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Bruce KD, Zsombok A, Eckel RH. Lipid Processing in the Brain: A Key Regulator of Systemic Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:60. [PMID: 28421037 PMCID: PMC5378716 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, particularly aberrations in lipid homeostasis, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia often manifest together as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite major advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders, the prevalence of the MetS continues to rise. It is becoming increasingly apparent that intermediary metabolism within the central nervous system is a major contributor to the regulation of systemic metabolism. In particular, lipid metabolism within the brain is tightly regulated to maintain neuronal structure and function and may signal nutrient status to modulate metabolism in key peripheral tissues such as the liver. There is now a growing body of evidence to suggest that fatty acid (FA) sensing in hypothalamic neurons via accumulation of FAs or FA metabolites may signal nutritional sufficiency and may decrease hepatic glucose production, lipogenesis, and VLDL-TG secretion. In addition, recent studies have highlighted the existence of liver-related neurons that have the potential to direct such signals through parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity. However, to date whether these liver-related neurons are FA sensitive remain to be determined. The findings discussed in this review underscore the importance of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of systemic metabolism and highlight the need for further research to determine the key features of FA neurons, which may serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D. Bruce
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Aurora, CO, USA
- *Correspondence: Kimberley D. Bruce,
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert H. Eckel
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Aurora, CO, USA
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Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT) is coordinated by hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons present in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons act as energy sensors. TRH controls the synthesis and release of thyrotropin, which activates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones; in target tissues, transporters and deiodinases control their local availability. Thyroid hormones regulate many functions, including energy homeostasis. This review discusses recent evidence that covers several aspects of TRH role in HPT axis regulation. Knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH signaling has steadily increased. New transcription factors engaged in TRH gene expression have been identified, and advances made on how they interact with signaling pathways and define the dynamics of TRH neurons response to acute and/or long-term influences. Albeit yet incomplete, the relationship of TRH neurons activity with positive energy balance has emerged. The importance of tanycytes as a central relay for the feedback control of the axis, as well as for HPT responses to alterations in energy balance, and other stimuli has been reinforced. Finally, some studies have started to shed light on the interference of prenatal and postnatal stress and nutrition on HPT axis programing, which have confirmed the axis susceptibility to early insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México.
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 2001, 62250, Cuernavaca MOR, Morelos, México
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Cribbet MR, Logan RW, Edwards MD, Hanlon E, Bien Peek C, Stubblefield JJ, Vasudevan S, Ritchey F, Frank E. Circadian rhythms and metabolism: from the brain to the gut and back again. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1385:21-40. [PMID: 27589593 PMCID: PMC5428740 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the relationship between the circadian system and glucose metabolism. Research across the translational spectrum confirms the importance of the circadian system for glucose metabolism and offers promising clues as to when and why these systems go awry. In particular, basic research has started to clarify the molecular and genetic mechanisms through which the circadian system regulates metabolism. The study of human behavior, especially in the context of psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder and major depression, forces us to see how inextricably linked mental health and metabolic health are. We also emphasize the remarkable opportunities for advancing circadian science through big data and advanced analytics. Advances in circadian research have translated into environmental and pharmacological interventions with tremendous therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Cribbet
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mathew D Edwards
- Division of Neurobiology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Clara Bien Peek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeremy J Stubblefield
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Fiona Ritchey
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Frank
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Jha PK, Foppen E, Kalsbeek A, Challet E. Sleep restriction acutely impairs glucose tolerance in rats. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12839. [PMID: 27354542 PMCID: PMC4923238 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep curtailment in humans has been related to impairment of glucose metabolism. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of acute sleep deprivation on glucose tolerance in rats. A group of rats was challenged by 4-h sleep deprivation in the early rest period, leading to prolonged (16 h) wakefulness. Another group of rats was allowed to sleep during the first 4 h of the light period and sleep deprived in the next 4 h. During treatment, food was withdrawn to avoid a postmeal rise in plasma glucose. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed immediately after the sleep deprivation period. Sleep deprivation at both times of the day similarly impaired glucose tolerance and reduced the early-phase insulin responses to a glucose challenge. Basal concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone remained unchanged after sleep deprivation. Throughout IVGTTs, plasma corticosterone concentrations were not different between the control and sleep-deprived group. Together, these results demonstrate that independent of time of day and sleep pressure, short sleep deprivation during the resting phase favors glucose intolerance in rats by attenuating the first-phase insulin response to a glucose load. In conclusion, this study highlights the acute adverse effects of only a short sleep restriction on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Jha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences UPR3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Regulation of Circadian Clocks team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences UPR3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France International Associated Laboratory LIA1061 Understanding the Neural Basis of Diurnality, CNRS, France and the Netherlands
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Derbenev AV, Zsombok A. Potential therapeutic value of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in diabetes mellitus and obesity. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:397-406. [PMID: 26403087 PMCID: PMC4808497 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and obesity, which is a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, have reached epidemic proportions worldwide including the USA. The current statistics and forecasts, both short- and long-term, are alarming and predict severe problems in the near future. Therefore, there is a race for developing new compounds, discovering new receptors, or finding alternative solutions to prevent and/or treat the symptoms and complications related to obesity and diabetes mellitus. It is well demonstrated that members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily play a crucial role in a variety of biological functions both in health and disease. In the recent years, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) were shown to have beneficial effects on whole body metabolism including glucose homeostasis. TRPV1 and TRPA1 have been associated with control of weight, pancreatic function, hormone secretion, thermogenesis, and neuronal function, which suggest a potential therapeutic value of these channels. This review summarizes recent findings regarding TRPV1 and TRPA1 in association with whole body metabolism with emphasis on obese and diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Derbenev
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Section, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Raskin P, Cincotta AH. Bromocriptine-QR therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: developmental basis and therapeutic profile summary. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2016; 11:113-148. [PMID: 30058874 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2016.1131119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An extended series of studies indicate that endogenous phase shifts in circadian neuronal input signaling to the biological clock system centered within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) facilitates shifts in metabolic status. In particular, a diminution of the circadian peak in dopaminergic input to the peri-SCN facilitates the onset of fattening, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance while reversal of low circadian peak dopaminergic activity to the peri-SCN via direct timed dopamine administration to this area normalizes the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant state in high fat fed animals. Systemic circadian-timed daily administration of a potent dopamine D2 receptor agonist, bromocriptine, to increase diminished circadian peak dopaminergic hypothalamic activity across a wide variety of animal models of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results in improvements in the obese, insulin resistant, glucose intolerant condition by improving hypothalamic fuel sensing and reducing insulin resistance, elevated sympathetic tone, and leptin resistance. A circadian-timed (within 2 hours of waking in the morning) once daily administration of a quick release formulation of bromocriptine (bromocriptine-QR) has been approved for the treatment of T2DM by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Clinical studies with such bromocriptine-QR therapy (1.6 to 4.8 mg/day) indicate that it improves glycemic control by reducing postprandial glucose levels without raising plasma insulin. Across studies of various T2DM populations, bromocriptine-QR has been demonstrated to reduce HbA1c by -0.5 to -1.7. The drug has a good safety profile with transient mild to moderate nausea, headache and dizziness as the most frequent adverse events noted with the medication. In a large randomized clinical study of T2DM subjects, bromocriptine-QR exposure was associated with a 42% hazard ratio reduction of a pre-specified adverse cardiovascular endpoint including myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for congestive heart failure, revascularization surgery, or unstable angina. Bromocriptine-QR represents a novel method of treating T2DM that may have benefits for cardiovascular disease as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Raskin
- a Southwestern Medical Center , University of Texas , Dallas , TX , USA
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57
