrial H2S oxidation pathway, which is dedicated to its disposal. Herein, we report that the sulfide oxidation pathway enzymes are apically localized in human colonic crypts at the host-microbiome interface, but that the normal apical-to-crypt gradient is lost in colorectal cancer epithelium. We found that sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQR), which catalyzes the committing step in the mitochondrial sulfide oxidation pathway and couples to complex III, is a critical respiratory shield against H2S poisoning. H2S at concentrations ≤20 μm stimulated the oxygen consumption rate in colon epithelial cells, but, when SQR expression was ablated, H2S concentrations as low as 5 μm poisoned cells. Mitochondrial H2S oxidation altered cellular bioenergetics, inducing a reductive shift in the NAD+/NADH redox couple. The consequent electron acceptor insufficiency caused uridine and aspartate deficiency and enhanced glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation. The metabolomic signature of this H2S-induced stress response mapped, in part, to redox-sensitive nodes in central carbon metabolism. Colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines appeared to counter the growth-restricting effects of H2S by overexpressing sulfide oxidation pathway enzymes. Our findings reveal an alternative mechanism for H2S signaling, arising from alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics that drive metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Libiad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Victor Vitvitsky
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Trever Bostelaar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Daniel W Bak
- Chemistry Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Ho-Joon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Eric Fearon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Chemistry Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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68
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Vidal-Lletjós S, Andriamihaja M, Blais A, Grauso M, Lepage P, Davila AM, Gaudichon C, Leclerc M, Blachier F, Lan A. Mucosal healing progression after acute colitis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3572-3589. [PMID: 31367158 PMCID: PMC6658396 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal healing has become a therapeutic goal to achieve stable remission in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. To achieve this objective, overlapping actions of complex cellular processes, such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation, are required. These events are longitudinally and tightly controlled by numerous factors including a wide range of distinct regulatory proteins. However, the sequence of events associated with colon mucosal repair after colitis and the evolution of the luminal content characteristics during this process have been little studied.
AIM To document the evolution of colon mucosal characteristics during mucosal healing using a mouse model with chemically-induced colitis.
METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were given 3.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 5 d. They were euthanized 2 (day 7), 5 (day 10), 8 (day 13), and 23 (day 28) d after DSS removal. The colonic luminal environment and epithelial repair processes during the inflammatory flare and colitis resolution were analyzed with reference to a non-DSS treated control group, euthanized at day 0. Epithelial repair events were assessed histo-morphologically in combination with functional permeability tests, expression of key inflammatory and repairing factors, and evaluation of colon mucosa-adherent microbiota composition by 16S rRNA sequencing.
RESULTS The maximal intensity of colitis was concomitant with maximal alterations of intestinal barrier function and histological damage associated with goblet cell depletion in colon mucosa. It was recorded 2 d after termination of the DSS-treatment, followed by a progressive return to values similar to those of control mice. Although signs of colitis were severe (inflammatory cell infiltrate, crypt disarray, increased permeability) and associated with colonic luminal alterations (hyperosmolarity, dysbiosis, decrease in short-chain fatty acid content), epithelial healing processes were launched early during the inflammatory flare with increased gene expression of certain key epithelial repair modulators, including transforming growth factor-β, interleukin (Il)-15, Il-22, Il-33, and serum amyloid A. Whereas signs of inflammation progressively diminished, luminal colonic environment alterations and microscopic abnormalities of colon mucosa persisted long after colitis induction.
CONCLUSION This study shows that colon repair can be initiated in the context of inflamed mucosa associated with alterations of the luminal environment and highlights the longitudinal involvement of key modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Blais
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marta Grauso
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- UMR MICALIS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Claire Gaudichon
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marion Leclerc
- UMR MICALIS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 75005, France
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69
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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70
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Wulcan JM, Dennis MM, Ketzis JK, Bevelock TJ, Verocai GG. Strongyloides spp. in cats: a review of the literature and the first report of zoonotic Strongyloides stercoralis in colonic epithelial nodular hyperplasia in cats. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:349. [PMID: 31300009 PMCID: PMC6626353 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Four species of Strongyloides, Strongyloides felis, Strongyloides planiceps, Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides tumefaciens, have been identified in cats based on morphology and location in the host with limited data on the prevalence and disease potential of these different species. Strongyloides tumefaciens adults are located in colonic nodules while the other three species are in the small intestine. The literature on Strongyloides in cats is scattered and has never been compiled. The aim of this article is to provide a short review of the existing literature on Strongyloides spp. in cats, to describe the pathology of colonic nodules containing Strongyloides sp. seen at necropsies of cats in St. Kitts, West Indies, and to provide the first unequivocal report of zoonotic S. stercoralis in cats based on sequencing analysis of a portion of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene, and supported by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Colonic nodules containing sections of nematodes, histologically compatible with Strongyloides sp. were seen during necropsy in six cats in St. Kitts, West Indies. Sequencing of the cox1 gene of the mitochondrial DNA extracted from colonic nodules from two of these cats matched sequences of the zoonotic strain of S. stercoralis. CONCLUSIONS The morphological similarities between S. stercoralis-associated colonic nodules and previous reports of S. tumefaciens, together with the insufficient defining criteria for S. tumefaciens raises questions about the validity of the species. Further sampling and genetic characterization of isolates is needed to understand the species in cats and their zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit M. Wulcan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Michelle M. Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jennifer K. Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Thomas J. Bevelock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Guilherme G. Verocai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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71
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Asante I, Chui D, Pei H, Zhou E, De Giovanni C, Conti D, Louie S. Alterations in folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism as colon cell transition from normal to cancerous. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 69:1-9. [PMID: 31035100 PMCID: PMC6570572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Folate-dependent one-carbon cycle metabolism (FOCM) plays a critical role in maintaining genomic stability through regulating DNA biosynthesis, repair and methylation. Folate metabolites as well as other metabolites in the FOCM are hypothesized to be altered when cells transition from normal to cancerous state. Using cells at different stages in their development into colorectal cancer, the FOCM metabolites were profiled as an effort to phenotype the cells, and the metabolite levels were compared to the expressions of related genes. Here, we investigate whether there is a correlation between the metabolite levels, DNA methylation levels and the expression of the related genes that drive the levels of these metabolites. Using CRL1459, APC10.1, HCT116 and Caco-2, we show for the first time that FOCM metabolites correlate with the gene expression patterns. These differences follow a trend that may facilitate distinguishing colon cells at the different stages as they transition into cancerous state. The folate distribution and methionine levels were found to be key in determining the staging of the colon cells in CRC development. Also, expression of CBS, MTRR and MAT genes may facilitate distinguishing between untransformed and transformed colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Asante
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - D Chui
