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Di Salvo E, Di Gioacchino M, Tonacci A, Casciaro M, Gangemi S. Alarmins, COVID-19 and comorbidities. Ann Med 2021; 53:777-785. [PMID: 34042528 PMCID: PMC8168739 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1921252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19 disease, is representing a worldwide threat for the medical community and the society at large so that it is being defined as "the twenty-first-century disease". Often associated with a severe cytokine storm, leading to more severe cases, it is mandatory to block such occurrence early in the disease course, to prevent the patients from having more severe, sometimes fatal, outcomes. In this framework, early detection of "danger signals", possibly represented by alarmins, can represent one of the most promising strategies to effectively tailor the disease and to better understand the underlying mechanisms eventually leading to death or severe consequences. In light of such considerations, the present article aims at evaluating the role of alarmins in patients affected by COVID-19 disease and the relationship of such compounds with the most commonly reported comorbidities. The conducted researches demonstrated yet poor literature on this specific topic, however preliminarily confirming a role for danger signals in the amplification of the inflammatory reaction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. As such, a number of chronic conditions, including metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, in turn, associated with higher levels of alarmins, both foster the infection and predispose to a worse prognosis. According to these preliminary data, prompt detection of high levels of alarmins in patients with COVID-19 and co-morbidities could suggest an immediate intense anti-inflammatory treatment.Key messageAlarmins have a role in the amplification of the inflammatory reaction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infectiona prompt detection of high levels of alarmins in patients with COVID-19 could suggest an immediate intense anti-inflammatory treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Salvo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Di Gioacchino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- YDA – Institute for Clinical Immunotherapy and Advanced Biological Treatments, Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Clinical Physiology Institute, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, Messina
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Khan ZA, Hong PJS, Lee CH, Hong Y. Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for Detecting Tryptophan and Melatonin. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6861-6888. [PMID: 34675512 PMCID: PMC8521600 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and melatonin are pleiotropic molecules, each capable of influencing several cellular, biochemical, and physiological responses. Therefore, sensitive detection of tryptophan and melatonin in pharmaceutical and human samples is crucial for human well-being. Mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are common methods for both tryptophan and melatonin analysis; however, these methods require copious amounts of time, money, and manpower. Novel electrochemical and optical detection tools have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. Recently, researchers have designed sensitive and selective electrochemical and optical platforms by using new surface modifications, microfabrication techniques, and the decoration of diverse nanomaterials with unique properties for the detection of tryptophan and melatonin. However, there is a scarcity of review articles addressing the recent developments in the electrochemical and optical detection of tryptophan and melatonin. Here, we provide a critical and objective review of high-sensitivity tryptophan and melatonin sensors that have been developed over the past six years (2015 onwards). We review the principles, performance, and limitations of these sensors. We also address critical aspects of sensitivity and selectivity, limit and range of detection, fabrication process and time, durability, and biocompatibility. Finally, we discuss challenges related to tryptophan and melatonin detection and present future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
| | - Paul Jung-Soo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Newton South High School, Newton, MA, 02459, USA
| | - Christina Hayoung Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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53
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Lee RU, Glickman GL. Sleep, Circadian Health and Melatonin for Mitigating COVID-19 and Optimizing Vaccine Efficacy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:711605. [PMID: 34489630 PMCID: PMC8416504 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel U Lee
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Immunizations, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gena L Glickman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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A pilot study on the melatonin treatment in patients with early septic shock: results of a single-center randomized controlled trial. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1913-1924. [PMID: 34468959 PMCID: PMC8408361 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the potential impact of a high dose of melatonin treatment in patients with early septic shock. METHODS Forty patients with early septic shock were randomly allocated to the melatonin or placebo groups. Besides standard-of-care treatment, melatonin and placebo were administered at a dose of 50 mg for five consecutive nights. The efficacy outcomes were severity of organ dysfunction based on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, the number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and ventilator-free days, the mean required vasopressor dose and vasopressor-free days, and 28 days all-cause mortality. RESULTS After 5-day treatment, the mean SOFA scores decreased 4.05 ± 4.75 score in the melatonin group and 2.25 ± 4.87 in the placebo group. On day 28, 60% of the melatonin-treated patients and 35% of the placebo-treated patients had a SOFA score below six. Thirteen cases in the placebo group and nine cases in the melatonin group required mechanical ventilation; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding these outcomes. The melatonin-treated patients had more ventilator-free days than placebo-treated patients over the 28-day (16.90 ± 9.24 vs. 10.00 ± 10.94; p value = 0.035). The mean reduction in the required dose of vasopressor was 6.2 ± 5.12 in the melatonin-treated patients compared to 3.20 ± 3.95 in the placebo-treated patients (p value = 0.045). Vasopressor-free days in the melatonin-treated group were also significantly more than the placebo-treated group (12.75 ± 7.43 days vs. 10.15 ± 6.12 days; p value = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study supported the potential benefits of melatonin in treating septic shock. Further clinical evidence is required for expanding and confirming these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (ID code: IRCT20120215009014N296). Registration date: 15/09/2019.
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Lu W, Wu P, He L, Meng Y, Wu P, Ding W, Liu J. Dynamic Antibody Responses in Patients with Different Severity of COVID-19: A Retrospective Study. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:1379-1390. [PMID: 34050885 PMCID: PMC8164053 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious public health event and poses a global health threat. To study the specific antibody responses would contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19. METHODS We collected complete follow-up data from 777 patients with pathogen-confirmed COVID-19 with corresponding immunoglobulin G and M (IgG/IgM) testing results. RESULTS Overall, the positive rates of IgG and IgM in severe patients were slightly higher than those in non-severe patients. In addition, higher IgG levels were detected in severe patients compared to non-severe patients (P = 0.026). Through further analysis, differences in IgG were only significant in serum samples taken in the first 14 days of disease onset (P < 0.001). On the basis of analysis of antibody expression levels at different time points in 74 patients who had undergone more than three detection tests, we found that the differences in IgG levels between the severe/non-severe patients were more pronounced than those of IgM. On multivariate logistic regression, after adjusting for cofactors, the higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) IgG levels observed in the first 14 days of disease onset were independently associated with severe COVID-19 disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.368, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.138-1.645). CONCLUSION We observed differences in antibody responses among patients with different severity of COVID-19. A high IgG level in the first 14 days of disease may be positively associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Lu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang He