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O'Hare JD, Zsombok A. Brain-liver connections: role of the preautonomic PVN neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E183-9. [PMID: 26646097 PMCID: PMC4838125 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00302.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and the coexisting conditions and complications, including hypo- and hyperglycemic events, obesity, high cholesterol levels, and many more, are devastating problems. Undoubtedly, there is a huge demand for treatment and prevention of these conditions that justifies the search for new approaches and concepts for better management of whole body metabolism. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the autonomic nervous system is largely involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; however, the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. Within the hypothalamus, the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is in a unique position to integrate neural and hormonal signals to command both the autonomic and neuroendocrine outflow. This minireview will provide a brief overview on the role of preautonomic PVN neurons and the importance of the PVN-liver pathway in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D O'Hare
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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58
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Barandas R, Landgraf D, McCarthy MJ, Welsh DK. Circadian Clocks as Modulators of Metabolic Comorbidity in Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17:98. [PMID: 26483181 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-015-0637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder are often accompanied by metabolic dysfunction symptoms, including obesity and diabetes. Since the circadian system controls important brain systems that regulate affective, cognitive, and metabolic functions, and neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases are often correlated with disturbances of circadian rhythms, we hypothesize that dysregulation of circadian clocks plays a central role in metabolic comorbidity in psychiatric disorders. In this review paper, we highlight the role of circadian clocks in glucocorticoid, dopamine, and orexin/melanin-concentrating hormone systems and describe how a dysfunction of these clocks may contribute to the simultaneous development of psychiatric and metabolic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barandas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Dominic Landgraf
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David K Welsh
- VA San Diego Healthcare System Psychiatry Service, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC-0603, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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Halmos KC, Gyarmati P, Xu H, Maimaiti S, Jancsó G, Benedek G, Smith BN. Molecular and functional changes in glucokinase expression in the brainstem dorsal vagal complex in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Neuroscience 2015; 306:115-22. [PMID: 26297899 PMCID: PMC4575893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucose concentration changes in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) affect visceral function and metabolism by influencing central vagal circuits, especially inhibitory, GABAergic NTS neurons. Acutely elevated glucose can alter NTS neuron activity, and prolonged hyperglycemia and hypoinsulemia in animal models of type 1 diabetes results in plasticity of neural responses in the NTS. NTS neurons contributing to metabolic regulation therefore act as central glucose sensors and are functionally altered in type 1 diabetes. Glucokinase (GCK) mediates cellular utilization of glucose, linking increased glucose concentration to excitability changes mediated by ATP-sensitive K(+) channels (KATP). Using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and in vitro electrophysiology, we tested the hypothesis that changes in GCK expression in the NTS accompany the development of diabetes symptoms in the streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mouse model of type 1 diabetes. After several days of hyperglycemia in STZ-treated mice, RNA expression of GCK, but not Kir6.2 or SUR1, was decreased versus controls in the dorsal vagal complex. Electrophysiological recordings in vitro indicated that neural responses to acute hyperglycemia, and synaptic responsiveness to blockade of GCK with glucosamine, were attenuated in GABAergic NTS neurons from STZ-treated mice, consistent with reduced molecular and functional expression of GCK in the vagal complex of hyperglycemic, STZ-treated mice. Altered autonomic responses to glucose in type 1 diabetes may therefore involve reduced functional GCK expression in the dorsal vagal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Halmos
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dom ter 10 H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - P Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - H Xu
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - S Maimaiti
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - G Jancsó
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dom ter 10 H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Benedek
- Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Dom ter 10 H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - B N Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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60
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Murugan S, Boyadjieva N, Sarkar DK. Protective effects of hypothalamic beta-endorphin neurons against alcohol-induced liver injuries and liver cancers in rat animal models. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2988-97. [PMID: 25581653 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, retrograde tracing has provided evidence for an influence of hypothalamic β-endorphin (BEP) neurons on the liver, but functions of these neurons are not known. We evaluated the effect of BEP neuronal activation on alcohol-induced liver injury and hepatocellular cancer. METHODS Male rats received either BEP neuron transplants or control transplants in the hypothalamus and were randomly assigned to feeding alcohol-containing liquid diet or control liquid diet for 8 weeks or to treatment of a carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Liver tissues of these animals were analyzed histochemically and biochemically for tissue injuries or cancer. RESULTS Alcohol feeding increased liver weight and induced several histopathological changes such as prominent microvesicular steatosis and hepatic fibrosis. Alcohol feeding also increased the levels of triglyceride, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation factors, and catecholamines in the liver and endotoxin levels in the plasma. However, these effects of alcohol on the liver were reduced in animals with BEP neuron transplants. BEP neuron transplants also suppressed carcinogen-induced liver histopathologies such as extensive fibrosis, large focus of inflammatory infiltration, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), collagen deposition, numbers of preneoplastic foci, levels of HSC activation factors and catecholamines, as well as inflammatory milieu and increased the levels of natural killer cell cytotoxic factors in the liver. CONCLUSIONS These findings are the first evidence for a role of hypothalamic BEP neurons in influencing liver functions. Additionally, the data identify that BEP neuron transplantation prevents hepatocellular injury and HCC formation possibly via influencing the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sengottuvelan Murugan
- Endocrine Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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61
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Coomans CP, Ramkisoensing A, Meijer JH. The suprachiasmatic nuclei as a seasonal clock. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 37:29-42. [PMID: 25451984 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains a central clock that synchronizes daily (i.e., 24-h) rhythms in physiology and behavior. SCN neurons are cell-autonomous oscillators that act synchronously to produce a coherent circadian rhythm. In addition, the SCN helps regulate seasonal rhythmicity. Photic information is perceived by the SCN and transmitted to the pineal gland, where it regulates melatonin production. Within the SCN, adaptations to changing photoperiod are reflected in changes in neurotransmitters and clock gene expression, resulting in waveform changes in rhythmic electrical activity, a major output of the SCN. Efferent pathways regulate the seasonal timing of breeding and hibernation. In humans, seasonal physiology and behavioral rhythms are also present, and the human SCN has seasonally rhythmic neurotransmitter levels and morphology. In summary, the SCN perceives and encodes changes in day length and drives seasonal changes in downstream pathways and structures in order to adapt to the changing seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Coomans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashna Ramkisoensing
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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62
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Portovedo M, Ignacio-Souza LM, Bombassaro B, Coope A, Reginato A, Razolli DS, Torsoni MA, Torsoni AS, Leal RF, Velloso LA, Milanski M. Saturated fatty acids modulate autophagy's proteins in the hypothalamus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119850. [PMID: 25786112 PMCID: PMC4364755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important process that regulates cellular homeostasis by degrading dysfunctional proteins, organelles and lipids. In this study, the hypothesis that obesity could lead to impairment in hypothalamic autophagy in mice was evaluated by examining the hypothalamic distribution and content of autophagic proteins in animal with obesity induced by 8 or 16 weeks high fat diet to induce obesity and in response to intracerebroventricular injections of palmitic acid. The results showed that chronic exposure to a high fat diet leads to an increased expression of inflammatory markers and downregulation of autophagic proteins. In obese mice, autophagic induction leads to the downregulation of proteins, such as JNK and Bax, which are involved in the stress pathways. In neuron cell- line, palmitate has a direct effect on autophagy even without inflammatory activity. Understanding the cellular and molecular bases of overnutrition is essential for identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Portovedo
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Bombassaro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Coope
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Reginato
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Márcio A. Torsoni
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Adriana S. Torsoni
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Raquel F. Leal
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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63
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Hao K, Kong FP, Gao YQ, Tang JW, Chen J, Evans AM, Lightman SL, Chen XQ, Du JZ. Inactivation of corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced insulinotropic role by high-altitude hypoxia. Diabetes 2015; 64:785-95. [PMID: 25277397 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that hypoxia reduces plasma insulin, which correlates with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 1 (CRHR1) in rats, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that hypobaric hypoxia at an altitude of 5,000 m for 8 h enhances rat plasma CRH, corticosterone, and glucose levels, whereas the plasma insulin and pancreatic ATP/ADP ratio is reduced. In islets cultured under normoxia, CRH stimulated insulin release in a glucose- and CRH-level-dependent manner by activating CRHR1 and thus the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway and calcium influx through L-type channels. In islets cultured under hypoxia, however, the insulinotropic effect of CRH was inactivated due to reduced ATP and cAMP and coincident loss of intracellular calcium oscillations. Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) also played an inhibitory role. In human volunteers rapidly ascended to 3,860 m, plasma CRH and glucose levels increased without a detectable change in plasma insulin. By contrast, volunteers with acute mountain sickness (AMS) exhibited a marked decrease in HOMA insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) and enhanced plasma CRH. In conclusion, hypoxia may attenuate the CRH-insulinotropic effect by reducing cellular ATP/ADP ratio, cAMP and calcium influx, and upregulated SGK1. Hypoxia may not affect HOMA-IS in healthy volunteers but reduces it in AMS volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hao