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - H Pei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - E Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - C De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - S Louie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, USC School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Sun EW, Martin AM, Wattchow DA, de Fontgalland D, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Young RL, Keating DJ. Metformin Triggers PYY Secretion in Human Gut Mucosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:2668-2674. [PMID: 30759215 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The antidiabetic drug metformin causes weight loss, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Recent clinical studies show that metformin increases plasma levels of the anorectic gut hormone, peptide YY (PYY), but whether this is through a direct effect on the gut is unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that exposure of human gut mucosal tissue to metformin would acutely trigger PYY secretion. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Mucosal tissue was prepared from 46 human colonic and 9 ileal samples obtained after surgical resection and ex vivo secretion assays were performed. Tissue was exposed to metformin, as well as a series of other compounds as part of our mechanistic studies, in static incubations. Supernatant was sampled after 15 minutes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PYY levels in supernatant, measured using ELISA. RESULTS Metformin increased PYY secretion from both ileal (P < 0.05) and colonic (P < 0.001) epithelia. Both basal and metformin-induced PYY secretion were unchanged across body mass index or in tissues obtained from individuals with type 2 diabetes. Metformin-dependent PYY secretion was blocked by inhibitors of the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) and the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), as well as by an inhibitor of AMP kinase (AMPK). CONCLUSIONS This is a report of a direct action of metformin on the gut epithelium to trigger PYY secretion in humans, occurring via cell internalization through PMAT and SERT and intracellular activation of AMPK. Our results provide further support that the role of metformin in the treatment of metabolic syndrome has a gut-based component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Sun
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alyce M Martin
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dayan de Fontgalland
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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Mao Z, Lin H, Su W, Li J, Zhou M, Li Z, Zhou B, Yang Q, Zhou M, Pan K, He J, Zhang W. Deficiency of ZnT8 Promotes Adiposity and Metabolic Dysfunction by Increasing Peripheral Serotonin Production. Diabetes 2019; 68:1197-1209. [PMID: 30936149 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ZnT8 is a zinc transporter enriched in pancreatic β-cells, and its polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. However, the exact role of ZnT8 in systemic energy metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we found that ZnT8 knockout mice displayed increased adiposity without obvious weight gain. We also observed that the intestinal tract morphology, motility, and gut microbiota were changed in ZnT8 knockout mice. Further study demonstrated that ZnT8 was expressed in enteroendocrine cells, especially in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-positive enterochromaffin cells. Lack of ZnT8 resulted in an elevated circulating 5-HT level owing to enhanced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1. Blocking 5-HT synthesis in ZnT8-deficient mice restored adiposity, high-fat diet-induced obesity, and glucose intolerance. Moreover, overexpression of human ZnT8 diabetes high-risk allele R325W increased 5-HT levels relative to the low-risk allele in RIN14B cells. Our study revealed an unexpected role of ZnT8 in regulating peripheral 5-HT biogenesis and intestinal microenvironment, which might contribute to the increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Mao
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Su
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Beibei Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyan Zhou
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Attili D, McClintock SD, Rizvi AH, Pandya S, Rehman H, Nadeem DM, Richter A, Thomas D, Dame MK, Turgeon DK, Varani J, Aslam MN. Calcium-induced differentiation in normal human colonoid cultures: Cell-cell / cell-matrix adhesion, barrier formation and tissue integrity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215122. [PMID: 30995271 PMCID: PMC6469792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The goal of the study was to assess calcium alone and Aquamin, a multi-mineral natural product that contains magnesium and detectable levels of 72 trace elements in addition to calcium, for capacity to affect growth and differentiation in colonoid cultures derived from histologically-normal human colon tissue. Methods Colonoid cultures were maintained in a low-calcium (0.25 mM) medium or in medium supplemented with an amount of calcium (1.5–3.0 mM), either from calcium alone or Aquamin for a period of two weeks. This was shown in a previous study to induce differentiation in colonoids derived from large adenomas. Changes in growth, morphological features and protein expression profile were assessed at the end of the incubation period using a combination of phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistology, proteomic assessment and transmission electron microscopy. Results Unlike the previously-studied tumor-derived colonoids (which remained un-differentiated in the absence of calcium-supplementation), normal tissue colonoids underwent differentiation as indicated by gross and microscopic appearance, a low proliferative index and high-level expression of cytokeratin 20 in the absence of intervention (i.e., in control condition). Only modest additional changes were seen in these parameters with either calcium alone or Aquamin (providing up to 3.0 mM calcium). In spite of this, proteomic analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed that both interventions induced strong up-regulation of proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive functions, barrier formation and tissue integrity. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increase in desmosomes in response to intervention. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that colonoids derived from histologically normal human tissue can undergo differentiation in the presence of a low ambient calcium concentration. However, higher calcium levels induce elaboration of proteins that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. These changes could lead to improved barrier function and improved colon tissue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Attili
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shannon D. McClintock
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Areeba H. Rizvi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shailja Pandya
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Humza Rehman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniyal M. Nadeem
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aliah Richter
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dafydd Thomas
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Dame
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Danielle Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James Varani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Muhammad N. Aslam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Subramanian VS, Sabui S, Marchant JS, Said HM. MicroRNA-103a regulates sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 65:46-53. [PMID: 30616065 PMCID: PMC6420349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of ascorbic acid (AA) occurs via a Na+-dependent carrier-mediated process facilitated through the human sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters-1 &-2 (hSVCT1 and hSVCT2). Many studies have shown that hSVCT1 (product of the SLC23A1 gene) is expressed on the apical membrane of polarized enterocytes where it mediates AA absorption. hSVCT1 expression levels are therefore an important determinant of physiological vitamin C homeostasis. However, little is known about posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate hSVCT1 expression in intestinal epithelia. In this study, we investigated regulation of hSVCT1 by microRNA (miRNA). A pmirGLO-SLC23A1-3'-UTR construct transfected into human intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and NCM460 cells) showed markedly reduced luciferase activity. Bioinformatic analysis of the SLC23A1-3'-UTR predicted five miRNA binding sites (miR-103a, miR-107, miR-328, miR-384, and miR-499-5p) in the 3'-UTR. Expression of mature miR-103a was markedly higher compared to the other four putative miRNA regulators in both intestinal cell lines and mouse jejunal mucosa. Addition of a miR-103a mimic, but not a miR-103a mutant construct, markedly reduced the luminescence of the pmirGLO-SLC23A1-3'-UTR reporter. Reciprocally, addition of a miR-103a inhibitor significantly increased luciferase reporter activity. Addition of the miR-103a mimic led to a significant inhibition in AA uptake, associated with decreased hSVCT1 mRNA and protein expression in Caco-2 cells. In contrast, the miR-103a inhibitor increased AA uptake, associated with increased levels of hSVCT1 mRNA and protein. These findings provide the first evidence for posttranscriptional regulation of hSVCT1 by miRNA in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veedamali S Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822.