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Meng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Pathak GA, Wendt FR, Goswami A, Koller D, De Angelis F, Polimanti R. ACE2 Netlas: In silico Functional Characterization and Drug-Gene Interactions of ACE2 Gene Network to Understand Its Potential Involvement in COVID-19 Susceptibility. Front Genet 2021; 12:698033. [PMID: 34512723 PMCID: PMC8429844 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.698033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor has been identified as the key adhesion molecule for the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. However, there is no evidence that human genetic variation in ACE2 is singularly responsible for COVID-19 susceptibility. Therefore, we performed an integrative multi-level characterization of genes that interact with ACE2 (ACE2-gene network) for their statistically enriched biological properties in the context of COVID-19. The phenome-wide association of 51 genes including ACE2 with 4,756 traits categorized into 26 phenotype categories, showed enrichment of immunological, respiratory, environmental, skeletal, dermatological, and metabolic domains (p < 4e-4). Transcriptomic regulation of ACE2-gene network was enriched for tissue-specificity in kidney, small intestine, and colon (p < 4.7e-4). Leveraging the drug-gene interaction database we identified 47 drugs, including dexamethasone and spironolactone, among others. Considering genetic variants within ± 10 kb of ACE2-network genes we identified miRNAs whose binding sites may be altered as a consequence of genetic variation. The identified miRNAs revealed statistical over-representation of inflammation, aging, diabetes, and heart conditions. The genetic variant associations in RORA, SLC12A6, and SLC6A19 genes were observed in genome-wide association study (GWAS) of COVID-19 susceptibility. We also report the GWAS-identified variant in 3p21.31 locus, serves as trans-QTL for RORA and RORC genes. Overall, functional characterization of ACE2-gene network highlights several potential mechanisms in COVID-19 susceptibility. The data can also be accessed at https://gpwhiz.github.io/ACE2Netlas/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita A. Pathak
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Frank R. Wendt
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aranyak Goswami
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Dora Koller
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Flavio De Angelis
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Renato Polimanti
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
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Melatonin as a Potential Adjuvant Treatment for COVID-19 beyond Sleep Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168623. [PMID: 34445329 PMCID: PMC8395320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is registered to treat circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorders and insomnia in patients aged 55 years and over. The essential role of the circadian sleep rhythm in the deterioration of sleep quality during COVID-19 confinement and the lack of an adverse effect of melatonin on respiratory drive indicate that melatonin has the potential to be a recommended treatment for sleep disturbances related to COVID-19. This review article describes the effects of melatonin additional to its sleep-related effects, which make this drug an attractive therapeutic option for treating patients with COVID-19. The preclinical data suggest that melatonin may inhibit COVID-19 progression. It may lower the risk of the entrance of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells, reduce uncontrolled hyper-inflammation and the activation of immune cells, limit the damage of tissues and multiorgan failure due to the action of free radicals, and reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and the risk of disability resulting from fibrotic changes within the lungs. Melatonin may also increase the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination. The high safety profile of melatonin and its potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects make this molecule a preferable drug for treating sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients. However, randomized clinical trials are needed to verify the clinical usefulness of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Acute Lung Injury Biomarkers in the Prediction of COVID-19 Severity: Total Thiol, Ferritin and Lactate Dehydrogenase. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081221. [PMID: 34439469 PMCID: PMC8388961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patients who develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can suffer acute lung injury, or even death. Early identification of severe disease is essential in order to control COVID-19 and improve prognosis. Oxidative stress (OS) appears to play an important role in COVID-19 pathogenesis; we therefore conceived a study of the potential discriminative ability of serum biomarkers in patients with ARDS and those with mild to moderate disease (non-ARDS). 60 subjects were enrolled in a single-centre, prospective cohort study of consecutively admitted patients: 29 ARDS/31 non-ARDS. Blood samples were drawn and marker levels analysed by spectrophotometry and immunoassay techniques. C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and ferritin were significantly higher in ARDS versus non-ARDS cases at hospital admission. Leukocytes, LDH, ferritin, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were also significantly elevated in ARDS compared to non-ARDS patients during the hospital stay. Total thiol (TT) was found to be significantly lower in ARDS. Conversely, D-dimer, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and advanced glycosylated end products (AGE) were elevated. Leukocytes, LDH, CRP, ferritin and IL-6 were found to be significantly higher in non-survivors. However, lymphocyte, tumour necrosis factor beta (TGF-β), and TT were lower. In summary, our results support the potential value of TT, ferritin and LDH as prognostic biomarkers for ARDS development in COVID-19 patients, distinguishing non-ARDS from ARDS (AUCs = 0.92; 0.91; 0.89) in a fast and cost-effective manner. These oxidative/inflammatory parameters appear to play an important role in COVID-19 monitoring and can be used in the clinical management of patients.
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Ramos E, López-Muñoz F, Gil-Martín E, Egea J, Álvarez-Merz I, Painuli S, Semwal P, Martins N, Hernández-Guijo JM, Romero A. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Key Emphasis on Melatonin Safety and Therapeutic Efficacy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1152. [PMID: 34356384 PMCID: PMC8301107 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections constitute a tectonic convulsion in the normophysiology of the hosts. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is not an exception, and therefore the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, like any other invading microbe, enacts a generalized immune response once the virus contacts the body. Melatonin is a systemic dealer that does not overlook any homeostasis disturbance, which consequently brings into play its cooperative triad, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-stimulant backbone, to stop the infective cycle of SARS-CoV-2 or any other endogenous or exogenous threat. In COVID-19, the corporal propagation of SARS-CoV-2 involves an exacerbated oxidative activity and therefore the overproduction of great amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). The endorsement of melatonin as a possible protective agent against the current pandemic is indirectly supported by its widely demonstrated beneficial role in preclinical and clinical studies of other respiratory diseases. In addition, focusing the therapeutic action on strengthening the host protection responses in critical phases of the infective cycle makes it likely that multi-tasking melatonin will provide multi-protection, maintaining its efficacy against the virus variants that are already emerging and will emerge as long as SARS-CoV-2 continues to circulate among us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, C/Castillo de Alarcón 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), Avda. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 541, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Gil-Martín
- Nutrition, Food & Plant Science Group NF1, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Javier Egea
- Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Álvarez-Merz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.Á.-M.); (J.M.H.-G.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India; (S.P.); (P.S.)
- Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- Institute for Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Jesús M. Hernández-Guijo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Teófilo Hernando Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (I.Á.-M.); (J.M.H.-G.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9100, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Martorina WJ, Tavares A. Possible role of exogenous melatonin in preventing more serious COVID-19 infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. REVISTA DA ASSOCIACAO MEDICA BRASILEIRA (1992) 2021; 67Suppl 1:18-21. [PMID: 34259775 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.67.suppl1.20200968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is more severe in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The severity of this viral infection is associated with an intense inflammatory activity. DM2 is a disease that also determines a greater degree of systemic inflammation. This is due to hyperglycemia, the higher prevalence of sleep disorders and also the low levels of melatonin, a substance with anti-inflammatory actions, in these patients. In this article, we suggest that exogenous melatonin may have an important anti-inflammatory role in preventing severe forms of COVID -19 in patients with DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner José Martorina
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences - Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Almir Tavares
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences - Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Cross KM, Landis DM, Sehgal L, Payne JD. Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy. Endocr Pract 2021; 27:850-855. [PMID: 34119679 PMCID: PMC8190272 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the use of melatonin as an early treatment option on the first day of diagnosis for COVID-19. METHODS Medical Subject Headings terms "COVID-19" and "viral diseases" were manually searched on PubMed, and relevant articles were included. RESULTS The results showed that melatonin acts to reduce reactive oxygen species-mediated damage, cytokine-induced inflammation, and lymphopenia in viral diseases similar to COVID-19. CONCLUSION These conclusions provide evidence for potential benefits in melatonin use for COVID-19 treatment as early as the day of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cross
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas.