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Ping Kong
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Mark Evans
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Xue-Qun Chen
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zeng Du
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Tsuneki H, Tokai E, Nakamura Y, Takahashi K, Fujita M, Asaoka T, Kon K, Anzawa Y, Wada T, Takasaki I, Kimura K, Inoue H, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sasaoka T. Hypothalamic orexin prevents hepatic insulin resistance via daily bidirectional regulation of autonomic nervous system in mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:459-70. [PMID: 25249578 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is crucial for preventing hepatic insulin resistance, although the mechanism remains uncovered. Here we report that the wake-active hypothalamic orexin system plays a key role in this regulation. Wild-type mice showed that a daily rhythm in blood glucose levels peaked at the awake period; however, the glucose rhythm disappeared in orexin knockout mice despite normal feeding rhythm. Central administration of orexin A during nighttime awake period acutely elevated blood glucose levels but subsequently lowered daytime glucose levels in normal and diabetic db/db mice. The glucose-elevating and -lowering effects of orexin A were suppressed by adrenergic antagonists and hepatic parasympathectomy, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, including Pepck, were increased and decreased by orexin A at nanomolar and femtomolar doses, respectively. These results indicate that orexin can bidirectionally regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis via control of autonomic balance, leading to generation of the daily blood glucose oscillation. Furthermore, during aging, orexin deficiency enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver and caused impairment of hepatic insulin signaling and abnormal gluconeogenic activity in pyruvate tolerance test. Collectively, the daily glucose rhythm under control of orexin appears to be important for maintaining ER homeostasis, thereby preventing insulin resistance in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Emi Tokai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Asaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Anzawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Frontier Science Organization, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Nagatomo A, Nishida N, Fukuhara I, Noro A, Kozai Y, Sato H, Matsuura Y. Daily intake of rosehip extract decreases abdominal visceral fat in preobese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2015; 8:147-56. [PMID: 25834460 PMCID: PMC4358417 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s78623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a great problem all over the world. We repeatedly screened to find an effective food to treat obesity and discovered that rosehip extract shows potent anti-obesity effects. Investigations in mice have demonstrated that rosehip extract inhibits body weight gain and decreases visceral fat. Thus, the present study examined the effect of rosehip extract on human body fat in preobese subjects. METHODS We conducted a 12-week, single-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 32 subjects who had a body mass index of ≥25 but <30. The subjects were assigned to two random groups, and they received one tablet of placebo or rosehip that contained 100 mg of rosehip extract once each day for 12 weeks with no dietary intervention. Abdominal fat area and body fat percent were measured as primary outcomes. The other outcomes were body weight and body mass index. RESULTS Abdominal total fat area, abdominal visceral fat area, body weight, and body mass index decreased significantly in the rosehip group at week 12 compared with their baseline levels (P<0.01) after receiving the rosehip tablet intake, and the decreases in these parameters were significantly higher when compared with those in the placebo group. Additionally, body fat percent tended to decrease compared with the placebo group and their baseline level. Moreover, the abdominal subcutaneous fat area was significantly lower in the rosehip group than in the placebo group at week 12 after the initiation of intake (P<0.05). In addition, there were no abnormalities, subjective symptoms, and findings that may indicate clinical problems during the study period. CONCLUSION These results suggest that rosehip extract may be a good candidate food material for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Nagatomo
- Research and Development Division, Morishita Jintan Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: Akifumi Nagatomo, Research and Development Division, Morishita Jintan Co, Ltd, 2-11-1, Tsudayamate, Hirakata, Osaka 5730128, Japan, Tel +81 72 800 1044, Fax +81 72 800 2903, Email
| | - Norihisa Nishida
- Research and Development Division, Morishita Jintan Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Noro
- New Drug Research Center, Inc., Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Hisao Sato
- New Drug Research Center, Inc., Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuura
- Research and Development Division, Morishita Jintan Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
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Sato Y, Oka R, Nakasone Y, Katakura M, Yamauchi K, Aizawa T. Impact of one-hour postchallenge glucose on the relationship between insulin sensitivity and secretion. Endocr J 2015; 62:573-83. [PMID: 26052138 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of postchallenge glucose on the relationship between insulin sensitivity (SI) and secretion (β) is unknown. We analyzed data from 2,264 health examinees (male/female 1,524/740, median age 54 yrs) with normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n = 1,623), non-diabetic hyperglycemia (NDH, n = 555), or diabetes (DM, n = 86) using OGTT-derived indices of SI (insulin sensitivity index [ISI]-Matsuda, 1/HOMA-IR, and 1/fasting IRI) and β (δIRI0-30/δPG0-30, and Stumvoll 1st [Stumvoll-1] and 2nd [Stumvoll-2] phases). The combination of 1/HOMA-IR and Stumvoll-1 recapitulated the hyperbolic SI-β relationship with the slope of the fitted line -1.000 in NGT subjects, and therefore it was utilized in the following analysis of the SI-β correlation. In multiple regression analysis of the relationship between SI and β, an independent correlation was found for 1 h-plasma glucose (PG; PG60) but not for 2 h-PG. When the NGT subjects were grouped by PG60 quartile (Q), the fitted line was flat in Q1 but progressively steeper from Q2 to Q4, with a slope (95%CI) of -0.663 (-0.726~-0.605), -0.680 (-0.745~-0.622), -0.847 (-0.922~-0.779), and -1.259 (-1.370~-1.158) (P for trend < 0.05). The fitted line steepened further in the NDH and DM groups, with a slope of -1.545 and -1.915, respectively (P < 0.01 for the difference). The intercept of the fitted line for SI-β correlation was also progressively lower across the PG60 Q for NGT, NDH, and DM. In conclusion, using the 1/HOMA-IR-Stumvoll-1 pair for an analysis of the SI-β relationship, elevated PG60 was associated with steepening and downward shifting of the fitted line for the SI-β correlation. The finding suggests impaired beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Diabetes Center, Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8510, Japan
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67
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Bisschop PH, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Autonomic Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Production. Compr Physiol 2014; 5:147-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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68
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Steiner JL, Bardgett ME, Wolfgang L, Lang CH, Stocker SD. Glucocorticoids attenuate the central sympathoexcitatory actions of insulin. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2597-604. [PMID: 25185805 PMCID: PMC4233268 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00514.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin acts within the central nervous system to regulate food intake and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA). Strong evidence indicates that glucocorticoids impair insulin-mediated glucose uptake and food intake. However, few data are available regarding whether glucocorticoids also modulate the sympathoexcitatory response to insulin. Therefore, the present study first confirmed that chronic administration of glucocorticoids attenuated insulin-induced increases in SNA and then investigated whether these effects were attributed to deficits in central insulin-mediated responses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given access to water or a drinking solution of the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone (0.3 μg/ml) for 7 days. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp significantly increased lumbar SNA in control rats. This response was significantly attenuated in rats given access to dexamethasone for 7, but not 1, days. Similarly, injection of insulin into the lateral ventricle or locally within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) significantly increased lumbar SNA in control rats but this response was absent in rats given access to dexamethasone. The lack of a sympathetic response to insulin cannot be attributed to a generalized depression of sympathetic function or inactivation of ARC neurons as electrical activation of sciatic afferents or ARC injection of gabazine, respectively, produced similar increases in SNA between control and dexamethasone-treated rats. Western blot analysis indicates insulin produced similar activation of Akt Ser(473) and rpS6 Ser(240/244) in the ventral hypothalamus of control and dexamethasone-treated rats. Collectively, these findings suggest that dexamethasone attenuates the sympathoexcitatory actions of insulin through a disruption of ARC neuronal function downstream of Akt or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan E Bardgett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence Wolfgang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean D Stocker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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69
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Mody N, Mcilroy GD. The mechanisms of Fenretinide-mediated anti-cancer activity and prevention of obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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70
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Joly-Amado A, Cansell C, Denis RGP, Delbes AS, Castel J, Martinez S, Luquet S. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the control of peripheral substrates. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:725-37. [PMID: 25256767 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus is particularly regarded as a critical platform that integrates circulating signals of hunger and satiety reflecting energy stores and nutrient availability. Among ARC neurons, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y (NPY/AgRP neurons) are considered as two opposing branches of the melanocortin signaling pathway. Integration of circulating signals of hunger and satiety results in the release of the melanocortin receptor ligand α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH) by the POMC neurons system and decreases feeding and increases energy expenditure. The orexigenic/anabolic action of NPY/AgRP neurons is believed to rely essentially on their inhibitory input onto POMC neurons and second-orders targets. Recent updates in the field have casted a new light on the role of the ARC neurons in the coordinated regulation of peripheral organs involved in the control of nutrient storage, transformation and substrate utilization independent of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Joly-Amado
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Raphaël G P Denis
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Delbes
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Sarah Martinez
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France.