| | - Subrata Sabui
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
| | - Jonathan S Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI 53226
| | - Hamid M Said
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology/Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697; VA Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
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Arora T, Rudenko O, Egerod KL, Husted AS, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Akrami R, Kristensen M, Schwartz TW, Bäckhed F. Microbial fermentation of flaxseed fibers modulates the transcriptome of GPR41-expressing enteroendocrine cells and protects mice against diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E453-E463. [PMID: 30562060 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00391.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fibers, an integral part of the human diet, require the enzymatic activity of the gut microbiota for complete metabolism into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are important modulators of host metabolism and physiology and act in part as signaling molecules by activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as GPR41. Flaxseed fibers improve metabolism in rodents and mice, but their fermentation profiles, effects on enteroendocrine cells, and associated metabolic benefits are unknown. We fed GPR41-red fluorescent protein mice, an enteroendocrine reporter mouse strain, chow, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD supplemented either with 10% nonfermentable fiber cellulose or fermentable flaxseed fibers for 12 wk to assess changes in cecal gut microbiota, enteroendocrine cell transcriptome in the ileum and colon, and physiological parameters. We observed that flaxseed fibers restructured the gut microbiota and promoted proliferation of the genera Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia compared with HFD. The shifts in cecal bacterial composition restored levels of the SCFAs butyrate similar to the chow diet, resulting in colonic but not ileal enteroendocrine cell transcriptional changes in genes related to cell cycle, mRNA, and protein transport compared with HFD. Consistent with the effects on enteroendocrine functions, flaxseed fibers also protected mice from diet-induced obesity, potentially by preventing a reduction in energy expenditure induced by an HFD. Our study shows that flaxseed fibers alter cecal microbial ecology, are fermented to SCFAs in the cecum, and modulate enteroendocrine cell transcriptome in the colon, which may contribute to their metabolically favorable phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Arora
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Olga Rudenko
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Lihme Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anna Sofie Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Rozita Akrami
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Mette Kristensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Clinical Pharmacology Obesity, Soeborg, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Hu X, Deng J, Yu T, Chen S, Ge Y, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Ying H, Zhai Q, Chen Y, Yuan F, Niu Y, Shu W, Chen H, Ma C, Liu Z, Guo F. ATF4 Deficiency Promotes Intestinal Inflammation in Mice by Reducing Uptake of Glutamine and Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1098-1111. [PMID: 30452920 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) regulates genes involved in the inflammatory response, amino acid metabolism, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We investigated whether its activity is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and mice with enterocolitis. METHODS We obtained biopsy samples during endoscopy from inflamed and/or uninflamed regions of the colon from 21 patients with active Crohn's disease (CD), 22 patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC), and 38 control individuals without IBD and of the ileum from 19 patients with active CD and 8 individuals without IBD in China. Mice with disruption of Atf4 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (Atf4ΔIEC mice) and Atf4-floxed mice (controls) were given dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Some mice were given injections of recombinant defensin α1 (DEFA1) and supplementation of l-alanyl-glutamine or glutamine in drinking water. Human and mouse ileal and colon tissues were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Serum and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) amino acids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Levels of ATF4 were knocked down in IEC-18 cells with small interfering RNAs. Microbiomes were analyzed in ileal feces from mice by using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. RESULTS Levels of ATF4 were significantly decreased in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with active CD or active UC compared with those from uninflamed regions or intestinal mucosa from control individuals. ATF4 was also decreased in colonic epithelia from mice with colitis vs mice without colitis. Atf4ΔIEC mice developed spontaneous enterocolitis and colitis of greater severity than control mice after administration of DSS. Atf4ΔIEC mice had decreased serum levels of glutamine and reduced levels of antimicrobial peptides, such as Defa1, Defa4, Defa5, Camp, and Lyz1, in ileal Paneth cells. Atf4ΔIEC mice had alterations in ileal microbiomes compared with control mice; these changes were reversed by administration of glutamine. Injections of DEFA1 reduced the severity of spontaneous enteritis and DSS-induced colitis in Atf4ΔIEC mice. We found that expression of solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5), a glutamine transporter, was directly regulated by ATF4 in cell lines. Overexpression of SLC1A5 in IEC-18 or primary IEC cells increased glutamine uptake and expression of antimicrobial peptides. Knockdown of ATF4 in IEC-18 cells increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, whereas overexpression of SLC1A5 in the knockdown cells reduced cytokine expression. Levels of SLC1A5 were decreased in inflamed intestinal mucosa of patients with CD and UC and correlated with levels of ATF4. CONCLUSIONS Levels of ATF4 are decreased in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with active CD or UC. In mice, ATF4 deficiency reduces glutamine uptake by intestinal epithelial cells and expression of antimicrobial peptides by decreasing transcription of Slc1a5. ATF4 might therefore be a target for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Deng
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feixiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weigang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyun Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Feifan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Kelp G, Arju N, Lee A, Esquivel E, Delgado R, Yu Y, Dutta-Gupta S, Sokolov K, Shvets G. Application of metasurface-enhanced infra-red spectroscopy to distinguish between normal and cancerous cell types. Analyst 2019; 144:1115-1127. [PMID: 30702730 PMCID: PMC6437688 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of biological cells can reveal clinically important information about cells' composition, including their normal or cancerous status. The recently emerged diagnostic technique of spectral cytopathology (SCP) combines FTIR with multivariate statistical analysis to detect cell abnormalities, differentiate between cell types, and monitor disease progression. We demonstrate a new variant of SCP, a metasurface-enhanced infrared reflection spectroscopic cytopathology (MEIRSC) that utilises judiciously designed plasmonic metasurfaces to localize and enhance the evanescent field near the cell's membrane, and to carry out spectroscopic interrogations of the cells attached to the metasurface using reflected infrared light. Our findings indicate that the MEIRSC approach enables us to differentiate between normal and cancerous human colon cells. The sensitivity of MEIRSC is such that a very small (about 50 nm deep) portion of the cell can yield valuable diagnostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kelp
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - N Arju
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - A Lee
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - E Esquivel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R Delgado
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Y Yu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - S Dutta-Gupta
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India
| | - K Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - G Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Reynolds CJ, Koszewski NJ, Horst RL, Beitz DC, Goff JP. Localization of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d-mediated response in the intestines of mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:56-60. [PMID: 30236486 PMCID: PMC6342631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D) elicits a transcriptional response in the intestines. Assessments of this response are often derived from crude tissue homogenates and eliminate the ability to discriminate among different cell types. Here, we used an RNA in situ hybridization assay, RNAScope (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Newark, CA), to identify the cells in the intestine that respond to 1,25(OH)2D with expression of cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp24a1) mRNA. Mice were gavaged with a single bolus dose of 1,25(OH)2D to target the duodenum or a glucuronic acid conjugate of 1,25(OH)2D, β-G-1,25(OH)2D, to target the colon. QRT-PCR analysis of Cyp24a1 mRNA verified that the 1,25(OH)2D-induced responses were present. RNAScope revealed that the mRNA response present after six hours is limited to mature enterocytes exposed to the intestinal lumen in both the duodenum and colon. No detectable expression was observed in goblet cells, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa muscle, submucosa and submucosal lymphoid follicles, or tunica muscularis. Our findings have identified epithelial enterocytes to be the intestinal targets for 1,25(OH)2D in both the duodenum and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Reynolds
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Koszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
| | - Ronald L Horst
- Heartland Assays, 2711 South Loop Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA.