| | - Dylan M Landis
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Laveena Sehgal
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - J Drew Payne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas
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Kolokolov OV, Salina EA, Yudina VV, Shuldyakov AA, Runnova AE. [Infections, pandemics and sleep disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:68-74. [PMID: 34078863 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study of neurological symptoms and signs connected with acute and long-term periods of infectious diseases is relevant during pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the number of patients suffering from insomnia. Sleep disturbance is an unfavorable prognostic factor for infections. Risk factors and mechanisms of sleep disturbance, their relationship with inflammation and dysfunction of the immune system in infectious diseases are presented. In particular, dysfunction of the melatonergic system as the cause of insomnia during pandemics is considered. The authors highlight the relevance of measures aimed at the rehabilitation of patients, in particular, the use of sonnovan to restore normal sleep, which is important for a person's mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Kolokolov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - E A Salina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - V V Yudina
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Shuldyakov
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A E Runnova
- Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
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63
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Darenskaya M, Kolesnikova L, Kolesnikov S. The Association of Respiratory Viruses with Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants. Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1618-1627. [PMID: 33618639 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210222113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The spread of a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic, poses a serious health problem for all humanity. Compared with the previous outbreaks of coronavirus infection in 2002 and 2012, COVID-19 infection has high rates of lethality, contagiousness, and comorbidity. The effective methods of prevention and treatment are extremely limited. Oxidative stress is actively involved in the mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of violations of homeostatic reactions in respiratory viral infections. It is important to stop systemic inflammation aimed at "extinguishing" the cytokine "storm", caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Antioxidant defense medications, such as vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine, melatonin, quercetin, glutathione, astaxanthin, polyphenols, fat-soluble vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven well in experimental and clinical studies of influenza, pneumonia, and other respiratory disorders. The use of medications with antioxidant activity could be justified and most probably would increase the effectiveness of the fight against new coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Darenskaya
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Liubov Kolesnikova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Kolesnikov
- Department of Pathophysiology, Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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64
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He F, Wu X, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ye Y, Li P, Chen S, Peng Y, Hardeland R, Xia Y. Bacteriostatic Potential of Melatonin: Therapeutic Standing and Mechanistic Insights. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683879. [PMID: 34135911 PMCID: PMC8201398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria in animals (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis) and plants (e.g., bacterial wilt, angular spot and canker) lead to high prevalence and mortality, and decomposition of plant leaves, respectively. Melatonin, an endogenous molecule, is highly pleiotropic, and accumulating evidence supports the notion that melatonin's actions in bacterial infection deserve particular attention. Here, we summarize the antibacterial effects of melatonin in vitro, in animals as well as plants, and discuss the potential mechanisms. Melatonin exerts antibacterial activities not only on classic gram-negative and -positive bacteria, but also on members of other bacterial groups, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protective actions against bacterial infections can occur at different levels. Direct actions of melatonin may occur only at very high concentrations, which is at the borderline of practical applicability. However, various indirect functions comprise activation of hosts' defense mechanisms or, in sepsis, attenuation of bacterially induced inflammation. In plants, its antibacterial functions involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway; in animals, protection by melatonin against bacterially induced damage is associated with inhibition or activation of various signaling pathways, including key regulators such as NF-κB, STAT-1, Nrf2, NLRP3 inflammasome, MAPK and TLR-2/4. Moreover, melatonin can reduce formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS), promote detoxification and protect mitochondrial damage. Altogether, we propose that melatonin could be an effective approach against various pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhuo Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikun Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyi Ye
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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65
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Alfarouk KO, AlHoufie STS, Ahmed SBM, Shabana M, Ahmed A, Alqahtani SS, Alqahtani AS, Alqahtani AM, Ramadan AM, Ahmed ME, Ali HS, Bashir A, Devesa J, Cardone RA, Ibrahim ME, Schwartz L, Reshkin SJ. Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:77-93. [PMID: 34063739 PMCID: PMC8163157 DOI: 10.3390/jox11020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, occurring due to SARS-COV-2 infection, is the most recent pandemic disease that has led to three million deaths at the time of writing. A great deal of effort has been directed towards altering the virus trajectory and/or managing the interactions of the virus with its subsequent targets in the human body; these interactions can lead to a chain reaction-like state manifested by a cytokine storm and progress to multiple organ failure. During cytokine storms the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory mediators is generally increased, which contributes to the instigation of hyper-inflammation and confers advantages to the virus. Because cytokine expression patterns fluctuate from one person to another and even within the same person from one time to another, we suggest a road map of COVID-19 management using an individual approach instead of focusing on the blockbuster process (one treatment for most people, if not all). Here, we highlight the biology of the virus, study the interaction between the virus and humans, and present potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological modulators that might contribute to the global war against SARS-COV-2. We suggest an algorithmic roadmap to manage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid O. Alfarouk
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
| | - Sari T. S. AlHoufie
- Medical Laboratories Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samrein B. M. Ahmed
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mona Shabana
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Department of Oesphogastric and General Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK;
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66446, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali M. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - AbdelRahman M. Ramadan
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah 22421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed E. Ahmed
- Research Center, Zamzam University College, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Al-Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Heyam S. Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, P. O. Box 321, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Adil Bashir
- Hala Alfarouk Cancer Center, Department of Evolutionary Pharmacology and Tumor Metabolism, Khartoum 11123, Sudan;
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Jesus Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Foltra Medical Centre, 15886 Teo, Spain;
| | - Rosa A. Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Muntaser E. Ibrahim
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | | | - Stephan J. Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy; (R.A.C.); (S.J.R.)
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66
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Hosseini A, Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh H, Aghamollaei H, Fasihi Ramandi M, Alishiri G, Shahriary A, Hassanpour K, Tat M, Farnoosh G. Evaluation of Th1 and Th2 mediated cellular and humoral immunity in patients with COVID-19 following the use of melatonin as an adjunctive treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 904:174193. [PMID: 34015316 PMCID: PMC8127523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading rapidly in the world and is still taking a heavy toll. Studies show that cytokine storms and imbalances in T-helper (Th)1/Th2 play a significant role in most acute cases of the disease. A number of medications have been suggested to treat or control the disease but have been discontinued due to their side effects. Melatonin, as an intrinsic molecule, possesses pharmacological anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that decreases in concentration with age; as a result, older people are more prone to various diseases. In this study, patients who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were given a melatonin adjuvant (9 mg daily, orally) for fourteen days. In order to measure markers of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ) as well as the expression of Th1 and Th2 regulatory genes (signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4, STAT6, GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), and T-box expressed in T cell (T-bet)), blood samples were taken from patients at the beginning and end of the treatment. Adjuvant therapy with melatonin controlled and reduced inflammatory cytokines in patients with COVID-19. Melatonin also controlled and modulated the dysregulated genes that regulate the humoral and cellular immune systems mediated by Th1 and Th2. In this study, it was shown for the first time that melatonin can be used as a medicinal adjuvant with anti-inflammatory mechanism to reduce and control inflammatory cytokines by regulating the expression of Th1 and Th2 regulatory genes in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolkarim Hosseini
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Hossein Aghamollaei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Fasihi Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gholamhossein Alishiri
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Shahriary
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Hassanpour
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Tat
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Farnoosh
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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67