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71
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la Fleur SE, Serlie MJ. The interaction between nutrition and the brain and its consequences for body weight gain and metabolism; studies in rodents and men. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 28:649-59. [PMID: 25256761 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant feeding behavior can lead to obesity and obesity-related medical consequences, such as insulin resistance and diabetes. Although alterations in glucose metabolism (i.e. insulin resistance), in the presence of excessive fat tissue are often explained by the consequences of dysfunctional adipose tissue, evidence is emerging that also altered brain functions might be an important determinant of insulin resistance. In this review, we provide an overview of how feeding behavior and obesity interact with brain circuitry and how these interactions affect glucose metabolism. Because brain circuitries involved in food intake have been shown to partly control glucose metabolism as well, targeting these circuitries in obese subjects might not only affect food intake and body weight but also glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreeg 9, F2-154, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreeg 9, F2-154, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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72
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Wang K, Song H, Jin M, Xiao H, Zhao G, Zou H, Yu L. Chronic alcohol consumption from adolescence to adulthood in mice--hypothalamic gene expression changes in insulin-signaling pathway. Alcohol 2014; 48:571-8. [PMID: 25088817 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental stage vulnerable to alcohol drinking-related problems, and alcohol exposure during adolescence may lead to long-lasting consequences. The hypothalamus is a key brain region for food and water intake regulation as well as weight control, and is one of the alcohol-sensitive brain regions. However, it is not known what the alcohol effect is on the hypothalamus following adolescent alcohol intake, chronically over adolescent development, at moderate levels. We employed a model of chronic moderate alcohol intake from adolescence to adulthood in mice, and analyzed the effect of alcohol on growth and weight gain, as well as hypothalamic gene expression patterns. The results indicated that chronic alcohol consumption during adolescence, even at moderate levels, led to both a reduction in weight gain in mice, and considerable gene expression changes in the hypothalamus. Pathway analysis and real-time PCR identified the type II diabetes mellitus and the insulin-signaling pathways as being the hypothalamic pathways affected by chronic alcohol. Our findings from the mouse alcohol consumption study therefore serve as a potential warning against alcohol consumption during adolescence, such as in teens and college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shu Guang Hospital Affiliated with the Shanghai Traditional Medicine University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaiguang Song
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilei Jin
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huasheng Xiao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai and National Engineering Research Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hong Zou
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Genetics & Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Silva HBF, de Almeida APC, Cardoso KB, Ignacio-Souza LM, Reis SRDL, Reis MADB, Latorraca MQ, Milanski M, Arantes VC. Nutritional recovery promotes hypothalamic inflammation in rats during adulthood. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:736506. [PMID: 25258479 PMCID: PMC4166447 DOI: 10.1155/2014/736506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether protein restriction in fetal life alters food intake and glucose homeostasis in adulthood by interfering with insulin signal transduction through proinflammatory mechanisms in the hypothalamus and peripheral tissues. Rats were divided into the following: a control group (C); a recovered group (R); and a low protein (LP) group. Relative food intake was greater and serum leptin was diminished in LP and R compared to C rats. Proinflammatory genes and POMC mRNA were upregulated in the hypothalamus of R group. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression was greater but AKT phosphorylation was diminished in the LP than in the C rats. In muscle, AKT phosphorylation was higher in restricted than in control animals. The HOMA-IR was decreased in R and C compared to the LP group. In contrast, the K(itt) in R was similar to that in C and both were lower than LP rats. Thus, nutritional recovery did not alter glucose homeostasis but produced middle hyperphagia, possibly due to increased anorexigenic neuropeptide expression that counteracted the hypothalamic inflammatory process. In long term protein deprived rats, hyperphagia most likely resulted from increased orexigenic neuropeptide expression, and glucose homeostasis was maintained, at least in part, at the expense of increased muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarine Barbosa Cardoso
- Laboratório de Avaliação Biológica de Alimentos, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martins Ignacio-Souza
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina de Lima Reis
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Marise Auxiliadora de Barros Reis
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Márcia Queiroz Latorraca
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cristina Arantes
- Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367. Bairro Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Macedo MP, Lima IS, Gaspar JM, Afonso RA, Patarrão RS, Kim YB, Ribeiro RT. Risk of postprandial insulin resistance: the liver/vagus rapport. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2014; 15:67-77. [PMID: 24174131 PMCID: PMC4000159 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-013-9281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of a meal is the greatest challenge faced by glucose homeostasis. The surge of nutrients has to be disposed quickly, as high concentrations in the bloodstream may have pathophysiological effects, and also properly, as misplaced reserves may induce problems in affected tissues. Thus, loss of the ability to adequately dispose of ingested nutrients can be expected to lead to glucose intolerance, and favor the development of pathologies. Achieving interplay of several organs is of upmost importance to maintain effectively postprandial glucose clearance, with the liver being responsible of orchestrating global glycemic control. This dogmatic role of the liver in postprandial insulin sensitivity is tightly associated with the vagus nerve. Herein, we uncover the behaviour of metabolic pathways determined by hepatic parasympathetic function status, in physiology and in pathophysiology. Likewise, the inquiry expands to address the impact of a modern lifestyle, especially one's feeding habits, on the hepatic parasympathetic nerve control of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Macedo
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1169-056, Lisboa, Portugal,
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75
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Zhu Z, Spicer EG, Gavini CK, Goudjo-Ako AJ, Novak CM, Shi H. Enhanced sympathetic activity in mice with brown adipose tissue transplantation (transBATation). Physiol Behav 2014; 125:21-9. [PMID: 24291381 PMCID: PMC3896387 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns calories to produce heat, and is thus relevant to energy balance. Interscapular BAT (IBAT) of donor mice was transplanted into recipient mice (transBATation). To test whether transBATation counteracts high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, some sham-operated and recipient mice were fed a HFD (HFD-sham, HFD-trans) while others remained on a standard chow (chow-sham, chow-trans). HFD-trans mice had lower body weight and fat and greater energy expenditure, but similar caloric intake compared with HFD-sham mice. We hypothesized that HFD-trans mice had elevated sympathetic activity compared with HFD-sham mice, contributing to increased energy expenditure and fuel mobilization. This was supported by findings that HFD-trans mice had greater energy expenditure during a norepinephrine challenge test and higher core temperatures after cold exposure than did HFD-sham mice, implicating enhanced whole-body metabolic response and elevated sympathetic activity. Additionally, transBATation selectively increased sympathetic drive to some, but not all, white adipose tissue depots and skeletal muscles, as well as the endogenous IBAT, heart, and liver. Collectively, transBATation confers resistance to HFD-induced obesity via increase in whole-body sympathetic activity, and differential activation of sympathetic drive to some of the tissues involved in energy expenditure and fuel mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhu
- Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, OH, United States; Department of Statistics, Miami University, OH, United States
| | - Elizabeth G Spicer
- Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, OH, United States; Department of Nursing, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Miami University, OH, United States
| | | | - Ashley J Goudjo-Ako
- Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, OH, United States
| | - Colleen M Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, OH, United States
| | - Haifei Shi
- Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Miami University, OH, United States.