| | - Donald C Beitz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 806 Stange Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
| | - Jesse P Goff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
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Gronke K, Hernández PP, Zimmermann J, Klose CSN, Kofoed-Branzk M, Guendel F, Witkowski M, Tizian C, Amann L, Schumacher F, Glatt H, Triantafyllopoulou A, Diefenbach A. Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells against genotoxic stress. Nature 2019; 566:249-253. [PMID: 30700914 PMCID: PMC6420091 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental genotoxic factors pose a challenge to the genomic integrity of epithelial cells at barrier surfaces that separate host organisms from the environment. They can induce mutations that, if they occur in epithelial stem cells, contribute to malignant transformation and cancer development1-3. Genome integrity in epithelial stem cells is maintained by an evolutionarily conserved cellular response pathway, the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR culminates in either transient cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair or elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis4,5. Here we show that the cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), produced by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and γδ T cells, is an important regulator of the DDR machinery in intestinal epithelial stem cells. Using a new mouse model that enables sporadic inactivation of the IL-22 receptor in colon epithelial stem cells, we demonstrate that IL-22 is required for effective initiation of the DDR following DNA damage. Stem cells deprived of IL-22 signals and exposed to carcinogens escaped DDR-controlled apoptosis, contained more mutations and were more likely to give rise to colon cancer. We identified metabolites of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals contained in cruciferous vegetables, to be a widespread source of genotoxic stress in intestinal epithelial cells. These metabolites are ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)6, and AhR-mediated signalling in ILC3 and γδ T cells controlled their production of IL-22. Mice fed with diets depleted of glucosinolates produced only very low levels of IL-22 and, consequently, the DDR in epithelial cells of mice on a glucosinolate-free diet was impaired. This work identifies a homeostatic network protecting stem cells against challenge to their genome integrity by AhR-mediated 'sensing' of genotoxic compounds from the diet. AhR signalling, in turn, ensures on-demand production of IL-22 by innate lymphocytes directly regulating components of the DDR in epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Gronke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pedro P Hernández
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Macrophages and Development of Immunity, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kofoed-Branzk
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Guendel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Tizian
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Amann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hansruedi Glatt
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Potsdam, Germany
- Department Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Innate Immunity in Rheumatic Diseases, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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81
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Abstract
Multiple studies focused on tumor heterogeneity and cellular hierarchies have demonstrated the role of cancer stem cells (CSC) in tumor initiation and recurrence. Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death and is hierarchically organized, with the majority of tumor cells descending from a small population of colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs). Such a rare self-renewing population is marked by the acquisition of distinct chromatin regulation and transcriptional programs. Fundamental molecular deviations between CCSCs and bulk tumor cells as well as normal tissues represent a unique therapeutic access to develop novel, selective anticancer therapies.In this chapter, we describe a methodological pipeline to identify novel molecules to selectively target human CCSC. We present a point-by-point description of a typical phenotypic molecular screening experiment, aiming to identify selective modulators of human CCSCs vs. normal intestinal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D Benoit
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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82
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Abstract
The tissue engineering method of decellularization and recellularization has been successfully used in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. The protocols used to de/recellularize various organs and tissues are largely different. Here we describe a method to effectively engineer a bioartificial colon by completely removing original cells from human intestinal tissues followed by repopulating the acellular tissue matrix with cell cultures. This method provides a novel approach for human intestinal regeneration and can be used to identify potential cancer driver genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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83
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced in the gut from cysteine by epithelial cells and by the intestinal microbiota. Initially considered as a toxic gas, the pleiotropic effects of H2S are now recognized, especially in the colonic mucosa. The aim of this review is to present new experimental data indicating that cysteine-derived H2S is emerging as a key regulator of gut health. RECENT FINDINGS Cysteine degradation by the microbiota emerged as a dominant pathway for H2S production. Among bacteria producing H2S from cysteine, Fusobacterium appears as a pivotal genus associated with digestive diseases. H2S promotes or alleviates mucosal inflammation, mostly according to its high (high micromolar to millimolar) or low (nanomolar to low micromolar) concentration, respectively. H2S maintains the integrity of the mucus layer when derived from endogenous metabolism but is detrimental for this parameter when produced in excess by gut microbes. In inflammatory bowel diseases, an upregulation of H2S production from cysteine by the gut microbiota is observed concomitantly with a downregulation of enzymes implicated in its mucosal detoxification. In colorectal cancer patients, an upregulation of both endogenous and microbial H2S production from cysteine are observed at tumor site that might contribute to disease progression. SUMMARY H2S is a double-edge sword for the intestinal epithelium. This is related to the bell-shaped effects of H2S, with protective effect at low concentration but deleterious effects at higher concentrations. As the gut microbiota produces much more H2S from cysteine than endogenous metabolism, we consider that the bacterial or epithelial source of H2S is a major determinant of its effects for intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Eunjung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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84
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Abstract
Colonic organoids, three-dimensional colonic crypts grown in vitro that show realistic microanatomy, have many potential applications for studying physiology, developmental biology, and pathophysiology of intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Here, we describe detailed protocols for mouse colonic crypt isolation, organoid culture, and downstream applications. Specific culture strategies including growth factor enriched Matrigel and Wnt and R-spondin conditioned media serve as key factors for enhancing the growth and cost efficiency of colonic organoid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, 112 Cater-Mattil, MS 2253, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, 112 Cater-Mattil, MS 2253, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, USA
- Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, 112 Cater-Mattil, MS 2253, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, 112 Cater-Mattil, MS 2253, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, USA.
- Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, Texas A&M University, 112 Cater-Mattil, MS 2253, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, USA.
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85
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Abstract
An organoid is a cellular structure three-dimensionally (3D) cultured from self-organizing stem cells in vitro, which has a cell population, architectures, and organ specific functions like the originating organs. Recent advances in the 3D culture of isolated intestinal crypts or gastric glands have enabled the generation of human gastrointestinal epithelial organoids. Gastrointestinal organoids recapitulate the human in vivo physiology because of all the intestinal epithelial cell types that differentiated and proliferated from tissue resident stem cells. Thus far, gastrointestinal organoids have been extensively used for generating gastrointestinal disease models. This protocol describes the method of isolating a gland or crypt using stomach or colon tissue after surgery and establishing them into gastroids or colonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung Hahn
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea
| | - Jongman Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
- CHA Biocomplex, 335 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, South Korea.