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Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Banach E, Bilska K, Narozna B, Szczepankiewicz A, Reszka E, Jablonska E, Kapelski P, Skibinska M, Pawlak J. Molecular Regulation of the Melatonin Biosynthesis Pathway in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666541. [PMID: 33981243 PMCID: PMC8107693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that maintains the circadian rhythms of the body. By regulating the secretion of other hormones and neurotransmitters, it acts as a pleiotropic modulator that affects, for example, reproductive, immune, cardiovascular, sleep, and wake systems and mood. Thus, synthetic melatonin has become an essential component in the treatment of depressive disorders. Although we know the pathway of melatonin action in the brain, we lack comprehensive cross-sectional studies on the periphery of depressed patients. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the differences between healthy control subjects (n = 84) and unipolar and bipolar depression patients (n = 94), including an analysis of the melatonin pathway at the level of the genes and serum biomarkers. An innovative approach is a pilot study based on gene expression profiling carried out on clinical and cell culture models using agomelatine and melatonin. We confirmed the melatonin biosynthesis pathway's molecular regulation dysfunctions, with a specific pattern for unipolar and bipolar depression, at the AANAT gene, its polymorphisms (rs8150 and rs3760138), and examined the serum biomarkers (serotonin, AANAT, ASMT, and melatonin). The biological pathway analysis uncovered pathways and genes that were uniquely altered after agomelatine treatment in a clinical model and melatonin treatment in a cell culture model. In both models, we confirmed the immunomodulatory effect of melatonin agents in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Banach
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Bilska
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Beata Narozna
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Edyta Reszka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Kapelski
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Skibinska
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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68
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Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:429-439. [PMID: 33262177 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for the age-related difference in severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Factors proposed to explain the difference in severity of COVID-19 in children and adults include those that put adults at higher risk and those that protect children. The former include: (1) age-related increase in endothelial damage and changes in clotting function; (2) higher density, increased affinity and different distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing coronavirus antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) and T cells; (4) immunosenescence and inflammaging, including the effects of chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a higher prevalence of comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and (6) lower levels of vitamin D. Factors that might protect children include: (1) differences in innate and adaptive immunity; (2) more frequent recurrent and concurrent infections; (3) pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses; (4) differences in microbiota; (5) higher levels of melatonin; (6) protective off-target effects of live vaccines and (7) lower intensity of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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69
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Kalem AK, Kayaaslan B, Neselioglu S, Eser F, Hasanoglu İ, Aypak A, Akinci E, Akca HN, Erel O, Guner R. A useful and sensitive marker in the prediction of COVID-19 and disease severity: Thiol. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:11-17. [PMID: 33588050 PMCID: PMC7880846 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thiol-disulphide homeostasis (TDH) is a new parameter indicating oxidative stress that plays a role in the pathogenesis of various clinical disorders. Our study planned to investigate TDH in COVID-19 patients. Age and gender-matched healthy subjects (n = 70) and COVID-19 patients (n = 144) were included in the study. In addition to the routine laboratory parameters of the groups, their native thiol (NT), total thiol (TT) and disulphide levels were measured. Primarily, we compared COVID-19 patients to the healthy control group for inflammatory parameters, NT, TT and disulphide levels. Then, COVID-19 patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of the disease as mild to moderate and severe COVID-19, and the three groups were compared with each other. Predictive value of thiol parameters in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and in the determining its severity, and its correlation with presence and duration of symptoms were investigated. Severe COVID-19 patients had lower NT and TT levels compared with healthy controls and mild to moderate patients (P < 0.001 for both). The results of ROC analysis show that the greatest AUC was IL-6 and NT (AUC = 0.97, AUC = 0.96, respectively) between control and COVID-19 patients, while it was CRP and NT (AUC = 0.85, AUC = 0.83) between mild to moderate and severe patients. A negative correlation was found between duration of symptoms of dyspnoea, cough, fever, and sore throat and NT (r = -0.45, P = 0.017, r = -0.418, P < 0.001, r = -0.131, P = 0.084, r = -0.452, P = 0.040, respectively). NT and TT levels have a strong predictive value in the diagnosis of COVID-19 and in determining disease severity. Our results support that changing TDH parameters appears to have an important role in disease pathogenesis and it can be used in clinical management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kaya Kalem
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bircan Kayaaslan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Eser
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İmran Hasanoglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adalet Aypak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esragul Akinci
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Nisa Akca
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahmet Guner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Şehirli AÖ, Aksoy U, Koca-Ünsal RB, Sayıner S. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19 and periodontitis: Possible protective effect of melatonin. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110588. [PMID: 33848919 PMCID: PMC8007534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Daily new information emerges regarding the COVID-19, infection of SARS-CoV-2, which is considered a global pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) are required to complete the viral invasion pathway and are present in the oral mucosa, gingiva and periodontal pocket. Thus, increasing the likelihood of periodontitis and gingivitis caused by COVID-19. The cytokine storm during COVID-19 similarly arises during periodontal inflammation. Studies have reported that NOD-Like Receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is significant in the cytokine storm. Recently, the course of the COVID-19 has been related to the melatonin levels in both COVID-19 and periodontal diseases. It is known that melatonin prevents the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In light of these findings, we think that melatonin treatment during COVID-19 or periodontal diseases may prevent the damage seen in periodontal tissues by preventing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Umut Aksoy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Revan Birke Koca-Ünsal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kyrenia, Kyrenia 99320, Cyprus.
| | - Serkan Sayıner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; Animal Hospital, Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
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Song N, Wakimoto H, Rossignoli F, Bhere D, Ciccocioppo R, Chen KS, Khalsa JK, Mastrolia I, Samarelli AV, Dominici M, Shah K. Mesenchymal stem cell immunomodulation: In pursuit of controlling COVID-19 related cytokine storm. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:707-722. [PMID: 33586320 PMCID: PMC8014246 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has grown to be a global public health crisis with no safe and effective treatments available yet. Recent findings suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the coronavirus pathogen that causes COVID-19, could elicit a cytokine storm that drives edema, dysfunction of the airway exchange, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in the lung, followed by acute cardiac injury and thromboembolic events leading to multiorgan failure and death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), owing to their powerful immunomodulatory abilities, have the potential to attenuate the cytokine storm and have therefore been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for which several clinical trials are underway. Given that intravenous infusion of MSCs results in a significant trapping in the lung, MSC therapy could directly mitigate inflammation, protect alveolar epithelial cells, and reverse lung dysfunction by normalizing the pulmonary microenvironment and preventing pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we present an overview and perspectives of the SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammatory dysfunction and the potential of MSC immunomodulation for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 related pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Song
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deepak Bhere
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G.B. Rossi & University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasneet Kaur Khalsa
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilenia Mastrolia