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Geerling JJ, Boon MR, Kooijman S, Parlevliet ET, Havekes LM, Romijn JA, Meurs IM, Rensen PCN. Sympathetic nervous system control of triglyceride metabolism: novel concepts derived from recent studies. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:180-9. [PMID: 24285857 PMCID: PMC3886657 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Important players in triglyceride (TG) metabolism include the liver (production), white adipose tissue (WAT) (storage), heart and skeletal muscle (combustion to generate ATP), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) (combustion toward heat), the collective action of which determine plasma TG levels. Interestingly, recent evidence points to a prominent role of the hypothalamus in TG metabolism through innervating the liver, WAT, and BAT mainly via sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Here, we review the recent findings in the area of sympathetic control of TG metabolism. Various neuronal populations, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing neurons and melanocortin-expressing neurons, as well as peripherally produced hormones (i.e., GLP-1, leptin, and insulin), modulate sympathetic outflow from the hypothalamus toward target organs and thereby influence peripheral TG metabolism. We conclude that sympathetic stimulation in general increases lipolysis in WAT, enhances VLDL-TG production by the liver, and increases the activity of BAT with respect to lipolysis of TG, followed by combustion of fatty acids toward heat. Moreover, the increased knowledge about the involvement of the neuroendocrine system in TG metabolism presented in this review offers new therapeutic options to fight hypertriglyceridemia by specifically modulating sympathetic nervous system outflow toward liver, BAT, or WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine J. Geerling
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R. Boon
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin T. Parlevliet
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis M. Havekes
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Gaubius Laboratory, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research - Metabolic Health Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A. Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Illiana M. Meurs
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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77
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Dimou S, Lagopoulos J. Toward objective markers of concussion in sport: a review of white matter and neurometabolic changes in the brain after sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:413-24. [PMID: 24266534 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Sports-related concussion is an issue that has piqued the public's attention of late as concerns surrounding potential long-term sequelae as well as new methods of characterizing the effects of this form of injury continue to develop. For the most part, diagnosis of concussion is based on subjective clinical measures and thus is prone to under-reporting. In the current environment, where conventional imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are unable to elucidate the degree of white matter damage and neurometabolic change, a discussion of two advanced imaging techniques-diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-is undertaken with a view to highlighting their potential utility. Our aim is to outline a variety of the approaches to concussion research that have been employed, with special attention given to the clinical considerations and acute complications attributed to concussive injury. DTI and MRS have been at the forefront of research as a result of their noninvasiveness and ease of acquisition, and hence it is thought that the use of these neuroimaging modalities has the potential to aid clinical decision making and management, including guiding return-to-play protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dimou
- 1 Brain and Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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78
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Fliers E, Boelen A, van Trotsenburg A. Central regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. CLINICAL NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 124:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59602-4.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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79
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Kim DS, Kang S, Moon NR, Park S. Central visfatin potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and β-cell mass without increasing serum visfatin levels in diabetic rats. Cytokine 2013; 65:159-66. [PMID: 24332931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our previous study revealed that plasma visfatin levels were lower in pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM) than non-GDM independent of prepreganacy BMI. We examined whether central visfatin modulates energy and glucose homeostasis via altering insulin resistance, insulin secretion or islet morphometry in diabetic rats. METHODS Partial pancreatectomized, type 2 diabetic, rats were interacerbroventricularly infused with visfatin (100ng/rat/day, Px-VIS), visfatin+visfatin antagonist, CHS-828 (100μg/rat/day, Px-VIS-ANT), or saline (control, Px-Saline) via osmotic pump, respectively, for 4weeks. RESULTS Central visfatin improved insulin signaling (pAkt→pFOXO-1) but not pSTAT3 in the hypothalamus. Central visfatin did not alter serum visfatin levels in diabetic rats whereas the levels were higher in non-diabetic rats than diabetic rats. Body weight at the 2nd week was lowered in the Px-VIS group due to decreased food intake in the first two weeks compared to the Px-Saline group and energy expenditure was not significantly different among the treatment groups of diabetic rats. Visfatin antagonist treatment nullified the central visfatin effect. Px-VIS increased whole body glucose disposal rates in euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp compared to Px-Saline and lowered hepatic glucose output, whereas Px-VIS-ANT blocked the visfatin effect on insulin resistance (P<0.05). In hyperglycemic clamp study, the area under the curve of insulin in first and second phase were significantly higher in the Px-VIS group than the Px-Saline group without modifying insulin sensitivity at the hyperglycemic state, whereas the increase in serum insulin levels was blocked in the Px-VIS-ANT group. Central visfatin also increased β-cell mass by increasing β-cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Central visfatin improved glucose homeostasis by increasing insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity at euglycemia through the hypothalamus in diabetic rats. Therefore, visfatin is a positive modulator of glucose homeostasis by delivering the hypothalamic signals into the peripheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Sol Kim
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Suna Kang
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rang Moon
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Food & Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea.
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80
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Denis RGP, Joly-Amado A, Cansell C, Castel J, Martinez S, Delbes AS, Luquet S. Central orchestration of peripheral nutrient partitioning and substrate utilization: implications for the metabolic syndrome. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2013; 40:191-7. [PMID: 24332017 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy homoeostasis is maintained through a complex interplay of nutrient intake and energy expenditure. The central nervous system is an essential component of this regulation, as it integrates circulating signals of hunger and satiety to develop adaptive responses at the behavioural and metabolic levels, while the hypothalamus is regarded as a particularly crucial structure in the brain in terms of energy homoeostasis. The arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus contains at least two intermingled neuronal populations: the neurons that produce neuropeptide Y (NPY); and the Agouti-related protein (AgRP) produced by AgRP/NPY neurons situated below the third ventricle in close proximity to proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-producing neurons. POMC neurons exert their catabolic and anorectic actions by releasing α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), while AgRP neurons oppose this action by exerting tonic GABAergic inhibition of POMC neurons and releasing the melanocortin receptor inverse agonist AgRP. The release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides by second-order AgRP neurons appears to take place on a multiple time scale, thereby allowing neuromodulation of preganglionic neuronal activity and subsequent control of nutrient partitioning - in other words, the coordinated regulation of conversion, storage and utilization of carbohydrates vs. lipids. This suggests that the function of AgRP neurons extends beyond the strict regulation of feeding to the regulation of efferent organ activity, such that AgRP neurons may now be viewed as an important bridge between central detection of nutrient availability and peripheral nutrient partitioning, thus providing a mechanistic link between obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G P Denis
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - A Joly-Amado
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - C Cansell
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - J Castel
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Centre national de la recherche scientifique-CNRS, EAC 4413, 75205 Paris, France
| | - S Martinez
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Centre national de la recherche scientifique-CNRS, EAC 4413, 75205 Paris, France
| | - A S Delbes
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Centre national de la recherche scientifique-CNRS, EAC 4413, 75205 Paris, France
| | - S Luquet
- Unité « biologie fonctionnelle et adaptative » (BFA), université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, CNRS EAC 4413, 4, rue Marie-Andrée-Lagroua-Weill-Hallé, bâtiment Buffon, case courrier 7126, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France; Centre national de la recherche scientifique-CNRS, EAC 4413, 75205 Paris, France.
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81
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The effect of high fat diet and saturated fatty acids on insulin signaling in the amygdala and hypothalamus of rats. Brain Res 2013; 1537:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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Diepenbroek C, Serlie MJ, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A, la Fleur SE. Brain areas and pathways in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Biofactors 2013; 39:505-13. [PMID: 23913677 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the most important source of fuel for the brain and its concentration must be kept within strict boundaries to ensure the organism's optimal fitness. To maintain glucose homeostasis, an optimal balance between glucose uptake and glucose output is required. Besides managing acute changes in plasma glucose concentrations, the brain controls a daily rhythm in glucose concentrations. The various nuclei within the hypothalamus that are involved in the control of both these processes are well known. However, novel studies indicate an additional role for brain areas that are originally appreciated in other processes than glucose metabolism. Therefore, besides the classic hypothalamic pathways, we will review cortico-limbic brain areas and their role in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Diepenbroek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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83