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86
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Zheng G, Kalinin AA, Dinov ID, Meixner W, Zhu S, Wiley JW. Hypothesis: Caco-2 cell rotational 3D mechanogenomic turing patterns have clinical implications to colon crypts. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:6380-6385. [PMID: 30255651 PMCID: PMC6237597 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon crypts are recognized as a mechanical and biochemical Turing patterning model. Colon epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayer demonstrated 2D Turing patterns via force analysis of apical tight junction live cell imaging which illuminated actomyosin meshwork linking the actomyosin network of individual cells. Actomyosin forces act in a mechanobiological manner that alters cell/nucleus/tissue morphology. We observed the rotational motion of the nucleus in Caco-2 cells that appears to be driven by actomyosin during the formation of a differentiated confluent epithelium. Single- to multi-cell ring/torus-shaped genomes were observed prior to complex fractal Turing patterns extending from a rotating torus centre in a spiral pattern consistent with a gene morphogen motif. These features may contribute to the well-described differentiation from stem cells at the crypt base to the luminal colon epithelium along the crypt axis. This observation may be useful to study the role of mechanogenomic processes and the underlying molecular mechanisms as determinants of cellular and tissue architecture in space and time, which is the focal point of the 4D nucleome initiative. Mathematical and bioengineer modelling of gene circuits and cell shapes may provide a powerful algorithm that will contribute to future precision medicine relevant to a number of common medical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zheng
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Alexandr A. Kalinin
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR)University of Michigan School of NursingAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Ivo D. Dinov
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
- Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR)University of Michigan School of NursingAnn ArborMichigan
- Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS)University of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Walter Meixner
- Department of Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Digestive DiseasesBeijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- National Center for Clinical Medical Research of Digestive DiseasesBeijingChina
| | - John W. Wiley
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan Medical SchoolAnn ArborMichigan
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87
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Lu C, Huang X, Lu HL, Liu SH, Zang JY, Li YJ, Chen J, Xu WX. Different distributions of interstitial cells of Cajal and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cells in colonic smooth muscle cell/interstitial cell of Cajal/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive cell syncytium in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4989-5004. [PMID: 30510374 PMCID: PMC6262248 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i44.4989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the distribution and function of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α positive (PDGFRα+) cells in the proximal and distal colon.
METHODS The comparison of colonic transit in the proximal and distal ends was performed by colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs). The tension of the colonic smooth muscle was examined by smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments with both ends of the smooth muscle strip tied with a silk thread. Intracellular recordings were used to assess electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) on the colonic smooth muscle. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression levels of ICCs and PDGFRα in the colonic smooth muscle.
RESULTS Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) significantly increased the CMMC frequency and spontaneous contractions, especially in the proximal colon, while treatment with MRS2500 increased only distal CMMC activity and smooth muscle contractions. Both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions were markedly inhibited by NPPB, especially in the proximal colon. Accordingly, CyPPA sharply inhibited the distal contraction of both CMMCs and spontaneous contractions. Additionally, the amplitude of stimulation-induced nitric oxide (NO)/ICC-dependent slow IJPs (sIJPs) by intracellular recordings from the smooth muscles in the proximal colon was larger than that in the distal colon, while the amplitude of electric field stimulation-induced purinergic/PDGFRα-dependent fast IJPs (fIJPs) in the distal colon was larger than that in the proximal colon. Consistently, protein expression levels of c-Kit and anoctamin-1 (ANO1) in the proximal colon were much higher, while protein expression levels of PDGFRα and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3 (SK3) in the distal colon were much higher.
CONCLUSION The ICCs are mainly distributed in the proximal colon and there are more PDGFRα+ cells are in the distal colon, which generates a pressure gradient between the two ends of the colon to propel the feces to the anus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong-Li Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shao-Hua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ren Ji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201112, China
| | - Jing-Yu Zang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Jia Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Xie Xu
- Department of Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, China
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88
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Abstract
Colon cancer is still one of the most common causes of cancer in human and is characterized by lymphocyte infiltrates and originates from the epithelial cells found in the lining of colon or rectum of the gastrointestinal tract. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are composed of the multipotent stem cell group of stroma and can be differentiated as various cell lineages, such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. MSCs provide mechanical and structural support and have potential functions during tumor growth and metastasis. The efficacy of MSC-based therapies is partly dependent on the migration and homing of MSCs to tumors and metastatic sites. However, their migratory and engraftment potential is poorly understood. In this review, the characteristics and mechanisms of MSC's dynamic interaction with colon cancer were summarized, particularly the potential functions of MSCs on colon cancer, including its role in improving tumor growth and as a potential candidate for tumor therapy. Understanding MSC homing provides new insights into the manipulation of MSC and the improvement of their efficacy for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Qiyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, China
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89
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Flemming S, Luissint AC, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Analysis of leukocyte transepithelial migration using an in vivo murine colonic loop model. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99722. [PMID: 30333307 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that control leukocyte migration across the vascular endothelium (transendothelial migration; TEndoM) have been extensively characterized in vivo, but details of leukocyte transepithelial migration (TEpM) and its dysregulation (a pathologic feature of many mucosal diseases) are missing due to the lack of suitable animal models. Here, we describe a murine model that utilizes a vascularized proximal colonic segment (pcLoop) and enables quantitative studies of leukocyte trafficking across colonic epithelium. Consistent with previous in vitro studies, intraluminal injection of antibodies against integrin CD11b/CD18 reduced recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) into the lumen of pcLoops, and it increased subepithelial accumulation of PMN. We extended studies using the pcLoop to determine contributions of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A, or F11R) in PMN TEpM and confirmed that mice with total loss of JAM-A or mice with intestinal epithelial selective loss of JAM-A had increased colonic permeability. Furthermore, there was reduced PMN migration into the colonic lumen that paralleled subepithelial accumulation of PMN in global-KO mice, as well as in intestinal epithelial-targeted JAM-A-deficient mice. These findings highlight a potentially novel role for JAM-A in regulating PMN TEpM in vivo and demonstrate utility of this model for identifying receptors that may be targeted in vivo to reduce pathologic intestinal inflammation.