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Valeria Samarelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Luo P, Liu Y, Liu D, Li J. Perspectives for the Use of N-acetylcysteine as a Candidate Drug to Treat COVID-19. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:268-272. [PMID: 33109047 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666201027160833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an ongoing pandemic worldwide. However, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs with proven clinical efficacy. Therefore, a remedial measure is urgently needed to combat the devastating COVID-19. The pharmacological activities of Nacetylcysteine (NAC) and its potential functions in inhibiting the progression of COVID-19 make it a promising therapeutic agent for the infection. In this mini-review, we discussed the therapeutic potential of NAC in COVID-19 from the perspective of its multisite pharmacological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Chavarría AP, Vázquez RRV, Cherit JGD, Bello HH, Suastegui HC, Moreno-Castañeda L, Alanís Estrada G, Hernández F, González-Marcos O, Saucedo-Orozco H, Manzano-Pech L, Márquez-Velasco R, Guarner-Lans V, Pérez-Torres I, Soto ME. Antioxidants and pentoxifylline as coadjuvant measures to standard therapy to improve prognosis of patients with pneumonia by COVID-19. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1379-1390. [PMID: 33680348 PMCID: PMC7910139 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and produces pneumonia with pulmonary alveolar collapse. In some cases it also causes sepsis and septic shock. There is no specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vitamin C (Vit C), Vitamin E (Vit E), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Melatonin (MT) increase the intracellular content of GSH, kidnap free radicals and protect DNA, proteins in the cytosol and lipids in cell membranes. Pentoxifylline (Px) has anti-inflammatory activities. Here we evaluate the effect of Vit C, Vit E, NAC, and MT plus Px in COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe pneumonia. 110 patients of either sex were included. They were divided into five groups with 22 patients each. Group 1 received Vit C + Px, group 2 Vit E + Px, group 3 NAC + Px, group 4 MT + Px, and group 5 only Px. Oxidative stress (OS) markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrites (NO2 -) were evaluated in plasma. The antioxidant therapy improved the survival scores including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), the Acute Physiology and chronic Health Evaluation II (Apache II), the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II), the Critical Illness Risk Score, Launched during COVID-19 crisis (COVIDGRAM) and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). We found that LPO (p≤0.04) and inflammation markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6, p≤ 0.01), C reactive protein (CRP, p ≤ 0.01) and procalcitonin (PCT, p ≤ 0.05) were elevated. TAC (p ≤ 0.03) and NO2 - (p ≤ 0.04) found themselves diminished in diminished in COVID-19 patients upon admission to the hospital. The different antioxidants reversed this alteration at the end of the treatment. The treatment with antioxidant supplements such as Vit C, E, NAC, and MT plus Px could decelerate the aggressive and lethal development of COVID-19. Antioxidant therapy can be effective in this pandemia since it improves the survival scores including SOFA, Apache II, SAPS II, COVIDGRAM, GCS by lowering the LPO, IL-6, CRP, PCT and increasing systemic TAC and NO2 -.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Palacios Chavarría
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
- Critical Care in American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center, I.A.P. ABC I.A.P. ABC Sur 136 No. 116 Col. Las Américas, México City 01120 , Mexico
| | - Rafael Ricardo Valdez Vázquez
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - José Guillermo Domínguez Cherit
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” Vasco de Quiroga 15, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14000, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey EMCS, Mexico
| | - Héctor Herrera Bello
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Humberto Castillejos Suastegui
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Lidia Moreno-Castañeda
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alanís Estrada
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Fabián Hernández
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Omar González-Marcos
- Critical Care Unit of the Temporal COVID-19 Unit, Citibanamex Center Av. del Conscripto 311, Lomas de Sotelo, Hipódromo de las Américas, Miguel Hidalgo, 11200 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Huitzilihuitl Saucedo-Orozco
- Cardioneumology Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico
- Cardioneumology Department, Centro Médico Nacional La Raza Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Seris y Zaachila, Col. La Raza Azcapotzalco, 02990 Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Linaloe Manzano-Pech
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Velasco
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Guarner-Lans
- Department of Physiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080 Mexico
| | - Israel Pérez-Torres
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, México City 14080, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Soto
- Department of Immunology , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Juan Badiano 1 , Sección XVI , Tlalpan , México City 14080 , Mexico
- American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center , I.A.P. ABC I.A.P. ABC Sur 136 No. 116 Col. Las Américas , México City 01120 , Mexico
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74
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Vlachou M, Siamidi A, Dedeloudi A, Konstantinidou SK, Papanastasiou IP. Pineal hormone melatonin as an adjuvant treatment for COVID‑19 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:47. [PMID: 33576451 PMCID: PMC7891824 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial properties of the pineal hormone, melatonin, as a neuroprotective and cardioprotective agent, have been previously identified. Furthermore, melatonin plays essential roles in biological rhythms resynchronization, sleep initiation/maintenance and metabolic, ocular, rheumatological diseases. In addition to these functions, melatonin is known to exert immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. Due to these properties, coupled with its non-toxic nature, melatonin has been suggested to limit viral infections; however, melatonin cannot be classified as a viricidal drug. In addition, the recent increase in the number of clinical trials on melatonin's role, as an adjuvant treatment for COVID-19, has resurged the interest of the scientific community in this hormone. The present short review aimed to improve the understanding of the antiviral/anti-COVID-19 profile of melatonin and the clinical trials that have recently been conducted, with respect to its co-administration in treating individuals with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Vlachou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Dedeloudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia K Konstantinidou
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Medical School, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis P Papanastasiou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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75
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Abstract
The circadian clock controls several aspects of mammalian physiology and orchestrates the daily oscillations of biological processes and behavior. Our circadian rhythms are driven by an endogenous central clock in the brain that synchronizes with clocks in peripheral tissues, thereby regulating our immune system and the severity of infections. These rhythms affect the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic agents and vaccines. The core circadian regulatory circuits and clock-regulated host pathways provide fertile ground to identify novel antiviral therapies. An increased understanding of the role circadian systems play in regulating virus infection and the host response to the virus will inform our clinical management of these diseases. This review provides an overview of the experimental and clinical evidence reporting on the interplay between the circadian clock and viral infections, highlighting the importance of virus-clock research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Xiaodong Zhuang, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; e-mail:
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76
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Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. A systematic review of COVID-19 and obstructive sleep apnoea. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 55:101382. [PMID: 32980614 PMCID: PMC7833740 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to review the rapidly emerging COVID-19 literature to determine 1) the relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and adverse COVID-19 outcomes and, 2) potential causal mechanisms 3) what effect COVID-19 has had on OSA diagnosis and 4) what effect COVID-19 has had on treatment and management of OSA during this period. PubMed was systematically searched up to 020620. Studies were included if they had examined the relationship between COVID-19 and OSA. Studies were included that were in English and had the full text available. The findings from this study suggest that many of the risk factors and co-morbidities associated for OSA which include obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes. There are plausible mechanisms by which OSA may independently increase one's risk of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 and data from the newly published CORONADO study suggests that OSA treated patients may be at increased risk of death from COVID-19. It is clear that the pandemic has had a major effect on the treatment management and diagnosis of OSA and moving forward it may be necessary to explore new diagnosis and treatment pathways for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Miller
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Francesco P Cappuccio
- Division of Health Sciences (Mental Health & Wellbeing), Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
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77
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Akıncı T, Melek Başar H. Relationship between sleep quality and the psychological status of patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Sleep Med 2021; 80:167-170. [PMID: 33601228 PMCID: PMC7842153 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim We explored the sleep quality of patients who required mental health and clinical interventions in our hospital after being diagnosed with COVID-19. Method We enrolled 189 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in April and May of 2020, of whom 78 were female and 111 male. We evaluated sleep quality and related factors in terms of demographic characteristics, the duration of hospitalisation, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale scores. Results All participants were divided into two groups according to PSQI score: n = 102 (54%) patients with PSQI scores ≥5 and n = 87 (46%) patients with PSQI scores <5. No significant between-group difference was evident in terms of age, gender, marital status, educational level, or chronic disease history. The duration of hospitalisation (p = 0.002) and the depression rate (p = 0.010) were higher in the group exhibiting poor sleep quality (PSQI score ≥5). Conclusion The duration of hospitalisation was longer in patients experiencing poor sleep quality. Therefore, improvement in sleep quality will reduce the length of hospital and intensive care unit stays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Akıncı
- Department of Neurology, Beylikduzu State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - H Melek Başar
- Department of Psychiatry, Beylikduzu State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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78
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Abstract
COVID-19 global pandemic has not ceased to spread worldwide since December 2019. Today, scientists and healthcare workers are urgently working to stop this viral invasion and protect the world community. Deciphering the specific cellular and molecular immune response to the new coronavirus 2019 is an essential step in order to develop effective treatment and vaccine. Recovery from COVID-19 infection was linked to appropriate immune responses. However, disease severity was correlated to impaired immune reactions. This review summarized the latest research findings on the role of immune system in fighting and also in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, it highlighted the immunological basis for the new coronavirus 2019 prevention, therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Saad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Salim Moussa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