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Baeza-Raja B, Eckel-Mahan K, Zhang L, Vagena E, Tsigelny IF, Sassone-Corsi P, Ptáček LJ, Akassoglou K. p75 neurotrophin receptor is a clock gene that regulates oscillatory components of circadian and metabolic networks. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10221-34. [PMID: 23785138 PMCID: PMC3685830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2757-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with a widespread pattern of expression in tissues such as the brain, liver, lung, and muscle. The mechanisms that regulate p75(NTR) transcription in the nervous system and its expression in other tissues remain largely unknown. Here we show that p75(NTR) is an oscillating gene regulated by the helix-loop-helix transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1. The p75(NTR) promoter contains evolutionarily conserved noncanonical E-box enhancers. Deletion mutagenesis of the p75(NTR)-luciferase reporter identified the -1039 conserved E-box necessary for the regulation of p75(NTR) by CLOCK and BMAL1. Accordingly, gel-shift assays confirmed the binding of CLOCK and BMAL1 to the p75(NTR-)1039 E-box. Studies in mice revealed that p75(NTR) transcription oscillates during dark and light cycles not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but also in peripheral tissues including the liver. Oscillation of p75(NTR) is disrupted in Clock-deficient and mutant mice, is E-box dependent, and is in phase with clock genes, such as Per1 and Per2. Intriguingly, p75(NTR) is required for circadian clock oscillation, since loss of p75(NTR) alters the circadian oscillation of clock genes in the SCN, liver, and fibroblasts. Consistent with this, Per2::Luc/p75(NTR-/-) liver explants showed reduced circadian oscillation amplitude compared with those of Per2::Luc/p75(NTR+/+). Moreover, deletion of p75(NTR) also alters the circadian oscillation of glucose and lipid homeostasis genes. Overall, our findings reveal that the transcriptional activation of p75(NTR) is under circadian regulation in the nervous system and peripheral tissues, and plays an important role in the maintenance of clock and metabolic gene oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, and
| | | | | | - Igor F. Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, and
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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84
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Licht CMM, de Geus EJC, Penninx BWJH. Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2484-93. [PMID: 23553857 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Stress is suggested to lead to metabolic dysregulations as clustered in the metabolic syndrome. Although dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is found to associate with the metabolic syndrome and its dysregulations, no longitudinal study has been performed to date to examine the predictive value of this stress system in the development of the metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We examined whether autonomic nervous system functioning predicts 2-year development of metabolic abnormalities that constitute the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN Data of the baseline and 2-year follow-up assessment of a prospective cohort: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety was used. SETTING Participants were recruited in the general community, primary care, and specialized mental health care organizations. PARTICIPANTS A group of 1933 participants aged 18-65 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The autonomic nervous system measures included heart rate (HR), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; high RSA reflecting high parasympathetic activity), pre-ejection period (PEP; high PEP reflecting low sympathetic activity), cardiac autonomic balance (CAB), and cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR). Metabolic syndrome was based on the updated Adult Treatment Panel III criteria and included high waist circumference, serum triglycerides, blood pressure, serum glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. RESULTS Baseline short PEP, low CAB, high HR, and CAR were predictors of an increase in the number of components of the metabolic syndrome during follow-up. High HR and low CAB were predictors of a 2-year decrease in HDL cholesterol, and 2-year increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Short PEP and high CAR also predicted a 2-year increase in systolic blood pressure, and short PEP additionally predicted 2-year increase in diastolic blood pressure. Finally, a low baseline RSA was predictive for subsequent decreases in HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSION Increased sympathetic activity predicts an increase in metabolic abnormalities over time. These findings suggest that a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is an important predictor of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes through dysregulating lipid metabolism and blood pressure over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmilla M M Licht
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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85
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Jarczok MN, Koenig J, Schuster AK, Thayer JF, Fischer JE. Nighttime heart rate variability, overnight urinary norepinephrine, and glycemic status in apparently healthy human adults. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3025-6. [PMID: 23651814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Jarczok
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 7-11, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
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86
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Zsombok A. Autonomic control and bariatric procedures. Auton Neurosci 2013; 177:81-6. [PMID: 23538033 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sudden improvement of metabolic profile and the remission of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery, well before weight loss, raise important new questions regarding glycemic control. Currently, various types of bariatric procedures target type 2 diabetes in obese and non-obese patients. Nevertheless, the origin of the dramatic metabolic improvements, including glucose homeostasis, is poorly understood, and the role of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remains relatively speculative, as well as why these procedures are variably effective. One neglected explanation is that such interventions disrupt neural networks mediating GI-brain communication and could alter the autonomic output to the visceral organs, including the liver. Incretins, e.g., glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), have major influence on the central nervous system. Moreover, the level of GLP-1 is observed to significantly increase after bariatric surgery and could be a key factor in the weight-independent, anti-diabetic effect. Therefore, this review will evaluate the effect of GLP-1 on the central nervous system, with emphasis on the cellular effects of GLP-1, and will provide an overview of the autonomic control of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, Endocrinology Section, Tulane University, School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Tulane University, School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., SL39, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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87
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Imbernon M, Beiroa D, Vázquez MJ, Morgan DA, Veyrat–Durebex C, Porteiro B, Díaz–Arteaga A, Senra A, Busquets S, Velásquez DA, Al–Massadi O, Varela L, Gándara M, López–Soriano F, Gallego R, Seoane LM, Argiles JM, López M, Davis RJ, Sabio G, Rohner–Jeanrenaud F, Rahmouni K, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R. Central melanin-concentrating hormone influences liver and adipose metabolism via specific hypothalamic nuclei and efferent autonomic/JNK1 pathways. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:636-649.e6. [PMID: 23142626 PMCID: PMC3663042 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Specific neuronal circuits modulate autonomic outflow to liver and white adipose tissue. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-deficient mice are hypophagic, lean, and do not develop hepatosteatosis when fed a high-fat diet. Herein, we sought to investigate the role of MCH, an orexigenic neuropeptide specifically expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area, on hepatic and adipocyte metabolism. METHODS Chronic central administration of MCH and adenoviral vectors increasing MCH signaling were performed in rats and mice. Vagal denervation was performed to assess its effect on liver metabolism. The peripheral effects on lipid metabolism were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS We showed that the activation of MCH receptors promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through the parasympathetic nervous system, whereas it increases fat deposition in white adipose tissue via the suppression of sympathetic traffic. These metabolic actions are independent of parallel changes in food intake and energy expenditure. In the liver, MCH triggers lipid accumulation and lipid uptake, with c-Jun N-terminal kinase being an essential player, whereas in adipocytes MCH induces metabolic pathways that promote lipid storage and decreases lipid mobilization. Genetic activation of MCH receptors or infusion of MCH specifically in the lateral hypothalamic area modulated hepatic lipid metabolism, whereas the specific activation of this receptor in the arcuate nucleus affected adipocyte metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that central MCH directly controls hepatic and adipocyte metabolism through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Imbernon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J. Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Donald A. Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christelle Veyrat–Durebex
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Begoña Porteiro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adenis Díaz–Arteaga
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Senra
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Busquets
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas A. Velásquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Omar Al–Massadi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS/SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Varela
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marina Gándara
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | | | - Rosalía Gallego
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Luisa M. Seoane
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS/SERGAS) Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Josep M. Argiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roger J. Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Françoise Rohner–Jeanrenaud
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco s/n, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Acute central neuropeptide Y administration increases food intake but does not affect hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) production in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55217. [PMID: 23460782 PMCID: PMC3584102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Central neuropeptide Y (NPY) administration stimulates food intake in rodents. In addition, acute modulation of central NPY signaling increases hepatic production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) in rats. As hypertriglyceridemia is an important risk factor for atherosclerosis, for which well-established mouse models are available, we set out to validate the effect of NPY on hepatic VLDL-TG production in mice, to ultimately investigate whether NPY, by increasing VLDL production, contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Male C57Bl/6J mice received an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannula into the lateral (LV) or third (3V) ventricle of the brain. One week later, after a 4 h fast, the animals received an intravenous (i.v.) injection of Tran(35)S (100 µCi) followed by tyloxapol (500 mg/kg body weight; BW), enabling the study of hepatic VLDL-apoB and VLDL-TG production, respectively. Immediately after the i.v. injection of tyloxapol, the animals received either an i.c.v. injection of NPY (0.2 mg/kg BW in artificial cerebrospinal fluid; aCSF), synthetic Y1 receptor antagonist GR231118 (0.5 mg/kg BW in aCSF) or vehicle (aCSF), or an i.v. injection of PYY3-36 (0.5 mg/kg BW in PBS) or vehicle (PBS). RESULTS Administration of NPY into both the LV and 3V increased food intake within one hour after injection (+164%, p<0.001 and +367%, p<0.001, respectively). NPY administration neither in the LV nor in the 3V affected hepatic VLDL-TG or VLDL-apoB production. Likewise, antagonizing central NPY signaling by either PYY3-36 or GR231118 administration did not affect hepatic VLDL production. CONCLUSION In mice, as opposed to rats, acute central administration of NPY increases food intake without affecting hepatic VLDL production. These results are of great significance when extrapolating findings on the central regulation of hepatic VLDL production between species.