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90
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Peiris M, Aktar R, Raynel S, Hao Z, Mumphrey MB, Berthoud HR, Blackshaw LA. Effects of Obesity and Gastric Bypass Surgery on Nutrient Sensors, Endocrine Cells, and Mucosal Innervation of the Mouse Colon. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1529. [PMID: 30336615 PMCID: PMC6213226 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrient-sensing receptors located on enteroendocrine (EEC) cells modulate appetite via detection of luminal contents. Colonic 'tasting' of luminal contents may influence changes to appetite observed in obesity and after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. We assessed the effects of obesity and gastric bypass-induced weight loss on expression of nutrient-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), EEC and enterochromaffin (EC) cells and mucosal innervation. METHODS qPCR and immunohistochemistry were used to study colonic tissue from (a) chow-fed/lean, (b) high-fat fed/obese, (c) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB), and (d) calorie restriction-induced weight loss mice. RESULTS Expression of GPR41, GPR43, GPR40, GPR120, GPR84, GPR119, GPR93 and T1R3 was increased in obese mice. Obesity-induced overexpression of GPR41, 40, 84, and 119 further increased after RYGB whereas GPR120 and T1R3 decreased. RYGB increased TGR5 expression. L-cells, but not EC cells, were increased after RYGB. No differences in mucosal innervation by protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and GLP-1R-positive nerve fibers were observed. Stimulation of colonic mucosa with GPR41, GPR40, GPR85, GPR119, and TGR5 agonists increased cell activation marker expression. CONCLUSIONS Several nutrient-sensing receptors induced activation of colonic EEC. Profound adaptive changes to the expression of these receptors occur in response to diet and weight loss induced by RYGB or calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Sarah Raynel
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Zheng Hao
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Michael B Mumphrey
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - L Ashley Blackshaw
- Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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91
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Hiraishi K, Kurahara LH, Sumiyoshi M, Hu YP, Koga K, Onitsuka M, Kojima D, Yue L, Takedatsu H, Jian YW, Inoue R. Daikenchuto (Da-Jian-Zhong-Tang) ameliorates intestinal fibrosis by activating myofibroblast transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4036-4053. [PMID: 30254408 PMCID: PMC6148431 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i35.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the traditional oriental herbal medicine Daikenchuto (DKT) associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels in intestinal myofibroblasts.
METHODS Inflammatory and fibrotic changes were detected in a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) chronic colitis model of wild-type and TRPA1-knockout (TRPA1-KO) mice via pathological staining and immunoblotting analysis. Ca2+ imaging experiments examined the effects of DKT and its components/ingredients on intestinal myofibroblast (InMyoFib) cell TRPA1 channel function. Pro-fibrotic factors and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-associated signaling were tested in an InMyoFib cell line by qPCR and immunoblotting experiments. Samples from non-stenotic and stenotic regions of the intestines of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) were used for pathological analysis.
RESULTS Chronic treatment with TNBS caused more severe inflammation and fibrotic changes in TRPA1-KO than in wild-type mice. A one-week enema administration of DKT reduced fibrotic lesions in wild-type but not in TRPA1-KO mice. The active ingredients of DKT, i.e., hydroxy α-sanshool and 6-shogaol, induced Ca2+ influxes in InMyoFib, and this was antagonized by co-treatment with a selective TRPA1 channel blocker, HC-030031. DKT counteracted TGF-β1-induced expression of Type I collagen and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), which were accompanied by a reduction in the phosphorylation of Smad-2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and the expression of myocardin. Importantly, 24-h incubation with a DKT active component Japanese Pepper increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPA1 in InMyoFibs, which in turn negatively regulated collagen synthesis. In the stenotic regions of the intestines of CD patients, TRPA1 expression was significantly enhanced.
CONCLUSION The effects of DKT on the expression and activation of the TRPA1 channel could be advantageous for suppressing intestinal fibrosis, and benefit inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Hiraishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Lin-Hai Kurahara
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Miho Sumiyoshi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Yao-Peng Hu
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Miki Onitsuka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Daibo Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Hidetoshi Takedatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
| | - Yu-Wen Jian
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Ryuji Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
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92
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Barszcz M, Taciak M, Tuśnio A, Święch E, Bachanek I, Kowalczyk P, Borkowski A, Skomiał J. The effect of dietary level of two inulin types differing in chain length on biogenic amine concentration, oxidant-antioxidant balance and DNA repair in the colon of piglets. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202799. [PMID: 30192784 PMCID: PMC6128538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary level of two types of inulin on amine concentration, redox status and DNA glycosylase activity in the colon of piglets was investigated. Seven groups of piglets were fed diets without inulin addition (control) or with 1%, 2% or 3% inulin with an average degree of polymerisation of 10 (IN10) or 23 (IN23) for 40 days. The 2% and 3% IN10 diets increased tryptamine concentration in the proximal colon, while methylamine concentration in the distal colon was increased by the 1% and 3% IN10 diets. The 1% and 2% IN23 diets increased phenylethylamine and methylamine concentration in the proximal colon, respectively, while 1,7-diaminoheptane content was increased by both diets. Its concentration in the middle and distal colon was increased by the 1% and 2% IN23 diet, respectively. There was no improvement in the oxidant-antioxidant balance in colonic digesta of piglets fed IN10 and IN23 diets. Piglets fed IN10 diets had lower 1,N6-etheno-2’-deoxyadenosine excision activity in each colon segment, as compared with the control group. It was also reduced by the 2% and 3% IN23 diets in the proximal colon, while in the middle and distal colon by all IN23 diets. Feeding all IN10 and IN23 diets reduced 3,N4-etheno-2’-deoxycytidine and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine excision activities in each colon segment. Feeding IN10 and IN23 diets neither decreased amine concentrations nor improved the oxidant-antioxidant balance in colonic digesta of piglets. However, both types of inulin efficiently reduced the activity of DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Anna Tuśnio
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Ewa Święch
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Ilona Bachanek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Andrzej Borkowski
- Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jabłonna, Poland
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93
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Zhang D, Ren YB, Wei K, Hong J, Yang YT, Wu LJ, Zhang J, Shi Z, Wu HG, Ma XP. Herb-partitioned moxibustion alleviates colon injuries in ulcerative colitis rats. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3384-3397. [PMID: 30122878 PMCID: PMC6092579 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i30.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe the effect of herb-partitioned moxibustion (HPM) on expression of colonic cytokines in ulcerative colitis (UC) rats.
METHODS A UC rat model was established by protein immunization in combination with topical chemical stimulation. Rats in the HPM group (n = 8) received HPM at bilateral Tianshu (ST25) points. The gross injury and pathological scores of the colon were recorded. The expression profile of colonic cytokines was assayed using the protein microarray technique. Specific differential cytokines were selected and verified by ELISA. The corresponding UniProt Accessions of the differentially expressed cytokines were retrieved in the UniProt database. The pathways involved were analyzed with the help of the KEGG PATHWAY database. The DAVID database was used for functional cluster and pathway analysis.
RESULTS HPM improved colon injuries in UC rats, manifested by accelerated repair of ulcers and alleviation of inflammation, and the gross injury and pathological scores both significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Fold change > 1.3 or < 0.77 was taken as the screening standard. There were 77 down-regulated and 9 up-regulated differentially expressed colonic cytokines in the HPM group compared with the model group, and expression of 20 differed significantly (P < 0.05). Twelve of the 20 significantly differentially expressed cytokines [β-catenin, interleukin-1 receptor 6 (IL-1R6), IL-1β, B7-1, nerve growth factor receptor, AMP-activated protein kinase-α1, neuropilin-2, orexin A, adipocyte differentiation-related protein, IL-2, Fas and FasL] were up-regulated in the model group (n = 3, compared with the normal group) but down-regulated in the HPM group (n = 3, compared with the model group). Functional cluster analysis showed that the differentially expressed colonic cytokines in the HPM group regulated apoptosis and protein phosphorylation. KEGG pathway analysis showed that 52 down-regulated and 7 up-regulated differentially expressed colonic cytokines in the HPM group had pathways. The pathways that interacted between the cytokines and their receptors accounted for the largest proportion (28 of the down-regulated and 5 of the up-regulated cytokines).