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79
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Alper K. Case Report: Famotidine for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:614393. [PMID: 33425958 PMCID: PMC7786260 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.614393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Famotidine is of interest as a possible treatment for COVID-19, with effects on disease-related symptoms and survival reported in observational and retrospective studies, as well as in silico predictions of binding to potential SARS-CoV-2 drug targets. Published studies of famotidine for COVID-19 have focused on acute illness, and none have reported on neuropsychiatric symptoms. This case study reports on an 18-year-old man who sought psychiatric treatment for depression and anxiety, disruptive interpersonal conflicts, and impairments in attention and motivation following mildly symptomatic illness with COVID-19. The neuropsychiatric symptoms, which had been present for 16 weeks at the time of the initial evaluation represented a significant departure from the patient's previous behavioral baseline. The patient had no prior psychiatric history preceding his illness with COVID-19, and no history of any prior treatment with psychopharmacological medications. Famotidine 20 mg twice daily administered orally was begun without any additional medications. At 1-week follow-up the patient was much improved. Improvement was sustained through 12 weeks of follow-up during which the patient continued to take famotidine without apparent side effects. With progression of the COVID-19 pandemic it has become evident that persistent disease-related symptoms may follow acute COVID-19 and may include neuropsychiatric symptoms. Controlled clinical research on famotidine for COVID-19 should follow, as well as the development of valid and reliable research diagnostic criteria to define and operationalize the features of a putative COVID-19 neuropsychiatric residual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alper
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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80
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has quickly become a great public health hazard globally. Nasal epithelial cells are an important site for SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Endotypes of CRSwNP are characterized by type 1, type 2 and type 3 inflammation according to patterns of inflammatory cells and the cytokines expressed in nasal tissue. Nasal epithelial cells show the highest expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for attachment and entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, among all investigated cells in the respiratory tree. SARS-CoV-2 infection likely leads to increased activation of T-helper-1 (Th1) cell responses. Recent studies further suggest that ACE2 may be upregulated by type 1 and downregulated by type 2 inflammatory cytokines in nasal epithelial cells. SUMMARY Expression of ACE2 in nasal epithelial cells is influenced by inflammatory endotypes of CRSwNP. Type 1 inflammation in nasal tissue may increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by upregulating ACE2 expression. However, clinical association between CRSwNP and COVID-19 is still unclear.
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81
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Fatima S, Zaidi SS, Alsharidah AS, Aljaser FS, Banu N. Possible Prophylactic Approach for SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Combination of Melatonin, Vitamin C and Zinc in Animals. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:585789. [PMID: 33344529 PMCID: PMC7744567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, an epidemic, causes severe stress in both human and animals and may induce oxidative stress (OS) and increases susceptibility to infection. Domestic animals are found infected by their COVID-2 suffering owners. Chronic immobilization stress (CIS), a model of psychological and physical stress of confinement, can trigger depression and anxiety in animals. We evaluated the ameliorative effect of the proposed SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic drugs melatonin, vitamin C, and zinc on CIS-induced OS, inflammation, and DNA damage in rats. Forty male Swiss albino rats (200–250 g, 7–9 weeks old) were divided into five groups as controls, CIS, treated with melatonin (20 mg/kg), and vitamin C plus zinc [VitC+Zn (250 + 2.5 mg/kg)] alone or in combination (melatonin+VitC+zinc) subjected to CIS for 3 weeks. CIS was induced by immobilizing the whole body of the rats in wire mesh cages of their size with free movement of head. Exposure to CIS significantly compromised the circulatory activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione with enhanced malondialdehyde, inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL10, and TNFα), and lymphocyte DNA damage in comparison to controls. Treatment with melatonin and VitC+Zn alone or in combination significantly restored the altered biochemical parameters and DNA damage of stressed rats to their respective control values. However, the cumulative action of melatonin with VitC+Zn was more effective in alleviating the CIS-induced OS, inflammation, and DNA damage. The present study indicates that the antioxidant combination can be an effective preventive measure to combat severe psychological and confinement stress-induced biochemical changes in animals due to abnormal conditions such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Fatima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shams Zaidi
- Director of Pharmacy, Goulburn Valley Health, Shepparton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Feda S Aljaser
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Banu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Rehabilitation, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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82
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Jiang B, Liang S, Liang G, Wei H. Could dantrolene be explored as a repurposed drug to treat COVID-19 patients by restoring intracellular calcium homeostasis? EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 24:10228-10238. [PMID: 33090434 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202010_23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dantrolene, an FDA approved drug to treat malignant hyperthermia and muscle spasm, has been demonstrated to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mediated toxicity of host cells. Ryanodine receptor overactivation and associated disruption of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication of host cells. Dantrolene, as an inhibitor of RyRs, is expected to ameliorate these detrimental effects of SARS-CoV-2 in host cells. Additionally, dantrolene has also been shown to inhibit multiple cell or organ damage induced by hypoxia/ischemia, mitochondria damage, oxidative stresses, inflammation, impairment of autophagy and apoptosis, etc., which are often the causes of severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. We have repurposed that dantrolene has a high potential at treating COVID-19 patients and reducing its morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jiang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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83
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Martín Giménez VM, Prado N, Diez E, Manucha W, Reiter RJ. New proposal involving nanoformulated melatonin targeted to the mitochondria as a potential COVID-19 treatment. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2819-2821. [PMID: 33269948 PMCID: PMC7720650 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Natalia Prado
- Área de Farmacología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Diez
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Walter Manucha
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
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84
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Heinrich MA, Martina B, Prakash J. Nanomedicine strategies to target coronavirus. NANO TODAY 2020; 35:100961. [PMID: 32904707 PMCID: PMC7457919 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002, the middle east respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the 21st first century has so far faced the outbreak of three major coronaviruses (CoVs). In particular, SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly over the globe affecting nearly 25.000.000 people up to date. Recent evidences pointing towards mutations within the viral spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that are considered the cause for this rapid spread and currently around 300 clinical trials are running to find a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nanomedicine, the application of nanocarriers to deliver drugs specifically to a target sites, has been applied for different diseases, such as cancer but also in viral infections. Nanocarriers can be designed to encapsulate vaccines and deliver them towards antigen presenting cells or function as antigen-presenting carriers themselves. Furthermore, drugs can be encapsulated into such carriers to directly target them to infected cells. In particular, virus-mimicking nanoparticles (NPs) such as self-assembled viral proteins, virus-like particles or liposomes, are able to replicate the infection mechanism and can not only be used as delivery system but also to study viral infections and related mechanisms. This review will provide a detailed description of the composition and replication strategy of CoVs, an overview of the therapeutics currently evaluated in clinical trials against SARS-CoV-2 and will discuss the potential of NP-based vaccines, targeted delivery of therapeutics using nanocarriers as well as using NPs to further investigate underlying biological processes in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Alexander Heinrich
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Institute, 2629JD, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Section Targeted Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE, Enschede, the Netherlands
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85
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Abstract
COVID-19 infection has tremendously impacted our daily clinical practice as well as our social living organization. Virtually all organs and biological systems suffer from this new coronavirus infection, either because the virus targets directly specific tissues or because of indirect effects. Endocrine diseases are not an exception and some of endocrine organs are at risk of direct or indirect lesion by COVID-19. Although there is still no evidence of higher predisposition to contract the infection in patients with diabetes and/or obesity, the coexistence of these conditions contributes to a worse prognosis because both conditions confer an impaired immunologic system. Cytokines storm can be amplified by these two latter conditions thereby leading to multisystemic failure and death. Glycaemic control has been demonstrated to be crucial to avoiding long hospital stays, ICU requirement and also prevention of excessive mortality. Endocrine treatment modifications as a consequence of COVID-19 infection are required in a proactive manner, in order to avoid decompensation and eventual hospital admission. This is the case of diabetes and adrenal insufficiency in which prompt increase of insulin dosage and substitutive adrenal steroids through adoption of the sick day's rules should be warranted, as well as easy contact with the health care provider through telematic different modalities. New possible endocrinological targets of COVID-19 have been recently described and warrant a full study in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences Vita Salute San Raffaele University; Division of Endocrinology IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Department of Medicine, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute and Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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86