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89
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Fu L, Kettner NM. The circadian clock in cancer development and therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:221-82. [PMID: 23899600 PMCID: PMC4103166 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most aspects of mammalian function display circadian rhythms driven by an endogenous clock. The circadian clock is operated by genes and comprises a central clock in the brain that responds to environmental cues and controls subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues via circadian output pathways. The central and peripheral clocks coordinately generate rhythmic gene expression in a tissue-specific manner in vivo to couple diverse physiological and behavioral processes to periodic changes in the environment. However, with the industrialization of the world, activities that disrupt endogenous homeostasis with external circadian cues have increased. This change in lifestyle has been linked to an increased risk of diseases in all aspects of human health, including cancer. Studies in humans and animal models have revealed that cancer development in vivo is closely associated with the loss of circadian homeostasis in energy balance, immune function, and aging, which are supported by cellular functions important for tumor suppression including cell proliferation, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage response. The clock controls these cellular functions both locally in cells of peripheral tissues and at the organismal level via extracellular signaling. Thus, the hierarchical mammalian circadian clock provides a unique system to study carcinogenesis as a deregulated physiological process in vivo. The asynchrony between host and malignant tissues in cell proliferation and metabolism also provides new and exciting options for novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loning Fu
- Department of Pediatrics/U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole M. Kettner
- Department of Pediatrics/U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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90
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Ha J, Cohen JI, Tirsi A, Convit A. Association of obesity-mediated insulin resistance and hypothalamic volumes: possible sex differences. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:249-59. [PMID: 24344399 PMCID: PMC3810672 DOI: 10.1155/2013/531736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is important in hunger and metabolism. Although a lot is known about the basic role of the human hypothalamus, less is known about how the in vivo volume is affected in obesity, particularly among adolescents. Based on pediatric body mass index percentiles, 95 participants were assigned to lean or obese groups. All subjects had medical evaluations, including fasting blood tests, to assess insulin sensitivity and circulating CRP and neurotrophins (NGF and BDNF) and an MRI of the brain. Hypothalamic volumes were measured by a segmentation method combining manual and automated steps. Overall, obese participants had descriptively smaller hypothalamic volumes, although this difference did not reach statistical significance; however, among obese participants, females had significantly smaller hypothalamic volumes than their male counterparts. There was a significant interaction between insulin resistance and sex on hypothalamus volume; obese females with significant insulin resistance have smaller hypothalamic volumes than obese males. Obese adolescents had higher circulating CRP and neurotrophin levels. Furthermore, among obese females, BDNF concentrations were inversely associated with hypothalamus volumes (r = −0.48). Given this negative association between BDNF and hypothalamus volumes among obese insulin-resistant females, elevated neurotrophin levels may suggest an attempt at protective compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ha
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica I. Cohen
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Aziz Tirsi
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Convit
- Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory (BODyLab), Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 145 East 32nd Street, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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91
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Ikegami M, Ikeda H, Ohashi T, Kai M, Osada M, Kamei A, Kamei J. Olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia: possible involvement of histaminergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic functions in the central nervous system. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 98:224-32. [PMID: 24135197 DOI: 10.1159/000356119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Atypical antipsychotic drugs such as olanzapine are known to induce metabolic disturbance. We have already shown that olanzapine induces hepatic glucose production through the activation of hypothalamic adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, it is unclear how olanzapine activates hypothalamic AMPK. Since olanzapine is known to antagonize several receptors, including histaminergic, muscarinic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic receptors, we examined the effect of each receptor antagonist on blood glucose levels in mice. Moreover, we also investigated whether these antagonists activate hypothalamic AMPK. METHODS Male 6-week-old ICR mice were used. Blood glucose levels were determined by the glucose oxidase method. AMPK expression was measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Central administration of olanzapine (5-15 nmol i.c.v.) dose-dependently increased blood glucose levels in mice, whereas olanzapine did not change blood insulin levels. Histamine H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine (1-10 μg i.c.v.), dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L-sulpiride (1-10 μg i.c.v.) and α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.3-3 μg i.c.v.) also significantly increased blood glucose levels in mice. In contrast, the blood glucose levels were not affected by muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist dicyclomine (1-10 μg i.c.v.) or serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 (1-10 ng i.c.v.). Olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor compound C, and AMPK activator AICAR (10 ng to 1 μg i.c.v.) significantly increased blood glucose levels. Olanzapine (15 nmol), chlorpheniramine (10 μg), L-sulpiride (10 μg) and prazosin (3 μg) significantly increased phosphorylated AMPK in the hypothalamus of mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that olanzapine activates hypothalamic AMPK by antagonizing histamine H1 receptors, dopamine D2 receptors and α1-adrenoceptors, which induces hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ikegami
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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92
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Marino JS, Iler J, Dowling AR, Chua S, Bruning JC, Coppari R, Hill JW. Adipocyte dysfunction in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): evidence of adipocyte hypertrophy and tissue-specific inflammation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48643. [PMID: 23119079 PMCID: PMC3485364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical research shows an association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and chronic inflammation, a pathological state thought to contribute to insulin resistance. The underlying pathways, however, have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to characterize the inflammatory state of a novel mouse model of PCOS. Female mice lacking leptin and insulin receptors in pro-opiomelanocortin neurons (IR/LepR(POMC) mice) and littermate controls were evaluated for estrous cyclicity, ovarian and adipose tissue morphology, and body composition by QMR and CT scan. Tissue-specific macrophage infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression were measured, as well as circulating cytokine levels. Finally, glucose regulation during pregnancy was evaluated as a measure of risk for diabetes development. Forty-five percent of IR/LepR(POMC) mice showed reduced or absent ovulation. IR/LepR(POMC) mice also had increased fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy. These traits accompanied elevations in macrophage accumulation and inflammatory cytokine production in perigonadal adipose tissue, liver, and ovary. These mice also exhibited gestational hyperglycemia as predicted. This report is the first to show the presence of inflammation in IR/LepR(POMC) mice, which develop a PCOS-like phenotype. Thus, IR/LepR(POMC) mice may serve as a new mouse model to clarify the involvement of adipose and liver tissue in the pathogenesis and etiology of PCOS, allowing more targeted research on the development of PCOS and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Marino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Iler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Abigail R. Dowling
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Streamson Chua
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jens C. Bruning
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, 2nd Department for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, and Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Aging, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto Coppari
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Hypothalamic Research, Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer W. Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
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93
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Villa RF, Ferrari F, Gorini A. Energy metabolism of rat cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hypophysis during ageing. Neuroscience 2012; 227:55-66. [PMID: 23022213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is one of the main risk factors for brain disorders. According to the neuroendocrine theory, ageing modifies the sensitivity of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis to homoeostatic signals coming from the cerebral cortex. The relationships between the energy metabolism of these areas have not been considered yet, in particular with respect to ageing. For these reasons, this study was undertaken to systematically investigate in female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 28 months and in 4-month-old male ones, the catalytic properties of energy-linked enzymes of the Krebs' cycle, electron transport chain, glutamate and related amino acids on different mitochondrial subpopulations, i.e. non-synaptic perikaryal and intra-synaptic (two types) mitochondria. The biochemical enzymatic pattern of these mitochondria shows different expression of the above-mentioned enzymatic activities in the investigated brain areas, including frontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus and hypophysis. The study shows that: (i) the energy metabolism of the frontal cerebral cortex is poorly affected by physiological ageing; (ii) the biochemical machinery of non-synaptic perikaryal mitochondria is differently expressed in the considered brain areas; (iii) at 4-6 months, hypothalamus and hypophysis possess lower oxidative metabolism with respect to the frontal cerebral cortex while (iv), during ageing, the opposite situation occurs. We hypothesised that these metabolic modifications likely try to grant HPA functionality in response to the incoming external stress stimuli increased during ageing. It is particularly notable that age-related changes in brain bioenergetics and in mitochondrial functionality may be considered as remarkable factors during physiological ageing and should play important roles in predisposing the brain to physiopathological events, tightly related to molecular mechanisms evoked for pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Villa
- University of Pavia, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Medicine of Central Nervous System, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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94
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Cardinal P, Bellocchio L, Clark S, Cannich A, Klugmann M, Lutz B, Marsicano G, Cota D. Hypothalamic CB1 cannabinoid receptors regulate energy balance in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4136-43. [PMID: 22778221 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid type 1 (CB(1)) receptor activation is generally considered a powerful orexigenic signal and inhibition of the endocannabinoid system is beneficial for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. The hypothalamus plays a critical role in regulating energy balance by modulating both food intake and energy expenditure. Although CB(1) receptor signaling has been implicated in the modulation of both these mechanisms, a complete understanding of its role in the hypothalamus is still lacking. Here we combined a genetic approach with the use of adeno-associated viral vectors to delete the CB(1) receptor gene in the adult mouse hypothalamus and assessed the impact of such manipulation on the regulation of energy balance. Viral-mediated deletion of the CB(1) receptor gene in the hypothalamus led to the generation of Hyp-CB(1)-KO mice, which displayed an approximately 60% decrease in hypothalamic CB(1) receptor mRNA levels. Hyp-CB(1)-KO mice maintained on a normocaloric, standard diet showed decreased body weight gain over time, which was associated with increased energy expenditure and elevated β(3)-adrenergic receptor and uncoupling protein-1 mRNA levels in the brown adipose tissue but, surprisingly, not to changes in food intake. Additionally, Hyp-CB(1)-KO mice were insensitive to the anorectic action of the hormone leptin (5 mg/kg) and displayed a time-dependent hypophagic response to the CB(1) inverse agonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg). Altogether these findings suggest that hypothalamic CB(1) receptor signaling is a key determinant of energy expenditure under basal conditions and reveal its specific role in conveying the effects of leptin and pharmacological CB1 receptor antagonism on food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cardinal
- Group Energy Balance and Obesity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 862, Neurocentre Magendie, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
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95
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Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To introduce a conceptual model detailing the physiologic contributions of malglycemia to cancer formation and increased morbidity and mortality. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL®, and Cochrane databases, as well as Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) cancer statistics. DATA SYNTHESIS Multiple complex factors are associated with malignancy formation, proliferation, and outcomes for each individual. The authors present a model, termed the Malglycemia Orbit Model, that is analogous to an atom, centered on a core of individual factors, and surrounded by "orbits" containing cancer and related factors. Highlighted in this model is the role of malglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Cancer formation and sequelae involve numerous multifaceted factors. One factor not well described or understood within the context of malignancies is glycemic status, most notably how malglycemia impacts cancer formation and risks for adverse outcomes. The atomic-structured malglycemia model describes this process. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING Among the many uncontrollable factors that contribute to cancer formation and adverse outcomes, malglycemia is one that is modifiable. Nurses are in a prime position to conduct research to enhance understanding and ultimately improve protocols for better glycemic control and, in effect, better outcomes for individuals with cancer.