CONCLUSION HPM promotes the repair of colon injuries in UC rats, which is related to the regulation of several abnormally expressed cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan-Bo Ren
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, North Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jue Hong
- Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan-Ting Yang
- Yueyang Clinical Medicine School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Jie Wu
- Yueyang Clinical Medicine School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Yueyang Clinical Medicine School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huan-Gan Wu
- Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Ma
- Laboratory of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Immunology, Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Yueyang Clinical Medicine School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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94
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Nicholson AM, Olpe C, Hoyle A, Thorsen AS, Rus T, Colombé M, Brunton-Sim R, Kemp R, Marks K, Quirke P, Malhotra S, Ten Hoopen R, Ibrahim A, Lindskog C, Myers MB, Parsons B, Tavaré S, Wilkinson M, Morrissey E, Winton DJ. Fixation and Spread of Somatic Mutations in Adult Human Colonic Epithelium. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:909-918.e8. [PMID: 29779891 PMCID: PMC5989058 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the means and timing by which mutations become fixed in the human colonic epithelium by visualizing somatic clones and mathematical inference. Fixation requires two sequential steps. First, one of approximately seven active stem cells residing within each colonic crypt has to be mutated. Second, the mutated stem cell has to replace neighbors to populate the entire crypt in a process that takes several years. Subsequent clonal expansion due to crypt fission is infrequent for neutral mutations (around 0.7% of all crypts undergo fission in a single year). Pro-oncogenic mutations subvert both stem cell replacement to accelerate fixation and clonal expansion by crypt fission to achieve high mutant allele frequencies with age. The benchmarking of these behaviors allows the advantage associated with different gene-specific mutations to be compared irrespective of the cellular mechanisms by which they are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Nicholson
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Cora Olpe
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alice Hoyle
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Ann-Sofie Thorsen
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Teja Rus
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mathilde Colombé
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | | | - Richard Kemp
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kate Marks
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Level 4, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Phil Quirke
- Pathology and Tumour Biology, Level 4, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St. James University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Ashraf Ibrahim
- Department of Histopathology, Box 235, CUHFT, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Meagan B Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, HFT-120, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Barbara Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, HFT-120, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Norwich Research Park BioRepository, James Watson Road, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Edward Morrissey
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Douglas J Winton
- Cancer Research-UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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95
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Ding D, Li C, Zhao T, Li D, Yang L, Zhang B. LncRNA H19/miR-29b-3p/PGRN Axis Promoted Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Acting on Wnt Signaling. Mol Cells 2018; 41:423-435. [PMID: 29754471 PMCID: PMC5974619 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation was aimed at working out the combined role of lncRNA H19, miR-29b and Wnt signaling in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In the aggregate, 185 CRC tissues and corresponding para-carcinoma tissues were gathered. The human CRC cell lines (i.e. HT29, HCT116, SW480 and SW620) and normal colorectal mucosa cell line (NCM460) were also purchased. Si-H19, si-NC, miR-29b-3p mimics, miR-29b-3p inhibitor, si-PGRN and negative control (NC) were, respectively, transfected into the CRC cells. Lucif-erase reporter plasmids were prepared to evaluate the transduction activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was arranged to confirm the targeted relationship between H19 and miR-29b-3p, as well as between miR-29b-3p and PGRN. Finally, the proliferative and invasive capacities of CRC cells were appraised through transwell, MTT and scratch assays. As a result, over-expressed H19 and down-expressed miR-29b-3p displayed close associations with the CRC patients' poor prognosis (P < 0.05). Besides, transfection with si-H19, miR-29b-3p mimic or si-PGRN were correlated with elevated E-cadherin expression, decreased snail and vimentin expressions, as well as less-motivated cell proliferation and cell metastasis (P < 0.05). Moreover, H19 was verified to directly target miR-29b-3p based on the luciferase reporter gene assay (P < 0.05), and miR-29b-3p also bound to PGRN in a direct manner (P < 0.05). Finally, addition of LiCl (Wnt/β-catenin pathway activator) or XAV93920 (Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor) would cause remarkably altered E-cadherin, c-Myc, vimentin and snail expressions, as well as significantly changed transcriptional activity of β-catenin/Tcf reporter plasmid (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the lncRNA H19/miR-29b-3p/PGRN/Wnt axis counted a great deal for seeking appropriate diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
| | - Changfeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
| | - Tiancheng Zhao
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033,
P.R. China
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96
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Williamson IA, Arnold JW, Samsa LA, Gaynor L, DiSalvo M, Cocchiaro JL, Carroll I, Azcarate-Peril MA, Rawls JF, Allbritton NL, Magness ST. A High-Throughput Organoid Microinjection Platform to Study Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Luminal Physiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:301-319. [PMID: 30123820 PMCID: PMC6092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background & Aims The human gut microbiota is becoming increasingly recognized as a key factor in homeostasis and disease. The lack of physiologically relevant in vitro models to investigate host-microbe interactions is considered a substantial bottleneck for microbiota research. Organoids represent an attractive model system because they are derived from primary tissues and embody key properties of the native gut lumen; however, access to the organoid lumen for experimental perturbation is challenging. Here, we report the development and validation of a high-throughput organoid microinjection system for cargo delivery to the organoid lumen and high-content sampling. Methods A microinjection platform was engineered using off-the-shelf and 3-dimensional printed components. Microinjection needles were modified for vertical trajectories and reproducible injection volumes. Computer vision (CVis) and microfabricated CellRaft Arrays (Cell Microsystems, Research Triangle Park, NC) were used to increase throughput and enable high-content sampling of mock bacterial communities. Modeling preformed using the COMSOL Multiphysics platform predicted a hypoxic luminal environment that was functionally validated by transplantation of fecal-derived microbial communities and monocultures of a nonsporulating anaerobe. Results CVis identified and logged locations of organoids suitable for injection. Reproducible loads of 0.2 nL could be microinjected into the organoid lumen at approximately 90 organoids/h. CVis analyzed and confirmed retention of injected cargos in approximately 500 organoids over 18 hours and showed the requirement to normalize for organoid growth for accurate assessment of barrier function. CVis analyzed growth dynamics of a mock community of green fluorescent protein- or Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein-expressing bacteria, which grew within the organoid lumen even in the presence of antibiotics to control media contamination. Complex microbiota communities from fecal samples survived and grew in the colonoid lumen without appreciable changes in complexity. Conclusions High-throughput microinjection into organoids represents a next-generation in vitro approach to investigate gastrointestinal luminal physiology and the gastrointestinal microbiota.