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Yaribeygi H, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus in COVID-19: A Mechanistic Review of Molecular Interactions. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5436832. [PMID: 33294461 PMCID: PMC7691013 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5436832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 is now the major issue in global health. Evidence implies that patients with diabetes are at a higher risk of severe disease or death due to COVID-19 than individuals without diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism for this differential effect in individuals with and without diabetes is not clearly understood. We have reviewed the pathophysiological pathways which may facilitate the entry of virus or an increase in its infectivity in host cells in the diabetic milieu. We suggest that the preexisting pathological pathways in patients with poorly controlled diabetes increase the risk of infectivity and are responsible for the higher levels of tissue injury and death in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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87
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Sahebnasagh A, Saghafi F, Avan R, Khoshi A, Khataminia M, Safdari M, Habtemariam S, Ghaleno HR, Nabavi SM. The prophylaxis and treatment potential of supplements for COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173530. [PMID: 32882216 PMCID: PMC7462519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global impact of the new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infection that caused COVID-19 has been evident in the last few months from the unprecedented socioeconomic disruption to more than 600,000 deaths. The lack of vaccine and effective therapeutic agents for the disease prompted world-wide effort to test those antiviral therapeutics already in use for other diseases. Another interesting approach has been based on the pathological sequel of the disease that involve severe inflammatory reaction (or the cytokine storm) associated with pneumonia in critically ill patients. This article outlines the prophylaxis therapeutic potential of supplements vitamins and micronutrients in COVID-19. By ameliorating the inflammatory and oxidative stress associated with the disease and some direct antiviral effects, the application of these agents as adjuvants and other alternative approaches are discussed. Available clinical trials including those currently registered on these supplements are scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Razieh Avan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Amirhosein Khoshi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Masoud Khataminia
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammadreza Safdari
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories and Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, United Kingdom.
| | - Hassan Rezai Ghaleno
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Translational Medicine, Baqiyatallah Hospital, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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88
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89
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Kim MY, Brennan DC, Shah P. General Approach to the Clinical Care of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with COVID-19 Infection: Management for Transplant Recipients. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020; 7:366-378. [PMID: 33145146 PMCID: PMC7594940 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Insufficient knowledge about COVID-19 and the potential risks of COVID-19 are limiting organ transplantation in wait-listed candidates and deferring essential health care in solid organ transplant recipients. In this review, we expand the understanding and present an overview of the optimized management of COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Transplant recipients are at an increased risk of severe COVID-19. The unique characteristics of transplant recipients can make it more difficult to identify COVID-19. Based on the COVID-19 data to date and our experience, we present testing, management, and prevention methods for COVID-19. Comprehensive diagnostic tests should be performed to determine disease severity, phase of illness, and identify other comorbidities in transplant recipients diagnosed with COVID-19. Outpatients should receive education for preventative measures and optimal health care delivery minimizing potential infectious exposures. Multidisciplinary interventions should be provided to hospitalized transplant recipients for COVID-19 because of the complexity of caring for transplant recipients. SUMMARY Transplant recipients should strictly adhere to infection prevention measures. Understanding of the transplant specific pathophysiology and development of effective treatment strategies for COVID-19 should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Daniel C. Brennan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Pali Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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90
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Pathak GA, Wendt FR, Goswami A, Angelis FD, Polimanti R. ACE2 Netlas: In-silico functional characterization and drug-gene interactions of ACE2 gene network to understand its potential involvement in COVID-19 susceptibility. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.10.27.20220665. [PMID: 33140059 PMCID: PMC7605570 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 ( ACE2 ) receptor has been identified as the key adhesion molecule for the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2. However, there is no evidence that human genetic variation in ACE2 is singularly responsible for COVID-19 susceptibility. Therefore, we performed a multi-level characterization of genes that interact with ACE2 (ACE2-gene network) for their over-represented biological properties in the context of COVID-19. The phenome-wide association of 51 genes including ACE2 with 4,756 traits categorized into 26 phenotype categories, showed enrichment of immunological, respiratory, environmental, skeletal, dermatological, and metabolic domains (p<4e-4). Transcriptomic regulation of ACE2-gene network was enriched for tissue-specificity in kidney, small intestine, and colon (p<4.7e-4). Leveraging the drug-gene interaction database we identified 47 drugs, including dexamethasone and spironolactone, among others. Considering genetic variants within ± 10 kb of ACE2-network genes we characterized functional consequences (among others) using miRNA binding-site targets. MiRNAs affected by ACE2-network variants revealed statistical over-representation of inflammation, aging, diabetes, and heart conditions. With respect to variants mapped to the ACE2-network, we observed COVID-19 related associations in RORA, SLC12A6 and SLC6A19 genes. Overall, functional characterization of ACE2-gene network highlights several potential mechanisms in COVID-19 susceptibility. The data can also be accessed at https://gpwhiz.github.io/ACE2Netlas/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita A Pathak
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, New Haven, CT Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, New Haven, CT Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Aranyak Goswami
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, New Haven, CT Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Flavio De Angelis
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, New Haven, CT Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, New Haven, CT Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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91
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ÖZTÜRK G, AKBULUT KG, GÜNEY Ş. Melatonin, aging, and COVID-19: Could melatonin be beneficial for COVID-19 treatment in the elderly? Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1504-1512. [PMID: 32777902 PMCID: PMC7605095 DOI: 10.3906/sag-2005-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize current studies on the relationship between melatonin and aging. Nowadays, age-related diseases come into prominence, and identifying age-related changes and developing proper therapeutic approaches are counted as some of the major issues regarding community health. Melatonin is the main hormone of the pineal gland. Melatonin is known to influence many biological processes in the body, including circadian rhythms, the immune system, and neuroendocrine and cardiovascular functions.Melatoninrhythms also reflect the biological process of aging. Aging is an extremely complex and multifactorial process. Melatonin levels decline considerably with aging and its decline is associated with several age-related diseases. Aging is closely associated with oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free radical reactions initiated by the mitochondria constitute the inherent aging process. Melatonin plays a pivotal role in preventing age-related oxidative stress. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatality rates increase with chronic diseases and age, where melatonin levels decrease. For this reason, melatonin supplementation in elderly could be beneficial in COVID-19 treatment. Therefore, studies on the usage of melatonin in COVID-19 treatment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler ÖZTÜRK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Medeniyet University, İstanbulTurkey
| | | | - Şevin GÜNEY
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, AnkaraTurkey
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92
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Abstract
A 49-year-old male Japanese patient was admitted to our hospital under the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. For 5 days before admission, he had experienced various symptoms, including high fever, watery diarrhea, dyspnea, and cough, and he tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid. The patient is a smoker who was on medication for hypertension. A chest computed tomography scan showed bilateral multiple patchy ground-glass opacities. Despite being treated with several therapeutic agents, he still exhibited dyspnea (oxygen saturation [SpO2] in ambient air: 88%), a high fever (axillary temperature: 39 °C), and high blood pressure (148/98 mmHg). Because laboratory data revealed high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP; 2.10 mg/dL) and urinary β2-microglobulin (B2M; 33,683 µg/mL), the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab (TCZ; 400 mg) was administered intravenously. One day after injection, he was afebrile. Four days after the TCZ injection, his CRP level dropped to 0.27 mg/dL, B2M level decreased to 3817 µg/mL, and viral load became low. No adverse drug reaction due to TCZ was observed. The patient was discharged 15 days after admission. The early administration of TCZ in this patient prevented the pneumonia and kidney injury caused by COVID-19 from progressing to hyperinflammation syndrome.