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96
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Deng R. A review of the hypoglycemic effects of five commonly used herbal food supplements. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2012; 4:50-60. [PMID: 22329631 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411204010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a pathological condition associated with prediabetes and diabetes. The incidence of prediabetes and diabetes is increasing and imposes great burden on healthcare worldwide. Patients with prediabetes and diabetes have significantly increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and other complications. Currently, management of hyperglycemia includes pharmacological interventions, physical exercise, and change of life style and diet. Food supplements have increasingly become attractive alternatives to prevent or treat hyperglycemia, especially for subjects with mild hyperglycemia. This review summarized current patents and patent applications with relevant literature on five commonly used food supplements with claims of hypoglycemic effects, including emblica officinalis (gooseberry), fenugreek, green tea, momordica charantia (bitter melon) and cinnamon. The data from human clinical studies did not support a recommendation for all five supplements to manage hyperglycemia. Fenugreek and composite supplements containing emblica officinalis showed the most consistency in lowering fasting blood sugar (FBS) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic patients. The hypoglycemic effects of cinnamon and momordica charantia were demonstrated in most of the trials with some exceptions. However, green tea exhibited limited benefits in reducing FBS or HbA1c levels and should not be recommended for managing hyperglycemia. Certain limitations are noticed in a considerable number of clinical studies including small sample size, poor experimental design and considerable variations in participant population, preparation format, daily dose, and treatment duration. Future studies with more defined participants, standardized preparation and dose, and improved trial design and size are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruitang Deng
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 41 Lower College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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97
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Casey TM, Plaut K. Lactation Biology Symposium: circadian clocks as mediators of the homeorhetic response to lactation. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:744-54. [PMID: 22345106 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from pregnancy to lactation is the most stressful period in the life of a cow. During this transition, homeorhetic adaptations are coordinated across almost every organ and are marked by changes in hormones and metabolism to accommodate the increased energetic demands of lactation. Recent data from our laboratory showed that changes in circadian clocks occur in multiple tissues during the transition period in rats and indicate that the circadian system coordinates changes in the physiology of the dam needed to support lactation. Circadian rhythms coordinate the timing of physiological processes and synchronize these processes with the environment of the animal. Circadian rhythms are generated by molecular circadian clocks located in the hypothalamus (the master clock) and peripherally in every organ of the body. The master clock receives environmental and physiological cues and, in turn, synchronizes internal physiology by coordinating endocrine rhythms and metabolism through peripheral clocks. The effect of the circadian clock on lactation may be inferred by the photoperiod effect on milk production, which is accompanied by coordinated changes in the endocrine system and metabolic capacity of the dam to respond to changes in day length. We have shown that bovine mammary epithelial cells possess a functional clock that can be synchronized by external stimuli, and the expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like gene, a positive limb of the core clock, is responsive to prolactin in bovine mammary explants. Others showed that 7% of genes expressed in breasts of lactating women had circadian patterns of expression, and we report that the diurnal variation of composition of bovine milk is associated with changes in expression of mammary core clock genes. Together these studies indicate that the circadian system coordinates the metabolic and hormonal changes needed to initiate and sustain lactation, and we believe that the capacity of the dam to produce milk and cope with metabolic stresses in early lactation is related to her ability to set circadian rhythms during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Casey
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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98
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Toledo E, Lebel A, Becerra L, Minster A, Linnman C, Maleki N, Dodick DW, Borsook D. The young brain and concussion: imaging as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1510-31. [PMID: 22476089 PMCID: PMC3372677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)) is a significant pediatric public health concern. Despite increased awareness, a comprehensive understanding of the acute and chronic effects of concussion on central nervous system structure and function remains incomplete. Here we review the definition, epidemiology, and sequelae of concussion within the developing brain, during childhood and adolescence, with current data derived from studies of pathophysiology and neuroimaging. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neurological consequences of traumatic brain injuries, which in turn, may lead to the development of brain biomarkers to improve identification, management and prognosis of pediatric patients suffering from concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Toledo
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, United States
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99
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Milanski M, Arruda AP, Coope A, Ignacio-Souza LM, Nunez CE, Roman EA, Romanatto T, Pascoal LB, Caricilli AM, Torsoni MA, Prada PO, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation reverses diet-induced insulin resistance in the liver. Diabetes 2012; 61:1455-62. [PMID: 22522614 PMCID: PMC3357298 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defective liver gluconeogenesis is the main mechanism leading to fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, and, in concert with steatosis, it is the hallmark of hepatic insulin resistance. Experimental obesity results, at least in part, from hypothalamic inflammation, which leads to leptin resistance and defective regulation of energy homeostasis. Pharmacological or genetic disruption of hypothalamic inflammation restores leptin sensitivity and reduces adiposity. Here, we evaluate the effect of a hypothalamic anti-inflammatory approach to regulating hepatic responsiveness to insulin. Obese rodents were treated by intracerebroventricular injections, with immunoneutralizing antibodies against Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and insulin signal transduction, hepatic steatosis, and gluconeogenesis were evaluated. The inhibition of either TLR4 or TNFα reduced hypothalamic inflammation, which was accompanied by the reduction of hypothalamic resistance to leptin and improved insulin signal transduction in the liver. This was accompanied by reduced liver steatosis and reduced hepatic expression of markers of steatosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation restored defective liver glucose production. All these beneficial effects were abrogated by vagotomy. Thus, the inhibition of hypothalamic inflammation in obesity results in improved hepatic insulin signal transduction, leading to reduced steatosis and reduced gluconeogenesis. All these effects are mediated by parasympathetic signals delivered by the vagus nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciane Milanski
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Arruda
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa Coope
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Carla E. Nunez
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erika A. Roman
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Talita Romanatto
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Livia B. Pascoal
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio A. Torsoni
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia O. Prada
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario J. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Gao H, Miyata K, Bhaskaran MD, Derbenev AV, Zsombok A. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1-dependent regulation of liver-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus diminished in the type 1 diabetic mouse. Diabetes 2012; 61:1381-90. [PMID: 22492526 PMCID: PMC3357291 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus controls the autonomic neural output to the liver, thereby participating in the regulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP); nevertheless, mechanisms controlling the activity of liver-related PVN neurons are not known. Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is involved in glucose homeostasis and colocalizes with liver-related PVN neurons; however, the functional role of TRPV1 regarding liver-related PVN neurons has to be elucidated. A retrograde viral tracer was used to identify liver-related neurons within the brain-liver circuit in control, type 1 diabetic, and insulin-treated mice. Our data indicate that TRPV1 regulates liver-related PVN neurons. This TRPV1-dependent excitation diminished in type 1 diabetic mice. In vivo and in vitro insulin restored TRPV1 activity in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase C-dependent manner and stimulated TRPV1 receptor trafficking to the plasma membrane. There was no difference in total TRPV1 protein expression; however, increased phosphorylation of TRPV1 receptors was observed in type 1 diabetic mice. Our data demonstrate that TRPV1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of liver-related PVN neurons. Moreover, TRPV1-dependent excitation of liver-related PVN neurons diminishes in type 1 diabetes, thus indicating that the brain-liver autonomic circuitry is altered in type 1 diabetes and may contribute to the autonomic dysfunction of HGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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