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Key Words
- 2D, 2-dimensional
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- Anaerobic
- Barrier Function
- CAG, chicken beta-actin promoter with CMV enhancer
- CFU, colony-forming unit
- CRA, CellRaft Array
- CVis, computer vision
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fecal Microbiota
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HF, hydrogen fluoride
- High-Content Sampling
- High-Throughput
- Microinjection
- OUT, operational taxonomic unit
- Organoid
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- WT, wild-type
- hiPS, Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Williamson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason W. Arnold
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leigh Ann Samsa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liam Gaynor
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew DiSalvo
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jordan L. Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ian Carroll
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - John F. Rawls
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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97
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Boulete IM, Thadi A, Beaufrand C, Patwa V, Joshi A, Foss JA, Eddy EP, Eutamene H, Palejwala VA, Theodorou V, Shailubhai K. Oral treatment with plecanatide or dolcanatide attenuates visceral hypersensitivity via activation of guanylate cyclase-C in rat models. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1888-1900. [PMID: 29740204 PMCID: PMC5937206 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of plecanatide and dolcanatide on maintenance of paracellular permeability, integrity of tight junctions and on suppression of visceral hypersensitivity.
METHODS Transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran was measured to assess permeability across cell monolayers and rat colon tissues. Effects of plecanatide and dolcanatide on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 and T84 monolayers and on the expression and localization of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Anti-nociceptive activity of these agonists was evaluated in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory as well as in non-inflammatory partial restraint stress (PRS) rat models. Statistical significance between the treatment groups in the permeability studies were evaluated using unpaired t-tests.
RESULTS Treatment of T84 and Caco-2 monolayers with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly increased permeability, which was effectively suppressed when monolayers were also treated with plecanatide or dolcanatide. Similarly, when T84 and Caco-2 monolayers were treated with LPS, cell surface localization of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 was severely disrupted. When cell monolayers were treated with LPS in the presence of plecanatide or dolcanatide, occludin and ZO-1 were localized at the cell surface of adjoining cells, similar to that observed for vehicle treated cells. Treatment of cell monolayers with plecanatide or dolcanatide without LPS did not alter permeability, integrity of tight junctions and cell surface localization of either of the tight junction proteins. In rat visceral hypersensitivity models, both agonists suppressed the TNBS-induced increase in abdominal contractions in response to colorectal distension without affecting the colonic wall elasticity, and both agonists also reduced colonic hypersensitivity in the PRS model.
CONCLUSION Our results suggest that activation of GC-C signaling might be involved in maintenance of barrier function, possibly through regulating normal localization of tight junction proteins. Consistent with these findings, plecanatide and dolcanatide showed potent anti-nociceptive activity in rat visceral hypersensitivity models. These results imply that activation of GC-C signaling may be an attractive therapeutic approach to treat functional constipation disorders and inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | | | - Viren Patwa
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - John A Foss
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | - E Priya Eddy
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | | | - Vaseem A Palejwala
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | | | - Kunwar Shailubhai
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
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98
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Otsuka K, Suzuki K, Fujimichi Y, Tomita M, Iwasaki T. Cellular responses and gene expression profiles of colonic Lgr5+ stem cells after low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation exposure. J Radiat Res 2018; 59:ii18-ii22. [PMID: 29281035 PMCID: PMC5941159 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that high-dose-rate radiation induced a replenishment of the colonic Lgr5+ stem cell pool, whereas low-dose-rate radiation did not. To identify key molecules that determine the dose-rate effects on this stem cell pool, we harvested colonic Lgr5+ stem cells by cell sorting at 2 weeks after exposure to 1 Gy of high-dose-rate (30 Gy/h) or low-dose-rate (0.003 Gy/h) radiation and analyzed their gene expression profiles using RNA-Seq. We found that pathways related to DNA damage response, cell growth, cell differentiation and cell death were upregulated in Lgr5+ stem cells irradiated with high dose rates, whereas pathways related to apical junctions and extracellular signaling were upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated colonic Lgr5+ stem cells. Interestingly, biological events involving apical junctions are known to play an important role in the exclusion of transformed cells that are surrounded by normal epithelial cells through 'cell competition'. We speculated that cell competition, through apical junctions and extracellular ligands, might contribute to the dose-rate effect on Lgr5+ cell replenishment. To understand this mechanism, we focused on 69 genes that were significantly upregulated in low-dose-rate-irradiated cells, which we named DREDGE (Dose-Rate Effect Determining GEnes). Based on these findings, we propose a possible mechanism underlying the dose-rate effect observed in the colonic stem cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimichi
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Tomita
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Komae, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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99
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Varga E, Wiesenberger G, Woelflingseder L, Twaruschek K, Hametner C, Vaclaviková M, Malachová A, Marko D, Berthiller F, Adam G. Less-toxic rearrangement products of NX-toxins are formed during storage and food processing. Toxicol Lett 2018; 284:205-212. [PMID: 29277571 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Varga
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerlinde Wiesenberger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Lydia Woelflingseder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Krisztian Twaruschek
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Christian Hametner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marta Vaclaviková
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Malachová
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
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100
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Chung L, Thiele Orberg E, Geis AL, Chan JL, Fu K, DeStefano Shields CE, Dejea CM, Fathi P, Chen J, Finard BB, Tam AJ, McAllister F, Fan H, Wu X, Ganguly S, Lebid A, Metz P, Van Meerbeke SW, Huso DL, Wick EC, Pardoll DM, Wan F, Wu S, Sears CL, Housseau F. Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Coordinates a Pro-carcinogenic Inflammatory Cascade via Targeting of Colonic Epithelial Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:203-214.e5. [PMID: 29398651 PMCID: PMC5954996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pro-carcinogenic bacteria have the potential to initiate and/or promote colon cancer, in part via immune mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Using ApcMin mice colonized with the human pathobiont enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) as a model of microbe-induced colon tumorigenesis, we show that the Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) triggers a pro-carcinogenic, multi-step inflammatory cascade requiring IL-17R, NF-κB, and Stat3 signaling in colonic epithelial cells (CECs). Although necessary, Stat3 activation in CECs is not sufficient to trigger ETBF colon tumorigenesis. Notably, IL-17-dependent NF-κB activation in CECs induces a proximal to distal mucosal gradient of C-X-C chemokines, including CXCL1, that mediates the recruitment of CXCR2-expressing polymorphonuclear immature myeloid cells with parallel onset of ETBF-mediated distal colon tumorigenesis. Thus, BFT induces a pro-carcinogenic signaling relay from the CEC to a mucosal Th17 response that results in selective NF-κB activation in distal colon CECs, which collectively triggers myeloid-cell-dependent distal colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Chung
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Erik Thiele Orberg
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Abby L Geis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - June L Chan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christina E DeStefano Shields
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Christine M Dejea
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin B Finard
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Hongni Fan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Xinqun Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Andriana Lebid
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Paul Metz
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sara W Van Meerbeke
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David L Huso
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Wick
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Franck Housseau
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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