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93
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Melatonin potentials against viral infections including COVID-19: Current evidence and new findings. Virus Res 2020; 287:198108. [PMID: 32768490 PMCID: PMC7405774 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are dangerous diseases for human health worldwide, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality each year. Because of their importance and the lack of effective therapeutic approaches, further attempts should be made to discover appropriate alternative or complementary treatments. Melatonin, a multifunctional neurohormone mainly synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland, plays some roles in the treatment of viral infections. Regarding a deadly outbreak of COVID-19 across the world, we decided to discuss melatonin functions against various viral infections including COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current evidence on melatonin therapy for viral infections with focus on possible underlying mechanisms of melatonin actions.
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94
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Tan DX, Hardeland R. Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194410. [PMID: 32992875 PMCID: PMC7582936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fighting infectious diseases, particularly viral infections, is a demanding task for human health. Targeting the pathogens or targeting the host are different strategies, but with an identical purpose, i.e., to curb the pathogen's spreading and cure the illness. It appears that targeting a host to increase tolerance against pathogens can be of substantial advantage and is a strategy used in evolution. Practically, it has a broader protective spectrum than that of only targeting the specific pathogens, which differ in terms of susceptibility. Methods for host targeting applied in one pandemic can even be effective for upcoming pandemics with different pathogens. This is even more urgent if we consider the possible concomitance of two respiratory diseases with potential multi-organ afflictions such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and seasonal flu. Melatonin is a molecule that can enhance the host's tolerance against pathogen invasions. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities, melatonin has the capacity to reduce the severity and mortality of deadly virus infections including COVID-19. Melatonin is synthesized and functions in mitochondria, which play a critical role in viral infections. Not surprisingly, melatonin synthesis can become a target of viral strategies that manipulate the mitochondrial status. For example, a viral infection can switch energy metabolism from respiration to widely anaerobic glycolysis even if plenty of oxygen is available (the Warburg effect) when the host cell cannot generate acetyl-coenzyme A, a metabolite required for melatonin biosynthesis. Under some conditions, including aging, gender, predisposed health conditions, already compromised mitochondria, when exposed to further viral challenges, lose their capacity for producing sufficient amounts of melatonin. This leads to a reduced support of mitochondrial functions and makes these individuals more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial function by melatonin supplementation can be expected to generate beneficial effects on the outcome of viral infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- S.T. Bio-Life, San Antonio, TX 78240, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-672-550
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany;
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95
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Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A, Kuznik B, Umnov R. Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules 2020; 25:E4389. [PMID: 32987757 PMCID: PMC7583759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a vast practice of using antimalarial drugs, RAS inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, inhibitors of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus and immunosuppressants for the treatment of the severe form of COVID-19, which often occurs in patients with chronic diseases and older persons. Currently, the clinical efficacy of these drugs for COVID-19 has not been proven yet. Side effects of antimalarial drugs can worsen the condition of patients and increase the likelihood of death. Peptides, given their physiological mechanism of action, have virtually no side effects. Many of them are geroprotectors and can be used in patients with chronic diseases. Peptides may be able to prevent the development of the pathological process during COVID-19 by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins, thereby having immuno- and bronchoprotective effects on lung cells, and normalizing the state of the hemostasis system. Immunomodulators (RKDVY, EW, KE, AEDG), possessing a physiological mechanism of action at low concentrations, appear to be the most promising group among the peptides. They normalize the cytokines' synthesis and have an anti-inflammatory effect, thereby preventing the development of disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Khavinson
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
- The Group of Peptide Regulation of Aging, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Linkova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
- Department of Therapy, Geriatry, and Anti-Aging Medicine, Academy of Postgraduate Education under FSBU FSCC of FMBA of Russia, 125310 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical and Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Dyatlova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
| | - Boris Kuznik
- Department of the normal physiology, Chita State Medical Academy, 672000 Chita, Russia;
| | - Roman Umnov
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.K.); (A.D.); (R.U.)
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Implications of Oxidative Stress and Potential Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090897. [PMID: 32967329 PMCID: PMC7555731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high degree of contagiousness and like almost no other virus, SARS-CoV-2 has put the health of the world population on alert. COVID-19 can provoke an acute inflammatory process and uncontrolled oxidative stress, which predisposes one to respiratory syndrome, and in the worst case, death. Recent evidence suggests the mechanistic role of mitochondria and vitamin D in the development of COVID-19. Indeed, mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and its uncoupling involves pathological situations. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics with consequent oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, cytokine production, and cell death. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency seems to be associated with increased COVID-19 risk. In contrast, vitamin D can normalize mitochondrial dynamics, which would improve oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, and cytokine production. Furthermore, vitamin D reduces renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and, consequently, decreases ROS generation and improves the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the purpose of this review is to deepen the knowledge about the role of mitochondria and vitamin D directly involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and the inflammatory state in SARS-CoV-2 infection. As future prospects, evidence suggests enhancing the vitamin D levels of the world population, especially of those individuals with additional risk factors that predispose to the lethal consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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97
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Sehirli AO, Sayiner S, Serakinci N. Role of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19; as an adjuvant through cluster differentiation 147 (CD147). Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8229-8233. [PMID: 32920757 PMCID: PMC7486968 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak quickly has turned into a pandemic. However, no specific antiviral agent is yet available. In this communication, we aimed to evaluate the significance of CD147 protein and the potential protective effect of melatonin that is mediated by this protein in COVID-19. CD147 is a glycoprotein that is responsible for the cytokine storm in the lungs through the mediation of viral invasion. Melatonin use previously was shown to reduce cardiac damage by blocking the CD147 activity. Hence, melatonin, a safe drug, may prevent severe symptoms, reduce symptom severity and the adverse effects of the other antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the use of melatonin, which is reduced in the elderly and immune-compromised patients, should be considered as an adjuvant through its CD147 suppressor and immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Ozer Sehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Serkan Sayiner
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Nedime Serakinci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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98
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Maestroni G. Exogenous melatonin as potential adjuvant in anti-SarsCov2 vaccines. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:572-573. [PMID: 32910359 PMCID: PMC7481341 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Maestroni
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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99
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Panossian A, Brendler T. The Role of Adaptogens in Prophylaxis and Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E236. [PMID: 32911682 PMCID: PMC7558817 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Phytomed AB, Vaxtorp, 31275 Halland, Sweden
- EuropharmaUSA, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa;
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ 08108, USA
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100
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Clinical study of novel coronavirus pneumonia prevention by melatonin. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 41:1156. [PMID: 32972871 PMCID: PMC7476890 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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